1
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Collins S, Linnolahti M. Sheet Models for Methylaluminoxane (MAO) Activators? A Theoretical Case Study involving rac-Me 2Si(η 5-C 9H 6) 2Zr (SBIZr) Complexes. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300856. [PMID: 38469662 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Activation of SBIZrMe2 or SBIZrMeCl and a sheet model for an active component of hydrolytic MAO, (MeAlO)16(Me3Al)6, (16,6) has been studied by DFT. Contact ion-pair formation occurs through the intermediacy of SBIZrMe(Cl) or SBIZrMe2 reacting with sheet 16,6 to furnish SBIZrMe-μ-X(MeAlO)16(Me3Al)6 (2, X=Me, Cl). Contact ion-pairs 2 would be in equilibrium with heterodinuclear catalyst precursors [SBIZrMe2AlMe2][(MeAlO)16(Me3Al)6X] (3 (X=Me, Cl) through reversible binding of Me3Al at higher Al : Zr ratios. Calculations show that formation of ion-pairs 3 from contact ion-pairs 2 is more favourable for the SBIZr compared with the parent Cp2Zr complexes. TD-DFT calculations were conducted on relevant SBIZr complexes to relate the results to earlier spectroscopic studies of catalyst activation using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Finally, propene insertion into ion-pairs 2, SBIZrMe-μ-MeB(C6F5)3 (6) and [SBIZrMe][B(C6F5)4] (7) was studied at M06-2X/TZVP level of theory. These studies suggest that contact ion-pairs 2 are significantly less reactive towards insertion than 6 or 7, in disagreement with experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80100, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80100, Joensuu, Finland
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2
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Cannavacciuolo FD, Yadav R, Esper A, Vittoria A, Antinucci G, Zaccaria F, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Busico V, Goryunov GP, Uborsky DV, Voskoboynikov AZ, Searles K, Ehm C, Veige AS. A High-Throughput Approach to Repurposing Olefin Polymerization Catalysts for Polymer Upcycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202258. [PMID: 35263499 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and economical plastic waste upcycling relies on the development of catalysts capable of polymer degradation. A systematic high-throughput screening of twenty-eight polymerization catalyst precursors, belonging to the catalyst families of metallocenes, ansa-metallocenes, and hemi- and post-metallocenes, in cis-1,4-polybutadiene (PB) degradation reveals, for the first time, important structure-activity correlations. The upcycling conditions involve activation of the catalysts (at 0.18 % catalyst loading) with tri-iso-butyl aluminum at 50 °C in toluene. The data indicate the ability to degrade PB is a general reactivity profile of neutral group 4 metal hydrides. A simple quantitative-structure activity relationship (QSAR) model utilizing two descriptors for the distribution of steric bulk in the active pocket and one measuring the metal ion electrophilicity reveals the degradation ability improves with increased but not overbearing steric congestion and lower electrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia D Cannavacciuolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rinku Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alec Esper
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Antinucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Zaccaria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Georgy P Goryunov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Uborsky
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Z Voskoboynikov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Keith Searles
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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3
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Kenyon P, Leung DWJ, Turner ZR, Buffet JC, O’Hare D. Tuning Polyethylene Molecular Weight Distributions Using Catalyst Support Composition. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kenyon
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - D. W. Justin Leung
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Zoë R. Turner
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jean-Charles Buffet
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Dermot O’Hare
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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4
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Cannavacciuolo FD, Yadav R, Esper A, Vittoria A, Antinucci G, Zaccaria F, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Busico V, Goryunov GP, Uborsky DV, Voskoboynikov AZ, Searles K, Ehm C, Veige AS. A High‐Throughput Approach to Repurposing Olefin Polymerization Catalysts for Polymer Upcycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rinku Yadav
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Alec Esper
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Giuseppe Antinucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Francesco Zaccaria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Georgy P. Goryunov
- Department of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University 1/3 Leninskie Gory 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Uborsky
- Department of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University 1/3 Leninskie Gory 119991 Moscow Russia
| | | | - Keith Searles
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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5
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Culver DB, Corieri J, Lief G, Conley MP. Reactions of Triisobutylaluminum with Unbridged or Bridged Group IV Metallocene Dichlorides. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien B. Culver
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jamesjohn Corieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Graham Lief
- Bartlesville Research and Technology Center, Chevron Phillips Chemical, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003, United States
| | - Matthew P. Conley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Tran D, Sowah CS, Choi KY. Effects of Spatial Distributions of Active Sites in a Silica-Supported Metallocene Catalyst on Particle Fragmentation and Reaction in Gas-Phase Ethylene Polymerization. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Courtney Spain Sowah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Kyu Yong Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Ali A, Naveed A, Rasheed T, Aziz T, Imran M, Zhang ZK, Ullah MW, Kubar AA, Rehman AU, Fan Z, Guo L. Methods for Predicting Ethylene/Cyclic Olefin Copolymerization Rates Promoted by Single-Site Metallocene: Kinetics Is the Key. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030459. [PMID: 35160449 PMCID: PMC8839136 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In toluene at 50 °C, the vinyl addition polymerization of 4-vinyl-cyclohexene (VCH) comonomers with ethylene is investigated using symmetrical metallocene (rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2) combined with borate/TIBA. To demonstrate the polymerizations’ living character, cyclic VCH with linear-exocyclicπ and endocyclicπ bonds produces monomodal polymers, but the dispersity (Ɖ) was broader. The copolymers obtained can be dissolved in conventional organic solvent and have excellent thermal stability and crystalline temperature (ΔHm), and their melting temperature (Tm) varies from 109 to 126 °C, and ΔHm ranges from 80 to 128 (J/g). Secondly, the distribution of polymeric catalysts engaged in polymer chain synthesis and the nature of the dormant state are two of the most essential yet fundamentally unknown aspects. Comprehensive and exhaustive kinetics of E/VCH have shown numerous different kinetic aspects that are interpreted as manifestations of polymeric catalysts or of the instability of several types of active center [Zr]/[C*] fluctuations and formation rates of chain propagation RpE, RpVCH, and propagation rate constants kpE and kpVCH, the quantitative relationship between RpE, RpVCH and kpE, kpVCH and catalyst structures, their constituent polymer Mw, and their reactivity response to the endocyclic and exocyclic bonds of VCH. The kinetic parameters RpE, RpVCH, kpE, and kpVCH, which are the apparent rates for the metallocene-catalyzed E/VCH, RpE, and kpE values, are much more significant than RpVCH and kpVCH at 120 s, RpE and RpVCH 39.63 and 0.78, and the kpE and kpVCH values are 6461 and 93 L/mol·s, respectively, and minor diffusion barriers are recommended in the early stages. Compared with previously reported PE, RpE and kpE values are 34.2 and 7080 L/mol·s. VCH increases the RpE in the initial stage, as we are expecting; this means that the exocyclic bond of VCH is more active at the initial level, and that the chain transfer reaction of cyclic internal π double is increased with the reaction time. The tp versus Rp, kp, and [Zr]/[C*] fraction count may be fitted to a model that invokes deactivation of growing polymer chains. At tp 120–360 s higher, the incorporation rate of VCH suppresses E insertion, resulting in reduced molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (A.N.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Z.-K.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Ahmad Naveed
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Tahir Rasheed
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (T.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Tariq Aziz
- School of Engineering Yunqi Campus, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China;
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (M.I.); (A.U.R.)
| | - Ze-Kun Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Z.-K.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Muhammad Wajid Ullah
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Ameer Ali Kubar
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
| | - Aziz Ur Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (M.I.); (A.U.R.)
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Z.-K.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Li Guo
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.A.); (A.N.)
- Correspondence: (T.R.); (L.G.)
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8
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Collins S, Linnolahti M. Activation of Substituted Metallocene Catalysts using Methylaluminoxane. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Collins
- University of Victoria Faculty of Science chemistry CANADA
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- University of Eastern Finland Department of Chermistry Yliopistokatu 7 80100 Joensuu FINLAND
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9
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Kenyon P, Leung DJ, Lyu M, Chen C, Turner ZR, Buffet JC, O'Hare D. Controlling the activity of an immobilised molecular catalyst by Lewis acidity tuning of the support. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Ali A, Uddin A, Jamil MI, Shen X, Abbas M, Aziz T, Hussain M, Hussain S, Fang R, Fan Z, Guo L. Kinetics and mechanistic investigations of ethylene-propylene copolymerizations catalyzed with symmetrical metallocene and activated by TIBA/borate. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Chain Transfer to Solvent and Monomer in Early Transition Metal Catalyzed Olefin Polymerization: Mechanisms and Implications for Catalysis. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Even after several decades of intense research, mechanistic studies of olefin polymerization by early transition metal catalysts continue to reveal unexpected elementary reaction steps. In this mini-review, the recent discovery of two unprecedented chain termination processes is summarized: chain transfer to solvent (CTS) and chain transfer to monomer (CTM), leading to benzyl/tolyl and allyl type chain ends, respectively. Although similar transfer reactions are well-known in radical polymerization, only very recently they have been observed also in olefin insertion polymerization catalysis. In the latter context, these processes were first identified in Ti-catalyzed propene and ethene polymerization; more recently, CTS was also reported in Sc-catalyzed styrene polymerization. In the Ti case, these processes represent a unique combination of insertion polymerization, organic radical chemistry and reactivity of a M(IV)/M(III) redox couple. In the Sc case, CTS occurs via a σ-bond metathesis reactivity, and it is associated with a significant boost of catalytic activity and/or with tuning of polystyrene molecular weight and tacticity. The mechanistic studies that led to the understanding of these chain transfer reactions are summarized, highlighting their relevance in olefin polymerization catalysis and beyond.
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Ali A, Muhammad N, Hussain S, Jamil MI, Uddin A, Aziz T, Tufail MK, Guo Y, Wei T, Rasool G, Fan Z, Guo L. Kinetic and Thermal Study of Ethylene and Propylene Homo Polymerization Catalyzed by ansa-Zirconocene Activated with Alkylaluminum/Borate: Effects of Alkylaluminum on Polymerization Kinetics and Polymer Structure. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:268. [PMID: 33467427 PMCID: PMC7830494 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of ethylene and propylene polymerization catalyzed by homogeneous metallocene were investigated using 2-thiophenecarbonyl chloride followed by quenched-flow methods. The studied metallocene catalysts are: rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2 (Mt-I), rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 (Mt-II) activated with ([Me2NPh][B(C6F5)4] (Borate-I), [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] (Borate-II), and were co-catalyzed with different molar ratios of alkylaluminum such as triethylaluminium (TEA) and triisobutylaluminium (TIBA). The change in molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, microstructure and thermal properties of the synthesized polymer are discussed in detail. Interestingly, both Mt-I and Mt-II showed high activity in polyethylene with productivities between 3.17 × 106 g/molMt·h to 5.06 × 106 g/molMt·h, activities were very close to each other with 100% TIBA, but Mt-II/borate-II became more active when TEA was more than 50% in cocatalyst. Similarly, Polypropylene showed the highest activity of 11.07 106 g /molMt·h with Mt-I/Borate-I/TIBA. The effects of alkylaluminum on PE molecular weight were much more complicated; MWD curve changed from mono-modal in Mt-I/borate-I/TIBA to bimodal type when TIBA was replaced by different amounts of TEA. In PE, the active center fractions [C*]/[Zr] of Mt-I/borate were higher than that of Mt-II/borate and average chain propagation rate constant (k p) value slightly decreased with the increase of TEA/TIBA ratio, but the Mt-II/borate systems showed higher k p 1007 k p (L/mol·s). In PP, the Mt-I/borate presented much higher [C*]/[Zr] and k p value than the Mt-II. This work also extend to investigate the mechanistic features of zirconocenes catalyzed olefin polymerizations that addressed the largely unknown issues in zirconocenes in the distribution of the catalyst, between species involved in polymer chain growth and dormant state. In both metallocene systems, chain transfer with alkylaluminum is the dominant way of chain termination. To understand the mechanism of cocatalyst effects on PE Mw and (MWD), the unsaturated chain ends formed via β-H transfer have been investigated by 1H NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202113, China; (A.A.); (S.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Nadeem Muhammad
- Department of Enviromental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.M.); (M.K.T.); (G.R.)
| | - Shahid Hussain
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202113, China; (A.A.); (S.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Muhammad Imran Jamil
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Azim Uddin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Tariq Aziz
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Muhammad Khurram Tufail
- Department of Enviromental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.M.); (M.K.T.); (G.R.)
| | - Yintian Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Tiantian Wei
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202113, China; (A.A.); (S.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Ghulam Rasool
- Department of Enviromental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.M.); (M.K.T.); (G.R.)
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Li Guo
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202113, China; (A.A.); (S.H.); (T.W.)
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13
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Kilpatrick AFR, Geddes HS, Turner ZR, Buffet JC, Goodwin AL, O'Hare D. Polymethylaluminoxane organic frameworks (sMAOF) – highly active supports for slurry phase ethylene polymerisation. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00767j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of modified solid polymethylaluminoxane (sMAO) catalyst supports have been developed for slurry phase ethylene polymerisation, using aryl di-ol modifier groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zoë R. Turner
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Jean-Charles Buffet
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | | | - Dermot O'Hare
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
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14
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Ali A, Nadeem M, Lu J, Moradian JM, Rasheed T, Aziz T, Maouche C, Guo Y, Awais M, Zhiqiang F, Quo L. Rapid kinetic evaluation of homogeneous single-site metallocene catalysts and cyclic diene: how do the catalytic activity, molecular weight, and diene incorporation rate of olefins affect each other? RSC Adv 2021; 11:31817-31826. [PMID: 35496867 PMCID: PMC9041555 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06243c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetics and mechanism of ethylene and cyclic diene 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB) copolymerization catalyzed by rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]/triisobutylaluminium (TIBA) were investigated using a quench-labeling procedure using 2-thiophenecarbonyl chloride (TPCC). The E/ENB copolymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and sulfur analysis. To reduce the errors of the ethylene–diene copolymerization for the kinetics study, we selected E/ENB with steric and electronic features that permit us to elucidate the metallocene catalyst behavior against dienes. A quantitative approach of catalyst speciation, stereodynamics, and micro-kinetics assisted the resolution of mechanistic problems, such as the elastomeric synthesis of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM), the catalyst resting state nature, and how much ion-pairing occurs during polymerization. We report here the precise observation of metal–polymer species, explanation of the dynamics of their initiation, propagation, and termination, and ethylene ENB copolymer development. An approach based on acyl chloride was used to selectively quenched transition metal–polymer bonds to evaluate the polymeric catalyst in terms of its reaction rate, Rp, propagation rate content, kp, and mole fraction of active centers. It is noted that the decline in catalytic activity in the range of 1800 s, and the active center [Zr]/[*C] fraction significantly increased during the initial 1000 s and then tended towards a steady figure of 86%. It is suggested that nearly complete initiation of all olefins catalysts can be obtained after a sufficiently extended reaction. The quick increase in active sites in the first stage can be described by the immediate initiation of active sites positioned on the surfaces of catalyst particles. The initial polymerization rate, Rp, is high and the crystalline properties of the E/ENB copolymer are low due to the greater incorporation of ENB in the polymer backbone, and later the polymerization reaction rates remained stable with a lower mol% of ENB. The melting temperature (Tm) ranges from 108 to 127 °C, whereas the crystalline temperature ranges from 63 to 108 (J g−1). In the E–ENB copolymers, the value of kpE is much greater than that of kpENB; at 120 s, the kpE and kpENB values are 9115 and 431 L mol−1 s−1, respectively, implying smaller diffusion barriers in the early stages, which are close to the actual propagation rate constant. The kinetics and mechanism of ethylene and 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene copolymerization catalyzed by rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 were investigated using 2-thiophenecarbonyl chloride.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Wuhang University of Technology, Wuhan, 430223, PR China
| | - Jinwei Lu
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Jamile Mohammadi Moradian
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Tahir Rasheed
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Aziz
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chanez Maouche
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Yintian Guo
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Fan Zhiqiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Li Quo
- Research School of Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
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15
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Kirillov E, Carpentier JF. {Cyclopentadienyl/Fluorenyl}-Group 4 ansa-Metallocene Catalysts for Production of Tailor-Made Polyolefins. CHEM REC 2020; 21:357-375. [PMID: 33332719 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The development of new metallocene-based polymerization catalysts and innovative processes derived thereof still constitutes a challenge for the manufacturing of polyolefinic materials with tailored properties (e. g. particular microstructure or topology, ultra-high molecular weight, high melting transition, and their combinations) for contemporary commercial applications. This personal account summarizes our continuing endeavors to advance the family of industry-relevant stereoselective propylene polymerization catalysts based on C1 -symmetric group 4 ansa-metallocenes incorporating multi-substituted fluorenyl-cyclopentadienyl {Cp/Flu} ligands. Within the framework of this project, valuable structural and catalytic data, harvested both for neutral metallocenes and for metallocenium ion-pairs, have been used for rational design of more efficient catalytic systems, reluctant towards side reactions, and for providing new stereoregular value-added polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgueni Kirillov
- UMR 6226 CNRS - Univ Rennnes, Organometallics: Materials & Catalysis Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-François Carpentier
- UMR 6226 CNRS - Univ Rennnes, Organometallics: Materials & Catalysis Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042, Rennes, France
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16
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Joshi A, Zijlstra HS, Liles E, Concepcion C, Linnolahti M, McIndoe JS. Real-time analysis of methylalumoxane formation. Chem Sci 2020; 12:546-551. [PMID: 34163784 PMCID: PMC8178985 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05075j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylalumoxane (MAO), a perennially useful activator for olefin polymerization precatalysts, is famously intractable to structural elucidation, consisting as it does of a complex mixture of oligomers generated from hydrolysis of pyrophoric trimethylaluminum (TMA). Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is capable of studying those oligomers that become charged during the activation process. We have exploited that ability to probe the synthesis of MAO in real time, starting less than a minute after the mixing of H2O and TMA and tracking the first half hour of reactivity. We find that the process does not involve an incremental build-up of oligomers; instead, oligomerization to species containing 12–15 aluminum atoms happens within a minute, with slower aggregation to higher molecular weight ions. The principal activated product of the benchtop synthesis is the same as that observed in industrial samples, namely [(MeAlO)16(Me3Al)6Me]−, and we have computationally located a new sheet structure for this ion 94 kJ mol−1 lower in Gibbs free energy than any previously calculated. The activator methylaluminoxane is made by hydrolysis of trimethylaluminum. Analysis using ESI-MS reveals rapid formation of small oligomers is followed by slower aggregation to the larger precursors most capable of releasing [Me2Al]+.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Harmen S Zijlstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Elena Liles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Carina Concepcion
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland P.O. Box 111 FI-80101 Joensuu Finland
| | - J Scott McIndoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
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17
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Patel K, Chikkali SH, Sivaram S. Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene: Catalysis, structure, properties, processing and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Ali A, Liu X, Guo Y, Akram MA, Wu H, Liu W, Khan A, Jiang B, Fu Z, Fan Z. Kinetics and mechanism of ethylene and propylene polymerizations catalyzed with ansa-zirconocene activated by borate/TIBA. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Teixeira VE, Livotto PR. The mechanism of the reaction between MAO and TMA: DFT study of the electronic structure and characterization of transition states for [AlOMe] 6, [AlOMe] 9 and [AlOMe] 16 cages. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 99:107626. [PMID: 32447271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Methylaluminoxane (MAO) and trimethylaluminium (TMA) are relevant compounds in organometallic catalysis. Despite many published studies, aspects of their interaction persist an unsolved puzzle. Hence, in this work, we used quantum mechanic approaches based on density functional theory to study this topic. Our calculations revealed that interaction between MAO and TMA occurs initially by the formation of an intermediary Lewis adduct. In agreement with the latent acidity concept, the activation energy for the tensioned Al-O bond break is small, and changes with the local environment of the MAO cages. Breakage of bond belonging to two square faces requires between 4.20 and 5.80 kcal/mol, whereas square-hexagonal faces demand 0.61-9.43 kcal/mol. The products of this reaction present a terminal, acidic 3-coordinate aluminum atom, that can be capped by another TMA molecules. However, our computations suggest that entropic effects may prevent this reaction from occurring at all these sites in the MAO models studied. Additionally, we also characterize the inter/intramolecular methane elimination mechanism. These reactions are not feasible at room temperature but may occur at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Esteves Teixeira
- Institute of Chemistry - Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Paolo Roberto Livotto
- Institute of Chemistry - Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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20
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Zaccaria F, Budzelaar PHM, Cipullo R, Zuccaccia C, Macchioni A, Busico V, Ehm C. Reactivity Trends of Lewis Acidic Sites in Methylaluminoxane and Some of Its Modifications. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5751-5759. [PMID: 32271565 PMCID: PMC7997381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The established model cluster (AlOMe)16(AlMe3)6 for methylaluminoxane (MAO) cocatalyst has been studied by density functional theory, aiming to rationalize the different behaviors of unmodified MAO and TMA-depleted MAO/BHT (TMA = trimethylaluminum; BHT = 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), highlighted in previous experimental studies. The tendency of the three model Lewis acidic sites A-C to release neutral Al fragments (i.e., AlMe2R; R = Me or bht) or transient aluminum cations (i.e., [AlMeR]+) has been investigated both in the absence and in the presence of neutral N-donors. Sites C are most likely responsible for the activation capabilities of TMA-rich MAO, but TMA depletion destabilizes them, possibly inducing structural rearrangements. The remaining sites A and B, albeit of lower Lewis acidity, should be still able to release cationic Al fragments when TMA-depleted modified MAOs are treated with N-donors (e.g. [AlMe(bht)]+ from MAO/BHT). These findings provide tentative interpretations for earlier observations of donor-dependent ionization tendencies of MAO and MAO/BHT and how TMA depleted MAOs can still be potent activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Zaccaria
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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21
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Zaccaria F, Sian L, Zuccaccia C, Macchioni A. Ion pairing in transition metal catalyzed olefin polymerization. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Rizkin BA, Hartman RL. Supervised machine learning for prediction of zirconocene-catalyzed α-olefin polymerization. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Zaccaria F, Zuccaccia C, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Macchioni A, Busico V, Ehm C. On the Nature of the Lewis Acidic Sites in “TMA‐Free” Phenol‐Modified Methylaluminoxane. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Zaccaria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC Università di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC Università di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC Università di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
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24
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Desert X, Proutiere F, Welle A, Den Dauw K, Vantomme A, Miserque O, Brusson JM, Carpentier JF, Kirillov E. Zirconocene-Catalyzed Polymerization of α-Olefins: When Intrinsic Higher Activity Is Flawed by Rapid Deactivation. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Desert
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35700 Rennes, France
| | - Fabien Proutiere
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35700 Rennes, France
| | - Alexandre Welle
- Total Research & Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, B-7181 Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Katty Den Dauw
- Total Research & Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, B-7181 Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Aurélien Vantomme
- Total Research & Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, B-7181 Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Olivier Miserque
- Total Research & Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, B-7181 Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Brusson
- Total S.A., Direction R&D Groupe, Tour Michelet A, 24 Cours Michelet − La Défense 10, F-92069 Paris La Défense Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Carpentier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35700 Rennes, France
| | - Evgueni Kirillov
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35700 Rennes, France
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25
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Quantification of active sites in single-site group 4 metal olefin polymerization catalysis. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Li KT, Yang CN. Propylene Polymerization Catalyzed by Metallocene /Methylaluminoxane Systems on Rice Husk Ash. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081467. [PMID: 31013913 PMCID: PMC6514659 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica generated from agricultural waste is more cost effective and environmentally friendly than silica from traditional commercial processes. In this study, spherical silica particles with a diameter of around 120 nm were fabricated from rice husk ash (RHA), and were used to support two bridged zirconcene complexes ((I) Me2Si(Ind)2ZrCl2 and (II) C2H4(Ind)2ZrCl2) for catalyzing propylene polymerization to produce polypropylene (PP) in a temperature range of 40–70 °C and in a solution methylaluminoxane (MAO) range of 0.1–0.6 wt%. Due to its small particle size, RHA-supported catalyst exhibited much higher activity than micro-sized commercial silica-supported catalyst. At the optimum polymerization temperature of 55 °C and with increasing MAO concentration, polymer yield increased proportionally with the increase of number average molecular weight. Compared to (I), (II) produced more polymer molecules but with much shorter chain length, ascribed to the differences of Zr loading and bridge structure. With increasing polymerization temperature, polymer molecular weight decreased rapidly and resulted in a significant change of PP assembly morphology (shape and size). At 55 °C, (I) produced uniform PP assemblies which had dumbbell-like structure with a smooth middle section and two fibrillar ends, while (II) produced spherical PP particles. The dumbbell middle part width was essentially identical to the Batchelor microscale proposed in turbulent mixing theory.
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27
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Zaccaria F, Zuccaccia C, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Macchioni A, Busico V, Ehm C. BHT-Modified MAO: Cage Size Estimation, Chemical Counting of Strongly Acidic Al Sites, and Activation of a Ti-Phosphinimide Precatalyst. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Zaccaria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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28
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Zijlstra HS, Joshi A, Linnolahti M, Collins S, McIndoe JS. Modifying methylalumoxane via alkyl exchange. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:17291-17298. [PMID: 30480693 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04242j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Methylalumoxane (MAO) ionizes highly selectively in the presence of octamethyltrisiloxane (OMTS) to generate [Me2Al·OMTS]+ [(MeAlO)16(Me3Al)6Me]-. We can take advantage of this transformation to examine the reactivity of a key component of MAO using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and here we describe the reactivity of this pair of ions with other trialkyl aluminum (R3Al) components. Using continuous injection methods, we found Et3Al to exchange much faster and extensively at room temperature in fluorobenzene (t½∼2 s, up to 25 exchanges of Me for Et) than iBu3Al (t½∼40 s, up to 11 exchanges) or Oct3Al (t½∼200 s, up to 7 exchanges). The exchanges are reversible and the methyl groups on the cation are also observed to exchange with the added R3Al species. These results point to the reactive components of MAO having a structure that deviates significantly from the cage-like motifs studied to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmen S Zijlstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P. O. Box 3065, Victoria BC V8W 3V6, Canada.
| | - Anuj Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P. O. Box 3065, Victoria BC V8W 3V6, Canada.
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P. O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Scott Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P. O. Box 3065, Victoria BC V8W 3V6, Canada.
| | - J Scott McIndoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P. O. Box 3065, Victoria BC V8W 3V6, Canada.
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29
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Kilpatrick AFR, Rees NH, Sripothongnak S, Buffet JC, O’Hare D. Slurry-Phase Ethylene Polymerization Using Pentafluorophenyl- and Pentafluorophenoxy-Modified Solid Polymethylaluminoxanes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F. R. Kilpatrick
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Nicholas H. Rees
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | | | - Jean-Charles Buffet
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Dermot O’Hare
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
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30
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Guo Y, Zhang Z, Guo W, Khan A, Fu Z, Xu J, Fan Z. Kinetics and mechanism of metallocene-catalyzed olefin polymerization: Comparison of ethylene, propylene homopolymerizations, and their copolymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yintian Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Wenqi Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Akbar Khan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhisheng Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Junting Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
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31
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Ehm C, Cipullo R, Passaro M, Zaccaria F, Budzelaar PHM, Busico V. Chain Transfer to Solvent in Propene Polymerization with Ti Cp-phosphinimide Catalysts: Evidence for Chain Termination via Ti–C Bond Homolysis. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via
Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via
Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Miriana Passaro
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via
Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Zaccaria
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via
Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via
Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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32
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Abstract
Quenched-flow data for propene polymerization with rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-1-indenyl)2ZrCl2/MAO support a picture where removal of MAO qualitatively changes the kinetic profile from a mainly enthalpic to a mainly entropic barrier. DFT studies suggest that a not previously recognized singly-bridged end-on coordination mode of Me6Al2 to catalytically active centers may be kinetically relevant as a resting state. In contrast, the more traditional doubly-bridged complex of Me3Al is proposed to be more relevant to chain transfer to cocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - R Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - P H M Budzelaar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - V Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
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33
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Influence of trimethylaluminum on kinetics of rac -Et(Ind) 2 ZrCl 2 /aluminoxane catalyzed ethylene polymerization. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Theurkauff G, Bader M, Marquet N, Bondon A, Roisnel T, Guegan JP, Amar A, Boucekkine A, Carpentier JF, Kirillov E. Discrete Ionic Complexes of Highly Isoselective Zirconocenes. Solution Dynamics, Trimethylaluminum Adducts, and Implications in Propylene Polymerization. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Theurkauff
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis
Laboratories, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Manuela Bader
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis
Laboratories, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Marquet
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis
Laboratories, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Bondon
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Ingénierie Chimique et Molécules
pour le Vivant, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, PRISM, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Centre de diffraction X, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes
Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Paul Guegan
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, F-35708 Rennes
Cedex, France
| | - Anissa Amar
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Chimie Théorique Inorganique, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes
Cedex, France
| | - Abdou Boucekkine
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Chimie Théorique Inorganique, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes
Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Carpentier
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis
Laboratories, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Evgueni Kirillov
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis
Laboratories, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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35
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Lo JCY, So LC, Chan MCW. Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of group 4 post-metallocenes bearing (σ-aryl)-2-phenolate-6-pyridyl and -isoquinolinyl auxiliaries. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:15905-13. [PMID: 26277861 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02497h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A new series of group 4 bis(benzyl) complexes supported by (σ-aryl)-2-phenolate-6-pyridyl [O,C,N] ligands have been prepared, and all derivatives have been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. In the (1)H NMR spectrum of the Ti derivative where [N] = (ortho-F)-substituted isoquinolinyl, one of the two CH2 resonances is observed as a doublet of doublets (collapsing to a normal d upon (19)F-decoupling), whereas the [(1)H,(19)F]-HMQC correlation spectrum reveals a strong crosspeak for this dd resonance only, thus indicating the presence of intramolecular C-HF-C interactions. [(1)H,(19)F]-HMBC experiments have been performed which reveal a significant scalar component for this coupling and confirm that the interactions are genuine. The contrasting NMR spectral patterns for the (ortho-F)-pyridyl Hf analogue, which exhibits two sets of non-identical doublet of doublets for the methylene resonances, have been rationalized. The activities of the isoquinolinyl-based Ti-[O,C,N] catalysts for ethylene polymerization are superior to those of pyridyl-based congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry C Y Lo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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36
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Karbach FF, Severn JR, Duchateau R. Effect of Aluminum Alkyls on a Homogeneous and Silica-Supported Phenoxy-Imine Titanium Catalyst for Ethylene Trimerization. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian F. Karbach
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - John R. Severn
- UHMWPE Chemistry & Catalysis, DSM, NL-6160MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert Duchateau
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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37
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Kuklin MS, Hirvi JT, Bochmann M, Linnolahti M. Toward Controlling the Metallocene/Methylaluminoxane-Catalyzed Olefin Polymerization Process by a Computational Approach. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S. Kuklin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu
Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Janne T. Hirvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu
Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- Wolfson Materials and Catalysis Centre, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu
Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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38
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Boulho C, Zijlstra HS, Harder S. Oxide-Bridged Heterobimetallic Aluminum/Zirconium Catalysts for Ethylene Polymerization. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Alnajrani MN, Mair FS. The behaviour of β-triketimine cobalt complexes in the polymerization of isoprene. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06792h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt complexes of β-triketimines activated by Et2AlCl polymerize isoprene to give up to 80%cis-1,4 with 20% 3,4 polymer, at 35 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed N. Alnajrani
- Organic Materials Innovation Centre
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Francis S. Mair
- Organic Materials Innovation Centre
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
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40
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Zijlstra HS, Harder S. Methylalumoxane – History, Production, Properties, and Applications. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harmen S. Zijlstra
- Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P. O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P. O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, http://www.harder‐research.com
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41
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Babushkin DE, Panchenko VN, Brintzinger HH. Allylzirconiumkomplexe als Reaktionsteilnehmer bei der Zirconocen-katalysierten α-Olefinpolymerisation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Babushkin DE, Panchenko VN, Brintzinger HH. Zirconium allyl complexes as participants in zirconocene-catalyzed α-olefin polymerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9645-9. [PMID: 25044470 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In a search for the hitherto elusive catalyst resting state(s) of zirconocene-based olefin polymerization catalysts, a combination of UV/Vis and NMR spectrometric methods reveals that polymer-carrying cationic Zr allyl complexes make up about 90 % of the total catalyst concentration. Other catalyst species that take part in the polymerization process have to be generated from this allyl pool into which they appear to relapse rather frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii E Babushkin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Russian Academy of Science, Pr. Lavrentieva 5, RU 630090 Novosibirsk (Russian Federation).
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43
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Hirvi JT, Bochmann M, Severn JR, Linnolahti M. Formation of octameric methylaluminoxanes by hydrolysis of trimethylaluminum and the mechanisms of catalyst activation in single-site α-olefin polymerization catalysis. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:2732-42. [PMID: 24930450 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of trimethylaluminum (TMA) leads to the formation of methylaluminoxanes (MAO) of general formula (MeAlO)n (AlMe3)m. The thermodynamically favored pathway of MAO formation is followed up to n=8, showing the major impact of associated TMA on the structural characteristics of the MAOs. The MAOs bind up to five TMA molecules, thereby inducing transition from cages into rings and sheets. Zirconocene catalyst activation studies using model MAO co-catalysts show the decisive role of the associated TMA in forming the catalytically active sites. Catalyst activation can take place either by Lewis-acidic abstraction of an alkyl or halide ligand from the precatalyst or by reaction of the precatalyst with an MAO-derived AlMe2(+) cation. Thermodynamics suggest that activation through AlMe2(+) transfer is the dominant mechanism because sites that are able to release AlMe2(+) are more abundant than Lewis-acidic sites. The model catalyst system is demonstrated to polymerize ethene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne T Hirvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, 80101 Joensuu (Finland)
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44
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Ghiotto F, Pateraki C, Tanskanen J, Severn JR, Luehmann N, Kusmin A, Stellbrink J, Linnolahti M, Bochmann M. Probing the Structure of Methylalumoxane (MAO) by a Combined Chemical, Spectroscopic, Neutron Scattering, and Computational Approach. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om4002878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ghiotto
- Wolfson Materials and Catalysis
Centre, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich,
United Kingdom
| | - Chrysoula Pateraki
- Wolfson Materials and Catalysis
Centre, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich,
United Kingdom
| | - Jukka Tanskanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - John R. Severn
- UHMwPE Chemistry & Catalysis, DSM, NL-6160MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Luehmann
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science and Institute for Complex
Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - André Kusmin
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science and Institute for Complex
Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jörg Stellbrink
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science and Institute for Complex
Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- Wolfson Materials and Catalysis
Centre, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich,
United Kingdom
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