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Zhang L, Lv Q, Zheng Y, Gao S, Huang W, Liu P, Kong D, Wang Y, Yu Y, Jiang Y, Jiang H. Rapid and sensitive detection of botulinum toxin type A in complex sample matrices by AlphaLISA. Front Public Health 2022; 10:987517. [PMID: 36339146 PMCID: PMC9632490 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.987517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum toxin A(BoNT/A) is a neurotoxin produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum, which can cause serious food poisoning and is recognized as a potential biological warfare agent. BoNT/A is does not degrade easily and can remain in the complex matrix for a long time. Meanwhile, the poisonous dose of botulinum toxin exceptionally low and intravenous human lethal doses estimated at 1-3 ng/kg. Therefore, sensitive and accurate detection methods suitable for testing a wide range of complex samples are urgently needed. To this end, the "amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay linked immunosorbent assay" (AlphaLISA) was established for the detection of BoNT/A and its detection efficacy in plasma, beverage, food, and other complex samples was evaluated. The results showed that this method can very effectively resist matrix interference. The detection time is rapid, reaching a detection limit for all samples of up to 0.1 ng/mL in only 30 min. BoNT/A can also be accurately detected in vomit samples of patients with clinical food poisoning. This study demonstrates that AlphaLISA is an effective tool for the detection of BoNT/A in complex samples and can potentially be developed for commercial use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Decong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunzhou Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yunzhou Yu
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Yongqiang Jiang
| | - Hua Jiang
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Hua Jiang
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Selyunin AS, Nieves-Merced K, Li D, McHardy SF, Mukhopadhyay S. Tamoxifen Derivatives Alter Retromer-Dependent Endosomal Tubulation and Sorting to Block Retrograde Trafficking of Shiga Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060424. [PMID: 34203879 PMCID: PMC8232625 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin 1 and 2 (STx1 and STx2) undergo retrograde trafficking to reach the cytosol of cells where they target ribosomes. As retrograde trafficking is essential for disease, inhibiting STx1/STx2 trafficking is therapeutically promising. Recently, we discovered that the chemotherapeutic drug tamoxifen potently inhibits the trafficking of STx1/STx2 at the critical early endosome-to-Golgi step. We further reported that the activity of tamoxifen against STx1/STx2 is independent of its selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) property and instead depends on its weakly basic chemical nature, which allows tamoxifen to increase endolysosomal pH and alter the recruitment of retromer to endosomes. The goal of the current work was to obtain a better understanding of the mechanism of action of tamoxifen against the more disease-relevant toxin STx2, and to differentiate between the roles of changes in endolysosomal pH and retromer function. Structure activity relationship (SAR) analyses revealed that a weakly basic amine group was essential for anti-STx2 activity. However, ability to deacidify endolysosomes was not obligatorily necessary because a tamoxifen derivative that did not increase endolysosomal pH exerted reduced, but measurable, activity. Additional assays demonstrated that protective derivatives inhibited the formation of retromer-dependent, Golgi-directed, endosomal tubules, which mediate endosome-to-Golgi transport, and the sorting of STx2 into these tubules. These results identify retromer-mediated endosomal tubulation and sorting to be fundamental processes impacted by tamoxifen; provide an explanation for the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on STx2; and have important implications for the therapeutic use of tamoxifen, including its development for treating Shiga toxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey S. Selyunin
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (A.S.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Karinel Nieves-Merced
- Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
| | - Danyang Li
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (A.S.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Stanton F. McHardy
- Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
- Correspondence: (S.F.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Somshuvra Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (A.S.S.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.F.M.); (S.M.)
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Multiplex Immunoassay Techniques for On-Site Detection of Security Sensitive Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110727. [PMID: 33233770 PMCID: PMC7699850 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological toxins are a heterogeneous group of high molecular as well as low molecular weight toxins produced by living organisms. Due to their physical and logistical properties, biological toxins are very attractive to terrorists for use in acts of bioterrorism. Therefore, among the group of biological toxins, several are categorized as security relevant, e.g., botulinum neurotoxins, staphylococcal enterotoxins, abrin, ricin or saxitoxin. Additionally, several security sensitive toxins also play a major role in natural food poisoning outbreaks. For a prompt response to a potential bioterrorist attack using biological toxins, first responders need reliable, easy-to-use and highly sensitive methodologies for on-site detection of the causative agent. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present on-site immunoassay platforms for multiplex detection of biological toxins. Furthermore, we introduce several commercially available detection technologies specialized for mobile or on-site identification of security sensitive toxins.
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4
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Immunoassays on thiol-ene synthetic paper generate a superior fluorescence signal. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 163:112279. [PMID: 32421629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence-based detection of biological complexes on solid substrates is widely used in microarrays and lateral flow tests. Here, we investigate thiol-ene micropillar scaffold sheets ("synthetic paper") as the solid substrate in such assays. Compared to state-of-the-art glass and nitrocellulose substrates, assays on synthetic paper provide a stronger fluorescence signal, similar or better reproducibility, lower limit of detection (LOD), and the possibility of working with lower immunoreagent concentrations. Using synthetic paper, we detected the antibiotic enrofloxacin in whole milk with a LOD of 1.64 nM, which is on par or better than the values obtained with other common tests, and much lower than the maximum level allowed by European Union regulations. The significance of these results lays in that they indicate that synthetically-derived microstructured substrate materials have the potential to improve the performance of diagnostic assays.
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Shepelyakovskaya A, Rudenko N, Karatovskaya A, Shchannikova M, Shulcheva I, Fursova K, Zamyatina A, Boziev K, Oleinikov V, Brovko F. Development of a Bead-Based Multiplex Assay for the Simultaneous Quantification of Three Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in Food by Flow Cytometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Pohanka M. Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Warfare Agent: Poisoning, Diagnosis and Countermeasures. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:865-874. [PMID: 32108007 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200228105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum and some other relative species. It causes a lethal disease called botulism. It can enter the body via infections by Clostridium (e.g. wound and children botulism) or by direct contact with the toxin or eating contaminated food (food-borne botulism). Botulinum toxin is also considered as a relevant biological warfare agent with an expected high number of causalities when misused for bioterrorist or military purposes. The current paper surveys the actual knowledge about botulinum toxin pathogenesis, the manifestation of poisoning, and current trends in diagnostics and therapeutics. Relevant and recent literature is summarized in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove CZ-50001, Czech Republic
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7
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Zietek BM, Still KBM, Jaschusch K, Bruyneel B, Ariese F, Brouwer TJF, Luger M, Limburg RJ, Rosier JC, V Iperen DJ, Casewell NR, Somsen GW, Kool J. Bioactivity Profiling of Small-Volume Samples by Nano Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Microarray Bioassaying Using High-Resolution Fractionation. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10458-10466. [PMID: 31373797 PMCID: PMC6706796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
High-throughput
screening platforms for the identification of bioactive
compounds in mixtures have become important tools in the drug discovery
process. Miniaturization of such screening systems may overcome problems
associated with small sample volumes and enhance throughput and sensitivity.
Here we present a new screening platform, coined picofractionation
analytics, which encompasses microarray bioassays and mass spectrometry
(MS) of components from minute amounts of samples after their nano
liquid chromatographic (nanoLC) separation. Herein, nanoLC was coupled
to a low-volume liquid dispenser equipped with pressure-fed solenoid
valves, enabling 50-nL volumes of column effluent (300 nL/min) to
be discretely deposited on a glass slide. The resulting fractions
were dried and subsequently bioassayed by sequential printing of nL-volumes
of reagents on top of the spots. Unwanted evaporation of bioassay
liquids was circumvented by employing mineral oil droplets. A fluorescence
microscope was used for assay readout in kinetic mode. Bioassay data
were correlated to MS data obtained using the same nanoLC conditions
in order to assign bioactives. The platform provides the possibility
of freely choosing a wide diversity of bioassay formats, including
those requiring long incubation times. The new method was compared
to a standard bioassay approach, and its applicability was demonstrated
by screening plasmin inhibitors and fibrinolytic bioactives from mixtures
of standards and snake venoms, revealing active peptides and coagulopathic
proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Zietek
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HZ , The Netherlands
| | - Kristina B M Still
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HZ , The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Jaschusch
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HZ , The Netherlands
| | - Ben Bruyneel
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HZ , The Netherlands
| | - Freek Ariese
- LaserLaB , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HZ , The Netherlands
| | - Tinco J F Brouwer
- Electronic Engineering , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HZ , The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Luger
- Electronic Engineering , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HZ , The Netherlands
| | - Rob J Limburg
- Electronic Engineering , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HZ , The Netherlands
| | - Joost C Rosier
- Fine Mechanics and Engineering Beta-VU , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HZ , The Netherlands
| | - Dick J V Iperen
- Fine Mechanics and Engineering Beta-VU , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HZ , The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions , Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place , Liverpool L3 5QA , U.K.,Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics , Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place , Liverpool L3 5QA , U.K
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HZ , The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HZ , The Netherlands
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8
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Bever CS, Scotcher M, Cheng LW, Hnasko RM, Stanker LH. Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E407. [PMID: 31337022 PMCID: PMC6669634 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulism is a devastating disease caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) secreted primarily by Clostridium botulinum. Mouse bioassays without co-inoculation with antibodies are the standard method for the detection of BoNTs, but are not capable of distinguishing between the different serotypes (A-G). Most foodborne intoxications are caused by serotypes BoNT/A and BoNT/B. BoNT/E outbreaks are most often observed in northern coastal regions and are associated with eating contaminated marine animals and other fishery products. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed for the detection of BoNT/E3. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated against BoNT/E3 by immunizing with recombinant peptide fragments of the light and heavy chains of BoNT/E3. In all, 12 mAbs where characterized for binding to both the recombinant peptides and holotoxin, as well as their performance in Western blots and sandwich ELISAs. The most sensitive sandwich assay, using different mAbs for capture and detection, exhibited a limit of detection of 0.2 ng/ml in standard buffer matrix and 10 ng/mL in fish product matrices. By employing two different mAbs for capture and detection, a more standardized sandwich assay was constructed. Development of sensitive and selective mAbs to BoNT/E would help in the initial screening of potential food contamination, speeding diagnosis and reducing use of laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace S Bever
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Miles Scotcher
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Robert M Hnasko
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Larry H Stanker
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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Chen W, Huang Z, Hu S, Peng J, Liu D, Xiong Y, Xu H, Wei H, Lai W. Invited review: Advancements in lateral flow immunoassays for screening hazardous substances in milk and milk powder. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1887-1900. [PMID: 30660416 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dairy-related food safety outbreaks, such as food-borne pathogen contamination, mycotoxin contamination, and veterinary drug contamination, sometimes happen and have been reported all over the world, affecting human health and, in some cases, leading to death. Thus, rapid yet robust detection methods are needed to monitor milk and milk powder for the presence of hazardous substances. The lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) is widely used in onsite testing because of its rapidity, simplicity, and convenience. In this review, we describe some traditional LFI used to detect hazardous substances in milk and milk powder. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances in LFI that aim to improve sensitivity or detection efficiency. These advances include the use of novel label materials, development of signal amplification systems, design of multiplex detection systems, and the use of nucleic acid-based LFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Song Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Juan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Daofeng Liu
- Jiangxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Weihua Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Rastogi M, Singh SK. Advances in Molecular Diagnostic Approaches for Biothreat Agents. DEFENSE AGAINST BIOLOGICAL ATTACKS 2019. [PMCID: PMC7123646 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-03071-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The advancement in Molecular techniques has been implicated in the development of sophisticated, high-end diagnostic platform and point-of-care (POC) devices for the detection of biothreat agents. Different molecular and immunological approaches such as Immunochromatographic and lateral flow assays, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assays (ELISA), Biosensors, Isothermal amplification assays, Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), Next Generation Sequencers (NGS), Microarrays and Microfluidics have been used for a long time as detection strategies of the biothreat agents. In addition, several point of care (POC) devices have been approved by FDA and commercialized in markets. The high-end molecular platforms like NGS and Microarray are time-consuming, costly, and produce huge amount of data. Therefore, the future prospects of molecular based technique should focus on developing quick, user-friendly, cost-effective and portable devices against biological attacks and surveillance programs.
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11
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Bush DB, Knotts TA. The effects of antigen size, binding site valency, and flexibility on fab-antigen binding near solid surfaces. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:165102. [PMID: 30384722 DOI: 10.1063/1.5045356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation antibody microarray devices have the potential to outperform current molecular detection methods and realize new applications in medicine, scientific research, and national defense. However, antibody microarrays, or arrays of antibody fragments ("fabs"), continue to evade mainstream use in part due to persistent reliability problems despite improvements to substrate design and protein immobilization strategies. Other factors could be disrupting microarray performance, including effects resulting from antigen characteristics. Target molecules embody a wide range of sizes, shapes, number of epitopes, epitope accessibility, and other physical and chemical properties. As a result, it may not be ideal for microarray designs to utilize the same substrate or immobilization strategy for all of the capture molecules. This study investigates how three antigen properties, such as size, binding site valency, and molecular flexibility, affect fab binding. The work uses an advanced, experimentally validated, coarse-grain model and umbrella sampling to calculate the free energy of ligand binding and how this energy landscape is different on the surface compared to in the bulk. The results confirm that large antigens interact differently with immobilized fabs compared to smaller antigens. Analysis of the results shows that despite these differences, tethering fabs in an upright orientation on hydrophilic surfaces is the best configuration for antibody microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B Bush
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University Provo, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Thomas A Knotts
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University Provo, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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Walper SA, Lasarte Aragonés G, Sapsford KE, Brown CW, Rowland CE, Breger JC, Medintz IL. Detecting Biothreat Agents: From Current Diagnostics to Developing Sensor Technologies. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1894-2024. [PMID: 30080029 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although a fundamental understanding of the pathogenicity of most biothreat agents has been elucidated and available treatments have increased substantially over the past decades, they still represent a significant public health threat in this age of (bio)terrorism, indiscriminate warfare, pollution, climate change, unchecked population growth, and globalization. The key step to almost all prevention, protection, prophylaxis, post-exposure treatment, and mitigation of any bioagent is early detection. Here, we review available methods for detecting bioagents including pathogenic bacteria and viruses along with their toxins. An introduction placing this subject in the historical context of previous naturally occurring outbreaks and efforts to weaponize selected agents is first provided along with definitions and relevant considerations. An overview of the detection technologies that find use in this endeavor along with how they provide data or transduce signal within a sensing configuration follows. Current "gold" standards for biothreat detection/diagnostics along with a listing of relevant FDA approved in vitro diagnostic devices is then discussed to provide an overview of the current state of the art. Given the 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus in Western Africa and the recent 2016 spread of Zika virus in the Americas, discussion of what constitutes a public health emergency and how new in vitro diagnostic devices are authorized for emergency use in the U.S. are also included. The majority of the Review is then subdivided around the sensing of bacterial, viral, and toxin biothreats with each including an overview of the major agents in that class, a detailed cross-section of different sensing methods in development based on assay format or analytical technique, and some discussion of related microfluidic lab-on-a-chip/point-of-care devices. Finally, an outlook is given on how this field will develop from the perspective of the biosensing technology itself and the new emerging threats they may face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Guillermo Lasarte Aragonés
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Kim E. Sapsford
- OMPT/CDRH/OIR/DMD Bacterial Respiratory and Medical Countermeasures Branch, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Carl W. Brown
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Clare E. Rowland
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 20036, United States
| | - Joyce C. Breger
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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14
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Bush DB, Knotts TA. Probing the effects of surface hydrophobicity and tether orientation on antibody-antigen binding. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:155103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4980083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Derek B. Bush
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Thomas A. Knotts
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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15
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Gilquin B, Jaquinod M, Louwagie M, Kieffer-Jaquinod S, Kraut A, Ferro M, Becher F, Brun V. A proteomics assay to detect eight CBRN-relevant toxins in food. Proteomics 2016; 17. [PMID: 28008711 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A proteomics assay was set up to analyze food substrates for eight toxins of the CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear) threat, namely ricin, Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ETX), Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (SEA, SEB and SED), shigatoxins from Shigella dysenteriae and entero-hemorragic Escherichia coli strains (STX1 and STX2) and Campylobacter jejuni cytolethal distending toxin (CDT). The assay developed was based on an antibody-free sample preparation followed by bottom-up LC-MS/MS analysis operated in targeted mode. Highly specific detection and absolute quantification were obtained using isotopically labeled proteins (PSAQ standards) spiked into the food matrix. The sensitivity of the assay for the eight toxins was lower than the oral LD50 which would likely be used in a criminal contamination of food supply. This assay should be useful in monitoring biological threats. In the public-health domain, it opens the way for multiplex investigation of food-borne toxins using targeted LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Gilquin
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,CEA, BIG, Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France.,INSERM, U1038, Grenoble, France.,CEA, LETI, Clinatec, Grenoble, France
| | - Michel Jaquinod
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,CEA, BIG, Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France.,INSERM, U1038, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathilde Louwagie
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,CEA, BIG, Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France.,INSERM, U1038, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvie Kieffer-Jaquinod
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,CEA, BIG, Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France.,INSERM, U1038, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandra Kraut
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,CEA, BIG, Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France.,INSERM, U1038, Grenoble, France
| | - Myriam Ferro
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,CEA, BIG, Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France.,INSERM, U1038, Grenoble, France
| | - François Becher
- CEA, iBiTec-S, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Virginie Brun
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,CEA, BIG, Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France.,INSERM, U1038, Grenoble, France
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16
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Hansbauer EM, Skiba M, Endermann T, Weisemann J, Stern D, Dorner MB, Finkenwirth F, Wolf J, Luginbühl W, Messelhäußer U, Bellanger L, Woudstra C, Rummel A, Fach P, Dorner BG. Detection, differentiation, and identification of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes C, CD, D, and DC by highly specific immunoassays and mass spectrometry. Analyst 2016; 141:5281-97. [PMID: 27353114 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00693k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes C and D and their mosaic variants CD and DC cause severe cases of botulism in animal husbandry and wildlife. Epidemiological data on the exact serotype or toxin variant causing outbreaks are rarely available, mainly because of their high sequence identity and the lack of fast and specific screening tools to detect and differentiate the four similar toxins. To fill this gap, we developed four highly specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) able to detect and differentiate botulinum neurotoxins type BoNT/C, D, CD, and DC based on four distinct combinations of specific monoclonal antibodies targeting both conserved and divergent subdomains of the four toxins. Here, highly sensitive detection with detection limits between 2 and 24 pg mL(-1) was achieved. The ELISAs were extensively validated and results were compared with data obtained by quantitative real-time PCR using a panel of Clostridium botulinum strains, real sample materials from veterinary botulism outbreaks, and non-BoNT-producing Clostridia. Additionally, in order to verify the results obtained by ELISA screening, the new monoclonal antibodies were used for BoNT enrichment and subsequent detection (i) on a functional level by endopeptidase mass spectrometry (Endopep-MS) assays and (ii) on a protein sequence level by LC-MS/MS spectrometry. Based on all technical information gathered in the validation study, the four differentiating ELISAs turned out to be highly reliable screening tools for the rapid analysis of veterinary botulism cases and should aid future field investigations of botulism outbreaks and the acquisition of epidemiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Hansbauer
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Berlin, Germany.
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17
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A biolayer interferometry-based assay for rapid and highly sensitive detection of biowarfare agents. Anal Biochem 2016; 506:22-7. [PMID: 27156814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Biolayer interferometry (BLI) is an optical technique that uses fiber-optic biosensors for label-free real-time monitoring of protein-protein interactions. In this study, we coupled the advantages of the Octet Red BLI system (automation, fluidics-free, and on-line monitoring) with a signal enhancement step and developed a rapid and sensitive immunological-based method for detection of biowarfare agents. As a proof of concept, we chose to demonstrate the efficacy of this novel assay for the detection of agents representing two classes of biothreats, proteinaceous toxins, and bacterial pathogens: ricin, a lethal plant toxin, and the gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia. The assay setup consisted of biotinylated antibodies immobilized to the biosensor coupled with alkaline phosphatase-labeled antibodies as the detection moiety to create nonsoluble substrate crystals that precipitate on the sensor surface, thereby inducing a significant wavelength interference. It was found that this BLI-based assay enables sensitive detection of these pathogens (detection limits of 10 pg/ml and 1 × 10(4) pfu/ml ricin and F. tularensis, respectively) within a very short time frame (17 min). Owing to its simplicity, this assay can be easily adapted to detect other analytes in general, and biowarfare agents in particular, in a rapid and sensitive manner.
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18
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Shangguan J, Li Y, He D, He X, Wang K, Zou Z, Shi H. A combination of positive dielectrophoresis driven on-line enrichment and aptamer-fluorescent silica nanoparticle label for rapid and sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus. Analyst 2016; 140:4489-97. [PMID: 25963028 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00535c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important human pathogen that causes several diseases ranging from superficial skin infections to life-threatening diseases. Here, a method combining positive dielectrophoresis (pDEP) driven on-line enrichment and aptamer-fluorescent silica nanoparticle label has been developed for the rapid and sensitive detection of S. aureus in microfluidic channels. An aptamer, having high affinity to S. aureus, is used as the molecular recognition tool and immobilized onto chloropropyl functionalized fluorescent silica nanoparticles through a click chemistry approach to obtain S. aureus aptamer-nanoparticle bioconjugates (Apt(S.aureus)/FNPs). The pDEP driven on-line enrichment technology was used for accumulating the Apt(S.aureus)/FNP labeled S. aureus. After incubating with S. aureus, the mixture of Apt(S.aureus)/FNP labeled S. aureus and Apt(S.aureus)/FNPs was directly introduced into the pDEP-based microfluidic system. By applying an AC voltage in a pDEP frequency region, the Apt(S.aureus)/FNP labelled S. aureus moved to the electrodes and accumulated in the electrode gap, while the free Apt(S.aureus)/FNPs flowed away. The signal that came from the Apt(S.aureus)/FNP labelled S. aureus in the focused detection areas was then detected. Profiting from the specificity of aptamer, signal amplification of FNP label and pDEP on-line enrichment, this assay can detect as low as 93 and 270 cfu mL(-1)S. aureus in deionized water and spiked water samples, respectively, with higher sensitivities than our previously reported Apt(S.aureus)/FNP based flow cytometry. Moreover, without the need for separation and washing steps usually required for FNP label involved bioassays, the total assay time including sample pretreatment was within 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha 410082, China.
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19
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Worbs S, Skiba M, Söderström M, Rapinoja ML, Zeleny R, Russmann H, Schimmel H, Vanninen P, Fredriksson SÅ, Dorner BG. Characterization of Ricin and R. communis Agglutinin Reference Materials. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4906-34. [PMID: 26703723 PMCID: PMC4690106 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricinus communis intoxications have been known for centuries and were attributed to the toxic protein ricin. Due to its toxicity, availability, ease of preparation, and the lack of medical countermeasures, ricin attracted interest as a potential biological warfare agent. While different technologies for ricin analysis have been established, hardly any universally agreed-upon "gold standards" are available. Expert laboratories currently use differently purified in-house materials, making any comparison of accuracy and sensitivity of different methods nearly impossible. Technically challenging is the discrimination of ricin from R. communis agglutinin (RCA120), a less toxic but highly homologous protein also contained in R. communis. Here, we established both highly pure ricin and RCA120 reference materials which were extensively characterized by gel electrophoresis, liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI MS/MS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight approaches as well as immunological and functional techniques. Purity reached >97% for ricin and >99% for RCA120. Different isoforms of ricin and RCA120 were identified unambiguously and distinguished by LC-ESI MS/MS. In terms of function, a real-time cytotoxicity assay showed that ricin is approximately 300-fold more toxic than RCA120. The highly pure ricin and RCA120 reference materials were used to conduct an international proficiency test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Skiba
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Söderström
- VERIFIN (Finnish Institute for Verification of the ChemicalWeapons Convention), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki 05600, Finland.
| | - Marja-Leena Rapinoja
- VERIFIN (Finnish Institute for Verification of the ChemicalWeapons Convention), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki 05600, Finland.
| | - Reinhard Zeleny
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Heiko Russmann
- Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and NBC Protection, Humboldtstr. 100, 29633 Munster, Germany.
| | - Heinz Schimmel
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Paula Vanninen
- VERIFIN (Finnish Institute for Verification of the ChemicalWeapons Convention), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki 05600, Finland.
| | - Sten-Åke Fredriksson
- FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Cementvagen 20, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Brigitte G Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Worbs S, Fiebig U, Zeleny R, Schimmel H, Rummel A, Luginbühl W, Dorner BG. Qualitative and Quantitative Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxins from Complex Matrices: Results of the First International Proficiency Test. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4935-66. [PMID: 26703724 PMCID: PMC4690107 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the framework of the EU project EQuATox, a first international proficiency test (PT) on the detection and quantification of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) was conducted. Sample materials included BoNT serotypes A, B and E spiked into buffer, milk, meat extract and serum. Different methods were applied by the participants combining different principles of detection, identification and quantification. Based on qualitative assays, 95% of all results reported were correct. Successful strategies for BoNT detection were based on a combination of complementary immunological, MS-based and functional methods or on suitable functional in vivo/in vitro approaches (mouse bioassay, hemidiaphragm assay and Endopep-MS assay). Quantification of BoNT/A, BoNT/B and BoNT/E was performed by 48% of participating laboratories. It turned out that precise quantification of BoNT was difficult, resulting in a substantial scatter of quantitative data. This was especially true for results obtained by the mouse bioassay which is currently considered as "gold standard" for BoNT detection. The results clearly demonstrate the urgent need for certified BoNT reference materials and the development of methods replacing animal testing. In this context, the BoNT PT provided the valuable information that both the Endopep-MS assay and the hemidiaphragm assay delivered quantitative results superior to the mouse bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Uwe Fiebig
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Zeleny
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Heinz Schimmel
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Andreas Rummel
- toxogen GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 35, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Brigitte G Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Simon S, Fiebig U, Liu Y, Tierney R, Dano J, Worbs S, Endermann T, Nevers MC, Volland H, Sesardic D, Dorner MB. Recommended Immunological Strategies to Screen for Botulinum Neurotoxin-Containing Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5011-34. [PMID: 26703727 PMCID: PMC4690110 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause the life-threatening neurological illness botulism in humans and animals and are divided into seven serotypes (BoNT/A–G), of which serotypes A, B, E, and F cause the disease in humans. BoNTs are classified as “category A” bioterrorism threat agents and are relevant in the context of the Biological Weapons Convention. An international proficiency test (PT) was conducted to evaluate detection, quantification and discrimination capabilities of 23 expert laboratories from the health, food and security areas. Here we describe three immunological strategies that proved to be successful for the detection and quantification of BoNT/A, B, and E considering the restricted sample volume (1 mL) distributed. To analyze the samples qualitatively and quantitatively, the first strategy was based on sensitive immunoenzymatic and immunochromatographic assays for fast qualitative and quantitative analyses. In the second approach, a bead-based suspension array was used for screening followed by conventional ELISA for quantification. In the third approach, an ELISA plate format assay was used for serotype specific immunodetection of BoNT-cleaved substrates, detecting the activity of the light chain, rather than the toxin protein. The results provide guidance for further steps in quality assurance and highlight problems to address in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Simon
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Uwe Fiebig
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Liu
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Rob Tierney
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Julie Dano
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tanja Endermann
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marie-Claire Nevers
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Hervé Volland
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Dorothea Sesardic
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Martin B Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Dupré M, Gilquin B, Fenaille F, Feraudet-Tarisse C, Dano J, Ferro M, Simon S, Junot C, Brun V, Becher F. Multiplex Quantification of Protein Toxins in Human Biofluids and Food Matrices Using Immunoextraction and High-Resolution Targeted Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8473-80. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Dupré
- CEA, DSV, iBiTec-S, Laboratoire d’études
du métabolisme des médicaments, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benoit Gilquin
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, iRTSV-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, iRTSV-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- INSERM, BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - François Fenaille
- CEA, DSV, iBiTec-S, Laboratoire d’études
du métabolisme des médicaments, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cécile Feraudet-Tarisse
- CEA, DSV, iBiTec-S, Laboratoire d’études
et de recherches en immunoanalyse, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julie Dano
- CEA, DSV, iBiTec-S, Laboratoire d’études
et de recherches en immunoanalyse, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Myriam Ferro
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, iRTSV-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, iRTSV-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- INSERM, BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- CEA, DSV, iBiTec-S, Laboratoire d’études
et de recherches en immunoanalyse, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Junot
- CEA, DSV, iBiTec-S, Laboratoire d’études
du métabolisme des médicaments, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Virginie Brun
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, iRTSV-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, iRTSV-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- INSERM, BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - François Becher
- CEA, DSV, iBiTec-S, Laboratoire d’études
du métabolisme des médicaments, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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23
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Tighe PJ, Ryder RR, Todd I, Fairclough LC. ELISA in the multiplex era: potentials and pitfalls. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:406-22. [PMID: 25644123 PMCID: PMC6680274 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiplex immunoassays confer several advantages over widely adopted singleplex immunoassays including increased efficiency at a reduced expense, greater output per sample volume ratios and higher throughput predicating more resolute, detailed diagnostics and facilitating personalised medicine. Nonetheless, to date, relatively few protein multiplex immunoassays have been validated for in vitro diagnostics in clinical/point-of-care settings. This review article will outline the challenges, which must be ameliorated prior to the widespread integration of multiplex immunoassays in clinical settings: (i) biomarker validation; (ii) standardisation of immunoassay design and quality control (calibration and quantification); (iii) availability, stability, specificity and cross-reactivity of reagents; (iv) assay automation and the use of validated algorithms for transformation of raw data into diagnostic results. A compendium of multiplex immunoassays applicable to in vitro diagnostics and a summary of the diagnostic products currently available commercially are included, along with an analysis of the relative states of development for each format (namely planar slide based, suspension and planar/microtitre plate based) with respect to the aforementioned issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Tighe
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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