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Yang W, Bu Q, Shi Q, Zhao R, Huang H, Yang L, Tang J, Ma Y. Emerging Contaminants in the Effluent of Wastewater Should Be Regulated: Which and to What Extent? TOXICS 2024; 12:309. [PMID: 38787088 PMCID: PMC11125804 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Effluent discharged from urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is a major source of emerging contaminants (ECs) requiring effective regulation. To this end, we collected discharge datasets of pharmaceuticals (PHACs) and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), representing two primary categories of ECs, from Chinese WWTP effluent from 2012 to 2022 to establish an exposure database. Moreover, high-risk ECs' long-term water quality criteria (LWQC) were derived using the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method. A total of 140 ECs (124 PHACs and 16 EDCs) were identified, with concentrations ranging from N.D. (not detected) to 706 μg/L. Most data were concentrated in coastal regions and Gansu, with high ecological risk observed in Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Guangdong, and Hong Kong. Using the assessment factor (AF) method, 18 high-risk ECs requiring regulation were identified. However, only three of them, namely carbamazepine, ibuprofen, and bisphenol-A, met the derivation requirements of the SSD method. The LWQC for these three ECs were determined as 96.4, 1010, and 288 ng/L, respectively. Exposure data for carbamazepine and bisphenol-A surpassed their derived LWQC, indicating a need for heightened attention to these contaminants. This study elucidates the occurrence and risks of ECs in Chinese WWTPs and provides theoretical and data foundations for EC management in urban sewage facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China (Q.S.)
| | - Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China (Q.S.)
| | - Qianhui Shi
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China (Q.S.)
| | - Ruiqing Zhao
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China (Q.S.)
| | - Haitao Huang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China (Q.S.)
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianfeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yuning Ma
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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2
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Wang P, Luan J, Luo L. Removal of estrogens from primary settled sewage by repeated culture of Selenastrum capricornutum. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 88:2837-2848. [PMID: 38096072 PMCID: wst_2023_390 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation and biodegradation of estrogenic compounds by bacteria and even fungi have been reported widely, but the role of microalgae in the elimination of estrogens from municipal wastewater treatment plants and their interaction with other microorganisms in wastewater are not clear. This study reported the feasibility of repeatedly removing a mixture of 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), each was 100 μg L-1, from primary settled municipal sewage by Selenastrum capricornutum (SC), a ubiquitous microalga, in four exposure cycles, each lasted 7 days, and how they interacted with the microbial consortium in sewage. Mixed estrogen in sewage stimulated the growth of SC, and the indigenous microorganisms in sewage also affected the microalgal growth. The indigenous microorganisms, particularly bacteria, could easily remove E2 (with 99.5% removal), so the role of SC was insignificant. On the contrary, EE2 was difficult to remove by indigenous microorganisms but the removal was significantly enhanced by SC, with almost all spiked EE2 being removed, even at the end of the fourth cycle (with 99.0% removal). These results indicated that SC, together with the indigenous microorganisms in wastewater, could be repeatedly used for simultaneous removal of E2 and EE2 from municipal sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- National Testing & Certification International Group Jingcheng Testing Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 511494, China E-mail:
| | - Jianwen Luan
- National Testing & Certification International Group Jingcheng Testing Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 511494, China
| | - Lijuan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang 515200, China
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3
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Frimodig J, Autio A, Lahtinen E, Haukka M. Recovery of 17β-Estradiol Using 3D Printed Polyamide-12 Scavengers. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 10:1122-1129. [PMID: 37886421 PMCID: PMC10599425 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, endocrine-disrupting compounds have been under active studies due to their potential environmental impact and increased usage. The actual hormones, especially estrogens, have shown to be one of the major contributors to hormonal waste in wastewater. Wastewater treatment facilities have variable capabilities to handle hormonal compounds and, therefore, different quantities of harmful compounds may end up in the environment. We introduce a simple technique to remove estrogens, such as 17β-estradiol (E2) from wastewater by using 3D printed polyamide-12 (PA12) filters. A selective laser sintering 3D printing was used to manufacture porous PA12 filters with accessible functional groups. Adsorption and desorption properties were studied using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The results showed that near quantitative removal of E2 was achieved. The 3D printed filters could also be regenerated and reused without losing their efficiency. During regeneration, E2 could be extracted from the filter without destroying the compound. This opens up possibilities to use the hormone scavenger filters also as concentration tools enabling accurate analyses of sources with trace concentrations of E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Frimodig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Aino Autio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Elmeri Lahtinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Matti Haukka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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4
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Sun J, Zhang R, Xing L, Wu Q, Huang Y, Lou Y, Zhang R. Occurrence and removal of conventional pollutants, estrogenicities, and fecal coliform in village sewage treatment plants along the Yangtze River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:18014-18025. [PMID: 36207631 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the occurrence and removal efficiency of some conventional pollutants, estrogenic effects, and fecal coliform in influents and/or effluents of village sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin. The water quality of sewage from the village STPs showed significant seasonal and spatial variability. The removal rates of conventional pollutants by the village STPs were mostly lower than urban STPs, thereby resulting in that the water quality compliance rate of the effluents was only 33.3%. In addition, the average removal rate of estrogenic compounds was only 22.2%, which caused the estrogenicity of effluent to exceed the safety threshold. And E2 was determined to be the main estrogenic component. Moreover, ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, as the main disinfection treatment process of sewage along the Yangtze River Basin, was unable to meet the discharge standard of fecal coliform. The sequential chlorine (10 mg L-1)-UV (20 mJ cm-2) disinfection was found to both achieve up-to-standard discharge of fecal coliform and increase the removal rate of estrogenic effect from 3.78 to 9.86%. Overall, the present study provides valuable information on the conventional pollutants, estrogenic effects, and fecal coliform in sewage from village STPs along the Yangtze River Basin, and practical suggestions for basin-wide pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Rutao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Liqun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Nanjing University & Yancheng Academy of Environmental Protection Technology and Engineering, Yancheng, 224000, China
| | - Qiuxuan Wu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yongbing Lou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, Jinan, 250022, China.
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Vaudreuil MA, Vo Duy S, Munoz G, Sauvé S. Pharmaceutical pollution of hospital effluents and municipal wastewaters of Eastern Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157353. [PMID: 35842153 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of drugs residues in wastewaters of different sources could help better understand contamination pathways, eventually leading to effluent regulation. However, limited data are available for hospital-derived wastewaters. Here, an analytical method based on automated on-line solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (on-line SPE - UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the quantification of multi-class pharmaceuticals in wastewaters. Filtrate phase and suspended solids (SPM) were both considered to evaluate the distribution of targeted analytes. Experimental design optimization involved testing different chromatographic columns, on-line SPE columns, and loading conditions for the filtrate phase, and different organic solvents and cleanup strategies for suspended solids. The selected methods were validated with suitable limits of detection, recovery, accuracy, and precision. A total of 30 hospital effluents and 6 wastewater treatment plants were sampled to evaluate concentrations in real field-collected samples. Certain pharmaceuticals were quantified at high levels such as caffeine at 670,000 ng/L in hospital wastewaters and hydroxyibuprofen at 49,000 ng/L in WWTP influents. SPM samples also had high contaminant concentrations such as ibuprofen at 31,000 ng/g in hospital effluents, fluoxetine at 529 ng/g in WWTP influents or clarithromycin at 295 ng/g in WWTP effluents. Distribution coefficients (Kd) and particle-associated fractions (Φ) indicate that pharmaceuticals tend to have better affinity to suspended solids in hospital wastewater than in municipal wastewaters. The results also bring arguments for at source treatment of these specific effluents before their introduction into urban wastewater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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6
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Wan YP, Chai BW, Wei Q, Hayat W, Dang Z, Liu ZH. 17α-ethynylestradiol and its two main conjugates in seven municipal wastewater treatment plants: Analytical method, their occurrence, removal and risk evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152489. [PMID: 34942255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work shows the existence of both 17-ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate (EE2-3S) and 17-ethinylestradiol-3-glucuronide (EE2-3G) in seven municipal WWTPs with substantial concentrations (n.d-50.10 ng/L). The calculated removal efficiencies of 17-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in the seven municipal WWTPs ranged from 40.8%-100% with an average removal efficiency of 83.3%. However, upon the inclusion of EE2 concentration transformed from EE2-3S and EE2-3G, the corresponding removal efficiencies were increased to 91.4%-100% with an average removal efficiency of 97.3%. This work is the first to clearly illustrate that EE2 conjugates in raw wastewater could greatly underestimate the removal effectiveness of municipal WWTPs on EE2, indicating the importance of the EE2 conjugates in municipal wastewater having been hardly paid with attention. The EE2-derived estrogen equivalence (EEQ) values in the effluents of seven WWTPs ranged from 0 to 0.98 ng E2/L having an average level of 0.45 ng E2/L, which were relatively low. However, upon the inclusion of EE2 transformable from EE2-3S and EE2-3G in effluents, the EE2-derived EEQ values in effluents would be increased to 0.77-4.85 ng E2/L having an average level of 2.71 ng E2/L, which clearly suggested that ignorance of EE2 conjugates in effluent would largely underestimate EE2's environmental risk to receiving water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Wen Chai
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Medical Devices Research and Testing Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Waseem Hayat
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Goeury K, Vo Duy S, Munoz G, Prévost M, Sauvé S. Assessment of automated off-line solid-phase extraction LC-MS/MS to monitor EPA priority endocrine disruptors in tap water, surface water, and wastewater. Talanta 2022; 241:123216. [PMID: 35042051 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
EPA method 539.1 recently introduced an expanded list of priority endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), some of which were also included in the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 3 (UCMR3). Though standardized methods are available for drinking water, analysis of steroid hormones and bisphenol A (BPA) at the ultra-trace level remains challenging. This study set out to evaluate the suitability of automated off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of EPA-priority EDCs in environmental water matrixes (tap water, surface water, and wastewater influents and effluents). The target molecules included 14 steroid hormones (altrenogest, androstenedione, equilenin, equilin, α-estradiol, β-estradiol, estriol, estrone, ethinylestradiol, levonorgestrel, medroxyprogesterone, norethindrone, progesterone, testosterone) and BPA. Factors that may influence the analytical performance were assessed. This involved, for instance, testing combinations of SPE materials from different brands and protocol variations. Several materials presented absolute extraction efficiencies in acceptable ranges. Initial sample pH, nature of reconstitution medium, and mobile phase salt concentration were among the potential factors affecting analyte signal. Storage conditions (different preservative agents) possibly exerted the strongest influence, in agreement with the literature. Limits of detection were in the range of 0.03-0.5 ng/L in drinking water, 0.1-0.5 ng/L in surface water, and 0.16-1 ng/L in wastewater. Method validation also involved testing linearity, accuracy, and precision in reagent water and matrix-matched extracted calibrants. The method was applied to field-collected water samples in Eastern Canada. Summed EDC concentrations remained low in tap water (<LOQ-0.92 ng/L), while higher detection frequencies and contamination levels were reported in riverine surface waters (2.6-37 ng/L) and municipal wastewaters (10-424 ng/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Goeury
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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8
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Louros VL, Lima DLD, Leitão JH, Esteves VI, Nadais HGA. Impact of UASB reactors operation mode on the removal of estrone and 17α-ethinylestradiol from wastewaters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:144291. [PMID: 33401048 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to compare the performance of the continuous operation (CO) and intermittent operation (IO) of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors for the removal of estrone (E1) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) from wastewaters. Results suggest that the IO contribute to the improvement of the overall removal of estrogens (above 95% for E1 and EE2) when compared to CO (49% for E1 and 39% for EE2). For both CO and IO, biodegradation was the main removal mechanism for E1, while for EE2, adsorption to sludge was the major removal pathway. Moreover, a higher biodegradation of estrogens was obtained with the IO compared to CO (69.4% vs. 43.3% for E1 and 21.8% vs. 8.0% for EE2). The favourable effect of IO can be justified by effluent recirculation during the feedless period which promotes the adaptation of microbial biomass to estrogens' biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória L Louros
- CESAM, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Diana L D Lima
- CESAM, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge H Leitão
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Bioengineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Valdemar I Esteves
- CESAM, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena G A Nadais
- CESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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9
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Sacdal R, Madriaga J, Espino MP. Overview of the analysis, occurrence and ecological effects of hormones in lake waters in Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109091. [PMID: 31927242 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hormones are natural and synthetic compounds that are now being detected in the aquatic environment. Many lakes in Asia are important water sources that may be affected by these emerging contaminants. Lakes are drains and reservoirs of watersheds that are altered by changing land use and environmental conditions. While there are several studies on the detection of hormones in lakes, these studies were mostly done in China. Limited information is available on the presence of these contaminants in the lakes in other Asian countries. Hormones in the lake water come from discharge waters in urban areas, farm runoffs, and effluents of wastewater and sewage treatment plants. Hormones contamination in water has been shown to affect the reproduction and growth of certain aquatic organisms. In this review, a background on the chemical nature and physiological functions of hormones is provided and the existing knowledge on the occurrence and ecological impacts of hormones in lakes is described. The available analytical methods for sampling, analyte extraction and instrumental analysis are outlined. This overview provides insights on the current conditions of lakes that may be impacted by hormones contamination. Understanding the levels and possible ecological consequences will address the issues on these emerging contaminants especially in the Asian environment. This will elicit discussions on improving guidelines on wastewater discharges and will drive future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosselle Sacdal
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - Jonalyn Madriaga
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - Maria Pythias Espino
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines.
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10
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Analysis of Environmental Protection Agency priority endocrine disruptor hormones and bisphenol A in tap, surface and wastewater by online concentration liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1591:87-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Kovacic M, Kopcic N, Kusic H, Bozic AL. Solar driven degradation of 17β-estradiol using composite photocatalytic materials and artificial irradiation source: Influence of process and water matrix parameters. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Ben W, Zhu B, Yuan X, Zhang Y, Yang M, Qiang Z. Transformation and fate of natural estrogens and their conjugates in wastewater treatment plants: Influence of operational parameters and removal pathways. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:244-250. [PMID: 28763640 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural estrogens (NEs) discharged from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have drawn great attention because of their potential risks to aquatic ecosystems. However, neglect of the conjugated natural estrogens (C-NEs) has caused large discrepancies among different studies on the removal of NEs in WWTPs. The present work investigated the transformation and fate of three NEs and six corresponding C-NEs along wastewater treatment processes. The removal efficiencies of the target estrogens (i.e., NEs and C-NEs) and their correlations with the operational parameters were determined over a twelve-month monitoring period at a typical WWTP adopting a combined bio-treatment process (i.e., anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process followed by a moving-bed biofilm reactor). The concentration variations of the target estrogens along the treatment processes were examined to differentiate the transformation and fate of NEs and C-NEs. Moreover, lab-scale experiments were conducted to clarify the removal pathways of C-NEs in the bio-treatment process. Results indicate that both NEs and C-NEs could pass through the treatment processes, thus being frequently detected in the effluent and excess sludge. The aqueous removal efficiencies of NEs and C-NEs were significantly correlated with the sludge retention time and temperature, respectively. C-NEs were more persistent than NEs, so considerably high conjugated ratios (13.5-100.0%) were detected in the effluent. Sulfate conjugates presented a lower adsorption affinity to sludge and a slower hydrolysis rate than glucuronide conjugates, which makes the former more recalcitrant to biodegradation. This study highlights the challenge on the elimination of NEs, particularly their conjugates, by wastewater treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Ben
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Beijing Enterprises Water Group of China Co., Ltd., 101 Baiziwan, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiangjuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China.
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13
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Liu X, Shi J, Bo T, Meng Y, Zhan X, Zhang M, Zhang Y. Distributions and ecological risk assessment of estrogens and bisphenol A in an arid and semiarid area in northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:7216-7225. [PMID: 28101707 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Free estrogens (estrone, E1; 17β-estradiol, 17β-E2; estriol, E3; and 17α-ethinylestradiol, EE2), their corresponding sulfate and glucuronide conjugates, and bisphenol A (BPA) were investigated in water and sediments in the Fen River catchment, an arid and semiarid area in northwest China. E1 and BPA were frequently detected in the wet and dry sampling seasons. In addition to the sulfate conjugates, other conjugated estrogens were not detected in water and sediments. The concentrations of these compounds in water generally increased from upstream to downstream. The concentrations in water samples of most sites were higher in the wet season than those in the dry season, but concentrations in sediments of most sites were higher in the dry season than those in the wet season. The distributions of these compounds in sediments were positively correlated with the total organic carbon (TOC) contents of sediments (0.3 < R 2 < 0.6, p < 0.01) and concentrations in water (0.25 < R 2 < 0.50, p < 0.01). In this catchment, E1 was the main contributor to endocrine disrupting risk. The surface water in most of the tributaries and the sewage in the drainage channels were at risk. The pore waters of sediments were at risk at most sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Liu
- Hefei University of Technology (Xuancheng Campus), Xuancheng, Anhui, 242000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jianghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
| | - Ting Bo
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yaobin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster (Ministry of Education), Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xinmin Zhan
- Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mengtao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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14
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Meng XZ, Venkatesan AK, Ni YL, Steele JC, Wu LL, Bignert A, Bergman Å, Halden RU. Organic Contaminants in Chinese Sewage Sludge: A Meta-Analysis of the Literature of the Past 30 Years. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5454-66. [PMID: 27144960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The production of sewage sludge is increasing in China but with unsafe disposal practices, causing potential risk to human health and the environment. Using literature from the past 30 years (N = 159), we conducted a meta-analysis of organic contaminants (OCs) in Chinese sludge. Most data were available from developed and populated regions, and no data were found for Tibet. Since 1987, 35 classes of chemicals consisting of 749 individual compounds and 1 mixture have been analyzed, in which antibiotics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were the most targeted analytes. For 13 classes of principal OCs (defined as chemicals detected in over five studies) in sludge, the median (expressed in nanograms per gram dry weight) was the highest for phthalate esters (27 900), followed by alkylphenol polyethoxylates (12 000), synthetic musks (5800), antibiotics (4240), PAHs (3490), ultraviolet stabilizers (670), bisphenol analogs (160), organochlorine pesticides (110), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (100), pharmaceuticals (84), hormones (69), perfluorinated compounds (21), and polychlorinated biphenyls (15). Concentrations of PAHs in sludges collected between 1998 and 2012 showed a decreasing trend. Study findings suggest the need for a Chinese national sewage sludge survey to identify and regulate toxic OCs, ideally employing both targeted as well as nontargeted screening approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Arjun K Venkatesan
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative and School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University , 781 E. Terrace Mall, Tempe 85287, United States
| | - Yi-Lin Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Joshua C Steele
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative and School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University , 781 E. Terrace Mall, Tempe 85287, United States
| | - Ling-Ling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Anders Bignert
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History , Bo 50007, Stockholm 104 05, Sweden
| | - Åke Bergman
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox) , Forskargatan 20, Södertälje 151 36, Sweden
| | - Rolf U Halden
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative and School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University , 781 E. Terrace Mall, Tempe 85287, United States
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15
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Analysis of 17-β-estradiol and 17-α-ethinylestradiol in biological and environmental matrices — A review. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Klingelhöfer I, Morlock GE. Bioprofiling of Surface/Wastewater and Bioquantitation of Discovered Endocrine-Active Compounds by Streamlined Direct Bioautography. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11098-104. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Klingelhöfer
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional
Science, and Interdisciplinary Research
Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E. Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional
Science, and Interdisciplinary Research
Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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17
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Guedes-Alonso R, Santana-Viera S, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ. Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection for the determination of estrogens and their metabolites in wastewater. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3961-3968. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rayco Guedes-Alonso
- Departamento de Química; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas Spain
| | - Sergio Santana-Viera
- Departamento de Química; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas Spain
| | - Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera
- Departamento de Química; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas Spain
| | - José Juan Santana-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas Spain
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18
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Ruan T, Liang D, Song S, Song M, Wang H, Jiang G. Evaluation of the in vitro estrogenicity of emerging bisphenol analogs and their respective estrogenic contributions in municipal sewage sludge in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 124:150-155. [PMID: 25548037 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a potential risk to the environment from persistent estrogenic compounds in sewage sludge. In this study, eight bisphenols (BPs) were identified in sewage sludge collected from wastewater treatment plants in 15 cities in China. The estrogenic potencies of the eight BPs and the estrogenic activities of sludge samples were evaluated using a bioluminescence yeast estrogen screen (BLYES) assay. All sludge samples elicited considerable estrogenic activity at a range of 2.8-4.7 ng E2 g(-1) dry weight (dw). All BPs exhibited estrogenic activity in the BLYES assay, but there were significant differences between the potency of individual chemicals. Bisphenol AF had the highest activity, followed by tetrachlorobisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol A, bisphenol E, bisphenol S and 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone. Tetrabromobisphenol A showed weak estrogenic activity at 1×10(4)nM, but significant cytotoxicity above this concentration. The total estradiol equivalency quantities (EEQs) of BPs were in the range of 2.16-49.13 pg E2 g(-1) dw, accounting for 0.05-1.47% of the total EEQs in sewage sludge samples. The results indicate that BPs made a minor contribution to the estrogenic activity of the investigated sewage sludge. Nevertheless, our results suggest that considerable attention should be directed to the estrogenic potentials of emerging organic pollutants because of their widespread use and their potential to persist in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Shanjun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Hailin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China
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19
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Bahamonde PA, Fuzzen ML, Bennett CJ, Tetreault GR, McMaster ME, Servos MR, Martyniuk CJ, Munkittrick KR. Whole organism responses and intersex severity in rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) following exposures to municipal wastewater in the Grand River basin, ON, Canada. Part A. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 159:290-301. [PMID: 25543172 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater effluents (MWWEs) contain anthropogenic substances that can exhibit endocrine-disrupting activity. These complex mixtures have been observed to exert adverse effects on fish. Rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum, RBD) is a small benthic fish that is widespread throughout the Grand River, Ontario, Canada, and has been previously shown to be adversely affected by MWWE exposure in this watershed. The objectives of this study were to quantify biological responses in this sentinel species and intersex severity in male fish, in relation to the area of urbanization. It focused on RBD populations adjacent to wastewater outfalls in the Grand River watershed. In May 2011, nine sites across the urban gradient were selected to evaluate the impact of MWWEs. Endpoints for energy storage (i.e. condition factor, k; liversomatic index, LSI) as well as reproductive endpoints (i.e. gonadosomatic index, GSI; gonad development, hormone production), and intersex were assessed in the fish. Rainbow darter showed a high incidence of intersex downstream of the wastewater outfalls, especially below the largest treatment plant outfall at Kitchener (∼85%). We applied an intersex index (score from 0 to 7) that considers the number of eggs within the testis and the stage of maturation of the egg. RBD exposed downstream of the largest wastewater outfall at Kitchener had a score of 3.81±0.37 compared to upstream to the urban areas where there were no intersex males found other than a single individual with a score 1 (average intersex score of site 0.06±0.06). In addition, several fish associated with the Kitchener outfall had macroscopic vitellogenic eggs in the testes (intersex scores 5 and 6). The sub-population of fish located at the wastewater outfall also showed a tendency towards skewed sex ratios (greater proportion of females to male fish) compared to the population at the reference sites. Male fish inhabiting the urbanized area of the Grand River also showed reduced levels of testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11KT). Intersex males had the lower levels of 11KT relative to the upstream reference fish but could not be distinguished from normal males collected at the exposed sites. Despite the high levels of intersex at these sites, no relationships were evident among intersex severity and other measured endpoints such as GSI, LSI or in vitro steroid production. The effects observed appear to be associated with urbanization and exposure to treated MWWEs in the watershed. Although intersex incidence and severity was a very good indicator of wastewater exposure, intersex could not be directly linked to other effects in this wild population. The effects of MWWEs on transcriptional changes in adult RBD exposed to the effluents are reported in the corresponding report (Part B).
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bahamonde
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada.
| | - M L Fuzzen
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - C J Bennett
- Emerging Methods Branch, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - G R Tetreault
- Emerging Methods Branch, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - M E McMaster
- Emerging Methods Branch, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - M R Servos
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - C J Martyniuk
- Current address: Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and the Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - K R Munkittrick
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
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