1
|
Xu Y, Cen P, Ma L, Tian M, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Yu K, Zhang H, Gu W, He Q. Highly efficient radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of [18F]safinamide, a radiolabelled anti-parkinsonian drug for PET imaging. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200472. [PMID: 36068922 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As an add-on drug approved for Parkinson's disease treatment, safinamide has multiple functions, such as selective and reversible monoamine oxidase-B inhibition, voltage-sensitive sodium/potassium channel blockage, and glutamate release inhibition. Meanwhile, safinamide shows tremendous therapeutic potential in the context of other central nervous system diseases (e.g., ischaemic stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, depression, etc.). In this work, [18F]safinamide, which is safinamide labelled by the positron-emitting radionuclide [18F]fluorine, was synthesized automatically based on iodonium ylide precursors with high radiochemical yield and high molar activity. Density functional theory was applied to calculate the Gibbs free energy change during iodonium ylide-mediated fluorination and to interpret the effect of tetraethylammonium (TEA+) as the counter cation in these reactions to improve the nucleophilicity of [18F/19F]fluoride. In addition, positron emission tomography studies on Sprague Dawley rats were carried out to determine the imaging characteristics, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of the [18F]safinamide radiotracer. The results displayed the complete biodistribution of the radiotracer, especially in rat brains, and revealed that [18F]safinamide has moderate brain uptake, rapid and reversible binding kinetics, and good stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xu
- Zhejiang University, College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, CHINA
| | - Peili Cen
- Zhejiang University, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Center, CHINA
| | - Lijuan Ma
- Zhejiang University, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Center, CHINA
| | - Mei Tian
- Zhejiang University, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Center, CHINA
| | - Xue Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, CHINA
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Zhejiang University, College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, CHINA
| | - Kaiwu Yu
- Zhejiang University, College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, CHINA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Zhejiang University, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Center, CHINA
| | - Wangjun Gu
- Zhejiang University, College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, CHINA
| | - Qinggang He
- Zhejiang University, Chemical Engineering, 38 Zheda Rd., 310027, Hangzhou, CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nerella SG, Singh P, Sanam T, Digwal CS. PET Molecular Imaging in Drug Development: The Imaging and Chemistry Perspective. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:812270. [PMID: 35295604 PMCID: PMC8919964 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.812270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography with selective radioligands advances the drug discovery and development process by revealing information about target engagement, proof of mechanism, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. Positron emission tomography (PET) is an essential and highly significant tool to study therapeutic drug development, dose regimen, and the drug plasma concentrations of new drug candidates. Selective radioligands bring up target-specific information in several disease states including cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological conditions by quantifying various rates of biological processes with PET, which are associated with its physiological changes in living subjects, thus it reveals disease progression and also advances the clinical investigation. This study explores the major roles, applications, and advances of PET molecular imaging in drug discovery and development process with a wide range of radiochemistry as well as clinical outcomes of positron-emitting carbon-11 and fluorine-18 radiotracers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Goud Nerella
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Priti Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Tulja Sanam
- Department of Microbiology and Applied Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Chander Singh Digwal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nerella SG, Bhattacharya A, Thacker PS, Tulja S. Synthetic methodologies and PET imaging applications of fluorine-18 radiotracers: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:455-473. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2032649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Goud Nerella
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NI & IR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru–560 029, India
| | - Ahana Bhattacharya
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NI & IR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru–560 029, India
| | - Pavitra S Thacker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad–500 037, India
| | - Sanam Tulja
- Department of Microbiology and Applied Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore-560 065, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nilova A, Metze B, Stuart DR. Aryl(TMP)iodonium Tosylate Reagents as a Strategic Entry Point to Diverse Aryl Intermediates: Selective Access to Arynes. Org Lett 2021; 23:4813-4817. [PMID: 34032454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Arenes are broadly found motifs in societally important molecules. Access to diverse arene chemical space is critically important, and the ability to do so from common reagents is highly desirable. Aryl(TMP)iodonium tosylates provide one such access point to arene chemical space via diverse aryl intermediates. Here we demonstrate that controlling reaction pathways selectively leads to arynes with a broad scope of arenes and arynophiles (24 examples, 70% average yield) and efficient access to biologically active compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Nilova
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Bryan Metze
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - David R Stuart
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee WC, Kang SM, Lee BC, Kim SE, Kim DW. Multifunctional Crown-5-calix[4]arene-based Phase-Transfer Catalysts for Aromatic 18F-Fluorination. Org Lett 2020; 22:9551-9555. [PMID: 33270463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methylated bis-triethylene glycolic crown-5-calix[4]arene (M-BTC5A) as a phase-transfer catalyst showed the best performance among other analogues and even conventional Kryptofix 222 in the nucleophilic aromatic 18F-fluorination of diaryliodonium tosylate precursors owing to (i) the efficient release of reactive "naked" [18F]fluoride, (ii) the high stabilization of the precursor in the reaction, and, presumably, (iii) the ease of access between the precursor and the K18F/M-BTC5A complex facilitated by π-π interactions. [18F]Flumazenil was produced in high radiochemical yield using M-BTC5A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Chang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea.,Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Min Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular and Biophamaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gallagher RT, Basu S, Stuart DR. Trimethoxyphenyl (TMP) as a Useful Auxiliary for
in situ
Formation and Reaction of Aryl(TMP)iodonium Salts: Synthesis of Diaryl Ethers. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rory T. Gallagher
- Department of ChemistryPortland State University Portland Oregon 97201 United States
| | - Souradeep Basu
- Department of ChemistryPortland State University Portland Oregon 97201 United States
| | - David R. Stuart
- Department of ChemistryPortland State University Portland Oregon 97201 United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jang KS, Lee SS, Oh YH, Lee SH, Kim SE, Kim DW, Lee BC, Lee S, Raffel DM. Control of reactivity and selectivity of guanidinyliodonium salts toward 18F-Labeling by monitoring of protecting groups: Experiment and theory. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.109387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
8
|
Kwon YD, Son J, Chun JH. Chemoselective Radiosyntheses of Electron-Rich [18F]Fluoroarenes from Aryl(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium Tosylates. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3678-3686. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Do Kwon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Son
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hyun Chun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vitamin E-inspired multi-scale imaging agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:107-114. [PMID: 30459096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The production and use of multi-modal imaging agents is on the rise. The vast majority of these imaging agents are limited to a single length scale for the agent (e.g. tissues only), which is typically at the organ or tissue scale. This work explores the synthesis of such an imaging agent and discusses the applications of our vitamin E-inspired multi-modal and multi-length scale imaging agents TB-Toc ((S,E)-5,5-difluoro-7-(2-(5-((6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-yl) methyl) thiophen-2-yl) vinyl)-9-methyl-5H-dipyrrolo-[1,2-c:2',1'-f][1,3,2]diazaborinin-4-ium-5-uide). We investigate the toxicity of TB-Toc along with the starting materials and lipid based delivery vehicle in mouse myoblasts and fibroblasts. Further we investigate the uptake of TB-Toc delivered to cultured cells in both solvent and liposomes. TB-Toc has low toxicity, and no change in cell viability was observed up to concentrations of 10 mM. TB-Toc shows time-dependent cellular uptake that is complete in about 30 min. This work is the first step in demonstrating our vitamin E derivatives are viable multi-modal and length scale diagnostic tools.
Collapse
|
10
|
Basuli F, Zhang X, Jagoda EM, Choyke PL, Swenson RE. Rapid synthesis of maleimide functionalized fluorine-18 labeled prosthetic group using "radio-fluorination on the Sep-Pak" method. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:599-605. [PMID: 29575176 PMCID: PMC6295906 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Following our recently published fluorine-18 labeling method, "Radio-fluorination on the Sep-Pak", we have successfully synthesized 6-[18 F]fluoronicotinaldehyde by passing a solution (1:4 acetonitrile: t-butanol) of its quaternary ammonium salt precursor, 6-(N,N,N-trimethylamino)nicotinaldehyde trifluoromethanesulfonate (2), through a fluorine-18 containing anion exchange cartridge (PS-HCO3 ). Over 80% radiochemical conversion was observed using 10 mg of precursor within 1 minute. The [18 F]fluoronicotinaldehyde ([18 F]5) was then conjugated with 1-(6-(aminooxy)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione to prepare the fluorine-18 labeled maleimide functionalized prosthetic group, 6-[18 F]fluoronicotinaldehyde O-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexyl) oxime, 6-[18 F]FPyMHO ([18 F]6). The current Sep-Pak method not only improves the overall radiochemical yield (50 ± 9%, decay-corrected, n = 9) but also significantly reduces the synthesis time (from 60-90 minutes to 30 minutes) when compared with literature methods for the synthesis of similar prosthetic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Basuli
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Elaine M. Jagoda
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter L. Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rolf E. Swenson
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pike VW. Hypervalent aryliodine compounds as precursors for radiofluorination. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:196-227. [PMID: 28981159 PMCID: PMC10081107 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 2 decades or so, hypervalent iodine compounds, such as diaryliodonium salts and aryliodonium ylides, have emerged as useful precursors for labeling homoarenes and heteroarenes with no-carrier-added cyclotron-produced [18 F]fluoride ion (t1/2 = 109.8 min). They permit rapid and effective radiofluorination at electron-rich as well as electron-deficient aryl rings, and often with unrestricted choice of ring position. Consequently, hypervalent aryliodine compounds have found special utility as precursors to various small-molecule 18 F-labeling synthons and to many radiotracers for biomedical imaging with positron emission tomography. This review summarizes this advance in radiofluorination chemistry, with emphasis on precursor synthesis, radiofluorination mechanism, method scope, and method application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Beyzavi MH, Mandal D, Strebl MG, Neumann CN, D’Amato EM, Chen J, Hooker JM, Ritter T. 18F-Deoxyfluorination of Phenols via Ru π-Complexes. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:944-948. [PMID: 28979935 PMCID: PMC5621004 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The deficiency of robust and practical methods for 18F-radiofluorination is a bottleneck for positron emission tomography (PET) tracer development. Here, we report the first transition-metal-assisted 18F-deoxyfluorination of phenols. The transformation benefits from readily available phenols as starting materials, tolerance of moisture and ambient atmosphere, large substrate scope, and translatability to generate doses appropriate for PET imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Hassan Beyzavi
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Debashis Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Martin G. Strebl
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Constanze N. Neumann
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Erica M. D’Amato
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Junting Chen
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02144, United States
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02144, United States
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim TS, Kim BR, Choi P, Kim GG, Vyas CK, Yang SD, Hur MG, Chang DJ, Park JH. Regioselective Iodination of Electron-Rich Coumarin Derivatives using Benzyltrimethylammonium Dichloroiodate with Zinc Chloride. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taek-Soo Kim
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division; Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute; Jeongeup 56212 Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Kim
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division; Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute; Jeongeup 56212 Republic of Korea
| | - Pyeongseok Choi
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division; Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute; Jeongeup 56212 Republic of Korea
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, College of Science and Technology; Dongguk University; Gyeongju 38066 Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Gyun Kim
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division; Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute; Jeongeup 56212 Republic of Korea
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, College of Science and Technology; Dongguk University; Gyeongju 38066 Republic of Korea
| | - Chirag K. Vyas
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division; Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute; Jeongeup 56212 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Dae Yang
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division; Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute; Jeongeup 56212 Republic of Korea
| | - Min Goo Hur
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division; Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute; Jeongeup 56212 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jo Chang
- College of Pharmacy; Sunchon National University; Sunchoen 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Park
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division; Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute; Jeongeup 56212 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhou D, Kim SH, Chu W, Voller T, Katzenellenbogen JA. Evaluation of aromatic radiobromination by nucleophilic substitution using diaryliodonium salt precursors. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:450-456. [PMID: 28512784 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Radiobromine-labeled compounds can be used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging (ie, 76 Br) and for radiation therapy (ie, 77 Br). However, the commonly used electrophilic substitution reaction using no-carrier-added radiobromide does not always afford the desired product due to the high reactivity of the brominating intermediate. A nucleophilic substitution by bromide, such as radiobromination of iodonium precursors, provides an alternative route for the synthesis of bromo-radiopharmaceuticals. The applicability of aromatic radiobromination by nucleophilic substitution using diaryliodonium salt precursors was evaluated using iodonium model compounds and [76 Br]/[77 Br]bromide. Radiobromination was observed under all conditions tested, in up to quantitative yields. A QMA cartridge treatment method and a base-free method have been developed, and no extra base is needed for either methods. The base-free conditions are mild and afford much cleaner reactions. Up to 20% water is tolerated in the reactions without reducing the radiochemical yields. No-carrier-added and carrier-added reactions afforded similar results. 4-Bromobenzaldehyde and 4-bromobenzoate have been radiosynthesized reliably and in good yields. These results indicate that this method is robust and efficient and thus will provide a route for radiobromination of electron-deficient arenes and an alternative route for the synthesis of bromo-radiopharmaceuticals for biological evaluations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhou
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Wenhua Chu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thomas Voller
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee YS, Chun JH, Hodošček M, Pike VW. Crystal Structures of Diaryliodonium Fluorides and Their Implications for Fluorination Mechanisms. Chemistry 2017; 23:4353-4363. [PMID: 28145069 PMCID: PMC5687088 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The radiofluorination of diaryliodonium salts is of value for producing radiotracers for positron emission tomography. We report crystal structures for two diaryliodonium fluorides. Whereas diphenyliodonium fluoride (1 a) exists as a tetramer bridged by four fluoride ions, 2-methylphenyl(phenyl)iodonium fluoride (2 a) forms a fluoride-bridged dimer that is further halogen bonded to two other monomers. We discuss the topological relationships between the two and their implications for fluorination in solution. Both radiofluorination and NMR spectroscopy show that thermolysis of 2 a gives 2-fluorotoluene and fluorobenzene in a 2 to 1 ratio that is in good agreement with the ratio observed from the radiofluorination of 2-methylphenyl(phenyl)iodonium chloride (2 b). The constancy of the product ratio affirms that the fluorinations occur via the same two rapidly interconverting transition states whose energy difference dictates chemoselectivity. From quantum chemical studies with density functional theory we attribute the "ortho-effect" to the favorable electrostatic interaction between the incoming fluoride and the o-methyl in the transition state. By utilizing the crystal structures of 1 a and 2 a, the mechanisms of fluoroarene formation from diaryliodonium fluorides in their monomeric, homodimeric, heterodimeric, and tetrameric states were also investigated. We propose that oligomerization energy dictates whether the fluorination occurs through a monomeric or an oligomeric pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sok Lee
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Office of Intramural Research, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Building 12A, Rm 2049, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joong-Hyun Chun
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Rm. B3C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Present address: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722, South Korea
| | - Milan Hodošček
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Rm. B3C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
van der Born D, Pees A, Poot AJ, Orru RVA, Windhorst AD, Vugts DJ. Fluorine-18 labelled building blocks for PET tracer synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4709-4773. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00492j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive overview of the synthesis and application of fluorine-18 labelled building blocks since 2010.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dion van der Born
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Anna Pees
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Alex J. Poot
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules
- Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)
- VU University Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Linstad EJ, Vāvere AL, Hu B, Kempinger JJ, Snyder SE, DiMagno SG. Thermolysis and radiofluorination of diaryliodonium salts derived from anilines. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:2246-2252. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00253j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic and theoretical studies reveal new reactions of Ar2I salts that can interfere with radiolabeling of these substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J. Linstad
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln
- Lincoln
- USA
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy and Chemistry
| | - Amy L. Vāvere
- Division of Nuclear Medicine
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
- Memphis
- USA
| | - Bao Hu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy and Chemistry
- University of Illinois–Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
| | | | - Scott E. Snyder
- Division of Nuclear Medicine
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
- Memphis
- USA
| | - Stephen G. DiMagno
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy and Chemistry
- University of Illinois–Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yuan Z, Cheng R, Chen P, Liu G, Liang SH. Efficient Pathway for the Preparation of Aryl(isoquinoline)iodonium(III) Salts and Synthesis of Radiofluorinated Isoquinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11882-11886. [PMID: 27554850 PMCID: PMC5175407 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Iodonium compounds play a pivotal role in (18) F-fluorination of radiopharmaceuticals containing non-activated arenes. However, preparation of these species is limited to oxidation conditions or exchange with organometallics that are prepared from aryl halides. Herein we describe a novel "one-pot" process to assemble aryl(isoquinoline)iodonium salts in 40-94 % yields from mesoionic carbene silver complex and Aryl-I-Py2 (OTf)2 . The method is general, practical, and compatible with well-functionalized molecules as well as useful for the preparation of a wide range of (18) F-labeled isoquinolines resulting in up to 92 % radiochemical conversion. As proof of concept, a fluorinated isoquinoline alkaloid, (18) F-aspergillitine is prepared in 10 % isolated radiochemical yield from the corresponding phenyl(aspergillitine)iodonium salt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032 (China)
| | - Ran Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA (USA)
| | - Pinhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032 (China)
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032 (China)
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yuan Z, Cheng R, Chen P, Liu G, Liang SH. Efficient Pathway for the Preparation of Aryl(isoquinoline)iodonium(III) Salts and Synthesis of Radiofluorinated Isoquinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Ran Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; 55 Fruit St. Boston MA USA
| | - Pinhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; 55 Fruit St. Boston MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Guérard F, Lee YS, Baidoo K, Gestin JF, Brechbiel MW. Unexpected Behavior of the Heaviest Halogen Astatine in the Nucleophilic Substitution of Aryliodonium Salts. Chemistry 2016; 22:12332-9. [PMID: 27305065 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aryliodonium salts have become precursors of choice for the synthesis of (18) F-labeled tracers for nuclear imaging. However, little is known on the reactivity of these compounds with heavy halides, that is, radioiodide and astatide, at the radiotracer scale. In the first comparative study of radiohalogenation of aryliodonium salts with (125) I(-) and (211) At(-) , initial experiments on a model compound highlight the higher reactivity of astatide compared to iodide, which could not be anticipated from the trends previously observed within the halogen series. Kinetic studies indicate a significant difference in activation energy (Ea =23.5 and 17.1 kcal mol(-1) with (125) I(-) and (211) At(-) , respectively). Quantum chemical calculations suggest that astatination occurs via the monomeric form of an iodonium complex whereas iodination occurs via a heterodimeric iodonium intermediate. The good to excellent regioselectivity of halogenation and high yields achieved with diversely substituted aryliodonium salts indicate that this class of compounds is a promising alternative to the stannane chemistry currently used for heavy radiohalogen labeling of tracers in nuclear medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Guérard
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA. .,Inserm U892, CNRS UMR6299, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Yong-Sok Lee
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Kwamena Baidoo
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | | | - Martin W Brechbiel
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Seidl TL, Sundalam SK, McCullough B, Stuart DR. Unsymmetrical Aryl(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium Salts: One-Pot Synthesis, Scope, Stability, and Synthetic Studies. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1998-2009. [PMID: 26828570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diaryliodonium salts have recently attracted significant attention as metal-free-arylation reagents in organic synthesis, and efficient access to these salts is critical for advancement of their use in reaction discovery and development. The trimethoxybenzene-derived auxiliary is a promising component of unsymmetrical variants, yet access remains limited. Here, a one-pot synthesis of aryl(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium salts from aryl iodides, m-CPBA, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and trimethoxybenzene is described. Optimization of the reaction conditions for this one-pot synthesis was enabled by the method of multivariate analysis. The reaction is fast (<1 h), provides a high yield of product (>85% average), and has broad substrate scope (>25 examples) including elaborate aryl iodides. The utility of these reagents is demonstrated in moderate to high yielding arylation reactions with C-, N-, O-, and S-nucleophiles including the synthesis of a liquid crystal molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Seidl
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University , Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Sunil K Sundalam
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University , Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Brennen McCullough
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University , Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - David R Stuart
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University , Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Preshlock S, Tredwell M, Gouverneur V. (18)F-Labeling of Arenes and Heteroarenes for Applications in Positron Emission Tomography. Chem Rev 2016; 116:719-66. [PMID: 26751274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diverse radiochemistry is an essential component of nuclear medicine; this includes imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET). As such, PET can track diseases at an early stage of development, help patient care planning through personalized medicine and support drug discovery programs. Fluorine-18 is the most frequently used radioisotope in PET radiopharmaceuticals for both clinical and preclinical research. Its physical and nuclear characteristics (97% β(+) decay, 109.8 min half-life, 635 keV positron energy) and high specific activity make it an attractive nuclide for labeling and molecular imaging. Arenes and heteroarenes are privileged candidates for (18)F-incorporation as they are metabolically robust and therefore widely used by medicinal chemists and radiochemists alike. For many years, the range of (hetero)arenes amenable to (18)F-fluorination was limited by the lack of chemically diverse precursors, and of radiochemical methods allowing (18)F-incorporation in high selectivity and efficiency (radiochemical yield and purity, specific activity, and radio-scalability). The appearance of late-stage fluorination reactions catalyzed by transition metal or small organic molecules (organocatalysis) has encouraged much research on the use of these activation manifolds for (18)F-fluorination. In this piece, we review all of the reactions known to date to install the (18)F substituent and other key (18)F-motifs (e.g., CF3, CHF2, OCF3, SCF3, OCHF2) of medicinal relevance onto (hetero)arenes. The field has changed significantly in the past five years, and the current trend suggests that the radiochemical space available for PET applications will expand rapidly in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Preshlock
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Tredwell
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Haskali MB, Telu S, Lee YS, Morse CL, Lu S, Pike VW. An Investigation of (Diacetoxyiodo)arenes as Precursors for Preparing No-Carrier-Added [(18)F]Fluoroarenes from Cyclotron-Produced [(18)F]Fluoride Ion. J Org Chem 2016; 81:297-302. [PMID: 26641128 PMCID: PMC5573187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of (diacetoxyiodo)arenes (1a-1u) with cyclotron-produced [(18)F]fluoride ion rapidly affords no-carrier-added [(18)F]fluoroarenes (2a-2u) in useful yields and constitutes a new method for converting substituted iodoarenes into substituted [(18)F]fluoroarenes in just two steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad B Haskali
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1003, United States
| | - Sanjay Telu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1003, United States
| | - Yong-Sok Lee
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health , Building 12A, Room 2049, 12 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-5624, United States
| | - Cheryl L Morse
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1003, United States
| | - Shuiyu Lu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1003, United States
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Qin L, Hu B, Neumann KD, Linstad EJ, McCauley K, Veness J, Kempinger JJ, DiMagno SG. A Mild and General One-Pot Synthesis of Densely Functionalized Diaryliodonium Salts. European J Org Chem 2015; 2015:5919-5924. [PMID: 27065751 PMCID: PMC4824678 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diaryliodonium salts are powerful and widely used arylating agents in organic chemistry. Here we report a scalable, synthesis of densely functionalized diaryliodonium salts from aryl iodides under mild conditions. This two-step, one-pot process has remarkable functional group tolerance, is compatible with commonly employed acid-labile protective group strategies, avoids heavy metal and transition metal reagents, and provides a direct route to stable precursors to PET imaging agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Qin
- Department of Chemistry & Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304 (USA), http://chem.unl.edu/dimagno-group
| | - Bao Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304 (USA), http://chem.unl.edu/dimagno-group
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014 (China)
| | - Kiel D. Neumann
- Department of Chemistry & Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304 (USA), http://chem.unl.edu/dimagno-group
| | - Ethan J. Linstad
- Department of Chemistry & Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304 (USA), http://chem.unl.edu/dimagno-group
| | - Katelyenn McCauley
- Department of Chemistry & Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304 (USA), http://chem.unl.edu/dimagno-group
| | - Jordan Veness
- Department of Chemistry & Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304 (USA), http://chem.unl.edu/dimagno-group
| | - Jayson J. Kempinger
- Department of Chemistry & Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304 (USA), http://chem.unl.edu/dimagno-group
| | - Stephen G. DiMagno
- Department of Chemistry & Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304 (USA), http://chem.unl.edu/dimagno-group
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
O’Leary EM, Jones DJ, O’Donovan FP, O'Sullivan TP. Synthesis of fluorinated oxygen- and sulfur-containing heteroaromatics. J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
27
|
Jacobson O, Kiesewetter DO, Chen X. Fluorine-18 radiochemistry, labeling strategies and synthetic routes. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 26:1-18. [PMID: 25473848 PMCID: PMC4306521 DOI: 10.1021/bc500475e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-18 is the most frequently used radioisotope in positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals in both clinical and preclinical research. Its physical and nuclear characteristics (97% β(+) decay, 109.7 min half-life, 635 keV positron energy), along with high specific activity and ease of large scale production, make it an attractive nuclide for radiochemical labeling and molecular imaging. Versatile chemistry including nucleophilic and electrophilic substitutions allows direct or indirect introduction of (18)F into molecules of interest. The significant increase in (18)F radiotracers for PET imaging accentuates the need for simple and efficient (18)F-labeling procedures. In this review, we will describe the current radiosynthesis routes and strategies for (18)F labeling of small molecules and biomolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orit Jacobson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Imaging has played an important part in the diagnosis of disease and development of the understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms and is now poised to make an impact in the development of new pharmaceuticals. This chapter discusses the underlying technologies that make the field ready for this challenge. In particular, the potentials of magnetic resonance imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging are outlined, including the new methods developed to provide additional information from the scans carried out. The field of nuclear medicine has seen a rapid increase in interest as advances in radiochemistry have enabled a wide range of new radiotracers to be synthesised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Nairne
- GE Healthcare, The Grove Centre, Amersham, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B Iveson
- GE Healthcare, The Grove Centre, Amersham, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ermert J. 18F-labelled intermediates for radiosynthesis by modular build-up reactions: newer developments. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:812973. [PMID: 25343144 PMCID: PMC4197889 DOI: 10.1155/2014/812973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This brief review gives an overview of newer developments in (18)F-chemistry with the focus on small (18)F-labelled molecules as intermediates for modular build-up syntheses. The short half-life (<2 h) of the radionuclide requires efficient syntheses of these intermediates considering that multistep syntheses are often time consuming and characterized by a loss of yield in each reaction step. Recent examples of improved synthesis of (18)F-labelled intermediates show new possibilities for no-carrier-added ring-fluorinated arenes, novel intermediates for tri[(18)F]fluoromethylation reactions, and (18)F-fluorovinylation methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ermert
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ichiishi N, Brooks A, Topczewski JJ, Rodnick ME, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. Copper-catalyzed [18F]fluorination of (mesityl)(aryl)iodonium salts. Org Lett 2014; 16:3224-7. [PMID: 24890658 PMCID: PMC4076000 DOI: 10.1021/ol501243g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A practical, rapid, and highly regioselective Cu-catalyzed radiofluorination of (mesityl)(aryl)iodonium salts is described. This protocol utilizes [(18)F]KF to access (18)F-labeled electron-rich, -neutral, and -deficient aryl fluorides under a single set of mild conditions. This methodology is applied to the synthesis of protected versions of two important radiotracers: 4-[(18)F]fluorophenylalanine and 6-[(18)F]fluoroDOPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Ichiishi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Allen
F. Brooks
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical
School, 1301 Catherine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joseph J. Topczewski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Melissa E. Rodnick
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical
School, 1301 Catherine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical
School, 1301 Catherine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, University
of Michigan, 428 Church
Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Richarz R, Krapf P, Zarrad F, Urusova EA, Neumaier B, Zlatopolskiy BD. Neither azeotropic drying, nor base nor other additives: a minimalist approach to 18F-labeling. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8094-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01336k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel radiofluorination procedure using only precursor and [18F]fluoride without the need for azeotropic drying, base and other ingredients was developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Richarz
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging
- University Clinic Cologne
- 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Metabolic Research
- 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - P. Krapf
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging
- University Clinic Cologne
- 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Metabolic Research
- 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - F. Zarrad
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging
- University Clinic Cologne
- 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Metabolic Research
- 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - E. A. Urusova
- Max Planck Institute of Metabolic Research
- 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - B. Neumaier
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging
- University Clinic Cologne
- 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Metabolic Research
- 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - B. D. Zlatopolskiy
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging
- University Clinic Cologne
- 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Metabolic Research
- 50931 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fehler SK, Maschauer S, Höfling SB, Bartuschat AL, Tschammer N, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Prante O, Heinrich MR. Fast and efficient (18) F-labeling by [(18) f]fluorophenylazocarboxylic esters. Chemistry 2013; 20:370-5. [PMID: 24339325 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of [(18) F]fluoride ion into the aromatic core of phenylazocarboxylic esters was achieved in only 30 seconds, with radiochemical yields of up to 95 % (85(±10) %). For labeling purposes, the resulting (18) F-substituted azoester can be further converted in radical-arylation reactions to give biaryls, or in substitutions at its carbonyl unit to produce azocarboxamides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie K Fehler
- Abteilung für Chemie und Pharmazie, Pharmazeutische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen (Germany)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|