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Eliason O, Malitsky S, Panizel I, Feldmesser E, Porat Z, Sperfeld M, Segev E. The photo-protective role of vitamin D in the microalga Emiliania huxleyi. iScience 2024; 27:109884. [PMID: 38799580 PMCID: PMC11126961 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
An essential interaction between sunlight and eukaryotes involves vitamin D production through exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. While extensively studied in vertebrates, the role of vitamin D in non-animal eukaryotes like microalgae remains unclear. Here, we investigate the potential involvement of vitamin D in the UV-triggered response of Emiliania huxleyi, a microalga inhabiting shallow ocean depths that are exposed to UV. Our results show that E. huxleyi produces vitamin D2 and D3 in response to UV. We further demonstrate that E. huxleyi responds to external administration of vitamin D at the transcriptional level, regulating protective mechanisms that are also responsive to UV. Our data reveal that vitamin D addition enhances algal photosynthetic performance while reducing harmful reactive oxygen species buildup. This study contributes to understanding the function of vitamin D in E. huxleyi and its role in non-animal eukaryotes, as well as its potential importance in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Eliason
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Irina Panizel
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ester Feldmesser
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Martin Sperfeld
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Einat Segev
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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De Silva WGM, Sequeira VB, Yang C, Dixon KM, Holland AJA, Mason RS, Rybchyn MS. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Suppresses UV-Induced Poly(ADP-Ribose) Levels in Primary Human Keratinocytes, as Detected by a Novel Whole-Cell ELISA. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5583. [PMID: 38891771 PMCID: PMC11171802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoprotective properties of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) to reduce UV-induced DNA damage have been established in several studies. UV-induced DNA damage in skin such as single or double strand breaks is known to initiate several cellular mechanisms including activation of poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). DNA damage from UV also increases extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, which further increases PARP activity. PARP-1 functions by using cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to synthesise pADPr moieties and attach these to target proteins involved in DNA repair. Excessive PARP-1 activation following cellular stress such as UV irradiation may result in excessive levels of cellular pADPr. This can also have deleterious effects on cellular energy levels due to depletion of NAD+ to suboptimal levels. Since our previous work indicated that 1,25(OH)2D3 reduced UV-induced DNA damage in part through increased repair via increased energy availability, the current study investigated the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on UV-induced PARP-1 activity using a novel whole-cell enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which quantified levels of the enzymatic product of PARP-1, pADPr. This whole cell assay used around 5000 cells per replicate measurement, which represents a 200-400-fold decrease in cell requirement compared to current commercial assays that measure in vitro pADPr levels. Using our assay, we observed that UV exposure significantly increased pADPr levels in human keratinocytes, while 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly reduced levels of UV-induced pADPr in primary human keratinocytes to a similar extent as a known PARP-1 inhibitor, 3-aminobenzamide (3AB). Further, both 1,25(OH)2D3 and 3AB as well as a peptide inhibitor of ERK-phosphorylation significantly reduced DNA damage in UV-exposed keratinocytes. The current findings support the proposal that reduction in pADPr levels may be critical for the function of 1,25(OH)2D3 in skin to reduce UV-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Bernadette Sequeira
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Katie Marie Dixon
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Andrew J. A. Holland
- Douglas Cohen Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sara Mason
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Stephen Rybchyn
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Fatima N, Yaqoob S, Rana S, Hameed A, Mirza MR, Jabeen A. In vitro photoprotective potential of aryl-sandwiched (thio)semicarbazones against UVA mediated cellular and DNA damage. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 251:112841. [PMID: 38194816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The most prevalent solar ultraviolet radiation is ultraviolet-A (UVA) radiation. It is the inducer of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a potent mediator of inflammation and photocarcinogenesis. Regular application of sunscreens containing UVA filters is an effective preventive measure in mitigating the risk associated with the formation of dermal carcinoma. Therefore, the development of new photoprotective agents is of great need. The current work examined the in vitro photoprotection of the aryl-linked (thio)semicarbazone derivatives against UVA-mediated DNA damage, inflammation, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and ROS. Except for the inflammatory cytokine assay, which was carried out on the human monocytic leukemia (THP-1) cell line, all tests were conducted on the human dermal fibroblast (BJ) cell line. In comparison to benzophenone (reference compound), the compound (2Z, 2'Z)-2,2'-(1,3-Phenylenebis (methanylylidene)) bis (hydrazine-1-carbothioamide) (DD-21) demonstrated considerable protection against UVA-induced damage. Compared to the UVA-irradiated control, DD-21 significantly decreased the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and ROS (p < 0.001). In the presence of DD-21, the release of UVA-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), was also significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Moreover, it was observed that DD-21 protected the cells from UVA-mediated DNA strand breaks and also inhibited the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) upon comparison to the UVA-exposed control cells (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the findings of this study revealed that DD-21 exhibits remarkable photoprotective properties, thus demonstrating its potential as a candidate UVA filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Fatima
- Molecular Biology and Human Genetics Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sana Yaqoob
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Rana
- Molecular Biology and Human Genetics Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Hameed
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Munazza Raza Mirza
- Molecular Biology and Human Genetics Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Almas Jabeen
- Molecular Biology and Human Genetics Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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De Silva WGM, McCarthy BY, Han J, Yang C, Holland AJA, Stern H, Dixon KM, Tang EKY, Tuckey RC, Rybchyn MS, Mason RS. The Over-Irradiation Metabolite Derivative, 24-Hydroxylumister-ol 3, Reduces UV-Induced Damage in Skin. Metabolites 2023; 13:775. [PMID: 37512482 PMCID: PMC10383208 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormonal form of vitamin D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, reduces UV-induced DNA damage. UV exposure initiates pre-vitamin D3 production in the skin, and continued UV exposure photoisomerizes pre-vitamin D3 to produce "over-irradiation products" such as lumisterol3 (L3). Cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1) in skin catalyzes the conversion of L3 to produce three main derivatives: 24-hydroxy-L3 [24(OH)L3], 22-hydroxy-L3 [22(OH)L3], and 20,22-dihydroxy-L3 [20,22(OH)L3]. The current study investigated the photoprotective properties of the major over-irradiation metabolite, 24(OH)L3, in human primary keratinocytes and human skin explants. The results indicated that treatment immediately after UV with either 24(OH)L3 or 1,25(OH)2D3 reduced UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and oxidative DNA damage, with similar concentration response curves in keratinocytes, although in skin explants, 1,25(OH)2D3 was more potent. The reductions in DNA damage by both compounds were, at least in part, the result of increased DNA repair through increased energy availability via increased glycolysis, as well as increased DNA damage recognition proteins in the nucleotide excision repair pathway. Reductions in UV-induced DNA photolesions by either compound occurred in the presence of lower reactive oxygen species. The results indicated that under in vitro and ex vivo conditions, 24(OH)L3 provided photoprotection against UV damage similar to that of 1,25(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bianca Yuko McCarthy
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jeremy Han
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew J A Holland
- Douglas Cohen Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Harvey Stern
- Department of Plastic and Constructive Surgery, The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Strathfield Private Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Katie Marie Dixon
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Edith Kai Yan Tang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Robert Charles Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mark Stephen Rybchyn
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sara Mason
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Probing photoprotection properties of lipophilic chain conjugated thiourea-aryl group molecules to attenuate ultraviolet-A induced cellular and DNA damages. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20907. [PMID: 36463260 PMCID: PMC9719470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet-A (UVA) radiation is a major contributor to reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrite species (RNS), inflammation, and DNA damage, which causes photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the UVA protective potential of lipophilic chain conjugated thiourea-substituted aryl group molecules against UVA-induced cellular damages in human dermal fibroblasts (BJ cell line). We tested a series of nineteen (19) molecules for UVA photoprotection, from which 2',5'-dichlorophenyl-substituted molecule DD-04 showed remarkable UVA protection properties compared to the reference (benzophenone). The results indicate that DD-04 significantly reduced intracellular ROS and nitric oxide (NO) as compared to the UVA-irradiated control (p < 0.001). Moreover, the compound DD-04 showed anti-inflammatory activity as it significantly reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by THP-1 (human monocytic) cells (p < 0.05). DNA damage was also prevented by DD-04 treatment in the presence of UVA. It was observed that DD-04 significantly reduced the number of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) when compared to the UVA-irradiated control (p < 0.001). Finally, the DNA strand breaks were checked and a single intact DNA band was seen upon treatment with DD-04 in the presence of UVA. In conclusion, DD-04 can be considered a potential candidate UVA filter due to its photoprotective potential.
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Papaccio F, D′Arino A, Caputo S, Bellei B. Focus on the Contribution of Oxidative Stress in Skin Aging. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1121. [PMID: 35740018 PMCID: PMC9220264 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin aging is one of the most evident signs of human aging. Modification of the skin during the life span is characterized by fine lines and wrinkling, loss of elasticity and volume, laxity, rough-textured appearance, and pallor. In contrast, photoaged skin is associated with uneven pigmentation (age spot) and is markedly wrinkled. At the cellular and molecular level, it consists of multiple interconnected processes based on biochemical reactions, genetic programs, and occurrence of external stimulation. The principal cellular perturbation in the skin driving senescence is the alteration of oxidative balance. In chronological aging, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced mainly through cellular oxidative metabolism during adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation from glucose and mitochondrial dysfunction, whereas in extrinsic aging, loss of redox equilibrium is caused by environmental factors, such as ultraviolet radiation, pollution, cigarette smoking, and inadequate nutrition. During the aging process, oxidative stress is attributed to both augmented ROS production and reduced levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic protectors. Apart from the evident appearance of structural change, throughout aging, the skin gradually loses its natural functional characteristics and regenerative potential. With aging, the skin immune system also undergoes functional senescence manifested as a reduced ability to counteract infections and augmented frequency of autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. This review proposes an update on the role of oxidative stress in the appearance of the clinical manifestation of skin aging, as well as of the molecular mechanisms that underline this natural phenomenon sometimes accelerated by external factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (S.C.)
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Yang C, Rybchyn MS, De Silva WGM, Matthews J, Holland AJA, Conigrave AD, Mason RS. UV-induced DNA Damage in Skin is Reduced by CaSR Inhibition. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1157-1166. [PMID: 35288938 PMCID: PMC9540002 DOI: 10.1111/php.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis maintains a cellular calcium gradient that supports keratinocyte differentiation from its basal layers (low) to outer layers (high) leading to the development of the stratum corneum, which resists penetration of UV radiation. The calcium‐sensing receptor (CaSR) expressed in keratinocytes responds to the calcium gradient with signals that promote differentiation. In this study, we investigated whether the CaSR is involved more directly in protection from UV damage in studies of human keratinocytes in primary culture and in mouse skin studied in vivo. siRNA‐directed reductions in CaSR protein levels in human keratinocytes significantly reduced UV‐induced direct cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) by ~80% and oxidative DNA damage (8‐OHdG) by ~65% compared with control transfected cells. Similarly, in untransfected cells, the CaSR negative modulator, NPS‐2143 (500 nm), reduced UV‐induced CPD and 8‐OHdG by ~70%. NPS‐2143 also enhanced DNA repair and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) by ~35% in UV‐exposed keratinocytes, consistent with reduced DNA damage after UV exposure. Topical application of NPS‐2143 also protected hairless Skh:hr1 mice from UV‐induced CPD, oxidative DNA damage and inflammation, similar to the reductions observed in response to the well‐known photoprotection agent 1,25(OH)2D3 (calcitriol). Thus, negative modulators of the CaSR offer a new approach to reducing UV‐induced skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Stephen Rybchyn
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | | | - Jim Matthews
- Sydney Informatics Hub, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J A Holland
- Douglas Cohen Department of Paediatric Surgery, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arthur David Conigrave
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sara Mason
- Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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Piotrowska A, Beserra FP, Wierzbicka JM, Nowak JI, Żmijewski MA. Vitamin D Enhances Anticancer Properties of Cediranib, a VEGFR Inhibitor, by Modulation of VEGFR2 Expression in Melanoma Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 11:763895. [PMID: 35004285 PMCID: PMC8740239 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.763895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Regardless of the recent groundbreaking introduction of personalized therapy, melanoma continues to be one of the most lethal skin malignancies. Still, a substantial proportion of patients either fail to respond to the therapy or will relapse over time, representing a challenging clinical problem. Recently, we have shown that vitamin D enhances the effectiveness of classical chemotherapeutics in the human malignant melanoma A375 cell line. In search for new combination strategies and adjuvant settings to improve melanoma patient outcomes in the current study, the effects of cediranib (AZD2171), an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFR1-3, PDGFR, and c-KIT, used in combination either with 1,25(OH)2D3 or with low-calcemic analog calcipotriol were tested on four human malignant melanoma cell lines (A375, MNT-1, RPMI-7951, and SK-MEL-28). Melanoma cells were pretreated with vitamin D and subsequently exposed to cediranib. We observed a marked decrease in melanoma cell proliferation (A375 and SK-MEL-28), G2/M cell cycle arrest, and a significant decrease in melanoma cell mobility in experimental conditions used (A375). Surprisingly, concurrently with a very desirable decrease in melanoma cell proliferation and mobility, we noticed the upregulation of VEGFR2 at both protein and mRNA levels. No effect of vitamin D was observed in MNT-1 and RPMI-7951 melanoma cells. It seems that vitamin D derivatives enhance cediranib efficacy by modulation of VEGFR2 expression in melanoma cells expressing VEGFR2. In conclusion, our experiments demonstrated that vitamin D derivatives hold promise as novel adjuvant candidates to conquer melanoma, especially in patients suffering from vitamin D deficiency. However, further extensive research is indispensable to reliably assess their potential benefits for melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Joanna Irena Nowak
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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De Silva WGM, Han JZR, Yang C, Tongkao-On W, McCarthy BY, Ince FA, Holland AJA, Tuckey RC, Slominski AT, Abboud M, Dixon KM, Rybchyn MS, Mason RS. Evidence for Involvement of Nonclassical Pathways in the Protection From UV-Induced DNA Damage by Vitamin D-Related Compounds. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10555. [PMID: 34950826 PMCID: PMC8674768 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The vitamin D hormone, 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), and related compounds derived from vitamin D3 or lumisterol as a result of metabolism via the enzyme CYP11A1, have been shown, when applied 24 hours before or immediately after UV irradiation, to protect human skin cells and skin from DNA damage due to UV exposure, by reducing both cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and oxidative damage in the form of 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG). We now report that knockdown of either the vitamin D receptor or the endoplasmic reticulum protein ERp57 by small, interfering RNA (siRNA) abolished the reductions in UV‐induced DNA damage with 20‐hydroxyvitamin D3 or 24‐hydroxylumisterol3, as previously shown for 1,25(OH)2D3. Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 reduced oxygen consumption rates in UV‐exposed and sham‐exposed human keratinocytes and reduced phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response binding element protein (CREB). Both these actions have been shown to inhibit skin carcinogenesis after chronic UV exposure, consistent with the anticarcinogenic activity of 1,25(OH)2D3. The requirement for a vitamin D receptor for the photoprotective actions of 1,25(OH)2D3 and of naturally occurring CYP11A1‐derived vitamin D–related compounds may explain why mice lacking the vitamin D receptor in skin are more susceptible to UV‐induced skin cancers, whereas mice lacking the 1α‐hydroxylase and thus unable to make 1,25(OH)2D3 are not more susceptible. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy Zhuo Ru Han
- Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Chen Yang
- Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Wannit Tongkao-On
- Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Bianca Yuko McCarthy
- Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Furkan Akif Ince
- Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Andrew J A Holland
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | | | - Katie Marie Dixon
- Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Mark Stephen Rybchyn
- Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,School of Chemical Engineering University of NSW Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Rebecca Sara Mason
- Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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Jagoda SV, Dixon KM. Protective effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 and its analogs on ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative stress: a review. Redox Rep 2021; 25:11-16. [PMID: 32093585 PMCID: PMC7054951 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2020.1731261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The active vitamin D compound, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) is produced in skin cells following exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun. However, there are many harmful effects of UV which include DNA damage caused by direct absorption of UV, as well as that caused indirectly via UV-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, 1,25D and analogs have been shown to reduce both direct and indirect UV-induced DNA damage in skin cells. This was accompanied by reductions in ROS and in nitric oxide products with 1,25D following UV. Moreover, following acute UV exposure, 1,25D has been demonstrated to increase p53 levels in skin, which would presumably allow for repair of cells with damaged DNA, or apoptosis of cells with irreparably damaged DNA. Previous studies have also shown that p53 reduces intracellular ROS. Furthermore, 1,25D has been shown to induce metallothioneins, which are potent free radical scavengers. In addition to these protective effects, 1,25D has been demonstrated to inhibit stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinases following UV exposure, and to increase levels of the stress-induced protein heme oxygenase-1 in a model of oxidative stress. Herein, we discuss the protective effects of 1,25D and analogs in the context of UV, oxidative stress and skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shemani Vishalya Jagoda
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Katie Marie Dixon
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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11
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Tongkao-on W, Yang C, McCarthy BY, De Silva WGM, Rybchyn MS, Gordon-Thomson C, Dixon KM, Halliday GM, Reeve VE, Mason RS. Sex Differences in Photoprotective Responses to 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Mice Are Modulated by the Estrogen Receptor-β. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1962. [PMID: 33669452 PMCID: PMC7920427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to photoimmune suppression and photocarcinogenesis is greater in male than in female humans and mice and is exacerbated in female estrogen receptor-beta knockout (ER-β-/-) mice. We previously reported that the active vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D), applied topically protects against the ultraviolet radiation (UV) induction of cutaneous cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and the suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in female mice. Here, we compare these responses in female versus male Skh:hr1 mice, in ER-β-/-/-- versus wild-type C57BL/6 mice, and in female ER-blockaded Skh:hr1 mice. The induction of CPDs was significantly greater in male than female Skh:hr1 mice and was more effectively reduced by 1,25(OH)2D in female Skh:hr1 and C57BL/6 mice than in male Skh:hr1 or ER-β-/- mice, respectively. This correlated with the reduced sunburn inflammation due to 1,25(OH)2D in female but not male Skh:hr1 mice. Furthermore, although 1,25(OH)2D alone dose-dependently suppressed basal CHS responses in male Skh:hr1 and ER-β-/- mice, UV-induced immunosuppression was universally observed. In female Skh:hr1 and C57BL/6 mice, the immunosuppression was decreased by 1,25(OH)2D dose-dependently, but not in male Skh:hr1, ER-β-/-, or ER-blockaded mice. These results reveal a sex bias in genetic, inflammatory, and immune photoprotection by 1,25(OH)2D favoring female mice that is dependent on the presence of ER-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannit Tongkao-on
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.-o.); (C.Y.); (B.Y.M.); (W.G.M.D.S.); (M.S.R.); (C.G.-T.)
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.-o.); (C.Y.); (B.Y.M.); (W.G.M.D.S.); (M.S.R.); (C.G.-T.)
| | - Bianca Y. McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.-o.); (C.Y.); (B.Y.M.); (W.G.M.D.S.); (M.S.R.); (C.G.-T.)
| | - Warusavithana G. Manori De Silva
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.-o.); (C.Y.); (B.Y.M.); (W.G.M.D.S.); (M.S.R.); (C.G.-T.)
| | - Mark S. Rybchyn
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.-o.); (C.Y.); (B.Y.M.); (W.G.M.D.S.); (M.S.R.); (C.G.-T.)
| | - Clare Gordon-Thomson
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.-o.); (C.Y.); (B.Y.M.); (W.G.M.D.S.); (M.S.R.); (C.G.-T.)
| | - Katie M. Dixon
- Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Gary M. Halliday
- Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Vivienne E. Reeve
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Rebecca S. Mason
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.-o.); (C.Y.); (B.Y.M.); (W.G.M.D.S.); (M.S.R.); (C.G.-T.)
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12
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Muruzabal D, Collins A, Azqueta A. The enzyme-modified comet assay: Past, present and future. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 147:111865. [PMID: 33217526 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme-modified comet assay was developed in order to detect DNA lesions other than those detected by the standard version (single and double strand breaks and alkali-labile sites). Various lesion-specific enzymes, from the DNA repair machinery of bacteria and humans, have been combined with the comet assay, allowing detection of different oxidized and alkylated bases as well as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, mis-incorporated uracil and apurinic/apyrimidinic sites. The enzyme-modified comet assay has been applied in different fields - human biomonitoring, environmental toxicology, and genotoxicity testing (both in vitro and in vivo) - as well as in basic research. Up to now, twelve enzymes have been employed; here we describe the enzymes and give examples of studies in which they have been applied. The bacterial formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg) and endonuclease III (EndoIII) have been extensively used while others have been used only rarely. Adding further enzymes to the comet assay toolbox could potentially increase the variety of DNA lesions that can be detected. The enzyme-modified comet assay can play a crucial role in the elucidation of the mechanism of action of both direct and indirect genotoxins, thus increasing the value of the assay in the regulatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Muruzabal
- Universidad de Navarra, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Irunlarrea 1, 310008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Andrew Collins
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Universidad de Navarra, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Irunlarrea 1, 310008, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
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13
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Lozzi F, Di Raimondo C, Lanna C, Diluvio L, Mazzilli S, Garofalo V, Dika E, Dellambra E, Coniglione F, Bianchi L, Campione E. Latest Evidence Regarding the Effects of Photosensitive Drugs on the Skin: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Clinical Manifestations. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1104. [PMID: 33213076 PMCID: PMC7698592 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitivity induced by drugs is a widely experienced problem, concerning both molecule design and clinical practice. Indeed, photo-induced cutaneous eruptions represent one of the most common drug adverse events and are frequently an important issue to consider in the therapeutic management of patients. Phototoxicity and photoallergy are the two different pathogenic mechanisms involved in photosensitization. Related cutaneous manifestations are heterogeneous, depending on the culprit drug and subject susceptibility. Here we report an updated review of the literature with respect to pathogenic mechanisms of photosensitivity, clinical manifestations, patient management, and prediction and evaluation of drug-induced photosensitivity. We present and discuss principal groups of photosensitizing drugs (antimicrobials, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-hypertensives, anti-arrhythmics, cholesterol, and glycemia-lowering agents, psychotropic drugs, chemotherapeutics, etc.) and their main damage mechanisms according to recent evidence. The link between the drug and the cutaneous manifestation is not always clear; more investigations would be helpful to better predict drug photosensitizing potential, prevent and manage cutaneous adverse events and find the most appropriate alternative therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Lozzi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Cosimo Di Raimondo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Caterina Lanna
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Laura Diluvio
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Sara Mazzilli
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Virginia Garofalo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Emi Dika
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti, 1-40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Elena Dellambra
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy;
| | - Filadelfo Coniglione
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luca Bianchi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Elena Campione
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
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Protection from Ultraviolet Damage and Photocarcinogenesis by Vitamin D Compounds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:227-253. [PMID: 32918222 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of skin cells to UV radiation results in DNA damage, which if inadequately repaired, may cause mutations. UV-induced DNA damage and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species also cause local and systemic suppression of the adaptive immune system. Together, these changes underpin the development of skin tumours. The hormone derived from vitamin D, calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) and other related compounds, working via the vitamin D receptor and at least in part through endoplasmic reticulum protein 57 (ERp57), reduce cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and oxidative DNA damage in keratinocytes and other skin cell types after UV. Calcitriol and related compounds enhance DNA repair in keratinocytes, in part through decreased reactive oxygen species, increased p53 expression and/or activation, increased repair proteins and increased energy availability in the cell when calcitriol is present after UV exposure. There is mitochondrial damage in keratinocytes after UV. In the presence of calcitriol, but not vehicle, glycolysis is increased after UV, along with increased energy-conserving autophagy and changes consistent with enhanced mitophagy. Reduced DNA damage and reduced ROS/RNS should help reduce UV-induced immune suppression. Reduced UV immune suppression is observed after topical treatment with calcitriol and related compounds in hairless mice. These protective effects of calcitriol and related compounds presumably contribute to the observed reduction in skin tumour formation in mice after chronic exposure to UV followed by topical post-irradiation treatment with calcitriol and some, though not all, related compounds.
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Piotrowska A, Wierzbicka J, Kwiatkowska K, Chodyński M, Kutner A, Żmijewski MA. Antiproliferative activity of side-chain truncated vitamin D analogs (PRI-1203 and PRI-1204) against human malignant melanoma cell lines. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173170. [PMID: 32445704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D compounds are versatile molecules widely considered as promising agents in cancer prevention and treatment, including melanoma. Previously we investigated series of double point modified vitamin D2 analogs as well as non-calcemic 20S-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 21-hydroxypregnacalciferol as to their anti-melanoma activity. Surprisingly, short side-chain vitamin D analogs were found to be biologically active compounds. Thus, here we tested novel derivatives of pregnacalciferol with an additional hydroxyl at the end of the truncated side chain, PRI-1203 and PRI-1204, as to their potency against human melanoma A375 and RPMI7951 cell lines. Tested compounds are geometric isomers, with 19-methylene positioned in PRI-1203 like in a calcitriol molecule, but reversed in the PRI-1204 analog to the (5E,7E) geometry (5,6-trans). We noticed a decrease in cells viability exerted by PRI-1203. The antiproliferative effect of PRI-1204 was very low, emphasizing the importance of the natural 19-methylene geometry in the PRI-1203. PRI-1203 was also effective in inhibition of A375 melanoma cells migration. PRI-1203, but not PRI-1204, increased the percentage of A375 and RPMI7951 melanoma cells in the G0/G1 phase of cell cycle, possibly in a p21 and p27 independent manner. Both, analogs have very low effect on the level of CYP24A1 mRNA, in comparison to active form of vitamin D - 1.25(OH)2D3. In addition, both tested compounds failed to elicit VDR translocation to the nucleus. Thus, it could be postulated that side chain shortening strongly affects binding of analogs to VDR and activation of genomic responses, however do not impair their antiproliferative activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 1a Debinki, Gdańsk, 80-211, Poland.
| | - Justyna Wierzbicka
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 1a Debinki, Gdańsk, 80-211, Poland.
| | - Kamila Kwiatkowska
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 1a Debinki, Gdańsk, 80-211, Poland
| | - Michał Chodyński
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 8 Rydygiera, Warsaw, 01-793, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Kutner
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Stefana Banacha, Warsaw, 02-097, Poland.
| | - Michał A Żmijewski
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 1a Debinki, Gdańsk, 80-211, Poland.
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16
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Beneficial Regulation of Cellular Oxidative Stress Effects, and Expression of Inflammatory, Angiogenic, and the Extracellular Matrix Remodeling Proteins by 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in a Melanoma Cell Line. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051164. [PMID: 32150881 PMCID: PMC7179240 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of cancer include the cellular accumulation reactive oxygen species (ROS), which overrides the cellular antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, from intrinsic aging, genetics, and exposure to environmental pollutants and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The ROS damage biomolecules such as DNA (including p53 gene), RNA, and lipids, and activate inflammatory, angiogenic, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling proteins; which collectively facilitate carcinogenesis. The 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Vitamin D) has anti-carcinogenic potential from its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and endocrine properties. We examined the anti-carcinogenic mechanism of vitamin D through the beneficial regulation of oxidative stress effects (oxidative DNA/RNA damage, superoxide dismutase expression, membrane damage, and p53 promoter activity), and expression (at the protein, mRNA and/or promoter levels) of inflammatory mediators (interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)), angiogenic mediators (transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)), and the ECM remodeling proteins (matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1 and MMP-2) by vitamin D in melanoma cells. Vitamin D inhibited oxidative DNA/RNA damage and membrane damage; and stimulated superoxide dismutase expression and p53 promoter activity in melanoma cells. It inhibited the expression of IL-1, TNF-α, TGF-β, VEGF, MMP-1 and MMP-2 by transcriptional or post-transcriptional mechanisms. We conclude that vitamin D is beneficial to melanoma cells through the inhibition of oxidative DNA/RNA damage, membrane damage, and the expression of inflammatory, angiogenic and ECM remodeling proteins; and the stimulation of superoxide dismutase expression and p53 promoter activity.
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Shin MH, Lee Y, Kim MK, Lee DH, Chung JH. UV increases skin-derived 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 production, leading to MMP-1 expression by altering the balance of vitamin D and cholesterol synthesis from 7-dehydrocholesterol. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 195:105449. [PMID: 31470109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The skin is a unique site in the human body that has the capacity to synthesize the active form of vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3), from 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) upon UV irradiation. Keratinocytes express both 25-hydroxylase (CYP27A1 and CYP2R1) and 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), critical enzymes involved in active vitamin D synthesis. Here, we investigated the effect of skin-derived 1α,25(OH)2D3, synthesized purely within the keratinocytes, on MMP-1 expression. Treatment of human epidermal keratinocytes with 1α,25(OH)2D3, but not 7DHC or 25OHD3, significantly increased MMP-1 expression. UV irradiation increases 1α,25(OH)2D3 levels, and ketoconazole inhibits UV-induced production of 1α,25(OH)2D3. Upregulation of MMP-1 by UV was reversed by inhibition of 1α,25(OH)2D3 synthesis using ketoconazole or CYP27B1 siRNA. In keratinocytes, 7DHC is a substrate for both cholesterol and 1α,25(OH)2D3 synthesis. We demonstrated that UV irradiation leads to decreased expression of DHCR7 (7-dehydrocholesterol reductase), the enzyme that converts 7DHC to cholesterol. Inhibition of DHCR7 with its inhibitor BM15766 decreased cholesterol synthesis and increased UV-induced MMP-1 expression, which was attenuated by ketoconazole. These findings suggest that UV-induced reduction of DHCR7 leads to a decrease in cholesterol synthesis, thereby increasing 7DHC availability for 1α,25(OH)2D3 production, which enhances MMP-1 expression. Finally, UV irradiation in human skin in vivo significantly increased CYP27B1 mRNA and decreased DHCR7 mRNA expression. Taken together, we demonstrate here that skin-derived 1α,25(OH)2D3 significantly increases MMP-1 expression in human keratinocytes, a previously unappreciated function of 1α,25(OH)2D3. Moreover, UV irradiation upregulates the enzyme CYP27B1, which leads to 1α,25(OH)2D3 synthesis, but downregulates the cholesterol-producing enzyme DHCR7, both of which collectively lead to increased MMP-1 expression in human keratinocytes. This pathway may be exploited to develop a novel cutaneous anti-aging agent that blocks local cutaneous 1α,25(OH)2D3 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hee Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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The Beneficial Regulation of Extracellular Matrix and Heat Shock Proteins, and the Inhibition of Cellular Oxidative Stress Effects and Inflammatory Cytokines by 1α, 25 dihydroxyvitaminD3 in Non-Irradiated and Ultraviolet Radiated Dermal Fibroblasts. COSMETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics6030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic skin aging and photoaging, from exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, are associated with altered regulation of genes associated with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and inflammation, as well as cellular damage from oxidative stress. The regulatory properties of 1α, 25dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vitamin D) include endocrine, ECM regulation, cell differentiation, photoprotection, and anti-inflammation. The goal of this research was to identify the beneficial effects of vitamin D in preventing intrinsic skin aging and photoaging, through its direct effects as well as its effects on the ECM, associated heat shock proteins (HSP-47, and -70), cellular oxidative stress effects, and inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-8] in non-irradiated, UVA-radiated, UVB-radiated dermal fibroblasts. With regard to the ECM, vitamin D stimulated type I collagen and inhibited cellular elastase activity in non-irradiated fibroblasts; and stimulated type I collagen and HSP-47, and inhibited elastin expression and elastase activity in UVA-radiated dermal fibroblasts. With regard to cellular protection, vitamin D inhibited oxidative damage to DNA, RNA, and lipids in non-irradiated, UVA-radiated and UVB-radiated fibroblasts, and, in addition, increased cell viability of UVB-radiated cells. With regard to anti-inflammation, vitamin D inhibited expression of Il-1 and IL-8 in UVA-radiated fibroblasts, and stimulated HSP-70 in UVA-radiated and UVB-radiated fibroblasts. Overall, vitamin D is predominantly beneficial in preventing UVA-radiation induced photoaging through the differential regulation of the ECM, HSPs, and inflammatory cytokines, and protective effects on the cellular biomolecules. It is also beneficial in preventing UVB-radiation associated photoaging through the stimulation of cell viability and HSP-70, and the inhibition of cellular oxidative damage, and in preventing intrinsic aging through the stimulation of type I collagen and inhibition of cellular oxidative damage.
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19
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Neuroendocrine Aspects of Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112798. [PMID: 31181682 PMCID: PMC6600459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin aging is accompanied by a gradual loss of function, physiological integrity and the ability to cope with internal and external stressors. This is secondary to a combination of complex biological processes influenced by constitutive and environmental factors or by local and systemic pathologies. Skin aging and its phenotypic presentation are dependent on constitutive (genetic) and systemic factors. It can be accelerated by environmental stressors, such as ultraviolet radiation, pollutants and microbial insults. The skin’s functions and its abilities to cope with external stressors are regulated by the cutaneous neuroendocrine systems encompassing the regulated and coordinated production of neuropeptides, neurohormones, neurotransmitters and hormones, including steroids and secosteroids. These will induce/stimulate downstream signaling through activation of corresponding receptors. These pathways and corresponding coordinated responses to the stressors decay with age or undergo pathological malfunctions. This affects the overall skin phenotype and epidermal, dermal, hypodermal and adnexal functions. We propose that skin aging can be attenuated or its phenotypic presentation reversed by the topical use of selected factors with local neurohormonal activities targeting specific receptors or enzymes. Some of our favorite factors include melatonin and its metabolites, noncalcemic secosteroids and lumisterol derivatives, because of their low toxicity and their desirable local phenotypic effects.
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Piotrowska A, Wierzbicka J, Rybarczyk A, Tuckey RC, Slominski AT, Żmijewski MA. Vitamin D and its low calcemic analogs modulate the anticancer properties of cisplatin and dacarbazine in the human melanoma A375 cell line. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1481-1495. [PMID: 30968156 PMCID: PMC6411347 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma represents a significant challenge in cancer treatment due to the high drug resistance of melanomas and the patient mortality rate. This study presents data indicating that nanomolar concentrations of the hormonally active form of vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3], its non-calcemic analogues 20S-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 21-hydroxypregnacalciferol, as well as the low-calcemic synthetic analog calcipotriol, modulate the efficacy of the anticancer drugs cisplatin and dacarbazine. It was observed that vitamin D analogs sensitized melanoma A375 cells to hydrogen peroxide used as an inducer of oxidative stress. On the other hand, only 1α,25(OH)2D3 resulted in a minor, but significant effect on the proliferation of melanoma cells treated simultaneously with dacarbazine, but not cisplatin. Notably, cisplatin (300 µM) exhibited a higher overall antiproliferative activity than dacarbazine. Cisplatin treatment of melanoma cells resulted in an induction of apoptosis as demonstrated by flow cytometry (accumulation of cells at the subG1 phase of the cell cycle), whereas dacarbazine caused G1/G0 cell cycle arrest, with the effects being improved by pre-treatment with vitamin D analogs. Treatment with cisplatin resulted in an initial increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Dacarbazine caused transient stimulation of ROS levels and the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) (after 1 or 3 h of treatment, respectively), but the effect was not detectable following prolonged (24 h) incubation with the drug. Vitamin D exhibited modulatory effects on the cells treated with dacarbazine, decreasing the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for the drug, stimulating G1/G0 arrest and causing a marked decrease in Δψm. Finally, cisplatin, dacarbazine and 1α,25(OH)2D3 displayed modulatory effects on the expression of ROS and vitamin D-associated genes in the melanoma A375 cells. In conclusion, nanomolar concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D3 only had minor effects on the proliferation of melanoma cells treated with dacarbazine, decreasing the relative IC50 value. However, co-treatment with vitamin D analogs resulted in the modulation of cell cycle and ROS responses, and affected gene expression, suggesting possible crosstalk between the signaling pathways of vitamin D and the anticancer drugs used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80‑211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Justyna Wierzbicka
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80‑211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rybarczyk
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80‑211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Michał A Żmijewski
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80‑211 Gdansk, Poland
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21
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Garmyn M, Young AR, Miller SA. Mechanisms of and variables affecting UVR photoadaptation in human skin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1932-1940. [PMID: 29926025 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00430c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Humans have been exposed to solar UV radiation since their appearance on Earth and evolution has enabled most individuals to adapt to this exposure, to some degree. UV radiation produces several deleterious effects in human skin and light-skinned individuals are at greatest risk for both acute and long-term negative effects such as DNA damage, sunburn, immune suppression and skin cancer. The benefits of photoadaptation, which leads to a decreased response after acclimatization, are that humans who have skin that is capable of photoadaptation can work and play in the sun with reduced fear of painful sunburn. However, the effects of photoadaptation on DNA damage and development of skin cancer are quite complex and less well-understood. In this article, we have reviewed the current state of knowledge of UVR photoadaptation in human skin. However, more studies are needed to explore the use of UVR photoadaptation to protect against critical endpoints, such as skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garmyn
- Katholieke University, Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Brand RM, Wipf P, Durham A, Epperly MW, Greenberger JS, Falo LD. Targeting Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress to Mitigate UV-Induced Skin Damage. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:920. [PMID: 30177881 PMCID: PMC6110189 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unmitigated UV radiation (UVR) induces skin photoaging and multiple forms of cutaneous carcinoma by complex pathways that include those mediated by UV-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Upon UVR exposure, a cascade of events is induced that overwhelms the skin’s natural antioxidant defenses and results in DNA damage, intracellular lipid and protein peroxidation, and the dysregulation of pathways that modulate inflammatory and apoptotic responses. To this end, natural products with potent antioxidant properties have been developed to prevent, mitigate, or reverse this damage with varying degrees of success. Mitochondria are particularly susceptible to ROS and subsequent DNA damage as they are a major intracellular source of oxidants. Therefore, the development of mitochondrially targeted agents to mitigate mitochondrial oxidative stress and resulting DNA damage is a logical approach to prevent and treat UV-induced skin damage. We summarize evidence that some existing natural products may reduce mitochondrial oxidative stress and support for synthetically generated mitochondrial targeted cyclic nitroxides as potential alternatives for the prevention and mitigation of UVR-induced skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda M Brand
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Austin Durham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael W Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joel S Greenberger
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Louis D Falo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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23
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El-Ansary A, Cannell JJ, Bjørklund G, Bhat RS, Al Dbass AM, Alfawaz HA, Chirumbolo S, Al-Ayadhi L. In the search for reliable biomarkers for the early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: the role of vitamin D. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:917-931. [PMID: 29497932 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects about 1% of the world's population. Vitamin D is thought to be essential for normal brain development and modulation of the immune system. Worldwide about 1 billion people are affected by vitamin D deficiency. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) are biomarkers related to inflammation and oxidative stress. In the present study, these biomarkers were together with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D3) analyzed in 28 (mean age seven years) Saudi male patients with ASD. The study was conducted to determine if there is any relationship between vitamin D levels, the tested biomarkers and the presence and severity of ASD. The hope was to identify if these biomarkers may be useful for early ASD diagnosis. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) were used to measure autism severity. The results of the ASD children were compared with 27 age and gender-matched neurotypical controls. The data indicated that Saudi patients with ASD have significantly lower plasma levels of 25(OH)D3 than neurotypical controls (38 ng/ml compared to 56 ng/ml, respectively; [P = 0.001]). Surprisingly, the levels of CYP2E1 were lower in the children with ASD than the neurotypical controls (0.48 ± 0.08 vs. 69 ± 0.07 ng/ml, respectively; P = 0.001). The ASD children also had significantly higher levels of hs-CRP (0.79 ± 0.09 vs. 0.59 ± 0.09 ng/ml, respectively; P = 0.001) and 8-OH-dG (8.17 ± 1.04 vs. 4.13 ± 1.01 ng/ml, respectively; P = 0.001, compared to neurotypical age and gender-matched controls. The values for hs-CRP and 8-OH-dG did not correlate [P < 0.001] with autism severity. There was found a relationship between autism severity on the CARS scale and the levels of 25(OH)D3 and CYP1B1. But this was not found for SRS. All four biomarkers seemed to have good sensitivity and specificity, but the sample size of the present study was too small to determine clinical usefulness. The findings also indicate that inadequate levels of vitamin D play a role in the etiology and severity of autism. Furthermore, the results of the present study suggest the possibility of using 25(OH)D3, CYP1B1, hs-CRP and 8-OH-dG, preferably in combination, as biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ASD. However, further research is needed to evaluate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Shaik AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer M Al Dbass
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan A Alfawaz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laila Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Shaik AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Dunaway S, Odin R, Zhou L, Ji L, Zhang Y, Kadekaro AL. Natural Antioxidants: Multiple Mechanisms to Protect Skin From Solar Radiation. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:392. [PMID: 29740318 PMCID: PMC5928335 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) results in a dramatic increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The sudden increase in ROS shifts the natural balance toward a pro-oxidative state, resulting in oxidative stress. The detrimental effects of oxidative stress occur through multiple mechanisms that involve alterations to proteins and lipids, induction of inflammation, immunosuppression, DNA damage, and activation of signaling pathways that affect gene transcription, cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis. All of these alterations promote carcinogenesis and therefore, regulation of ROS levels is critical to the maintenance of normal skin homeostasis. Several botanical products have been found to exhibit potent antioxidant capacity and the ability to counteract UV-induced insults to the skin. These natural products exert their beneficial effects through multiple pathways, including some known to be negatively affected by solar UVR. Aging of the skin is also accelerated by UVR exposure, in particular UVA rays that penetrate deep into the epidermis and the dermis where it causes the degradation of collagen and elastin fibers via oxidative stress and activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Because natural compounds are capable of attenuating some of the UV-induced aging effects in the skin, increased attention has been generated in the area of cosmetic sciences. The focus of this review is to cover the most prominent phytoproducts with potential to mitigate the deleterious effects of solar UVR and suitability for use in topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Dunaway
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rachel Odin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Linli Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Liyuan Ji
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ana L Kadekaro
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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25
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Sample A, He YY. Mechanisms and prevention of UV-induced melanoma. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2018; 34:13-24. [PMID: 28703311 PMCID: PMC5760354 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and its incidence is rising, creating a costly and significant clinical problem. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, namely UVA (315-400 nm) and UVB (280-315 nm), is a major risk factor for melanoma development. Cumulative UV radiation exposure from sunlight or tanning beds contributes to UV-induced DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the skin. A number of factors, including hair color, skin type, genetic background, location, and history of tanning, determine the skin's response to UV radiation. In melanocytes, dysregulation of this UV radiation response can lead to melanoma. Given the complex origins of melanoma, it is difficult to develop curative therapies and universally effective preventative strategies. Here, we describe and discuss the mechanisms of UV-induced skin damage responsible for inducing melanomagenesis, and explore options for therapeutic and preventative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Sample
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Yu-Ying He
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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26
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Enhanced Repair of UV-Induced DNA Damage by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 in Skin Is Linked to Pathways that Control Cellular Energy. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:1146-1156. [PMID: 29258892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Inadequately repaired post-UV DNA damage results in skin cancers. DNA repair requires energy but skin cells have limited capacity to produce energy after UV insult. We examined whether energy supply is important for DNA repair after UV exposure, in the presence of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), which reduces UV-induced DNA damage and photocarcinogenesis in a variety of models. After UV exposure of primary human keratinocytes, the addition of 1,25(OH)2D3 increased unscheduled DNA synthesis, a measure of DNA repair. Oxidative phosphorylation was depleted in UV-irradiated keratinocytes to undetectable levels within an hour of UV irradiation. Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 but not vehicle increased glycolysis after UV. 2-Deoxyglucose-dependent inhibition of glycolysis abolished the reduction in cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers by 1,25(OH)2D3, whereas inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation had no effect. 1,25(OH)2D3 increased autophagy and modulated PINK1/Parkin consistent with enhanced mitophagy. These data confirm that energy availability is limited in keratinocytes after exposure to UV. In the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3, glycolysis is enhanced along with energy-conserving processes such as autophagy and mitophagy, resulting in increased repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and decreased oxidative DNA damage. Increased energy availability in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 is an important contributor to DNA repair in skin after UV exposure.
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27
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Morse NL, Reid AJ, St-Onge M. An open-label clinical trial assessing the efficacy and safety of Bend Skincare Anti-Aging Formula on minimal erythema dose in skin. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2017; 34:152-161. [PMID: 28884844 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Sunburn and other health risks associated with excess sun exposure place huge economic burdens on societies, and create discomfort and disease within susceptible individuals. Oral supplements that reduce sunburn may be advantageous. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of Bend Skincare Anti-Aging Formula to ameliorate sunburn induced with a solar simulator. METHODS Subjects (n = 28) with Fitzpatrick skin phototypes I, II, or III took 4 capsules daily of the supplement providing 1400 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 120 mg of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), 5 mg of lutein, 2.5 mg of zeaxanthin, and 1000 IU of vitamin D3 for 8 weeks. Skin on each subject's back was exposed to a progressive sequence of timed ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure doses at baseline, and after 4- and 8-week treatment to determine their minimal erythema dose (MED). Results were compared before and after treatment using 3 paired t tests and subsequently 3 linear mixed models. RESULTS Treatment significantly improved tolerance to UV exposure as evidenced by increased MED at 4 and 8 weeks compared with baseline (P < .001). This protection increased with prolonged use of Bend Skincare Anti-Aging Formula as demonstrated by progressively increased MED between baseline and 4 weeks, and again between 4 and 8 weeks (P < .001). Nearly 86% of patients responded to treatment within 4 weeks and 100% of patients responded by the end of the study, resulting in a 39% mean increase in MED at 4 weeks, and an 84% mean increase in MED at 8 weeks compared with baseline. Treatment was well tolerated with no product associated adverse events (AE) and only a few mild and expected side effects. CONCLUSION Bend Skincare Anti-Aging Formula safely and effectively provides significant skin photoprotection that increases with continued use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Morse
- Independent Scientific Consultant, Berwick, NS, Canada
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28
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Khandpur S, Porter R, Boulton S, Anstey A. Drug-induced photosensitivity: new insights into pathomechanisms and clinical variation through basic and applied science. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:902-909. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Khandpur
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - R.M. Porter
- Academic Dermatology; Aneurin Bevan Health Board, Stow Hill; St Woolos Hospital; Newport NP20 4SZ U.K
| | - S.J. Boulton
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medical Sciences; Newcastle University Medical School, Framlington Place; Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH U.K
| | - A. Anstey
- Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board; Ysbyty Gwynedd, Penrhosgarnedd; Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2PY U.K
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29
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Del Puerto C, Navarrete-Dechent C, Molgó M, Borzutzky A, González S. Vitamin D axis and its role in skin carcinogenesis: a comprehensive review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41241-016-0006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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30
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Wierzbicka JM, Żmijewski MA, Piotrowska A, Nedoszytko B, Lange M, Tuckey RC, Slominski AT. Bioactive forms of vitamin D selectively stimulate the skin analog of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in human epidermal keratinocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 437:312-322. [PMID: 27524410 PMCID: PMC5048597 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation B stimulates both the production of vitamin D3 in the skin and the activation of the skin analog of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) as well as the central HPA. Since the role of vitamin D3 in the regulation of the HPA is largely unknown, we investigated the impact of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its noncalcemic analogs, 20(OH)D3 and 21(OH)pD, on the expression of the local HPA in human epidermal keratinocytes. The noncalcemic analogs showed similar efficacy to 1,25(OH)2D3 in stimulating the expression of neuropeptides, CRF, urocortins and POMC, and their receptors, CRFR1, CRFR2, MC1R, MC2R, MC3R and MC4R. Interestingly, unlike other secosteroids, the activity of 21(OH)pD did not correlate with induction of differentiation, suggesting a separate but overlapping mechanism of action. Thus, biologically active forms of vitamin D can regulate different elements of the local equivalent of the HPA with implications for the systemic HPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Boguslaw Nedoszytko
- Department and Clinic of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lange
- Department and Clinic of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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31
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Brand RM, Epperly MW, Stottlemyer JM, Skoda EM, Gao X, Li S, Huq S, Wipf P, Kagan VE, Greenberger JS, Falo LD. A Topical Mitochondria-Targeted Redox-Cycling Nitroxide Mitigates Oxidative Stress-Induced Skin Damage. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:576-586. [PMID: 27794421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the largest human organ, and it provides a first line of defense that includes physical, chemical, and immune mechanisms to combat environmental stress. Radiation is a prevalent environmental stressor. Radiation-induced skin damage ranges from photoaging and cutaneous carcinogenesis caused by UV exposure, to treatment-limiting radiation dermatitis associated with radiotherapy, to cutaneous radiation syndrome, a frequently fatal consequence of exposures from nuclear accidents. The major mechanism of skin injury common to these exposures is radiation-induced oxidative stress. Efforts to prevent or mitigate radiation damage have included development of antioxidants capable of reducing reactive oxygen species. Mitochondria are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress, and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis plays a major role in radiation-induced tissue damage. We reasoned that targeting a redox cycling nitroxide to mitochondria could prevent reactive oxygen species accumulation, limiting downstream oxidative damage and preserving mitochondrial function. Here we show that in both mouse and human skin, topical application of a mitochondrially targeted antioxidant prevents and mitigates radiation-induced skin damage characterized by clinical dermatitis, loss of barrier function, inflammation, and fibrosis. Further, damage mitigation is associated with reduced apoptosis, preservation of the skin's antioxidant capacity, and reduction of irreversible DNA and protein oxidation associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda M Brand
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael W Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J Mark Stottlemyer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erin M Skoda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Saiful Huq
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joel S Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Louis D Falo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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32
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Bikle DD, Jiang Y, Nguyen T, Oda Y, Tu CL. Disruption of Vitamin D and Calcium Signaling in Keratinocytes Predisposes to Skin Cancer. Front Physiol 2016; 7:296. [PMID: 27462278 PMCID: PMC4940389 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), the active metabolite of vitamin D, and calcium regulate epidermal differentiation. 1,25(OH)2D exerts its effects through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a transcription factor in the nuclear hormone receptor family, whereas calcium acts through the calcium sensing receptor (Casr), a membrane bound member of the G protein coupled receptor family. We have developed mouse models in which the Vdr and Casr have been deleted in the epidermis (epidVdr−∕− and epidCasr−∕−). Both genotypes show abnormalities in calcium induced epidermal differentiation in vivo and in vitro, associated with altered hedgehog (HH) and β–catenin signaling that when abnormally expressed lead to basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and trichofolliculomas, respectively. The Vdr−∕− mice are susceptible to tumor formation following UVB or chemical carcinogen exposure. More recently we found that the keratinocytes from these mice over express long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) oncogenes such as H19 and under express lncRNA tumor suppressors such as lincRNA-21. Spontaneous tumors have not been observed in either the epidVdr−∕− or epidCasr−∕−. But in mice with epidermal specific deletion of both Vdr and Casr (epidVdr−∕−/epidCasr−∕− [DKO]) tumor formation occurs spontaneously when the DKO mice are placed on a low calcium diet. These results demonstrate important interactions between vitamin D and calcium signaling through their respective receptors that lead to cancer when these signals are disrupted. The roles of the β–catenin, hedgehog, and lncRNA pathways in predisposing the epidermis to tumor formation when vitamin D and calcium signaling are disrupted will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yan Jiang
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thai Nguyen
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuko Oda
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Tu
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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33
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Jones AM, Ferguson P, Gardner J, Rooker S, Sutton T, Ahn A, Chatterjee A, Bickley VM, Sarwar M, Emanuel P, Kenwright D, Shepherd PR, Eccles MR. NRAS and EPHB6 mutation rates differ in metastatic melanomas of patients in the North Island versus South Island of New Zealand. Oncotarget 2016; 7:41017-41030. [PMID: 27191502 PMCID: PMC5173039 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, the most aggressive skin cancer type, is responsible for 75% of skin cancer related deaths worldwide. Given that New Zealand (NZ) has the world's highest melanoma incidence, we sought to determine the frequency of mutations in NZ melanomas in recurrently mutated genes. NZ melanomas were from localities distributed between North (35°S-42°S) and South Islands (41°S-47°S). A total of 529 melanomas were analyzed for BRAF exon 15 mutations by Sanger sequencing, and also by Sequenom MelaCarta MassARRAY. While, a relatively low incidence of BRAFV600E mutations (23.4%) was observed overall in NZ melanomas, the incidence of NRAS mutations in South Island melanomas was high compared to North Island melanomas (38.3% vs. 21.9%, P=0.0005), and to The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA) (38.3% vs. 22%, P=0.0004). In contrast, the incidence of EPHB6G404S mutations was 0% in South Island melanomas, and was 7.8% in North Island (P=0.0002). Overall, these data suggest that melanomas from geographically different regions in NZ have markedly different mutation frequencies, in particular in the NRAS and EPHB6 genes, when compared to TCGA or other populations. These data have implications for the causation and treatment of malignant melanoma in NZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Jones
- Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Peter Ferguson
- Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jacqui Gardner
- Anatomical and Molecular Pathology, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Serena Rooker
- Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tim Sutton
- Pathlab Bay of Plenty, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Antonio Ahn
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Aniruddha Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vivienne M. Bickley
- Anatomical and Molecular Pathology, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Makhdoom Sarwar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Christchurch School of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Emanuel
- Anatomic Pathology Services, Auckland District Health Board, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Molecular medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Diane Kenwright
- Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Peter R. Shepherd
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Molecular medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael R. Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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Pedraza-Chaverri J, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Osorio-Alonso H, Tapia E, Scholze A. New Pathogenic Concepts and Therapeutic Approaches to Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6043601. [PMID: 27429711 PMCID: PMC4939360 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6043601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease inflammatory processes and stimulation of immune cells result in overproduction of free radicals. In combination with a reduced antioxidant capacity this causes oxidative stress. This review focuses on current pathogenic concepts of oxidative stress for the decline of kidney function and development of cardiovascular complications. We discuss the impact of mitochondrial alterations and dysfunction, a pathogenic role for hyperuricemia, and disturbances of vitamin D metabolism and signal transduction. Recent antioxidant therapy options including the use of vitamin D and pharmacologic therapies for hyperuricemia are discussed. Finally, we review some new therapy options in diabetic nephropathy including antidiabetic agents (noninsulin dependent), plant antioxidants, and food components as alternative antioxidant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura G. Sánchez-Lozada
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, INC Ignacio Chávez, 14080 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
- Department of Nephrology, INC Ignacio Chávez, 14080 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Horacio Osorio-Alonso
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, INC Ignacio Chávez, 14080 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
- Department of Nephrology, INC Ignacio Chávez, 14080 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Edilia Tapia
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, INC Ignacio Chávez, 14080 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
- Department of Nephrology, INC Ignacio Chávez, 14080 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Alexandra Scholze
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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Piotrowska A, Wierzbicka J, Ślebioda T, Woźniak M, Tuckey RC, Slominski AT, Żmijewski MA. Vitamin D derivatives enhance cytotoxic effects of H2O2 or cisplatin on human keratinocytes. Steroids 2016; 110:49-61. [PMID: 27083311 PMCID: PMC4853285 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the skin production of vitamin D is initiated by ultraviolet radiation type B (UVB), the role vitamin D plays in antioxidative or pro-oxidative responses remains to be elucidated. We have used immortalized human HaCaT keratinocytes as a model of proliferating epidermal cells to test the influence of vitamin D on cellular response to H2O2 or the anti-cancer drug, cisplatin. Incubation of keratinocytes with 1,25(OH)2D3 or its low calcemic analogues, 20(OH)D3, 21(OH)pD or calcipotriol, sensitized cells to ROS resulting in more potent inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation by H2O2 in the presence of vitamin D compounds. These results were supported by cell cycle and apoptosis analyses, and measurement of the mitochondrial transmembrane potentials (MMP), however some unique properties of individual secosteroids were observed. Furthermore, in HaCaT keratinocytes treated with H2O2, 1,25(OH)2D3, 21(OH)pD and calcipotriol stimulated the expression of SOD1 and CAT genes, but not SOD2, indicating a possible role of mitochondria in ROS-modulated cell death. 1,25(OH)2D3 also showed a short-term, protective effect on HaCaT keratinocytes, as exemplified by the inhibition of apoptosis and the maintenance of MMP. However, with prolonged incubation with H2O2 or cisplatin, 1,25(OH)2D3 caused an acceleration in the death of the keratinocytes. Therefore, we propose that lead vitamin D derivatives can protect the epidermis against neoplastic transformation secondary to oxidative or UV-induced stress through activation of vitamin D-signaling. Furthermore, our data suggest that treatment with low calcemic vitamin D analogues or the maintenance of optimal level of vitamin D by proper supplementation, can enhance the anticancer efficacy of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Ślebioda
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Woźniak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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36
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Abstract
Sunlight's ultraviolet wavelengths induce cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), which then cause mutations that lead to melanoma or to cancers of skin keratinocytes. In pigmented melanocytes, we found that CPDs arise both instantaneously and for hours after UV exposure ends. Remarkably, the CPDs arising in the dark originate by a novel pathway that resembles bioluminescence but does not end in light: First, UV activates the enzymes nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and NADPH oxidase (NOX), which generate the radicals nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O2(-)); these combine to form the powerful oxidant peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). A fragment of the skin pigment melanin is then oxidized, exciting an electron to an energy level so high that it is rarely seen in biology. This process of chemically exciting electrons, termed "chemiexcitation", is used by fireflies to generate light but it had never been seen in mammalian cells. In melanocytes, the energy transfers radiationlessly to DNA, inducing CPDs. Chemiexcitation is a new source of genome instability, and it calls attention to endogenous mechanisms of genome maintenance that prevent electronic excitation or dissipate the energy of excited states. Chemiexcitation may also trigger pathogenesis in internal tissues because the same chemistry should arise wherever superoxide and nitric oxide arise near cells that contain melanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Premi
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St./HRT 213, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA.
| | - Douglas E Brash
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St./HRT 213, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA; Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040 USA.
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37
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Nucleotide Excision Repair and Vitamin D--Relevance for Skin Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:372. [PMID: 27058533 PMCID: PMC4848881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is involved in almost all skin cancer cases, but on the other hand, it stimulates the production of pre-vitamin D3, whose active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25VD3), plays important physiological functions on binding with its receptor (vitamin D receptor, VDR). UV-induced DNA damages in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers or (6-4)-pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproducts are frequently found in skin cancer and its precursors. Therefore, removing these lesions is essential for the prevention of skin cancer. As UV-induced DNA damages are repaired by nucleotide excision repair (NER), the interaction of 1,25VD3 with NER components can be important for skin cancer transformation. Several studies show that 1,25VD3 protects DNA against damage induced by UV, but the exact mechanism of this protection is not completely clear. 1,25VD3 was also shown to affect cell cycle regulation and apoptosis in several signaling pathways, so it can be considered as a potential modulator of the cellular DNA damage response, which is crucial for mutagenesis and cancer transformation. 1,25VD3 was shown to affect DNA repair and potentially NER through decreasing nitrosylation of DNA repair enzymes by NO overproduction by UV, but other mechanisms of the interaction between 1,25VD3 and NER machinery also are suggested. Therefore, the array of NER gene functioning could be analyzed and an appropriate amount of 1.25VD3 could be recommended to decrease UV-induced DNA damage important for skin cancer transformation.
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38
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Influence of dermal exposure to ultraviolet radiation and coal tar (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) on the skin aging process. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 81:192-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Libon F, Seidel L, Cavalier E, Nikkels AF. Vitamin D Supplementation Does Not Improve the Severity or the Resolution of Ultraviolet B-Induced Acute Erythema. Dermatology 2015; 231:280-5. [PMID: 26111868 DOI: 10.1159/000430983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether vitamin D supplementation alleviates the severity of ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced erythema and/or facilitates its resolution remains undetermined. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of oral vitamin D on UVB-induced erythema and its resolution in fair-skinned subjects. METHODS UVB-induced erythema was quantified using a Chroma Meter® in 50 volunteers 48 h before and 10 days after the random administration of 200,000 IU vitamin D (n = 40) or placebo (n = 10). Resolution of erythema in both groups was assessed by chromametry 24, 48, and 72 h after vitamin D administration. RESULTS No statistical difference between erythema values before and after administration in the vitamin D-supplemented group (p = 0.44) or the placebo group (p = 0.34) was noted. No statistical difference was evident between both groups with respect to resolution of erythema (p = 0.30). CONCLUSION Oral vitamin D supplementation neither improves protection against UVB-induced erythema nor facilitates its resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Libon
- Department of Dermatology, CHU of Sart Tilman, University of Lix00E8;ge, Lix00E8;ge, Belgium
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40
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Premi S, Wallisch S, Mano CM, Weiner AB, Bacchiocchi A, Wakamatsu K, Bechara EJH, Halaban R, Douki T, Brash DE. Photochemistry. Chemiexcitation of melanin derivatives induces DNA photoproducts long after UV exposure. Science 2015; 347:842-7. [PMID: 25700512 PMCID: PMC4432913 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in sunlight-induced melanoma arise from cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), DNA photoproducts that are typically created picoseconds after an ultraviolet (UV) photon is absorbed at thymine or cytosine. We found that in melanocytes, CPDs are generated for >3 hours after exposure to UVA, a major component of the radiation in sunlight and in tanning beds. These "dark CPDs" constitute the majority of CPDs and include the cytosine-containing CPDs that initiate UV-signature C→T mutations. Dark CPDs arise when UV-induced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species combine to excite an electron in fragments of the pigment melanin. This creates a quantum triplet state that has the energy of a UV photon but induces CPDs by energy transfer to DNA in a radiation-independent manner. Melanin may thus be carcinogenic as well as protective against cancer. These findings also validate the long-standing suggestion that chemically generated excited electronic states are relevant to mammalian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Premi
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Silvia Wallisch
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Camila M Mano
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05513-970 SP, Brazil
| | - Adam B Weiner
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Antonella Bacchiocchi
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Etelvino J H Bechara
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05513-970 SP, Brazil. Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo 09972-270 SP, Brazil
| | - Ruth Halaban
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Thierry Douki
- INAC/LCIB UMR-E3 CEA-UJF/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Douglas E Brash
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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41
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Lucas RM, Norval M, Neale RE, Young AR, de Gruijl FR, Takizawa Y, van der Leun JC. The consequences for human health of stratospheric ozone depletion in association with other environmental factors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:53-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp90033b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ozone depletion, climate and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health
- The Australian National University
- Canberra 2601
- Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute
| | - M. Norval
- Biomedical Sciences
- University of Edinburgh Medical School
- Edinburgh EH8 9AG
- UK
| | - R. E. Neale
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
- Brisbane 4029
- Australia
| | - A. R. Young
- King's College London (KCL)
- St John's Institute of Dermatology
- London SE1 9RT
- UK
| | - F. R. de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology
- Leiden University Medical Centre
- NL-2300 RC Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | - Y. Takizawa
- Akita University Graduate School of Medicine
- Akita Prefecture
- Japan
- National Institute for Minamata Diseases
- Kumamoto Prefecture
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42
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Silva AA. The diffuse component of erythemal ultraviolet radiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1941-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00131e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The diffuse (Dif) component of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) plays an important role in the daily exposure of humans to solar radiation.
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43
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Silva AA. Improving Photoprotection Attitudes in the Tropics: SunburnvsVitamin D. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1446-54. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abel A. Silva
- Instituto de Estudos Avançados; Rod. dos Tamoios km 5.5 Torrão de Ouro II São José dos Campos SP Brazil
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44
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An unexpected role: UVA-induced release of nitric oxide from skin may have unexpected health benefits. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1791-1794. [PMID: 24924758 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UVR has deleterious and beneficial effects on human health. In this issue, Liu et al. (2014) show that UVA decreases blood pressure and increases blood flow and heart rate in humans, which is beneficial to the cardiovascular system. This is likely mediated by UVA causing release of nitric oxide (NO) from skin stores. This mediator may have additional effects on human health.
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45
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Narvaez CJ, Matthews D, LaPorta E, Simmons KM, Beaudin S, Welsh J. The impact of vitamin D in breast cancer: genomics, pathways, metabolism. Front Physiol 2014; 5:213. [PMID: 24982636 PMCID: PMC4055997 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors exert profound effects on mammary gland physiology and have complex roles in the etiology of breast cancer. In addition to receptors for classic steroid hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) interacts with its ligand 1α,25(OH)2D3 to modulate the normal mammary epithelial cell genome and subsequent phenotype. Observational studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency is common in breast cancer patients and that low vitamin D status enhances the risk for disease development or progression. Genomic profiling has characterized many 1α,25(OH)2D3 responsive targets in normal mammary cells and in breast cancers, providing insight into the molecular actions of 1α,25(OH)2D3 and the VDR in regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, and differentiation. New areas of emphasis include regulation of tumor metabolism and innate immune responses. However, the role of VDR in individual cell types (i.e., epithelial, adipose, fibroblast, endothelial, immune) of normal and tumor tissues remains to be clarified. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which VDR integrates signaling between diverse cell types and controls soluble signals and paracrine pathways in the tissue/tumor microenvironment remain to be defined. Model systems of carcinogenesis have provided evidence that both VDR expression and 1α,25(OH)2D3 actions change with transformation but clinical data regarding vitamin D responsiveness of established tumors is limited and inconclusive. Because breast cancer is heterogeneous, analysis of VDR actions in specific molecular subtypes of the disease may help to clarify the conflicting data. The expanded use of genomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches on a diverse array of in vitro and in vivo model systems is clearly warranted to comprehensively understand the network of vitamin D regulated pathways in the context of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J Narvaez
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Donald Matthews
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Erika LaPorta
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Katrina M Simmons
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Beaudin
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - JoEllen Welsh
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA ; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA
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46
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Abstract
The vitamin D endocrine system regulates a broad variety of independent biological processes, and its deficiency is associated with rickets, bone diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and tuberculosis. Cellular and molecular studies have also shown that it is implicated in the suppression of cancer cell invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Sunlight exposure and consequent increased circulating levels of vitamin D are associated with reduced occurrence and a reduced mortality in different histological types of cancer, including those resident in the skin, prostate, breast, colon, ovary, kidney, and bladder. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) as a steroid hormone superfamily of nuclear receptors is highly expressed in epithelial cells at risk for carcinogenesis, providing a direct molecular link by which vitamin D status impacts on carcinogenesis. Because VDR expression is retained in many human tumors, vitamin D status may be an important modulator of cancer progression in persons living with cancer. The aim of this review is to highlight the relationship between vitamin D, VDR, and cancer, summarizing several mechanisms proposed to explain the potential protective effect of vitamin D against the development and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayu Wu
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Neng Cao
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Juan Ni
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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47
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Fisetin attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced cell damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species and activating protective functions of cellular glutathione system. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 50:66-74. [PMID: 23982916 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9681-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can induce cell damage by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in DNA damage and cell death. The aim of this study is to elucidate the protective effects of fisetin (3,7,3',4',-tetrahydroxy flavone) against H2O2-induced cell damage. Fisetin reduced the level of superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical in cell free system, and intracellular ROS generated by H2O2. Moreover, fisetin protected against H2O2-induced membrane lipid peroxidation, cellular DNA damage, and protein carbonylation, which are the primary cellular outcomes of H2O2 treatment. Furthermore, fisetin increased the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, which is decreased by H2O2. Conversely, a GSH inhibitor abolished the cytoprotective effect of fisetin against H2O2-induced cells damage. Taken together, our results suggest that fisetin protects against H2O2-induced cell damage by inhibiting ROS generation, thereby maintaining the protective role of the cellular GSH system.
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48
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Lương KVQ, Nguyễn LTH. The roles of vitamin D in seborrhoeic keratosis: possible genetic and cellular signalling mechanisms. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 35:525-31. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. v. q. Lương
- Vietnamese American Medical Research Foundation; 14971 Brookhurst St. Westminster CA 92683 U.S.A
| | - L. T. H. Nguyễn
- Vietnamese American Medical Research Foundation; 14971 Brookhurst St. Westminster CA 92683 U.S.A
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49
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Vitamin D and death by sunshine. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1964-77. [PMID: 23334476 PMCID: PMC3565359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to sunlight is the major cause of skin cancer. Ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun causes damage to DNA by direct absorption and can cause skin cell death. UV also causes production of reactive oxygen species that may interact with DNA to indirectly cause oxidative DNA damage. UV increases accumulation of p53 in skin cells, which upregulates repair genes but promotes death of irreparably damaged cells. A benefit of sunlight is vitamin D, which is formed following exposure of 7-dehydrocholesterol in skin cells to UV. The relatively inert vitamin D is metabolized to various biologically active compounds, including 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Therapeutic use of vitamin D compounds has proven beneficial in several cancer types, but more recently these compounds have been shown to prevent UV-induced cell death and DNA damage in human skin cells. Here, we discuss the effects of vitamin D compounds in skin cells that have been exposed to UV. Specifically, we examine the various signaling pathways involved in the vitamin D-induced protection of skin cells from UV.
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50
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Tongkao-on W, Gordon-Thomson C, Dixon KM, Song EJ, Luu T, Carter SE, Sequeira VB, Reeve VE, Mason RS. Novel vitamin D compounds and skin cancer prevention. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2013; 5:20-33. [PMID: 24494039 PMCID: PMC3897591 DOI: 10.4161/derm.23939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As skin cancer is one of the most costly health issues in many countries, particularly in Australia, the possibility that vitamin D compounds might contribute to prevention of this disease is becoming increasingly more attractive to researchers and health communities. In this article, important epidemiologic, mechanistic and experimental data supporting the chemopreventive potential of several vitamin D-related compounds are explored. Evidence of photoprotection by the active hormone, 1α,25dihydroxyvitamin D3, as well as a derivative of an over-irradiation product, lumisterol, a fluorinated analog and bufalin, a potential vitamin D-like compound, are provided. The aim of this article is to understand how vitamin D compounds contribute to UV adaptation and potentially, skin cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannit Tongkao-on
- Department of Physiology Anatomy & Histology; Bosch Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Clare Gordon-Thomson
- Department of Physiology Anatomy & Histology; Bosch Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Katie M. Dixon
- Department of Physiology Anatomy & Histology; Bosch Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Eric J. Song
- Department of Physiology Anatomy & Histology; Bosch Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Tan Luu
- Department of Physiology Anatomy & Histology; Bosch Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Sally E. Carter
- Department of Physiology Anatomy & Histology; Bosch Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Vanessa B. Sequeira
- Department of Physiology Anatomy & Histology; Bosch Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney, NSW Australia
- Oncology Research Unit; School of Medical Sciences; The University of New South Wales; Kensington, NSW Australia
| | - Vivienne E. Reeve
- Department of Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Rebecca S. Mason
- Department of Physiology Anatomy & Histology; Bosch Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney, NSW Australia
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