1
|
Stäter S, Woering EF, Lombeck F, Sommer M, Hildner R. Hexylation Stabilises Twisted Backbone Configurations in the Prototypical Low-Bandgap Copolymer PCDTBT. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300971. [PMID: 38372667 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated donor-acceptor copolymers hold great potential as materials for high-performance organic photovoltaics, organic transistors and organic thermoelectric devices. Their low optical bandgap is achieved by alternation of donor and acceptor moieties along the polymer chain, leading to a pronounced charge-transfer character of electronic excitations. However, the influence of appended side chains and of chemical defects of the backbone on their photophysical and conformational properties remains largely unexplored on the level of individual chains. Here, we employ room temperature single-molecule photoluminescence spectroscopy on four compounds based on the prototypical copolymer PCDTBT with systematically changed chemical structure. Our results show that an increasing density of statistically added hexyl chains to the TBT comonomer distorts the molecular conformation, likely through the increase of average dihedral angles along the backbone. We find that, although the conformation becomes more twisted with high hexyl density, the side chains appear to stabilize the backbone in this twisted conformation. In addition, we demonstrate that homocoupling defects along the backbone barely influence the PL spectra of single chains, and thus intra-chain electronic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stäter
- University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, 9747AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Erik F Woering
- University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, 9747AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Florian Lombeck
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, Universität Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Michael Sommer
- TU Chemnitz, Institute for Chemistry, Str. der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Richard Hildner
- University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, 9747AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Patrikar K, Rao VR, Kabra D, Mondal A. Understanding the Microscopic Origin of the Contact Resistance at the Polymer-Electrode Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49427-49435. [PMID: 37830921 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Contact resistance (RC) in organic devices originates from a mismatch in energy levels between injecting electrodes and organic semiconductors (OSCs). However, the microscopic effects governing charge transfer between electrodes and the OSCs have not been analyzed in detail. We fabricated transistors with different OSCs (PTB7, PCDTBT, and PTB7-Th) and electrodes (MoO3, Au, and Ag) and measured their contact resistance. Regardless of the electrodes, devices with PTB7-Th exhibit the lowest values of RC. To explain the trends observed, first-principles computations were performed on contact interfaces based on the projector operator diabatization method. Our results revealed that differences in energy levels and the electronic couplings between OSCs' highest occupied molecular orbitals and vacant states on the electrodes influence device RC. Further, based on values obtained from the first-principles, the rate of charge transfer between OSCs and electrodes is calculated and found to correlate strongly with trends in RC for devices with different OSCs. We thus show that device RC is governed by the feasibility of charge transfer at the contact interface and hence determined by energy levels and electronic coupling among orbitals and states located on OSCs and electrodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Patrikar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - V Ramgopal Rao
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Dinesh Kabra
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Anirban Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sundaresan C, Josse P, Vebber MC, Brusso J, Lu J, Tao Y, Alem S, Lessard BH. Design of ternary additive for organic photovoltaics: a cautionary tale. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10029-10036. [PMID: 35424912 PMCID: PMC8965687 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00540a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon phthalocyanines as ternary additives are a promising way to increase the performance of organic photovoltaics. The miscibility of the additive and the donor polymer plays a significant role in the enhancement of the device performance, therefore, ternary additives can be designed to better interact with the conjugated polymer. We synthesized N-9′-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole functionalized SiPc ((CBzPho)2-SiPc), a ternary additive with increased miscibility in poly[N-90-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT). The resulting additive was included into PCDTBT and [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester as bulk (PC71BM) heterojunction OPV devices as a ternary additive. While the (CBzPho)2-SiPc demonstrated strong EQE >30% contribution in the range of 650–730 nm, the overall performance was reduced because (CBzPho)2-SiPc acted as a hole trap due to its high-lying HOMO energy level. This study demonstrates the importance of the solubility, miscibility, and energy level engineering of the ternary additive when designing organic photovoltaic devices. Silicon phthalocyanines with carbazole axial functional groups were synthesized to improve the miscibility in PCDTBT and for use as ternary additives in organic photovoltaics.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chithiravel Sundaresan
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa 161 Louis Pasteur Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada .,Advanced Electronics and Photonics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada Ottawa ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Pierre Josse
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa 161 Louis Pasteur Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada .,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Mário C Vebber
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa 161 Louis Pasteur Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Jaclyn Brusso
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Jianping Lu
- Advanced Electronics and Photonics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada Ottawa ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Ye Tao
- Advanced Electronics and Photonics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada Ottawa ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Salima Alem
- Advanced Electronics and Photonics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada Ottawa ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Benoît H Lessard
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa 161 Louis Pasteur Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada .,School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa 800 King Edward Ave. Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Zappia S, Veronese L, Forni A, Dattilo S, Samperi F, Dagar J, Brown TM, Panigati M, Destri S. Carbazole-Pyridazine copolymers and their rhenium complexes: effect of the molecular structure on the electronic properties. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Derince B, Gorgun K, Caglar Y, Caglar M. Architectural design of new conjugated systems carrying donor-π-acceptor groups (carbazole-CF3): Characterizations, optical, photophysical properties and DSSC's applications. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
7
|
Zheng X, Miao X, Xiao Y, Guo L, Wang Y, Hu T, Gong X, Wu C, Xiong C. Durable polymer solar cells produced by the encapsulation of a WSe 2 hole-transport layer and β-carotene as an active layer additive. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi01458g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
WSe2 nanoflakes are obtained by liquid-phase exfoliation. Polymer solar cells with NF-WSe2 as the hole transport layer (HTL) are realized with superior photovoltaic characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zheng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Lightweight Materials and Processing, and School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Xin Miao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Lightweight Materials and Processing, and School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Yufei Xiao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Lightweight Materials and Processing, and School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Lightweight Materials and Processing, and School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Yalin Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Lightweight Materials and Processing, and School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Lightweight Materials and Processing, and School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Xinghou Gong
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Lightweight Materials and Processing, and School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Chonggang Wu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Lightweight Materials and Processing, and School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Chuanxi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Çağlılar T, Behçet A, Celepci DB, Aktaş A, Gök Y, Aygün M. Benzimidazole-functionalized PEPPSI type Pd(II)NHC complexes bearing nitrophenylethyl and hidroxyphenylethyl group: Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure and it's catalytic activity on direct arylation reaction. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
9
|
Babu NS, Vuai SAH. Theoretical studies of optoelectronic and photovoltaic properties of D-A polymer monomers by Density Functional Theory (DFT). Des Monomers Polym 2021; 24:224-237. [PMID: 34366700 PMCID: PMC8317939 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2021.1956209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research article, the new donor–acceptor (D–A) monomers developed using 4-methoxy-9-methyl-9 H-carbazole (MMCB) as electron donors and various electron acceptors. DFT and TD-DFT methods at the level of B3LYP with a 6–311 G basis set in a gas and chloroform solvent were used to calculate electronic and optoelectronic properties. To dissect the relationship between the molecular and optoelectronic structures, the impacts of specific acceptors on the geometry of molecules and optoelectronic properties of these D–A monomers were discussed. The calculations are also carried out on HOMO–LUMO, atomic orbital densities. The calculated band gap Eg of the monomers considered increases 3,6-MMCB-OCP ≈ 3,6-MMCB-BCO < 3,6-MMCB-SDP < 3,6-MMCB-SCP < 3,6-MMCB-TCP < 3,6-MMCB-TDP < 3,6-MMCB-BCS < 3,6-MMCB-BCT in both in the gas and solvent phases. Subsequently, the optoelectrical properties of EHOMO, ELUMO, Eopt, and EB energies were critically updated. Compared to different monomers, the far lower Eg of the 3,6-MMCB-OCP and 3,6-CB-BCO has shown optoelectronic applications in organic solar cells like BHJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Numbury Surendra Babu
- Computational Quantum Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, the University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Said A H Vuai
- Computational Quantum Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, the University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ye L, Thompson BC. p-Cymene: A Sustainable Solvent that is Highly Compatible with Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP). ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:714-719. [PMID: 35549099 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For over a decade, Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP) has been demonstrated to be an eco-friendly, facile, and low-cost alternative to conventional methodologies such as Stille polymerization for conjugated polymer synthesis. By accessing through a C-H activation pathway, DArP offers a reduction of synthetic steps while eliminating the generation of stoichiometric, highly toxic organotin byproducts. However, as the major component in these reactions, the solvents most prevalently employed for DArP are hazardous and produced from unsustainable sources, such as dimethylacetamide (DMA), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and toluene. Although the use of sustainable alternative solvents such as 2-MeTHF and cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) has recently emerged, drawbacks of ethereal solvents include the need for a pressurized reaction setup as well as potential peroxide formation. While aromatic solvents are superior in solubilizing conjugated polymers, very little has been done in searching for more sustainable, benign alternatives for this class of solvent. Herein, we report the application of a sustainable, naturally sourced, high-boiling aromatic solvent, p-cymene, to DArP for the first time. p-Cymene was found to display excellent solubilizing ability in the synthesis of a broad scope of alternating copolymers with Mn up to 51.3 kg/mol and yields up to 96.2%, outperforming those prepared using CPME and toluene. Structural analysis revealed the exclusion of defects in these polymers prepared using p-cymene as the solvent which, in the case of a 2,2'-bithiophene monomer, is challenging to access through the use of conventional solvents for DArP, such as DMA and toluene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vuai SAH, Babu NS. Theoretical design of low bandgap donor-acceptor (D-A) monomers for polymer solar cells: DFT and TD-DFT study. Des Monomers Polym 2021; 24:123-135. [PMID: 34104070 PMCID: PMC8118470 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2021.1921923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Endeavors have been made to construct new donor-acceptor (D-A) monomers utilizing 9 H-carbazole (CB) as electron donors and different electron acceptors. All estimations were finished using DFT and TD-DFT, and B3LYP level with a 6-311 G basis set in the gas and chloroform solvent. The impacts of the distinctive acceptors on the geometry of molecules and optoelectronic properties of these D-A monomers were discussed to dissect the connection connecting the molecular structures and the optoelectronic properties. Likewise, the HOMO - LUMO energies, atomic orbital densities are calculated theoretically. Notwithstanding the charge transfer measure between the carbazole electron donor unit and the electron acceptor one is upheld by breaking down the optical spectra of the acquired monomers and the restriction of involved HOMO and LUMO. The outcomes show that the D-A monomers, CB-ODP, CB-TDP, and CB-SDP, are acceptable for optoelectronic applications in organic solar cells like BHJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Said A H Vuai
- Computational Quantum Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Numbury Surendra Babu
- Computational Quantum Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Naqvi S, Chaudhary N, Singhal S, Yadav P, Patra A. Hole Transport Materials by Direct C‐H Arylation for Organic Solar Cells: Effect of Structure and Conjugation on Electrical, Optical and Computational Properties. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheerin Naqvi
- Photovoltaic Metrology Section Advanced Materials and Device Metrology Division CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg New Delhi 110012 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Neeraj Chaudhary
- Photovoltaic Metrology Section Advanced Materials and Device Metrology Division CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg New Delhi 110012 India
| | - Sanchita Singhal
- Photovoltaic Metrology Section Advanced Materials and Device Metrology Division CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg New Delhi 110012 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Preeti Yadav
- Photovoltaic Metrology Section Advanced Materials and Device Metrology Division CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg New Delhi 110012 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Asit Patra
- Photovoltaic Metrology Section Advanced Materials and Device Metrology Division CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg New Delhi 110012 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Benzothiadiazole-based Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cells. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
14
|
Liu H, Zhu Z, Li H, Fan W, Ning K, Su C, Ren J, Wang L. Copolymers based on trialkylsilylethynyl-phenyl substituted benzodithiophene building blocks for efficient organic solar cells. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03555j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trialkylsilylethynyl-phenyl was explored as a side chain to construct a benzodithiophene-containing polymer that demonstrated a PCE of 7.81% in organic solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifen Liu
- School of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zixuan Zhu
- School of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Huafeng Li
- Lucky Film Co., Ltd, Baoding 071054, China
| | - Weili Fan
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Kaihua Ning
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Chao Su
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jingpeng Ren
- School of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sharma VS, Sharma AS, Ganga VSR, Shrivastav PS, Shah PA, Agarwal N. Room-temperature blue-light-emitting liquid crystalline materials based on phenanthroimidazole-substituted carbazole derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04234c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report disc-shaped materials with the A–Π–D molecular architecture based on the phenanthroimidazole-linked carbazole group as blue-light-emitting materials with room-temperature liquid crystalline properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay S. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Anuj S. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Venkata Subba Rao Ganga
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Pranav S. Shrivastav
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Priyanka A. Shah
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Nikhil Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Science, Madhav University, Sirohi, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Asandulesa M, Kostromin S, Podshivalov A, Tameev A, Bronnikov S. Relaxation processes in a polymer composite for bulk heterojunction: A dielectric spectroscopy study. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
17
|
Biernat M, Dąbczyński P, Biernat P, Rysz J. Phase Separation in PCDTBT:PCBM Blends: from Flory-Huggins Interaction Parameters to Ternary Phase Diagrams. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
18
|
Liu F, Xiao C, Feng G, Li C, Wu Y, Zhou E, Li W. End Group Engineering on the Side Chains of Conjugated Polymers toward Efficient Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:6151-6158. [PMID: 31918543 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Side chains properties of conjugated polymers, such as the length, branching point, and heteroatom, have been widely studied for application in organic solar cells (OSCs), but the end groups of side chains have been rarely reported. In this work, we systematically explored a series of new conjugated polymers with distinct side-chain end groups for high performance non-fullerene OSCs. The key components for the polymers contained functionalized units as the end groups of side chains, such as Br, alkyloxy (OMe), and alkylthienyl (T) groups. We found that the new conjugated polymers have similar absorption spectra and crystallinity with the polymer without substitution, but they showed distinct photovoltaic performance in solar cells. When the polymer without functionalized units had a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.94%, the modified conjugated polymers provided high PCEs of over 13% with significantly enhanced photocurrent and fill factors. In addition, they also show additive-free and highly stable characteristics. These results demonstrate that end group engineering on side chains is a promising strategy to design new conjugated polymers toward efficient OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University , Baoding 071002 , P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Chengyi Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Guitao Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Cheng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University , Baoding 071002 , P. R. China
| | - Erjun Zhou
- Henan Institutes of Advanced Technology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450003 , P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Irgen-Gioro S, Roy P, Padgaonkar S, Harel E. Low energy excited state vibrations revealed in conjugated copolymer PCDTBT. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:044201. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5132299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Irgen-Gioro
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Palas Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Suyog Padgaonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Elad Harel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mao S, Shi X, Soulé JF, Doucet H. Direct Arylations of Heteroarenes with Benzenesulfonyl Chlorides Using Pd/C Catalyst. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Mao
- CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226; Univ Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
| | - Xinzhe Shi
- CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226; Univ Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
| | | | - Henri Doucet
- CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226; Univ Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Matt C, Stry K, Matsidik R, Sommer M, Biskup T. Two competing acceptors: Electronic structure of PNDITBT probed by time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:234901. [PMID: 31864273 DOI: 10.1063/1.5128469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Balanced charge transport is particularly important for transistors. Hence, ambipolar organic semiconductors with comparable transport capabilities for both positive and negative charges are highly sought-after. Here, we report detailed insights into the electronic structure of PNDITBT, which is an alternating copolymer of naphthalene diimide (NDI), thiophene, benzothiodiazole (B), and thiophene (T) units, as gained by time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy combined with quantum-chemical calculations. The results are compared to those obtained for PNDIT2 and PCDTBT, which are derivatives without B and NDI acceptor units, respectively. These two polymers show dominant n- and p-channel behavior in organic field-effect transistors. The TBT moiety clearly dominates the electronic structure of PNDITBT, although less so than in PCDTBT. Furthermore, the triplet exciton most probably delocalizes along the backbone, exhibits a highly homogeneous environment, and planarizes the polymer backbone. Obtaining the zero-field splitting tensors of these triplet states by means of quantum-chemical calculations reveals the triplet energy sublevel associated with the molecular axis parallel to the backbone to be preferentially populated, while the one perpendicular to the aromatic plane is not populated at all, consistent with the spin-density distribution. PNDITBT consisting of two acceptors (NDI and B) has a complex electronic structure, as evident from the two charge-transfer bands in its absorption spectrum. TREPR spectroscopy provides a detailed insight on a molecular level not available by and complementing other methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Matt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja Stry
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rukiya Matsidik
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Polymerchemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Recent advances in molecular design of functional conjugated polymers for high-performance polymer solar cells. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
23
|
Matt C, Lombeck F, Sommer M, Biskup T. Impact of Side Chains of Conjugated Polymers on Electronic Structure: A Case Study. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E870. [PMID: 31086059 PMCID: PMC6572471 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing from solution is a crucial aspect of organic semiconductors, as it is at the heart of the promise of easy and inexpensive manufacturing of devices. Introducing alkyl side chains is an approach often used to increase solubility and enhance miscibility in blends. The influence of these side chains on the electronic structure, although highly important for a detailed understanding of the structure-function relationship of these materials, is still barely understood. Here, we use time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy with its molecular resolution to investigate the role of alkyl side chains on the polymer PCDTBT and a series of its building blocks with increasing length. Comparing our results to the non-hexylated compounds allows us to distinguish four different factors determining exciton delocalization. Detailed quantum-chemical calculations (DFT) allows us to further interpret our spectroscopic data and to relate our findings to the molecular geometry. Alkylation generally leads to more localized excitons, most prominent only for the polymer. Furthermore, singlet excitons are more delocalized than the corresponding triplet excitons, despite the larger dihedral angles within the backbone found for the singlet-state geometries. Our results show TREPR spectroscopy of triplet excitons to be well suited for investigating crucial aspects of the structure-function relationship of conjugated polymers used as organic semiconductors on a molecular basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Matt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Florian Lombeck
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Till Biskup
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Reichsöllner E, Creamer A, Cong S, Casey A, Eder S, Heeney M, Glöcklhofer F. Fast and Selective Post-polymerization Modification of Conjugated Polymers Using Dimethyldioxirane. Front Chem 2019; 7:123. [PMID: 30915327 PMCID: PMC6421264 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of functional groups attached to conjugated polymer backbones can drastically alter the material properties. Oxidation of electron-donating thioalkyl substituents to electron-withdrawing sulfoxides or sulfones is a particularly effective modification. However, so far, this reaction has not been studied for the modification of conjugated polymers used in organic electronics. Crucial questions regarding selectivity and reaction time waited to be addressed. Here, we show that the reaction is highly selective and complete within just a few minutes when using dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) for the oxidation of thioalkyl substituents attached to the well-investigated conjugated polymers poly(9-(1-octylnonyl)carbazole-alt-4,7-dithienylbenzothiadiazole) (PCDTBT) and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT). The selectivity was confirmed by comparison with polymers obtained from pre-oxidized monomers and by control experiments using related polymers without thioalkyl substituents. Using DMDO, the oxidation yields acetone as the only side-product, which reduces the work-up to mere evaporation of solvents and excessive reagent. Our results show that this oxidation is an exciting method for the preparation of electron-deficient conjugated polymers. It may even allow the preparation of electron acceptors for solar cells directly from the electron donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Creamer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shengyu Cong
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abby Casey
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Eder
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Biskup T. Structure-Function Relationship of Organic Semiconductors: Detailed Insights From Time-Resolved EPR Spectroscopy. Front Chem 2019; 7:10. [PMID: 30775359 PMCID: PMC6367236 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPV) is a promising technology to account for the increasing demand for energy in form of electricity. Whereas the last decades have seen tremendous progress in the field witnessed by the steady increase in efficiency of OPV devices, we still lack proper understanding of fundamental aspects of light-energy conversion, demanding for systematic investigation on a fundamental level. A detailed understanding of the electronic structure of semiconducting polymers and their building blocks is essential to develop efficient materials for organic electronics. Illuminating conjugated polymers not only leads to excited states, but sheds light on some of the most important aspects of device efficiency in organic electronics as well. The interplay between electronic structure, morphology, flexibility, and local ordering, while at the heart of structure-function relationship of organic electronic materials, is still barely understood. (Time-resolved) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is particularly suited to address these questions, allowing one to directly detect paramagnetic states and to reveal their spin-multiplicity, besides its clearly superior spectral resolution compared to optical methods. This article aims at giving a non-specialist audience an overview of what EPR spectroscopy and particularly its time-resolved variant (TREPR) can contribute to unraveling aspects of structure-function relationship in organic semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Till Biskup
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pankow RM, Ye L, Thompson BC. Influence of an ester directing-group on defect formation in the synthesis of conjugated polymers via direct arylation polymerization (DArP) using sustainable solvents. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00815b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the application of green solvents in DArP and the structure-dependent β-defect formation due to an ester directing group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Pankow
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
McAfee SM, Welch GC. Development of Organic Dye‐Based Molecular Materials for Use in Fullerene‐Free Organic Solar Cells. CHEM REC 2018; 19:989-1007. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seth M. McAfee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, AB Canada T2 N 1 N4
| | - Gregory C. Welch
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, AB Canada T2 N 1 N4
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ponomarenko AT, Tameev AR, Shevchenko VG. Synthesis of polymers and modification of polymeric materials in electromagnetic fields. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
29
|
Du X, Lin H, Chen X, Tao S, Zheng C, Zhang X. Ternary organic solar cells with a phase-modulated surface distribution via the addition of a small molecular luminescent dye to obtain a high efficiency over 10.5. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:16455-16467. [PMID: 30152834 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04335c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of a ternary organic component is an effective strategy to enhance the performance of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs). In this study, a small molecule luminescent dye, C545T, was first doped into blends of PTB7-Th/PC71BM and PTB7/PC71BM as a third component to fabricate ternary OSCs. It is demonstrated that C545T can disrupt the severe vertical distribution in the binary blend and effectively modulate the novel surface chemical configuration by improving the self-assembly process of the polymer donor, as a result of the good miscibility among the active layer materials and the π-π interactions between PC71BM and C545T. The obtained homogeneously bicontinuous BHJ with numerous interpenetrating nanofibers optimizes the domain size of exciton diffusion and the length of charge transfer. The energy transfer between C545T and polymers changes the transmission path of photo-generated excitons, which together improve the exciton dissociation process and reduce the recombination loss. Champion power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 10.69% and 9.42% were achieved by the ternary blends of PTB7-Th/C545T/PC71BM and PTB7/C545T/PC71BM, respectively, which correspond to a nearly 20% enhancement over their binary counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Du
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ayoub SA, Lagowski JB. Assessment of the performance of four dispersion-corrected DFT methods using optoelectronic properties and binding energies of organic monomer/fullerene pairs. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
31
|
Matt C, Meyer DL, Lombeck F, Sommer M, Biskup T. TBT Entirely Dominates the Electronic Structure of the Conjugated Copolymer PCDTBT: Insights from Time-Resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Matt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Deborah L. Meyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Lombeck
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lee SM, Park KH, Jung S, Park H, Yang C. Stepwise heating in Stille polycondensation toward no batch-to-batch variations in polymer solar cell performance. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1867. [PMID: 29760443 PMCID: PMC5951883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
For a given π-conjugated polymer, the batch-to-batch variations in molecular weight (Mw) and polydispersity index (Ð) can lead to inconsistent process-dependent material properties and consequent performance variations in the device application. Using a stepwise-heating protocol in the Stille polycondensation in conjunction with optimized processing, we obtained an ultrahigh-quality PTB7 polymer having high Mw and very narrow Ð. The resulting ultrahigh-quality polymer-based solar cells demonstrate up to 9.97% power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), which is over 24% enhancement from the control devices fabricated with commercially available PTB7. Moreover, we observe almost negligible batch-to-batch variations in the overall PCE values from ultrahigh-quality polymer-based devices. The proposed stepwise polymerization demonstrates a facile and effective strategy for synthesizing high-quality semiconducting polymers that can significantly improve device yield in polymer-based solar cells, an important factor for the commercialization of organic solar cells, by mitigating device-to-device variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Myeon Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungon Jung
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesung Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Umeyama T, Takahara S, Shibata S, Igarashi K, Higashino T, Mishima K, Yamashita K, Imahori H. cis-1 Isomers of tethered bismethano[70]fullerene as electron acceptors in organic photovoltaics. RSC Adv 2018; 8:18316-18326. [PMID: 35541128 PMCID: PMC9080571 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02896f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isomer-controlled [70]fullerene bis-adducts can achieve high performance as electron-acceptors in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) because of their stronger absorption intensities than [60]fullerene derivatives, higher LUMO energy levels than mono-adducts, and less structural and energetic disorder than random isomer mixtures. Especially, attractive are cis-1 isomers that have the closest proximity of addends owing to their plausible more regular close packed structure. In this study, propylene-tethered cis-1 bismethano[70]fullerene with two methyl, ethyl, phenyl, or thienyl groups were rationally designed and prepared for the first time to investigate the OPV performances with an amorphous conjugated polymer donor (PCDTBT). The cis-1 products were found to be a mixture of two regioisomers, α-1-α and α-1-β as major and minor components, respectively. Among them, the cis-1 product with two ethyl groups (Et2-cis-1-[70]PBC) showed the highest OPV performance, encouraging us to isolate its α-1-α isomer (Et2-α-1-α-[70]PBC) by high-performance liquid chromatography. OPV devices based on Et2-cis-1-[70]PBC and Et2-α-1-α-[70]PBC with PCDTBT showed open-circuit voltages of 0.844 V and 0.864 V, respectively, which were higher than that of a device with typical [70]fullerene mono-adduct, [70]PCBM (0.831 V) with a lower LUMO level. However, the short-circuit current densities and resultant power conversion efficiencies of the devices with Et2-cis-1-[70]PBC (9.24 mA cm−2, 4.60%) and Et2-α-1-α-[70]PBC (6.35 mA cm−2, 3.25%) were lower than those of the device with [70]PCBM (10.8 mA cm−2, 5.8%) due to their inferior charge collection efficiencies. The results obtained here reveal that cis-1 [70]fullerene bis-adducts do not guarantee better OPV performance and that further optimization of the substituent structures is necessary. cis-1 Isomers of [70]fullerene bis-adducts were utilized as electron-acceptors in organic photovoltaic devices for the first time.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Umeyama
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Shogo Takahara
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Sho Shibata
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Kensho Igarashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Tomohiro Higashino
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Department of Chemical System Engineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Koichi Yamashita
- Department of Chemical System Engineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Otsuka R, Wang Y, Mori T, Michinobu T. Linear-type carbazoledioxazine-based organic semiconductors: the effect of backbone planarity on the molecular orientation and charge transport properties. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9822-9832. [PMID: 35540857 PMCID: PMC9078715 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01088a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a linear-type dibromocarbazoledioxazine (CZ) derivative as a new precursor for semiconducting polymers. The chemical structures of the CZ unit and its polymers with thiophene or thienothiophene spacers (namely, PCZT and PCZTT) were fully characterized. PCZT and PCZTT possessed similar medium optical band gap (Eoptg) and electrochemical band gap (Ecvg) of around 1.70 eV estimated from the onset absorption and electrochemical redox potentials of the thin films, respectively. Computational density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested that the backbone of the PCZT might be highly twisted, while that of PCZTT could be very planar. The effect of different backbone geometries on the charge–transport properties was studied by using thin film transistors (TFTs). The TFT device based on PCZTT showed a four times higher hole mobility as compared to that based on PCZT. The superior TFT performances of PCZTT were reasonably attributed to its edge-on backbone packing orientations toward the Si substrate revealed by the grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), which was favorable for in-plane charge transport in the TFT devices. A linear-type dibromocarbazoledioxazine (CZ) derivative and its two polymers are newly designed and synthesized. Structure–property relationship studies reveal that PCZTT shows a four times higher hole mobility than PCZT.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikuo Otsuka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
| | - Takehiko Mori
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tan SE, Sarjadi MS. The recent development of carbazole-, benzothiadiazole-, and isoindigo-based copolymers for solar cells application: A review. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090417050141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
36
|
Random multiacceptor poly(2,7‐carbazole) derivatives containing the pentacyclic lactam acceptor unit TPTI for bulk heterojunction solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
37
|
Polymer solar cells with improved power conversion efficiency using solvent mixtures. Chem Res Chin Univ 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-017-6266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
38
|
Fast oxygen diffusion and iodide defects mediate oxygen-induced degradation of perovskite solar cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15218. [PMID: 28492235 PMCID: PMC5437277 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylammonium lead halide perovskites are attracting intense interest as promising materials for next-generation solar cells, but serious issues related to long-term stability need to be addressed. Perovskite films based on CH3NH3PbI3 undergo rapid degradation when exposed to oxygen and light. Here, we report mechanistic insights into this oxygen-induced photodegradation from a range of experimental and computational techniques. We find fast oxygen diffusion into CH3NH3PbI3 films is accompanied by photo-induced formation of highly reactive superoxide species. Perovskite films composed of small crystallites show higher yields of superoxide and lower stability. Ab initio simulations indicate that iodide vacancies are the preferred sites in mediating the photo-induced formation of superoxide species from oxygen. Thin-film passivation with iodide salts is shown to enhance film and device stability. The understanding of degradation phenomena gained from this study is important for the future design and optimization of stable perovskite solar cells. Determining the degradation pathways in lead halide perovskites is key to its development as a viable solar technology. Aristidou et al. identify iodide vacancies as the preferred sites in mediating the photo-induced formation of superoxide species from intercalated oxygen.
Collapse
|
39
|
Bura T, Beaupré S, Légaré MA, Quinn J, Rochette E, Blaskovits JT, Fontaine FG, Pron A, Li Y, Leclerc M. Direct heteroarylation polymerization: guidelines for defect-free conjugated polymers. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3913-3925. [PMID: 28966781 PMCID: PMC5578375 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00589j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct (hetero)arylation polymerization (DHAP) has emerged as a valuable and atom-economical alternative to traditional cross-coupling methods for the synthesis of low-cost and efficient conjugated polymers for organic electronics. However, when applied to the synthesis of certain (hetero)arene-based materials, a lack of C-H bond selectivity has been observed. To prevent such undesirable side-reactions, we report the design and synthesis of new, bulky, phosphine-based ligands that significantly enhance selectivity of the DHAP process for both halogenated and non-halogenated electron-rich and electron-deficient thiophene-based comonomers. To better understand the selectivity issues, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed on various halogenated and non-halogenated electron-rich and electron-deficient thiophene-based comonomers. Calculations showed that the presence of bromine atoms decreases the energy of activation (Ea) of the adjacent C-H bonds, allowing undesirable β-defects for some brominated aromatic units. Both calculations and the new ligands should lead to the rational design of monomers and methods for the preparation of defect-free conjugated polymers from DHAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bura
- Canada Research Chair on Electroactive and Photoactive Polymers , Department of Chemistry , Université Laval , Quebec City , Quebec G1V 0A6 , Canada .
| | - Serge Beaupré
- Canada Research Chair on Electroactive and Photoactive Polymers , Department of Chemistry , Université Laval , Quebec City , Quebec G1V 0A6 , Canada .
| | - Marc-André Légaré
- Department of Chemistry , Université Laval , Quebec City , Quebec G1V 0A6 , Canada
| | - Jesse Quinn
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Etienne Rochette
- Department of Chemistry , Université Laval , Quebec City , Quebec G1V 0A6 , Canada
| | - J Terence Blaskovits
- Canada Research Chair on Electroactive and Photoactive Polymers , Department of Chemistry , Université Laval , Quebec City , Quebec G1V 0A6 , Canada .
| | | | - Agnieszka Pron
- Merck Chemicals Ltd , Chilworth Technical Centre , SO16 7QD , UK (A Subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
| | - Yuning Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Mario Leclerc
- Canada Research Chair on Electroactive and Photoactive Polymers , Department of Chemistry , Université Laval , Quebec City , Quebec G1V 0A6 , Canada .
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Noh H, Diaz AJ, Solares SD. Analysis and modification of defective surface aggregates on PCDTBT:PCBM solar cell blends using combined Kelvin probe, conductive and bimodal atomic force microscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:579-589. [PMID: 28382247 PMCID: PMC5355912 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic systems comprising donor polymers and acceptor fullerene derivatives are attractive for inexpensive energy harvesting. Extensive research on polymer solar cells has provided insight into the factors governing device-level efficiency and stability. However, the detailed investigation of nanoscale structures is still challenging. Here we demonstrate the analysis and modification of unidentified surface aggregates. The aggregates are characterized electrically by Kelvin probe force microscopy and conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM), whereby the correlation between local electrical potential and current confirms a defective charge transport. Bimodal AFM modification confirms that the aggregates exist on top of the solar cell structure, and is used to remove them and to reveal the underlying active layer. The systematic analysis of the surface aggregates suggests that the structure consists of PCBM molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanaul Noh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States of America
| | - Alfredo J Diaz
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States of America
| | - Santiago D Solares
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Shibasaki K, Yasuda T, Yamamoto Y, Kijima M. Dual substitution at 4,9-positions of carbazole in donor-π-acceptor copolymer enhances performance of bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
42
|
Gobalasingham NS, Ekiz S, Pankow RM, Livi F, Bundgaard E, Thompson BC. Carbazole-based copolymers via direct arylation polymerization (DArP) for Suzuki-convergent polymer solar cell performance. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00859g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct arylation polymerization (DArP) is used to synthesize a variety of carbazole-based copolymers for evaluation in solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nemal S. Gobalasingham
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Seyma Ekiz
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Robert M. Pankow
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Francesco Livi
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
- DTU Energy
| | - Eva Bundgaard
- DTU Energy
- Technical University of Denmark
- Roskilde
- Denmark
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lombeck F, Marx F, Strassel K, Kunz S, Lienert C, Komber H, Friend R, Sommer M. To branch or not to branch: C–H selectivity of thiophene-based donor–acceptor–donor monomers in direct arylation polycondensation exemplified by PCDTBT. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00879a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The possibility for unselective C–H activation of a thiophene-based, donor–acceptor–donor monomer during direct arylation polycondensation is investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lombeck
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
- Optoelectronics Group
| | - Franziska Marx
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Karen Strassel
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Susanna Kunz
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | | | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Richard Friend
- Optoelectronics Group
- Cavendish Laboratory
- J.J. Thomson Avenue
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB3 0HE
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
McAllister BT, Schon TB, DiCarmine PM, Seferos DS. A study of fused-ring thieno[3,4-e]pyrazine polymers as n-type materials for organic supercapacitors. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00512a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer pseudocapacitors achieve high capacitances because they store charge through fast, reversible redox reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryony T. McAllister
- Lash Miller Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Tyler B. Schon
- Lash Miller Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Paul M. DiCarmine
- Lash Miller Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Lash Miller Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- M5S 3H6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Long-Term Stable Organic Photodetectors with Ultra Low Dark Currents for High Detectivity Applications. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39201. [PMID: 28004819 PMCID: PMC5177896 DOI: 10.1038/srep39201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Printed organic photodetectors can transform plastic, paper or glass into smart surfaces. This innovative technology is now growing exponentially due to the strong demand in human-machine interfaces. To date, only niche markets are targeted since organic sensors still present reduced performances in comparison with their inorganic counterparts. Here we demonstrate that it is possible to engineer a state-of-the-art organic photodetector approaching the performances of Si-based photodiodes in terms of dark current, responsivity and detectivity. Only three solution-processed layers and two low-temperature annealing steps are needed to achieve the performance that is significantly better than most of the organic photodetectors reported so far. We also perform a long-term ageing study. Lifetimes of over 14,000 hours under continuous operation are more than promising and demonstrate that organic photodetectors can reach a competitive level of stability for successful commercialization of this new and promising technology.
Collapse
|
46
|
Lombeck F, Di D, Yang L, Meraldi L, Athanasopoulos S, Credgington D, Sommer M, Friend RH. PCDTBT: From Polymer Photovoltaics to Light-Emitting Diodes by Side-Chain-Controlled Luminescence. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lombeck
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dawei Di
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Le Yang
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Meraldi
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Stavros Athanasopoulos
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Credgington
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT Freiburger Zentrum
für interaktive Werkstoffe und bioinspirierte Technologien, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Richard H. Friend
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lombeck F, Sepe A, Thomann R, Friend RH, Sommer M. Compatibilization of All-Conjugated Polymer Blends for Organic Photovoltaics. ACS NANO 2016; 10:8087-8096. [PMID: 27482842 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Compatibilization of an immiscible binary blend comprising a conjugated electron donor and a conjugated electron acceptor polymer with suitable electronic properties upon addition of a block copolymer (BCP) composed of the same building blocks is demonstrated. Efficient compatibilization during melt-annealing is feasible when the two polymers are immiscible in the melt, i.e. above the melting point of ∼250 °C of the semicrystalline donor polymer P3HT. To generate immiscibility at these high temperatures, the acceptor polymer PCDTBT is equipped with fluorinated side chains leading to an increased Flory-Huggins interaction parameter. Compatibilization in bulk and thin films is demonstrated, showing that the photovoltaic performance of pristine microphase separated and nanostructured BCPs can also be obtained for compatibilized blend films containing low contents of 10-20 wt % BCP. Thermodynamically stable domain sizes range between several tens of microns for pure blends and ∼10 nm for pure block copolymers. In addition to controlling domain size, the amount of block copolymer added dictates the ratio of edge-on and face-on P3HT crystals, with compatibilized films showing an increasing amount of face-on P3HT crystals with increasing amount of compatibilizer. This study demonstrates the prerequisites and benefits of compatibilizing all-conjugated semicrystalline polymer blends for organic photovoltaics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lombeck
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge , 19 J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Sepe
- Adolphe Merkle Institute , Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Thomann
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Richard H Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge , 19 J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, Freiburger Zentrum für interaktive Werkstoffe und bioinspirierte Technologien, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Umeyama T, Miyata T, Jakowetz AC, Shibata S, Kurotobi K, Higashino T, Koganezawa T, Tsujimoto M, Gélinas S, Matsuda W, Seki S, Friend RH, Imahori H. Regioisomer effects of [70]fullerene mono-adduct acceptors in bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells. Chem Sci 2016; 8:181-188. [PMID: 28451164 PMCID: PMC5308288 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02950g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Regioisomer separations of [70]fullerene mono-adducts for polymer solar cell (PSC) applications were conducted for the first time.
Despite numerous organic semiconductors being developed during the past decade, C70 derivatives are predominantly used as electron acceptors in efficient polymer solar cells (PSCs). However, as-prepared C70 mono-adducts intrinsically comprise regioisomers that would mask individual device performances depending on the substituent position on C70. Herein, we separate the regioisomers of C70 mono-adducts for PSC applications for the first time. Systematic investigations of the substituent position effect using a novel symmetric C70 mono-adduct ([70]NCMA) and a prevalent, high-performance one ([70]PCBM) reveals that we can control the structures of the blend films with conjugated polymers and thereby improve the PSC performances by regioisomer separation. Our approach demonstrates the significance of exploring the best-matching regioisomer of C70 mono-adducts with high-performance conjugated polymers, which would achieve a remarkable progress in PSC devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Umeyama
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan .
| | - Tetsushi Miyata
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan .
| | - Andreas C Jakowetz
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , J J Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , UK .
| | - Sho Shibata
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan .
| | - Kei Kurotobi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Higashino
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan .
| | - Tomoyuki Koganezawa
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute , 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun , Hyogo 679-5198 , Japan
| | - Masahiko Tsujimoto
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Simon Gélinas
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , J J Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , UK .
| | - Wakana Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan .
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan .
| | - Richard H Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , J J Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , UK .
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto , 615-8510 , Japan . .,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang J, Xiao P, Dumur F, Guo C, Hong W, Li Y, Gigmes D, Graff B, Fouassier JP, Lalevée J. Polymeric Photoinitiators: A New Search toward High Performance Visible Light Photoinitiating Systems. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M - UMR CNRS 7361 - UHA; 15 rue Jean Starcky 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Pu Xiao
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M - UMR CNRS 7361 - UHA; 15 rue Jean Starcky 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix-Marseille Université; CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; UMR 7273 13397 Marseille France
| | - Chang Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN); University of Waterloo; 200 University Ave West Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Wei Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN); University of Waterloo; 200 University Ave West Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Yuning Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN); University of Waterloo; 200 University Ave West Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Université; CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; UMR 7273 13397 Marseille France
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M - UMR CNRS 7361 - UHA; 15 rue Jean Starcky 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | | | - Jacques Lalevée
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M - UMR CNRS 7361 - UHA; 15 rue Jean Starcky 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zafar Q, Sulaiman K. Utility of PCDTBT polymer for the superior sensing parameters of electrical response based relative humidity sensor. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|