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Zerdoumi R, Quast T, Tetteh EB, Kim M, Li L, Dieckhöfer S, Schuhmann W. Integration of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy in a Bifunctional Nanopipette toward Simultaneous Mapping of Activity and Selectivity in Electrocatalysis. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10886-10892. [PMID: 38925554 PMCID: PMC11238158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) were integrated in a single bifunctional probe for simultaneous mapping of the oxygen reduction current and the oxidation current of the produced H2O2. The dual probe is fabricated from a double-barrel θ capillary, comprising one open barrel filled with the electrolyte and another filled with pyrolytic carbon. Pt is deposited with a gas injection system (GIS) at the end of the carbon barrel. The probe integrates the advantages of both SECM and SECCM by forming an electrochemical droplet cell that embeds the Pt working electrode of the carbon barrel directly into the electrolyte meniscus formed upon sample contact from the electrolyte barrel. The versatility of the dual probe is demonstrated by mapping the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) current and the H2O2 oxidation current of a Pt microstrip on a gold substrate. This allows simultaneous localized electrochemical measurements, highlighting the potential of the dual probe for broader applications in characterizing the electrocatalytic properties of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridha Zerdoumi
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Batsa Tetteh
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Moonjoo Kim
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lejing Li
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Dieckhöfer
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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2
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Lu SM, Vannoy KJ, Dick JE, Long YT. Multiphase Chemistry under Nanoconfinement: An Electrochemical Perspective. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25043-25055. [PMID: 37934860 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Most relevant systems of interest to modern chemists rarely consist of a single phase. Real-world problems that require a rigorous understanding of chemical reactivity in multiple phases include the development of wearable and implantable biosensors, efficient fuel cells, single cell metabolic characterization techniques, and solar energy conversion devices. Within all of these systems, confinement effects at the nanoscale influence the chemical reaction coordinate. Thus, a fundamental understanding of the nanoconfinement effects of chemistry in multiphase environments is paramount. Electrochemistry is inherently a multiphase measurement tool reporting on a charged species traversing a phase boundary. Over the past 50 years, electrochemistry has witnessed astounding growth. Subpicoampere current measurements are routine, as is the study of single molecules and nanoparticles. This Perspective focuses on three nanoelectrochemical techniques to study multiphase chemistry under nanoconfinement: stochastic collision electrochemistry, single nanodroplet electrochemistry, and nanopore electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Kathryn J Vannoy
- Department of Chemistry, Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
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3
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Gao H, Xu J, Liu C, Wang F, Sun H, Wang Q, Zhou M. Precise Polishing and Electrochemical Applications of Quartz Nanopipette-Based Carbon Nanoelectrodes. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14092-14098. [PMID: 36191159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quartz nanopipette-based carbon nanoelectrodes (CNEs) have attracted extensive attention in nanoscale electrochemistry due to their simple and efficient fabrication, chemically inert materials, flexible size (down to a few nanometers), and ultrathin insulating encapsulation. However, these pristine CNEs usually have significantly irregular morphology on the surface, which greatly limits the applications where inlaid nanodisks are urgently needed. To address this critical issue, we have developed a new precise polishing strategy using paraffin coating protection (i.e., avoiding breakage of quartz materials) and real-time monitoring with a high impedance meter (i.e., indicating electrode exposure) to produce flat carbon nanodisk electrodes. The surface flatness of polished CNEs has been confirmed by a combination of scanning electron microscopy, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, and scanning electrochemical microscopy. As compared to the expensive focused ion beam processing, this strategy is competitive in terms of the low cost and availability of the equipment and enables the preparation of polished CNEs with sufficiently small size. The flattened CNEs have been exemplified for grafting molecular catalysts to achieve the durable catalysis of reactive molecules or for immobilizing single-particle electrocatalysts to measure the intrinsic activity under sufficient mass-transfer rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jianan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Haotian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has emerged as a versatile tool for studies of interfaces in biology and materials science with notable utility in biophysical and electrochemical measurements. The heart of the SICM is a nanometer-scale electrolyte filled glass pipette that serves as a scanning probe. In the initial conception, manipulations of ion currents through the tip of the pipette and appropriate positioning hardware provided a route to recording micro- and nanoscopic mapping of the topography of surfaces. Subsequent advances in instrumentation, probe design, and methods significantly increased opportunities for SICM beyond recording topography. Hybridization of SICM with coincident characterization techniques such as optical microscopy and faradaic electrodes have brought SICM to the forefront as a tool for nanoscale chemical measurement for a wide range of applications. Modern approaches to SICM realize an important tool in analytical, bioanalytical, biophysical, and materials measurements, where significant opportunities remain for further exploration. In this review, we chronicle the development of SICM from the perspective of both the development of instrumentation and methods and the breadth of measurements performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kaixiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Natasha P Siepser
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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5
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Cao Q, Shin M, Lavrik NV, Venton BJ. 3D-Printed Carbon Nanoelectrodes for In Vivo Neurotransmitter Sensing. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6831-6836. [PMID: 32813535 PMCID: PMC7484348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Direct laser writing, a nano 3D-printing approach, has enabled fabrication of customized carbon microelectrode sensors for neurochemical detection. However, to detect neurotransmitters in tiny biological organisms or synapses, submicrometer nanoelectrodes are required. In this work, we used 3D printing to fabricate carbon nanoelectrode sensors. Customized structures were 3D printed and then pyrolyzed, resulting in free-standing carbon electrodes with nanotips. The nanoelectrodes were insulated with atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 and the nanotips were polished by a focused ion beam to form 600 nm disks. Using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, the electrodes successfully detected stimulated dopamine in the adult fly brain, demonstrating that they are robust and sensitive enough to use in tiny biological systems. This work is the first demonstration of 3D printing to fabricate free-standing carbon nanoelectrode sensors and will enable batch fabrication of customized nanoelectrode sensors with precise control and excellent reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Mimi Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Nickolay V. Lavrik
- Center for Nanophase Material Science, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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6
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A cost-efficient approach for simultaneous scanning electrochemical microscopy and scanning ion conductance microscopy. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA novel and cost-efficient probe fabrication method yielding probes for performing simultaneous scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is presented. Coupling both techniques allows distinguishing topographical and electrochemical activity information obtained by SECM. Probes were prepared by deposition of photoresist onto platinum-coated, pulled fused silica capillaries, which resulted in a pipette probe with an integrated ring ultramicroelectrode. The fabricated probes were characterized by means of cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy. The applicability of probes was demonstrated by measuring and distinguishing topography and electrochemical activity of a model substrate. In addition, porous boron-doped diamond samples were investigated via simultaneously performed SECM and SICM.
Graphic abstract
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7
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Hu K, Wang D, Zhou M, Bae JH, Yu Y, Xin H, Mirkin MV. Ultrasensitive Detection of Dopamine with Carbon Nanopipets. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12935-12941. [PMID: 31503470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbon fiber micro- and nanoelectrodes have been extensively used to measure dopamine and other neurotransmitters in biological systems. Although the radii of some reported probes were ≪1 μm, the lengths of the exposed carbon were typically on the micrometer scale, thus limiting the spatial resolution of electroanalytical measurements. Recent attempts to determine neurotransmitters in single cells and vesicles have provided additional impetus for decreasing the probe dimensions. Here, we report two types of dopamine sensors based on carbon nanopipets (CNP) prepared by chemical vapor deposition of carbon into prepulled quartz capillaries. These include 10-200 nm radius CNPs with a cavity near the orifice and CNPs with an open path in the middle, in which the volume of sampled solution can be controlled by the applied pressure. Because of the relatively large surface area of carbon exposed to solution inside the pipet, both types of sensors yielded well-shaped voltammograms of dopamine down to ca. 1 nM concentrations, and the unprecedented voltammetric response to 100 pM dopamine was obtained with open CNPs. TEM tomography and numerical simulations were used to model CNP responses. The effect of dopamine adsorption on the CNP detection limit is discussed along with the possibilities of measuring other physiologically important analytes (e.g., serotonin) and eliminating anionic and electrochemically irreversible interferences (e.g., ascorbic acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States.,The Graduate Center of CUNY , New York , New York 10016 , United States
| | - Dengchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States
| | - Je Hyun Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States
| | - Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States
| | - Huolin Xin
- Department of Physics & Astronomy , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Michael V Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States.,The Graduate Center of CUNY , New York , New York 10016 , United States
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8
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Gao R, Lin Y, Ying YL, Long YT. Nanopore-based sensing interface for single molecule electrochemistry. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Bentley CL, Edmondson J, Meloni GN, Perry D, Shkirskiy V, Unwin PR. Nanoscale Electrochemical Mapping. Anal Chem 2018; 91:84-108. [PMID: 30500157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Shi W, Zeng Y, Zhou L, Xiao Y, Cummins TR, Baker LA. Membrane patches as ion channel probes for scanning ion conductance microscopy. Faraday Discuss 2018; 193:81-97. [PMID: 27711908 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00133e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe dual-barrel ion channel probes (ICPs), which consist of an open barrel and a barrel with a membrane patch directly excised from a donor cell. When incorporated with scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), the open barrel (SICM barrel) serves to measure the distance-dependent ion current for non-invasive imaging and positioning of the probe in the same fashion of traditional SICM. The second barrel with the membrane patch supports ion channels of interest and was used to investigate ion channel activities. To demonstrate robust probe control with the dual-barrel ICP-SICM probe and verify that the two barrels are independently addressable, current-distance characteristics (approach curves) were obtained with the SICM barrel and simultaneous, current-time (I-T) traces were recorded with the ICP barrel. To study the influence that the distance between ligand-gated ion channels (i.e., large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels/BK channels) and the ligand source (i.e., Ca2+ source) has on channel activations, ion channel activities were recorded at two fixed probe-substrate distances (Dps) with the ICP barrel. The two fixed positions were determined from approach curves acquired with the SICM barrel. One position was defined as the "In-control" position, where the probe was in close proximity to the ligand source; the second position was defined as the "Far" position, where the probe was retracted far away from the ligand source. Our results confirm that channel activities increased dramatically with respect to both open channel probability and single channel current when the probe was near the ligand source, as opposed to when the probe was far away from the ligand source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Yuhan Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Lushan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Yucheng Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, 320 W. 15th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Theodore R Cummins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, 320 W. 15th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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11
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Vallejo-Giraldo C, Krukiewicz K, Calaresu I, Zhu J, Palma M, Fernandez-Yague M, McDowell B, Peixoto N, Farid N, O'Connor G, Ballerini L, Pandit A, Biggs MJP. Attenuated Glial Reactivity on Topographically Functionalized Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene):P-Toluene Sulfonate (PEDOT:PTS) Neuroelectrodes Fabricated by Microimprint Lithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800863. [PMID: 29862640 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Following implantation, neuroelectrode functionality is susceptible to deterioration via reactive host cell response and glial scar-induced encapsulation. Within the neuroengineering community, there is a consensus that the induction of selective adhesion and regulated cellular interaction at the tissue-electrode interface can significantly enhance device interfacing and functionality in vivo. In particular, topographical modification holds promise for the development of functionalized neural interfaces to mediate initial cell adhesion and the subsequent evolution of gliosis, minimizing the onset of a proinflammatory glial phenotype, to provide long-term stability. Herein, a low-temperature microimprint-lithography technique for the development of micro-topographically functionalized neuroelectrode interfaces in electrodeposited poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):p-toluene sulfonate (PEDOT:PTS) is described and assessed in vitro. Platinum (Pt) microelectrodes are subjected to electrodeposition of a PEDOT:PTS microcoating, which is subsequently topographically functionalized with an ordered array of micropits, inducing a significant reduction in electrode electrical impedance and an increase in charge storage capacity. Furthermore, topographically functionalized electrodes reduce the adhesion of reactive astrocytes in vitro, evident from morphological changes in cell area, focal adhesion formation, and the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokine factors. This study contributes to the understanding of gliosis in complex primary mixed cell cultures, and describes the role of micro-topographically modified neural interfaces in the development of stable microelectrode interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Vallejo-Giraldo
- CÚRAM-Centre for Research in Medical Devices-Galway, Biosciences Research Building, 118 Corrib Village, Newcastle, Galway, H91 D577, Ireland
| | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- CÚRAM-Centre for Research in Medical Devices-Galway, Biosciences Research Building, 118 Corrib Village, Newcastle, Galway, H91 D577, Ireland
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
| | - Ivo Calaresu
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea, 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jingyuan Zhu
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Matteo Palma
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Marc Fernandez-Yague
- CÚRAM-Centre for Research in Medical Devices-Galway, Biosciences Research Building, 118 Corrib Village, Newcastle, Galway, H91 D577, Ireland
| | - BenjaminW McDowell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS-1G5 Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Nathalia Peixoto
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS-1G5 Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Nazar Farid
- School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Gerard O'Connor
- School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Laura Ballerini
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea, 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM-Centre for Research in Medical Devices-Galway, Biosciences Research Building, 118 Corrib Village, Newcastle, Galway, H91 D577, Ireland
| | - Manus Jonathan Paul Biggs
- CÚRAM-Centre for Research in Medical Devices-Galway, Biosciences Research Building, 118 Corrib Village, Newcastle, Galway, H91 D577, Ireland
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Zhang S, Li M, Su B, Shao Y. Fabrication and Use of Nanopipettes in Chemical Analysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:265-286. [PMID: 29894227 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes progress in the fabrication, modification, characterization, and applications of nanopipettes since 2010. A brief history of nanopipettes is introduced, and the details of fabrication, modification, and characterization of nanopipettes are provided. Applications of nanopipettes in chemical analysis are the focus in several cases, including recent progress in imaging; in the study of single molecules, single nanoparticles, and single cells; in fundamental investigations of charge transfer (ion and electron) reactions at liquid/liquid interfaces; and as hyphenated techniques combined with other methods to study the mechanisms of complicated electrochemical reactions and to conduct bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Mingzhi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
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13
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Advances and Perspectives in Chemical Imaging in Cellular Environments Using Electrochemical Methods. CHEMOSENSORS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors6020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Stephens LI, Mauzeroll J. Altered Spatial Resolution of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Induced by Multifunctional Dual-Barrel Microelectrodes. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6796-6803. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa I. Stephens
- Laboratory for Electrochemical Reactive
Imaging and Detection of Biological Systems, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Laboratory for Electrochemical Reactive
Imaging and Detection of Biological Systems, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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15
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Hao R, Fan Y, Han C, Zhang B. Bipolar Electrochemistry on a Nanopore-Supported Platinum Nanoparticle Electrode. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12652-12658. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Yunshan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Chu Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
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16
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Kang M, Perry D, Bentley CL, West G, Page A, Unwin PR. Simultaneous Topography and Reaction Flux Mapping at and around Electrocatalytic Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9525-9535. [PMID: 28862831 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of electrocatalytic reactions at individual nanoparticles (NPs) is presently of considerable interest but very challenging. Herein, we demonstrate how simple-to-fabricate nanopipette probes with diameters of approximately 30 nm can be deployed in a scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) platform to simultaneously visualize electrochemical reactivity and topography with high spatial resolution at electrochemical interfaces. By employing a self-referencing hopping mode protocol, whereby the probe is brought from bulk solution to the near-surface at each pixel, and with potential-time control applied at the substrate, current measurements at the nanopipette can be made with high precision and resolution (30 nm resolution, 2600 pixels μm-2, <0.3 s pixel-1) to reveal a wealth of information on the substrate physicochemical properties. This methodology has been applied to image the electrocatalytic oxidation of borohydride at ensembles of AuNPs on a carbon fiber support in alkaline media, whereby the depletion of hydroxide ions and release of water during the reaction results in a detectable change in the ionic composition around the NPs. Through the use of finite element method simulations, these observations are validated and analyzed to reveal important information on heterogeneities in ion flux between the top of a NP and the gap at the NP-support contact, diffusional overlap and competition for reactant between neighboring NPs, and differences in NP activity. These studies highlight key issues that influence the behavior of NP assemblies at the single NP level and provide a platform for the use of SICM as an important tool for electrocatalysis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff West
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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17
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Meloni GN, Bertotti M. 3D printing scanning electron microscopy sample holders: A quick and cost effective alternative for custom holder fabrication. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182000. [PMID: 28753638 PMCID: PMC5533330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and cost effective alternative for fabricating custom Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) sample holders using 3D printers and conductive polylactic acid filament is presented. The flexibility of the 3D printing process allowed for the fabrication of sample holders with specific features that enable the high-resolution imaging of nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes. The precise value of the inner semi cone angle of the nanopipettes taper was extracted from the acquired images and used for calculating their radius using electrochemical methods. Because of the low electrical resistivity presented by the 3D printed holder, the imaging of non-conductive nanomaterials, such as alumina powder, was found to be possible. The fabrication time for each sample holder was under 30 minutes and the average cost was less than $0.50 per piece. Despite being quick and economical to fabricate, the sample holders were found to be sufficiently resistant, allowing for multiple uses of the same holder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N. Meloni
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo—SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Mauro Bertotti
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo—SP, Brazil
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18
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Saha-Shah A, Green CM, Abraham DH, Baker LA. Segmented flow sampling with push-pull theta pipettes. Analyst 2017; 141:1958-65. [PMID: 26907673 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00028b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We report development of a mobile and easy-to-fabricate theta pipette microfluidic device for segmented flow sampling. The theta pipettes were also used as electrospray emitters for analysis of sub-nanoliter segments, which resulted in delivery of analyte to the vacuum inlet of the mass spectrometer without multiple transfer steps. Theta pipette probes enable sample collection with high spatial resolution due to micron or smaller sized probe inlets and can be used to manipulate aqueous segments in the range of 200 pL to tens of nanoliters. Optimized conditions can enable sampling with high spatial and temporal resolution, suitable for chemical monitoring in biological samples and studies of sample heterogeneity. Intercellular heterogeneity among Allium cepa cells was studied by collecting cytoplasm from multiple cells using a single probe. Extracted cytoplasm was analyzed in a fast and high throughput manner by direct electrospray mass spectrometry of segmented sample from the probe tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anumita Saha-Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Curtis M Green
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - David H Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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19
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Kim M, Kim DJ, Ha D, Kim T. Cracking-assisted fabrication of nanoscale patterns for micro/nanotechnological applications. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:9461-79. [PMID: 26691345 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06266g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cracks are frequently observed in daily life, but they are rarely welcome and are considered as a material failure mode. Interestingly, cracks cause critical problems in various micro/nanofabrication processes such as colloidal assembly, thin film deposition, and even standard photolithography because they are hard to avoid or control. However, increasing attention has been given recently to control and use cracks as a facile, low-cost strategy for producing highly ordered nanopatterns. Specifically, cracking is the breakage of molecular bonds and occurs simultaneously over a large area, enabling fabrication of nanoscale patterns at both high resolution and high throughput, which are difficult to obtain simultaneously using conventional nanofabrication techniques. In this review, we discuss various cracking-assisted nanofabrication techniques, referred to as crack lithography, and summarize the fabrication principles, procedures, and characteristics of the crack patterns such as their position, direction, and dimensions. First, we categorize crack lithography techniques into three technical development levels according to the directional freedom of the crack patterns: randomly oriented, unidirectional, or multidirectional. Then, we describe a wide range of novel practical devices fabricated by crack lithography, including bioassay platforms, nanofluidic devices, nanowire sensors, and even biomimetic mechanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseok Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Joo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dogyeong Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taesung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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21
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Holzinger A, Steinbach C, Kranz C. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM): Fundamentals and Applications in Life Sciences. ELECTROCHEMICAL STRATEGIES IN DETECTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622529-00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has made significant contributions to the life sciences. Innovative developments focusing on high-resolution imaging, developing novel operation modes, and combining SECM with complementary optical or scanning probe techniques renders SECM an attractive analytical approach. This chapter gives an introduction to the essential instrumentation and operation principles of SECM for studying biologically-relevant systems. Particular emphasis is given to applications aimed at imaging the activity of biochemical constituents such as enzymes, antibodies, and DNA, which play a pivotal role in biomedical diagnostics. Furthermore, the unique advantages of SECM and combined techniques for studying live cells is highlighted by discussion of selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Holzinger
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Charlotte Steinbach
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
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22
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Shen M, Colombo ML. Electrochemical nanoprobes for the chemical detection of neurotransmitters. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 7:7095-7105. [PMID: 26327927 PMCID: PMC4551492 DOI: 10.1039/c5ay00512d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters, acting as chemical messengers, play an important role in neurotransmission, which governs many functional aspects of nervous system activity. Electrochemical probes have proven a very useful technique to study neurotransmission, especially to quantify and qualify neurotransmitters. With the emerging interests in probing neurotransmission at the level of single cells, single vesicles, as well as single synapses, probes that enable detection of neurotransmitters at the nanometer scale become vitally important. Electrochemical nanoprobes have been successfully employed in nanometer spatial resolution imaging of single nanopores of Si membrane and single Au nanoparticles, providing both topographical and chemical information, thus holding great promise for nanometer spatial study of neurotransmission. Here we present the current state of electrochemical nanoprobes for chemical detection of neurotransmitters, focusing on two types of nanoelectrodes, i.e. carbon nanoelectrode and nano-ITIES pipet electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. Tel: +1 (217) 300 3587
| | - Michelle L. Colombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. Tel: +1 (217) 300 3587
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23
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Nadappuram BP, McKelvey K, Byers JC, Güell AG, Colburn AW, Lazenby RA, Unwin PR. Quad-barrel multifunctional electrochemical and ion conductance probe for voltammetric analysis and imaging. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3566-73. [PMID: 25719392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication and use of a multifunctional electrochemical probe incorporating two independent carbon working electrodes and two electrolyte-filled barrels, equipped with quasi-reference counter electrodes (QRCEs), in the end of a tapered micrometer-scale pipet is described. This "quad-probe" (4-channel probe) was fabricated by depositing carbon pyrolytically into two diagonally opposite barrels of a laser-pulled quartz quadruple-barrelled pipet. After filling the open channels with electrolyte solution, a meniscus forms at the end of the probe and covers the two working electrodes. The two carbon electrodes can be used to drive local electrochemical reactions within the meniscus while a bias between the QRCEs in the electrolyte channels provides an ion conductance signal that is used to control and position the meniscus on a surface of interest. When brought into contact with a surface, localized high resolution amperometric imaging can be achieved with the two carbon working electrodes with a spatial resolution defined by the meniscus contact area. The substrate can be an insulating material or (semi)conductor, but herein, we focus mainly on conducting substrates that can be connected as a third working electrode. Studies using both aqueous and ionic liquid electrolytes in the probe, together with gold and individual single walled carbon nanotube samples, demonstrate the utility of the technique. Substrate generation-dual tip collection measurements are shown to be characterized by high collection efficiencies (approaching 100%). This hybrid configuration of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) should be powerful for future applications in electrode mapping, as well as in studies of insulating materials as demonstrated by transient spot redox-titration measurements at an electrostatically charged Teflon surface and at a pristine calcite surface, where a functionalized probe is used to follow the immediate pH change due to dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua C Byers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Aleix G Güell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alex W Colburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Lazenby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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24
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Abstract
Accelerated aging experiments of Nafion® 212 (N212) membranes were carried out. Characterization of degraded N212 membrane samples was performed by microscopy, spectroscopy and electrochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry
- Indiana University
- Bloomington
- USA
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry
- Indiana University
- Bloomington
- USA
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25
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26
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Haywood DG, Saha-Shah A, Baker LA, Jacobson SC. Fundamental studies of nanofluidics: nanopores, nanochannels, and nanopipets. Anal Chem 2014; 87:172-87. [PMID: 25405581 PMCID: PMC4287834 DOI: 10.1021/ac504180h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Haywood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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27
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Hu K, Wang Y, Cai H, Mirkin MV, Gao Y, Friedman G, Gogotsi Y. Open carbon nanopipettes as resistive-pulse sensors, rectification sensors, and electrochemical nanoprobes. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8897-901. [PMID: 25160727 DOI: 10.1021/ac5022908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer-sized glass and quartz pipettes have been widely used as a core of chemical sensors, patch clamps, and scanning probe microscope tips. Many of those applications require the control of the surface charge and chemical state of the inner pipette wall. Both objectives can be attained by coating the inner wall of a quartz pipette with a nanometer-thick layer of carbon. In this letter, we demonstrate the possibility of using open carbon nanopipettes (CNP) produced by chemical vapor deposition as resistive-pulse sensors, rectification sensors, and electrochemical nanoprobes. By applying a potential to the carbon layer, one can change the surface charge and electrical double-layer at the pipette wall, which, in turn, affect the ion current rectification and adsorption/desorption processes essential for resistive-pulse sensors. CNPs can also be used as versatile electrochemical probes such as asymmetric bipolar nanoelectrodes and dual electrodes based on simultaneous recording of the ion current through the pipette and the current produced by oxidation/reduction of molecules at the carbon nanoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education of China) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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28
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Abstract
In this report, transport through a nanopipette is studied and the interplay between current rectification and ion delivery for small pipettes is examined. First, surface charge dependence of concentration polarization effects in a quartz nanopipette was investigated. Electrical characterization was performed through current-potential (I-V) measurements. In addition, fluorescein (an anionic fluorescent probe) was utilized to optically map ion enrichment and ion depletion in the nanopipette tip. Bare nanopipettes and polyethylenimine (PEI)-modified nanopipettes were examined. Results confirm that concentration polarization is a surface charge dependent phenomenon and delivery can be controlled through modification of surface charge. The relationship between concentration polarization effects and voltage-driven delivery of charged electroactive species was investigated with a carbon ring/nanopore electrode fabricated from pyrolyzed parylene C (PPC). Factors such as surface charge polarity of the nanopipette, electrolyte pH, and electrolyte concentration were investigated. Results indicate that with modification of surface charge, additional control over delivery of charged species can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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29
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Kranz C. Recent advancements in nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes used in combined scanning electrochemical microscopy techniques. Analyst 2014; 139:336-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01651j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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