1
|
Li Z, Wang Y, Zhang L, Chen Z, Barth JV, Li J, Lin T. On-Surface Synthesis of Five-Membered Copper Metallacycles Using Terminal Alkynes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:15214-15219. [PMID: 38981093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
We present our studies on the adsorption, deprotonation, and reactions of 4,4″-diethynyl-1,1':4',1″-terphenyl on Cu(111) under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions using scanning tunneling microscopy combined with density functional theory calculations. Sequential annealing treatments induce deprotonation of pristine molecules followed by chemical reactions, resulting in branched nanostructures. Within the nanostructures, a previously unreported, double-spot linkage is observed. Our density functional theory calculations unravel that this linkage corresponds to a five-membered copper metallacycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanbo Li
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yule Wang
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Zhuhai), Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai 519088, China
| | - Liding Zhang
- Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Juan Li
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Zhuhai), Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai 519088, China
- Department of Materials Science, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Tao Lin
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Ge H, Gao Y, Yang F, Kang F, Xue R, Yan L, Du S, Xu W, Zhang H, Chi L. Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy Investigation of Au- bis-acetylide Networks on Au(111): The Influence of Metal-Organic Hybridization. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4593-4601. [PMID: 38639727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Graphdiyne (GDY) is an appealing two-dimensional carbon material, but the on-surface synthesis of a single layer remains challenging. Demetalation of well-crystalline metal acetylide networks, though in its infancy, provides a new avenue to on-surface synthesized GDY substructures. In spite of the synthetic efforts and theoretical concerns, there are few reports steeped in elaborate characterization of the electronic influence of metalation. In this context, we focused on the surface supported Au-bis-acetylide network, which underwent demetalation after further annealing to form hydrogen-substituted GDY. We made a comprehensive study on the geometric structure and electronic structure and the corresponding demetalized structure on Au(111) through STM, noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM), scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), and density functional theory (DFT) simulations. The bandgap of the Au-bis-acetylide network on Au(111) is measured to be 2.7 eV, while the bandgap of a fully demetalized Au-bis-acetylide network is estimated to be about 4.1 eV. Our findings reveal that the intercalated Au adatoms are positioned closer to the metal surface compared with the organic skeletons, facilitating electronic hybridization between the surface state and unoccupied frontier molecular orbitals of organic components. This leads to an extended conjugation through Au-bis-acetylene bonds, resulting in a reduced bandgap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haitao Ge
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yixuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fangyu Yang
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Faming Kang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Renjie Xue
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Linghao Yan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shixuan Du
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Belonging to the enyne family, enetriynes comprise a distinct electron-rich all-carbon bonding scheme. However, the lack of convenient synthesis protocols limits the associated application potential within, e.g., biochemistry and materials science. Herein we introduce a pathway for highly selective enetriyne formation via tetramerization of terminal alkynes on a Ag(100) surface. Taking advantage of a directing hydroxyl group, we steer molecular assembly and reaction processes on square lattices. Induced by O2 exposure the terminal alkyne moieties deprotonate and organometallic bis-acetylide dimer arrays evolve. Upon subsequent thermal annealing tetrameric enetriyne-bridged compounds are generated in high yield, readily self-assembling into regular networks. We combine high-resolution scanning probe microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations to examine the structural features, bonding characteristics and the underlying reaction mechanism. Our study introduces an integrated strategy for the precise fabrication of functional enetriyne species, thus providing access to a distinct class of highly conjugated π-system compounds.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kong H, Viergutz L, Liu L, Sandvoß A, Peng X, Klaasen H, Fuchs H, Studer A. Highly Selective On-Surface Reactions of Aryl Propiolic Acids via Decarboxylative Coupling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210997. [PMID: 36740777 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aryl propiolic acids are introduced as a new class of monomers in the field of on-surface chemistry to build up poly(arylenebutadiynylenes) through decarboxylative Glaser coupling. As compared to aryl alkynes that are routinely used in the on-surface Glaser coupling, it is found that the decarboxylative coupling occurs at slightly lower temperature and with excellent selectivity. Activation occurs through decarboxylation for the propiolic acids, whereas the classical Glaser coupling is achieved through alkyne CH activation, and this process shows poor selectivity. The efficiency of the decarboxylative coupling is documented by the successful polymerization of bis(propiolic acids) as monomers. It is also found that the new activation mode is compatible with aryl bromide functionalities, which allows the formation of unsymmetric metal-organic polymers on the surface by chemoselective sequential reactions. All transformations are analyzed by a scanning tunneling microscope and are further studied by density functional theory calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Kong
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Lena Viergutz
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lacheng Liu
- Center for Nanotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Sandvoß
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Xinchen Peng
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Henning Klaasen
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Center for Nanotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Misin VM, Maltseva IE, Kazakov ME, Volkov VA. The Polymers of Diethynylarenes-Is Selective Polymerization at One Acetylene Bond Possible? A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051105. [PMID: 36904346 PMCID: PMC10006943 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, all available publications on the polymerization of all isomers of bifunctional diethynylarenes due to the opening of C≡C bonds were considered and analyzed. It has been shown that with the use of polymers of diethynylbenzene, heat-resistant and ablative materials, catalysts, sorbents, humidity sensors, and other materials can be obtained. Various catalytic systems and conditions of polymer synthesis are considered. For the convenience of comparison, the publications considered are grouped according to common features, including the types of initiating systems. Critical consideration is given to the features of the intramolecular structure of the synthesized polymers since it determines the entire complex of properties of this material and subsequent materials. Branched and/or insoluble polymers are formed as a result of solid-phase and liquid-phase homopolymerization. It is shown that the synthesis of a completely linear polymer was carried out for the first time by anionic polymerization. The review considers in sufficient detail publications from hard-to-reach sources, as well as publications that required a more thorough critical examination. The review does not consider the polymerization of diethynylarenes with substituted aromatic rings because of their steric restrictions; the diethynylarenes copolymers with complex intramolecular structure; and diethynylarenes polymers obtained by oxidative polycondensation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav M. Misin
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy Science, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina E. Maltseva
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy Science, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Mark E. Kazakov
- SPC UVICOM Ltd., 38A Olympic Avenue, 141009 Mytischi, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Volkov
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy Science, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Han D, Zhu J. Surface-assisted fabrication of low-dimensional carbon-based nanoarchitectures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:343001. [PMID: 34111858 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0a1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, as an alternative to traditional in-solution synthesis, has become an emerging research field and attracted extensive attention over the past decade due to its ability to fabricate nanoarchitectures with exotic properties. Compared to wet chemistry, the on-surface synthesis conducted on atomically flat solid surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum exhibits unprecedented characteristics and advantages, opening novel reaction pathways for chemical synthesis. Various low-dimensional nanostructures have been fabricated on solid surfaces (mostly metal surfaces) based on this newly developed approach. This paper reviews the classic and latest works regarding carbon-based low-dimensional nanostructures since the arrival of on-surface synthesis era. These nanostructures are categorized into zero-, one- and two-dimensional classes and each class is composed of numerous sub-nanostructures. For certain specific nanostructures, comprehensive reports are given, including precursor design, substrate choice, synthetic strategies and so forth. We hope that our review will shed light on the fabrication of some significant nanostructures in this young and promising scientific area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moreno-López JC, Pérez Paz A, Gottardi S, Solianyk L, Li J, Monjas L, Hirsch AKH, Mowbray DJ, Stöhr M. Unveiling Adatoms in On-Surface Reactions: Combining Scanning Probe Microscopy with van't Hoff Plots. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:9847-9854. [PMID: 34276856 PMCID: PMC8279638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c03134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Scanning probe microscopy has become an essential tool to not only study pristine surfaces but also on-surface reactions and molecular self-assembly. Nonetheless, due to inherent limitations, some atoms or (parts of) molecules are either not imaged or cannot be unambiguously identified. Herein, we discuss the arrangement of two different nonplanar molecular assemblies of para-hexaphenyl-dicarbonitrile (Ph6(CN)2) on Au(111) based on a combined theoretical and experimental approach. For deposition of Ph6(CN)2 on Au(111) kept at room temperature, a rhombic nanoporous network stabilized by a combination of hydrogen bonding and antiparallel dipolar coupling is formed. Annealing at 575 K resulted in an irreversible thermal transformation into a hexagonal nanoporous network stabilized by native gold adatoms. However, the Au adatoms could neither be unequivocally identified by scanning tunneling microscopy nor by noncontact atomic force microscopy. By combining van't Hoff plots derived from our scanning probe images with our density functional theory calculations, we were able to confirm the presence of the elusive Au adatoms in the hexagonal molecular network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Pérez Paz
- Chemistry
Department, United Arab Emirates University, 15551 Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stefano Gottardi
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonid Solianyk
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Li
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leticia Monjas
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna K. H. Hirsch
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Helmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)—Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Duncan John Mowbray
- School
of Physical Sciences and Nanotechnology, Yachay Tech University, 100119 Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lei P, Hou JF, Xiao YC, Zhao FY, Li XK, Deng K, Zeng QD. On-Surface Self-Assembled Structural Transformation Induced by Schiff Base Reaction and Hydrogen bonds. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:3662-3671. [PMID: 33739116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
By utilizing scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), the self-assembled nanostructures of three characteristic aldehydes have been examined at the solution-solid interface. By introducing the active reactant 5-aminoisophthalic acid (5-AIPA), we succeeded in changing the self-assembled molecular structures through the condensation reaction and obtained the information on structural transformation in real time. The corresponding carboxyl conjugated derivatives were formed in situ and developed into the closely packed and ordered molecular architectures via hydrogen bonds at the solution-solid surface. The relevant simulations have been utilized to interpret the mechanisms of forming the nanostructures. The corresponding theoretical calculation is used to explain the reaction mechanism. Compared with the traditional ways, the on-surface condensation reaction in situ could not only provide a more convenient method for regulating the self-assembled architectures but also offer a promising strategy for building functional nanostructures and devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectonics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing-Fei Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectonics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Chuan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectonics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng-Ying Zhao
- Jiangxi College of Applied Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China
| | - Ke Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qing-Dao Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectonics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Albrecht F, Rey D, Fatayer S, Schulz F, Pérez D, Peña D, Gross L. Intramolecular Coupling of Terminal Alkynes by Atom Manipulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dulce Rey
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | | | | | - Dolores Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research–Zurich 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Albrecht F, Rey D, Fatayer S, Schulz F, Pérez D, Peña D, Gross L. Intramolecular Coupling of Terminal Alkynes by Atom Manipulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22989-22993. [PMID: 32845044 PMCID: PMC7756451 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glaser-like coupling of terminal alkynes by thermal activation is extensively used in on-surface chemistry. Here we demonstrate an intramolecular version of this reaction performed by atom manipulation. We used voltage pulses from the tip to trigger a Glaser-like coupling between terminal alkyne carbons within a custom-synthesized precursor molecule adsorbed on bilayer NaCl on Cu(111). Different conformations of the precursor molecule and the product were characterized by molecular structure elucidation with atomic force microscopy and orbital density mapping with scanning tunneling microscopy, accompanied by density functional theory calculations. We revealed partially dehydrogenated intermediates, providing insight into the reaction pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dulce Rey
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15782Santiagode CompostelaSpain
| | | | | | - Dolores Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15782Santiagode CompostelaSpain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15782Santiagode CompostelaSpain
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research–Zurich8803RüschlikonSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thulstrup PW, Jones NC, Hoffmann SV, Spanget-Larsen J. UV polarisation spectroscopy of 1,4-diethynylbenzene. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1853841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Thulstrup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nykola C. Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren V. Hoffmann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Spanget-Larsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Stolz S, Yakutovich AV, Prinz J, Dienel T, Pignedoli CA, Brune H, Gröning O, Widmer R. Near‐Enantiopure Trimerization of 9‐Ethynylphenanthrene on a Chiral Metal Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stolz
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Physics École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Aliaksandr V. Yakutovich
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Present address: Laboratory of Molecular Simulation (LSMO) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Rue de l'Industrie 17 1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Jan Prinz
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Physics École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Thomas Dienel
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Present address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Carlo A. Pignedoli
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Harald Brune
- Institute of Physics École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Oliver Gröning
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stolz S, Yakutovich AV, Prinz J, Dienel T, Pignedoli CA, Brune H, Gröning O, Widmer R. Near-Enantiopure Trimerization of 9-Ethynylphenanthrene on a Chiral Metal Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18179-18183. [PMID: 32589816 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselectivity in heterogeneous catalysis strongly depends on the chirality transfer between catalyst surface and all reactants, intermediates, and the product along the reaction pathway. Herein we report the first enantioselective on-surface synthesis of molecular structures from an initial racemic mixture and without the need of enantiopure modifier molecules. The reaction consists of a trimerization via an unidentified bonding motif of prochiral 9-ethynylphenanthrene (9-EP) upon annealing to 500 K on the chiral Pd3 -terminated PdGa{111} surfaces into essentially enantiopure, homochiral 9-EP propellers. The observed behavior strongly contrasts the reaction of 9-EP on the chiral Pd1 -terminated PdGa{111} surfaces, where 9-EP monomers that are in nearly enantiopure configuration, dimerize without enantiomeric excess. Our findings demonstrate strong chiral recognition and a significant ensemble effect in the PdGa system, hence highlighting the huge potential of chiral intermetallic compounds for enantioselective synthesis and underlining the importance to control the catalytically active sites at the atomic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stolz
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aliaksandr V Yakutovich
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Present address: Laboratory of Molecular Simulation (LSMO), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais, Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Jan Prinz
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Dienel
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Present address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Harald Brune
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Gröning
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li X, Zhang H, Chi L. On-Surface Synthesis of Graphyne-Based Nanostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1804087. [PMID: 30592340 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The successful synthesis of stacking graphdiynes has stimulated numerous fascinating applications. However, it still remains challenging to prepare atomically precise 2D graphdiyne and other graphyne-based structures. The development of on-surface synthesis has contributed to many secondary graphyne-based structures that are directive in fabricating extended graphyne networks. Herein, the recent progress concerning on-surface synthesis of graphyne-based nanostructures, especially atomically precise graphdiyne nanowires, is summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhou J, Li J, Liu Z, Zhang J. Exploring Approaches for the Synthesis of Few-Layered Graphdiyne. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1803758. [PMID: 30773752 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Graphdiyne (GDY) is an emerging carbon allotrope in the graphyne (GY) family, demonstrating extensive potential applications in the fields of electronic devices, catalysis, electrochemical energy storage, and nonlinear optics. Synthesis of few-layered GDY is especially important for both electronic applications and structural characterization. This work critically summarizes the state-of-art of GDY and focuses on exploring approaches for few-layered GDY synthesis. The obstacles and challenges of GDY synthesis are also analyzed in detail. Recently developed synthetic methods are discussed such as i) the copper substrate-based method, ii) the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, iii) the interfacial construction method, and iv) the graphene-templated method. Throughout the discussion, the superiorities and limitations of different methods are analyzed comprehensively. These synthetic methods have provided considerable inspiration approaching synthesis of few-layered or single-layered GDY film. The work concludes with a perspective on promising research directions and remaining barriers for layer-controlled and morphology-controlled synthesis of GDY with higher crystalline quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Zhou
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqiang Li
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang L, Zhang YQ, Chen Z, Lin T, Paszkiewicz M, Hellwig R, Huang T, Ruben M, Barth JV, Klappenberger F. On-Surface Activation of Trimethylsilyl-Terminated Alkynes on Coinage Metal Surfaces. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2382-2393. [PMID: 31120616 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The controlled attachment of protecting groups combined with the ability to selectively abstract them is central to organic synthesis. The trimethylsilyl (TMS) functional group is a popular protecting group in solution. However, insights on its activation behavior under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and surface-confined conditions are scarce. Here we investigate a series of TMS-protected alkyne precursors via scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) regarding their compatibility with organic molecular beam epitaxy (OMBE) and their potential deprotection on various coinage metal surfaces. After in-situ evaporation on the substrates held in UHV at room temperature, we find that all molecules arrived and adsorbed as intact units forming ordered supramolecular aggregates stabilized by non-covalent interactions. Thus, TMS-functionalized alkyne precursors with weights up to 1100 atomic mass units are stable against OMBE evaporation in UHV. Furthermore, the TMS activation through thermal annealing is investigated with STM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We observe that deprotection starts to occur between 400 K and 500 K on the copper and gold surfaces, respectively. In contrast, on silver surfaces, the TMS-alkyne bond remains stable up to temperatures where molecular desorption sets in (≈600 K). Hence, TMS functional groups can be utilized as leaving groups on copper and gold surfaces while they serve as protecting groups on silver surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liding Zhang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yi-Qi Zhang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Zhi Chen
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tao Lin
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany.,College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, 518118, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mateusz Paszkiewicz
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Raphael Hellwig
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Tianjiao Huang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Département des Matériaux Organiques (DMO), Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cao L, Yu Y, Zhou X, Lei S. Surface Confined Synthesis of Hydroxy Functionalized Two-Dimensional Polymer: The Effect of the Position of Hydroxy Groups. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2322-2326. [PMID: 31187935 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report on the on-surface synthesis of a series of two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) and macrocycles containing hydroxyl groups on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface. The formed 2DPs and macrocycles were visualized through scanning tunneling microscopy. By varying the solvent and reaction temperature, structural evolution from oligomers to well-ordered 2DPs or discrete macrocycles was directly followed. In addition, we discovered that the reaction outcome can be steered from extended 2DPs to discrete macrocycles or catenular structures by exchanging the position of the hydroxyl and aldehyde group. These results indicate that the relative positions of hydroxyl and aldehyde groups on the biphenyl ring play a determining role in the control and selection of the final products of the surface-confined Schiff base coupling reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. of China
| | - Yanxia Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. of China
| | - Shengbin Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang CX, Chen JL, Shu CH, Shi KJ, Liu PN. On-surface synthesis of 2D COFs on Cu(111) via the formation of thermodynamically stable organometallic networks as the template. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:13222-13229. [PMID: 31179470 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01843c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Template-directed polymerization is an effective approach used to afford regular 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs), thus the regularity of the template is crucial for the quality of the resulting 2D COFs. For the Ullmann reactions on Cu(111), aryl iodides and bromides are activated at low temperature to form organometallic C-Cu-C structures, which lead to kinetic trapping and irregular organometallic networks. Therefore, the subsequent annealing step can only afford irregular 2D COFs. In this manuscript, the molecule 4,4''-dibromo-5'-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1':3',1''-terphenyl incorporated two Br terminals and one Cl terminal has been used to demonstrate different reactivities of a C-Cl bond and a C-Br bond via the hierarchical activation of the C-Br bond and the C-Cl bond on Cu(111). At room temperature, zigzag, armchair, and ring-like organometallic chains formed due to the activation of the C-Br bond to generate a C-Cu-C structure while C-Cl remained intact, illustrating that the C-Cl bond is more stable than C-Br. Further annealing at 433 K activated the C-Cl bond to produce regular organometallic networks as the thermodynamic product. Using the simpler molecule 1,3,5-tris(4-chlorophenyl)benzene as the precursor, the self-assembly of the intact molecules was observed on Cu(111) at 300 K without activation of the C-Cl bond. After annealing at 433 K, similar thermodynamically stable organometallic networks formed directly, which were used as a template to generate regular 2D COFs upon further annealing at 510 K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen Z, Lin T, Zhang L, Zhang L, Xiang B, Xu H, Klappenberger F, Barth JV, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M. Surface‐Dependent Chemoselectivity in C−C Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8356-8361. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
- College of New Materials and New EnergiesShenzhen Technology University Shenzhen 518118 China
| | - Liding Zhang
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Bingxi Xiang
- College of New Materials and New EnergiesShenzhen Technology University Shenzhen 518118 China
| | - Hu Xu
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- IPCMS-CNRSUniversité de Strasbourg Strasbourg F-67034 France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen Z, Lin T, Zhang L, Zhang L, Xiang B, Xu H, Klappenberger F, Barth JV, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M. Surface‐Dependent Chemoselectivity in C−C Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
- College of New Materials and New EnergiesShenzhen Technology University Shenzhen 518118 China
| | - Liding Zhang
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Bingxi Xiang
- College of New Materials and New EnergiesShenzhen Technology University Shenzhen 518118 China
| | - Hu Xu
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- IPCMS-CNRSUniversité de Strasbourg Strasbourg F-67034 France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Le TH, Choi YH, Kim KJ, Jeong HD. Electronic Coupling in π-Conjugated Molecule-Bridged Silicon Quantum Dot Clusters Synthesized by Sonogashira Cross-Coupling Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3133-3145. [PMID: 31459531 PMCID: PMC6648244 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
π-Conjugated molecule-bridged silicon quantum dot (Si QD) clusters were first synthesized by Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction between 4-ethynylstyryl and octyl co-capped Si QDs (4-Es/Oct Si QDs) and 2,5-dibromo-3-hexylthiophene. The formation of Si QD clusters was confirmed by field emission transmission electron microscopy. The electronic coupling between the QDs in the Si QD cluster is significantly enhanced as compared with that for 4-Es/Oct Si QDs, which is verified from the red shift in ultraviolet-visible absorption and photoluminescence spectra of the Si QD cluster with the possibility of exciton transport, the increased charging effect found in the core-level photoemission spectra, the shift to lower binding energy of the valence band photoemission spectrum, and more decisively, the increase in electrical conductance of the Si QD cluster thin film. To investigate the physical origin of the temperature dependence of the electrical conductance, we have merged the microscopic viewpoint, Marcus theory, on the electron transfer (W) between the adjacent QDs, with macroscopic concepts, such as the conductance (G), mobility (μ), and diffusion coefficient (D). The effective reorganizational energies of charge transfer between the neighboring Si QDs in 4-Es/Oct Si QD and Si QD cluster thin films are estimated to be 170 and 140 meV, respectively, while the ratio of the effective electronic coupling of the latter to that of the former is determined to be 7.3:1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Huong Le
- Department
of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jeong Kim
- Pohang
Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University
of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Dam Jeong
- Department
of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fritton M, Duncan DA, Deimel PS, Rastgoo-Lahrood A, Allegretti F, Barth JV, Heckl WM, Björk J, Lackinger M. The Role of Kinetics versus Thermodynamics in Surface-Assisted Ullmann Coupling on Gold and Silver Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4824-4832. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Fritton
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, Munich 80538, Germany
| | - David A. Duncan
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S. Deimel
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Atena Rastgoo-Lahrood
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, Munich 80538, Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M. Heckl
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, Munich 80538, Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, Munich 80538, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang X, Xue N, Li C, Li N, Wang H, Kocić N, Beniwal S, Palotás K, Li R, Xue Q, Maier S, Hou S, Wang Y. Coordination-Controlled C-C Coupling Products via ortho-Site C-H Activation. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1385-1393. [PMID: 30726665 PMCID: PMC6396320 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The coordination-restricted ortho-site C-H bond activation and dehydrogenative homocoupling of 4,4'-(1,3-phenylene)dipyridine (1,3-BPyB) and 4,4'-(1,4-phenylene)dipyridine (1,4-BPyB) on different metal surfaces were studied by a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy, noncontact atomic force microscopy, and density functional theory calculations. The coupling products on Cu(111) exhibited certain configurations subject to the spatial restriction of robust two-fold Cu-N coordination bonds. Compared to the V-shaped 1,3-BPyB, the straight backbone of 1,4-BPyB helped to further reduce the variety of reactive products. By utilizing the three-fold coordination of Fe atoms with 1,4-BPyB molecules on Au(111), a large-scale network containing single products was constructed. Our results offer a promising protocol for controllable on-surface synthesis with the aid of robust coordination interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Na Xue
- Peking University
Information Technology Institute (Tianjin Binhai), Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Na Li
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nemanja Kocić
- Department
of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sumit Beniwal
- Department
of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Krisztián Palotás
- Institute
for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner
Research Center for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ruoning Li
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiang Xue
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sabine Maier
- Department
of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shimin Hou
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University
Information Technology Institute (Tianjin Binhai), Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Academy
of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Richter A, Floris A, Bechstein R, Kantorovich L, Kühnle A. On-surface synthesis on a bulk insulator surface. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:133001. [PMID: 29460853 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aab0b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has rapidly emerged as a most promising approach to prepare functional molecular structures directly on a support surface. Compared to solution synthesis, performing chemical reactions on a surface offers several exciting new options: due to the absence of a solvent, reactions can be envisioned that are otherwise not feasible due to the insolubility of the reaction product. Perhaps even more important, the confinement to a two-dimensional surface might enable reaction pathways that are not accessible otherwise. Consequently, on-surface synthesis has attracted great attention in the last decade, with an impressive number of classical reactions transferred to a surface as well as new reactions demonstrated that have no classical analogue. So far, the majority of the work has been carried out on conducting surfaces. However, when aiming for electronic decoupling of the resulting structures, e.g. for the use in future molecular electronic devices, non-conducting surfaces are highly desired. Here, we review the current status of on-surface reactions demonstrated on the (10.4) surface of the bulk insulator calcite. Besides thermally induced C-C coupling of halogen-substituted aryls, photochemically induced [2 + 2] cycloaddition has been proven possible on this surface. Moreover, experimental evidence exists for coupling of terminal alkynes as well as diacetylene polymerization. While imaging of the resulting structures with dynamic atomic force microscopy provides a direct means of reaction verification, the detailed reaction pathway often remains unclear. Especially in cases where the presence of metal atoms is known to catalyze the corresponding solution chemistry reaction (e.g. in the case of the Ullmann reaction), disclosing the precise reaction pathway is of importance to understand and generalize on-surface reactivity on a bulk insulator surface. To this end, density-functional theory calculations have proven to provide atomic-scale insights that have greatly contributed to unravelling the details of on-surface synthesis on a bulk insulator surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antje Richter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li Q, Yang B, Björk J, Zhong Q, Ju H, Zhang J, Cao N, Shi Z, Zhang H, Ebeling D, Schirmeisen A, Zhu J, Chi L. Hierarchical Dehydrogenation Reactions on a Copper Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Qigang Zhong
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Huanxin Ju
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Nan Cao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ziliang Shi
- The Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics & Interdisciplinary Research, Department of Physics, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andre Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Di Giovannantonio M, Contini G. Reversibility and intermediate steps as key tools for the growth of extended ordered polymers via on-surface synthesis. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:093001. [PMID: 29345628 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaa8cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface-confined polymerization is a bottom-up strategy to create one- and two-dimensional covalent organic nanostructures with a π-conjugated backbone, which are suitable to be employed in real-life electronic devices, due to their high mechanical resistance and electronic charge transport efficiency. This strategy makes it possible to change the properties of the final nanostructures by a careful choice of the monomer architecture (i.e. of its constituent atoms and their spatial arrangement). Several chemical reactions have been proven to form low-dimensional polymers on surfaces, exploiting a variety of precursors in combination with metal (e.g. Cu, Ag, Au) and insulating (e.g. NaCl, CaCO3) surfaces. One of the main challenges of such an approach is to obtain nanostructures with long-range order, to boost the conductance performances of these materials. Most of the exploited chemical reactions use irreversible coupling between the monomers and, as a consequence, the resulting structures often suffer from poor order and high defect density. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art surface-confined polymerization reactions, with particular attention paid to reversible coupling pathways and irreversible processes including intermediate states, which are key aspects to control to increase the order of the final nanostructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xiang F, Gemeinhardt A, Schneider MA. Competition between Dehydrogenative Organometallic Bonding and Covalent Coupling of an Unfunctionalized Porphyrin on Cu(111). ACS NANO 2018; 12:1203-1210. [PMID: 29336554 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We studied the formation of linked porphyrin oligomers from 5,15-diphenylporphyrin (2H-DPP) by thermal, substrate-assisted organometallic and dehydrogenation coupling on Cu(111) by scanning tunneling microscopy. In the range of 300-620 K, we find three distinct stages, at 300 K, the intact 2H-DPP molecules self-assemble into linear structures held together by van der Waals forces. Increasing the substrate temperature, self-metalation and intramolecular ring-closing reactions result in planar and isolated DPP species on the surface. By C-H cleavage, porphyrin oligomers bonded by organometallic and covalent bonds between the modified DPP are formed. The amount of covalently bonded DPP oligomers increases strongly with annealing time and temperature, and they become the dominant species at 570 K. In contrast, the number of organometallically bonded DPP oligomers increases moderately even up to 620 K, indicating that in this case the organometallic bond is no precursor of the covalent bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Xiang
- Solid State Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Gemeinhardt
- Solid State Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Alexander Schneider
- Solid State Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Sacchi M, Singh P, Chisnall DM, Ward DJ, Jardine AP, Allison W, Ellis J, Hedgeland H. The dynamics of benzene on Cu(111): a combined helium spin echo and dispersion-corrected DFT study into the diffusion of physisorbed aromatics on metal surfaces. Faraday Discuss 2017; 204:471-485. [PMID: 28766630 PMCID: PMC5779075 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00095b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We use helium spin-echo spectroscopy (HeSE) to investigate the dynamics of the diffusion of benzene adsorbed on Cu(111). The results of these measurements show that benzene moves on the surface through an activated jump-diffusion process between the adsorption sites on a Bravais lattice. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations with van der Waals (vdW) corrections help us understand that the molecule diffuses by jumping through non-degenerate hollow sites. The results of the calculations shed light on the nature of the binding interaction between this prototypical aromatic molecule and the metallic surface. The highly accurate HeSE experimental data provide a quantitatively stringent benchmark for the vdW correction schemes applied to the DFT calculations and we compare the performances of several dispersion interaction schemes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sacchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu J, Chen QW, Wu K. On-surface construction of low-dimensional nanostructures with terminal alkynes: Linking strategies and controlling methodologies. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
31
|
Liu R, Gao X, Zhou J, Xu H, Li Z, Zhang S, Xie Z, Zhang J, Liu Z. Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Linked Carbon Monolayers with Acetylenic Scaffoldings on Silver Foil. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1604665. [PMID: 28251693 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphdiyne analogs, linked carbon monolayers with acetylenic scaffoldings, are fabricated by adopting low-temperature chemical vapor deposition which provides a route for the synthesis of two-dimensional carbon materials via molecular building blocks. The electrical conductivity of the as-grown films can reach up to 6.72 S cm-1 . Moreover, the films show potential as promising substrates for fluorescence suppressing and Raman advancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jingyuan Zhou
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Hua Xu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhu Li
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Shuqing Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ziqian Xie
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang T, Lv H, Fan Q, Feng L, Wu X, Zhu J. Highly Selective Synthesis of cis
-Enediynes on a Ag(111) Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230029 China
| | - Haifeng Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Qitang Fan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230029 China
| | - Lin Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230029 China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information & Quantum Technology; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230029 China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang T, Lv H, Fan Q, Feng L, Wu X, Zhu J. Highly Selective Synthesis of cis-Enediynes on a Ag(111) Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4762-4766. [PMID: 28345286 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cis-enediyne-type compounds have received much attention as potent antitumor antibiotics. The conventional synthesis of cis-enediynes in solution typically involves multiple steps and various side reactions. For the first time, selective one-step synthesis of cis-enediyne from a single reactant is reported on a Ag(111) surface with a yield up to 90 %. High selectivity for the formation of cis-enediyne originates from the steric effect posed by weak intermolecular interactions, which protect the cis-enediyne from further reaction. A series of comparative experiments and DFT-based transition-state calculations support the findings. The described synthetic approach for directing reaction pathways on-surface may illuminate potential syntheses of other unstable organic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Haifeng Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qitang Fan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Lin Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.,Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information & Quantum Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Mali KS, Pearce N, De Feyter S, Champness NR. Frontiers of supramolecular chemistry at solid surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2520-2542. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry on solid surfaces represents an exciting field of research that continues to develop in new and unexpected directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunal S. Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven
- B3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | | | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven
- B3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yue JY, Mo YP, Li SY, Dong WL, Chen T, Wang D. Simultaneous construction of two linkages for the on-surface synthesis of imine-boroxine hybrid covalent organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2016; 8:2169-2174. [PMID: 28507670 PMCID: PMC5407265 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03590f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The orthogonality between the Schiff base reaction and the boronic acid dehydration reaction is explored during the on-surface synthesis process. By activating the above two reactions in one-step and employing asymmetrical substituted monomers and the 3-fold symmetric monomer 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene (TAPB), highly ordered imine-boroxine hybrid single-layered covalent organic frameworks (sCOFs) have been successfully constructed on HOPG by a gas-solid interface reaction method and characterized by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). In particular, the reaction between the meta-substituted monomer and TAPB generates sCOFB with a windmill structure, which is the first sCOF with surface chirality so far reported. The demonstration of the one-step synthesis of multiple linkages to form sCOFs can further enlarge the sCOF family and expand the design routes for functional 2D organic nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yu Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China . .,University of CAS , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ping Mo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China . .,University of CAS , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Shu-Ying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China . .,University of CAS , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Wei-Long Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China . .,University of CAS , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China .
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China .
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Colazzo L, Sedona F, Moretto A, Casarin M, Sambi M. Metal-Free on-Surface Photochemical Homocoupling of Terminal Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10151-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Colazzo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- CNR-ICMATE, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Sedona
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretto
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Casarin
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- CNR-ICMATE, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Sambi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Consorzio
INSTM, Unità di Ricerca di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sun Q, Cai L, Ma H, Yuan C, Xu W. Dehalogenative Homocoupling of Terminal Alkynyl Bromides on Au(111): Incorporation of Acetylenic Scaffolding into Surface Nanostructures. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7023-30. [PMID: 27326451 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
On-surface C-C coupling reactions of molecular precursors with alkynyl functional groups demonstrate great potential for the controllable fabrication of low-dimensional carbon nanostructures/nanomaterials, such as carbyne, graphyne, and graphdiyne, which demand the incorporation of highly active sp-hybridized carbons. Recently, through a dehydrogenative homocoupling reaction of alkynes, the possibility was presented to fabricate surface nanostructures involving acetylenic linkages, while problems lie in the fact that different byproducts are inevitably formed when triggering the reactions at elevated temperatures. In this work, by delicately designing the molecular precursors with terminal alkynyl bromide, we introduce the dehalogenative homocoupling reactions on the surface. As a result, we successfully achieve the formation of dimer structures, one-dimensional molecular wires and two-dimensional molecular networks with acetylenic scaffoldings on an inert Au(111) surface, where the unexpected C-Au-C organometallic intermediates are also observed. This study further supplements the database of on-surface dehalogenative C-C coupling reactions, and more importantly, it provides us an alternative efficient way for incorporating the acetylenic scaffolding into low-dimensional surface nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghong Ma
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxue Yuan
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Imaging single-molecule reaction intermediates stabilized by surface dissipation and entropy. Nat Chem 2016; 8:678-83. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
40
|
Gong Z, Yang B, Lin H, Tang Y, Tang Z, Zhang J, Zhang H, Li Y, Xie Y, Li Q, Chi L. Structural Variation in Surface-Supported Synthesis by Adjusting the Stoichiometric Ratio of the Reactants. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4228-4235. [PMID: 27043277 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface-supported coupling reactions between 1,3,5-tris(4-formylphenyl)benzene and aromatic amines have been investigated on Au(111) using scanning tunneling microscopy under ultra-high-vacuum conditions. Upon annealing to moderate temperatures, various products, involving the discrete oligomers and the surface covalent organic frameworks, are obtained through thermal-triggered on-surface chemical reactions. We conclude from the systematic experiments that the stoichiometric composition of the reactants is vital to the surface reaction products, which is rarely reported so far. With this knowledge, we have successfully prepared two-dimensional covalently bonded networks by optimizing the stoichiometric proportions of the reaction precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmiao Gong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Lin
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyu Tang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyuan Tang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Youyong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sun Q, Cai L, Ma H, Yuan C, Xu W. The stereoselective synthesis of dienes through dehalogenative homocoupling of terminal alkenyl bromides on Cu(110). Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:6009-12. [PMID: 27063567 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01059h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have successfully achieved the stereoselective synthesis of a specific cis-diene moiety through a dehalogenative homocoupling of alkenyl bromides on the Cu(110) surface, where the formation of a cis-form organometallic intermediate is the key to such a stereoselectivity as determined by DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Weber PB, Hellwig R, Paintner T, Lattelais M, Paszkiewicz M, Casado Aguilar P, Deimel PS, Guo Y, Zhang YQ, Allegretti F, Papageorgiou AC, Reichert J, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M, Barth JV, Bocquet ML, Klappenberger F. Surface-Guided Formation of an Organocobalt Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter B. Weber
- Physik Department E20; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Raphael Hellwig
- Physik Department E20; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Tobias Paintner
- Physik Department E20; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Marie Lattelais
- Ecole Normale Supérieure; PSL Research University; Département de Chimie; CNRS UMR; 8640 PASTEUR 75005 Paris France
| | - Mateusz Paszkiewicz
- Physik Department E20; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Pablo Casado Aguilar
- Physik Department E20; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Peter S. Deimel
- Physik Department E20; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Physik Department E20; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Yi-Qi Zhang
- Physik Department E20; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physik Department E20; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 85748 Garching Germany
| | | | - Joachim Reichert
- Physik Department E20; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- IPCMS-CNRS; Université de Strasbourg; 23 rue de Loess 67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physik Department E20; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Marie-Laure Bocquet
- Ecole Normale Supérieure; PSL Research University; Département de Chimie; CNRS UMR; 8640 PASTEUR 75005 Paris France
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Physik Department E20; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 85748 Garching Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Weber PB, Hellwig R, Paintner T, Lattelais M, Paszkiewicz M, Casado Aguilar P, Deimel PS, Guo Y, Zhang YQ, Allegretti F, Papageorgiou AC, Reichert J, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M, Barth JV, Bocquet ML, Klappenberger F. Surface-Guided Formation of an Organocobalt Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5754-9. [PMID: 27059261 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Organocobalt complexes represent a versatile tool in organic synthesis as they are important intermediates in Pauson-Khand, Friedel-Crafts, and Nicholas reactions. Herein, a single-molecule-level investigation addressing the formation of an organocobalt complex at a solid-vacuum interface is reported. Deposition of 4,4'-(ethyne-1,2-diyl)dibenzonitrile and Co atoms on the Ag(111) surface followed by annealing resulted in genuine complexes in which single Co atoms laterally coordinated to two carbonitrile groups undergo organometallic bonding with the internal alkyne moiety of adjacent molecules. Alternative complexation scenarios involving fragmentation of the precursor were ruled out by complementary X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. According to density functional theory analysis, the complexation with the alkyne moiety follows the Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson model for a two-electron-donor ligand where an alkyne-to-Co donation occurs together with a strong metal-to-alkyne back-donation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Weber
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str., 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Raphael Hellwig
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str., 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Paintner
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str., 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Marie Lattelais
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR, 8640 PASTEUR, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Mateusz Paszkiewicz
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str., 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Pablo Casado Aguilar
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str., 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Peter S Deimel
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str., 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str., 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yi-Qi Zhang
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str., 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str., 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Anthoula C Papageorgiou
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str., 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str., 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,IPCMS-CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue de Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str., 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Marie-Laure Bocquet
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR, 8640 PASTEUR, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str., 85748, Garching, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Björk J. Reaction mechanisms for on-surface synthesis of covalent nanostructures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:083002. [PMID: 26836411 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/8/083002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, on-surface synthesis has become an increasingly popular strategy to form covalent nanostructures. The approach has great prospects for facilitating the manufacture of a range of fascinating materials with atomic precision. However, the on-surface reactions are enigmatic to control, currently restricting its bright perspectives and there is a great need to explore how the reactions are governed. The objective of this topical review is to summarize theoretical work that has focused on comprehending on-surface synthesis protocols through studies of reaction mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Li Q, Yang B, Lin H, Aghdassi N, Miao K, Zhang J, Zhang H, Li Y, Duhm S, Fan J, Chi L. Surface-Controlled Mono/Diselective ortho C-H Bond Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2809-14. [PMID: 26853936 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the most charming and challenging topics in organic chemistry is the selective C-H bond activation. The difficulty arises not only from the relatively large bond-dissociation enthalpy, but also from the poor reaction selectivity. In this work, Au(111) and Ag(111) surfaces were used to address ortho C-H functionalization and ortho-ortho couplings of phenol derivatives. More importantly, the competition between dehydrogenation and deoxygenation drove the diversity of reaction pathways of phenols on surfaces, that is, diselective ortho C-H bond activation on Au(111) surfaces and monoselective ortho C-H bond activation on Ag(111) surfaces. The mechanism of this unprecedented phenomenon was extensively explored by scanning tunneling microscopy, density function theory, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Our findings provide new pathways for surface-assisted organic synthesis via the mono/diselective C-H bond activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Biao Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Haiping Lin
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Nabi Aghdassi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Kangjian Miao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Youyong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Steffen Duhm
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Jian Fan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pham TA, Song F, Nguyen MT, Li Z, Studener F, Stöhr M. Comparing Ullmann Coupling on Noble Metal Surfaces: On-Surface Polymerization of 1,3,6,8-Tetrabromopyrene on Cu(111) and Au(111). Chemistry 2016; 22:5937-44. [PMID: 26879625 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The on-surface polymerization of 1,3,6,8-tetrabromopyrene (Br4 Py) on Cu(111) and Au(111) surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum conditions was investigated by a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Deposition of Br4 Py on Cu(111) held at 300 K resulted in a spontaneous debromination reaction, generating the formation of a branched coordination polymer network stabilized by C-Cu-C bonds. After annealing at 473 K, the C-Cu-C bonds were converted to covalent C-C bonds, leading to the formation of a covalently linked molecular network of short oligomers. In contrast, highly ordered self-assembled two-dimensional (2D) patterns stabilized by both Br-Br halogen and Br-H hydrogen bonds were observed upon deposition of Br4 Py on Au(111) held at 300 K. Subsequent annealing of the sample at 473 K led to a dissociation of the C-Br bonds and the formation of disordered metal-coordinated molecular networks. Further annealing at 573 K resulted in the formation of covalently linked disordered networks. Importantly, we found that the chosen substrate not only plays an important role as catalyst for the Ullmann reaction, but also influences the formation of different types of intermolecular bonds and thus, determines the final polymer network morphology. DFT calculations further support our experimental findings obtained by STM and XPS and add complementary information on the reaction pathway of Br4 Py on the different substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Anh Pham
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Fei Song
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manh-Thuong Nguyen
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera, 11, 34151, Trieste, Italy
| | - Zheshen Li
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Florian Studener
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sánchez-González A, Dobado JA, Torneiro M. A computational study of bulk porous two-dimensional polymers related to graphyne. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:21305-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02511k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We use density functional theory methods with periodic boundary conditions to investigate the stacking arrangements of the bulk 2D polymers multilayer porous graphyne, the analog in which the triple bonds are substituted by double bonds and the related carbon allotrope multilayer graphyne.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Sánchez-González
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultade de Química
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - J. A. Dobado
- Grupo de Modelización y Diseño Molecular
- Dpto. Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Granada
- Spain
| | - M. Torneiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultade de Química
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Chemical reactions may take place in a pure phase of gas or liquid or at the interface of two phases (gas-solid or liquid-solid). Recently, the emerging field of "surface-confined coupling reactions" has attracted intensive attention. In this process, reactants, intermediates, and products of a coupling reaction are adsorbed on a solid-vacuum or a solid-liquid interface. The solid surface restricts all reaction steps on the interface, in other words, the reaction takes place within a lower-dimensional, for example, two-dimensional, space. Surface atoms that are fixed in the surface and adatoms that move on the surface often activate the surface-confined coupling reactions. The synergy of surface morphology and activity allow some reactions that are inefficient or prohibited in the gas or liquid phase to proceed efficiently when the reactions are confined on a surface. Over the past decade, dozens of well-known "textbook" coupling reactions have been shown to proceed as surface-confined coupling reactions. In most cases, the surface-confined coupling reactions were discovered by trial and error, and the reaction pathways are largely unknown. It is thus highly desirable to unravel the mechanisms, mechanisms of surface activation in particular, of the surface-confined coupling reactions. Because the reactions take place on surfaces, advanced surface science techniques can be applied to study the surface-confined coupling reactions. Among them, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are the two most extensively used experimental tools. The former resolves submolecular structures of individual reactants, intermediates, and products in real space, while the latter monitors the chemical states during the reactions in real time. Combination of the two methods provides unprecedented spatial and temporal information on the reaction pathways. The experimental findings are complemented by theoretical modeling. In particular, density-functional theory (DFT) transition-state calculations have been used to shed light on reaction mechanisms and to unravel the trends of different surface materials. In this Account, we discuss recent progress made in two widely studied surface-confined coupling reactions, aryl-aryl (Ullmann-type) coupling and alkyne-alkyne (Glaser-type) coupling, and focus on surface activation effects. Combined experimental and theoretical studies on the same reactions taking place on different metal surfaces have clearly demonstrated that different surfaces not only reduce the reaction barrier differently and render different reaction pathways but also control the morphology of the reaction products and, to some degree, select the reaction products. We end the Account with a list of questions to be addressed in the future. Satisfactorily answering these questions may lead to using the surface-confined coupling reactions to synthesize predefined products with high yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dong
- Department
of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water
Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pei Nian Liu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Lab for Advanced
Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Nian Lin
- Department
of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water
Bay, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Klappenberger F, Zhang YQ, Björk J, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M, Barth JV. On-surface synthesis of carbon-based scaffolds and nanomaterials using terminal alkynes. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2140-50. [PMID: 26156663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The covalent linking of acetylene compounds is an important synthetic tool to control carbon-carbon bond formation and has been extensively studied for more than a century. Notably, Glaser coupling and subsequently developed refined procedures present an important route for the fabrication of distinct carbon-based scaffolds incorporating units with both sp(2)- and sp-hybridizations, such as carbyne chains, or two-dimensional (2D) graphyne or graphdiyne networks. However, the realization of the envisioned regular low-dimensional compounds and nanoarchitectures poses formidable challenges when following conventional synthesis protocols in solution, which we briefly overview. Now, recent developments in on-surface synthesis establish novel means for the construction of tailored covalent nanostructures under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Here we focus on the exploration of pathways utilizing interfacial synthesis with terminal alkynes toward the atomically precise fabrication of low-dimensional carbon-rich scaffolds and nanomaterials. We review direct, molecular-level investigations, mainly relying on scanning probe microscopy, providing atomistic insights into thermally activated reaction schemes, their special pathways and products. Using custom-made molecular units, the employed homocoupling, cyclotrimerization, cycloaddition, and radical cyclization processes indeed yield distinct compounds, extended oligomers or 2D networks. Detailed insights into surface interactions such as bonding sites or conformational adaptation, and specific reaction mechanisms, including hierarchic pathways, were gained by sophisticated density functional theory calculations, complemented by X-ray spectroscopy measurements. For the fabrication of regular nanostructures and architectures, it is moreover imperative to cope with spurious side reactions, frequently resulting in chemical diversity. Accordingly, we highlight measures for increasing chemo- and regioselectivity by smart precursor design, substrate templating, and external stimuli. The ensuing preorganization of functional groups and control of side reactions increases product yields markedly. Finally, the electronic band structures of selected cases of novel low-dimensional hydrocarbon materials accessible with the monomers employed to date are discussed with a specific focus on their differences to theoretically established graphyne- and graphdiyne-related scaffolds. The presented methodology and gained insights herald further advancements in the field, heading toward novel molecular compounds, low-dimensional nanostructures, and coherently reticulated polymeric layers, eventually presenting well-defined arrangements with specific carbon-carbon bond sequencing and electronic characteristics. The functional properties of these or other foreseeable scaffolds and architectures bear significant prospects for a wide range of applications, for example, in nanoelectronics, photonics, or carbon-based technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Qi Zhang
- Physik-Department
E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Institute
of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute
of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- IPCMS-CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue de Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physik-Department
E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Xiang F, Lu Y, Li C, Song X, Liu X, Wang Z, Liu J, Dong M, Wang L. Cyclotrimerization-Induced Chiral Supramolecular Structures of 4-Ethynyltriphenylamine on Au(111) Surface. Chemistry 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|