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Amirian H, Dalvand K, Ghiasvand A. Seamless integration of Internet of Things, miniaturization, and environmental chemical surveillance. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:582. [PMID: 38806872 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
IoT is a game-changer across all fields, including chemistry. Embracing sustainable practices and green chemistry, the miniaturization and automation of systems, and their integration into IoT is key to achieving these principles, as a rising trend with momentum. Particularly, IoT and analytical chemistry are linked in the rapid exchange of analytical data for environmental, industrial, healthcare, and educational applications. Meanwhile, cooperation with other fields of science is evident, and there is a prompt and subjective analysis of information related to analytical systems and methodologies. This paper will review the concepts, requirements, and architecture of IoT and its role in the miniaturization and automation of analytical tools using electronic modules and sensors. The aim is to explore the standards and perspectives of IoT and its interaction with different aspects of analytical chemistry. Additionally, it aimed to explain the basics and applications of IoT for chemists, and its relevance to different subfields of analytical chemistry, particularly in the field of environmental chemical surveillance. The article also covers updating IoT devices and creating DIY-based degradation devices to enhance the educational aspect of chemistry and reduce barriers to lab facilities and equipment. Lastly, it will explore how IoT is really important and how it's going to significantly impact analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzeh Amirian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Kolsoum Dalvand
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghiasvand
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
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2
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Raju C, Elpa DP, Urban PL. Automation and Computerization of (Bio)sensing Systems. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1033-1048. [PMID: 38363106 PMCID: PMC10964247 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Sensing systems necessitate automation to reduce human effort, increase reproducibility, and enable remote sensing. In this perspective, we highlight different types of sensing systems with elements of automation, which are based on flow injection and sequential injection analysis, microfluidics, robotics, and other prototypes addressing specific real-world problems. Finally, we discuss the role of computer technology in sensing systems. Automated flow injection and sequential injection techniques offer precise and efficient sample handling and dependable outcomes. They enable continuous analysis of numerous samples, boosting throughput, and saving time and resources. They enhance safety by minimizing contact with hazardous chemicals. Microfluidic systems are enhanced by automation to enable precise control of parameters and increase of analysis speed. Robotic sampling and sample preparation platforms excel in precise execution of intricate, repetitive tasks such as sample handling, dilution, and transfer. These platforms enhance efficiency by multitasking, use minimal sample volumes, and they seamlessly integrate with analytical instruments. Other sensor prototypes utilize mechanical devices and computer technology to address real-world issues, offering efficient, accurate, and economical real-time solutions for analyte identification and quantification in remote areas. Computer technology is crucial in modern sensing systems, enabling data acquisition, signal processing, real-time analysis, and data storage. Machine learning and artificial intelligence enhance predictions from the sensor data, supporting the Internet of Things with efficient data management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamarthi
Maheswar Raju
- Department of Chemistry, National
Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Decibel P. Elpa
- Department of Chemistry, National
Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National
Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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3
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Czajkowska A, Korsak D, Fiedoruk-Pogrebniak M, Koncki R, Strzelak K. Turbidimetric flow analysis system for the investigation of microbial growth. Talanta 2024; 268:125303. [PMID: 37852015 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of life of microbial populations is of the uttermost importance in environmental and food analysis, agriculture, as well as in medicine. The duration of bacteria adaptation to new environmental conditions, its lifetime and the divisions' pace are the key information in many studies. It was found that the fully-mechanized flow analysis system based on solenoid valves and pumps, paired with a dedicated flow-through optoelectronic detector can be successfully applied for monitoring of bacteria growth. The applicability of the designed multicommutated flow analysis (MCFA) system was proved by analysis of solutions containing bacteria cells proceeded by tests of McFarland (McF) standards. The developed setup allowed modelling and simulation of microbial growth, as well as monitoring of the bacteria growth in real-time manner to be carried out. The monitor is useful for the quantitative estimation of the basic parameters of bacteria population like its size, the rate of bacteria multiplication, as well as the times of lag, log and stationary phases of microbial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorota Korsak
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Robert Koncki
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Strzelak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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4
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Itterheimová P, Kubáň P. An open source 3D printed autosampler for capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1279:341832. [PMID: 37827625 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In-house built capillary electrophoresis (CE) systems represent a significant share of laboratory instrumentation. In most of these instruments, sample injection is effected manually with low to moderate precision and requires skilled operators. Although few automated samplers have been previously developed, typically only one sample at a time can be injected. If a series of samples is to be analyzed, manual intervention is required. In the present work, we developed and constructed a fully automated, open source, CE autosampler, able to handle up to 14 different samples that can be used as a modular component of any in-house built CE instrument. RESULTS An inexpensive, 3D printed, open source, autosampler for CE was developed. The autosampler consists of two parts: an injection unit with carousel containing sample and electrolyte vials and a flushing unit, containing a miniature pressure/vacuum pump. The autosampler is operated by an Arduino Mega microcontroller and an Arduino code written in the laboratory. The injection sequence is entered through a keypad and LCD display by the user. The instrument can operate autonomously for extended periods of time. It was used for fully automated analysis and/or calibration of up to 14 samples with excellent injection repeatability reaching less than 2.7% RSD for peak areas. The sampler performance was tested with two independently built CE instruments, a CE system with contactless conductivity detection (C4D) and a CE system with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detector. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY A novel, 3D printed, Arduino-based autosampler for CE was developed. The autosampler allows autonomous hydrodynamic injection of up to 14 different samples with fully programmable injection sequence, including capillary flushing and high voltage and data acquisition control. It provides the missing instrumental sampling setup for laboratory made CE instruments. It can be simply constructed based on the open-source blueprints in any laboratory and be a useful and time-saving add-on to any modular CE instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Itterheimová
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kubáň
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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5
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Closed-loop Control Systems for Pumps used in Portable Analytical Systems. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1695:463931. [PMID: 37011525 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The demand for accurate control of the flowrate/pressure in chemical analytical systems has given rise to the adoption of mechatronic approaches in analytical instruments. A mechatronic device is a synergistic system which combines mechanical, electronic, computer and control components. In the development of portable analytical devices, considering the instrument as a mechatronic system can be useful to mitigate compromises made to decrease space, weight, or power consumption. Fluid handling is important for reliability, however, commonly utilized platforms such as syringe and peristaltic pumps are typically characterized by flow/pressure fluctuations and slow responses. Closed loop control systems have been used effectively to decrease the difference between desired and realized fluidic output. This review discusses the way control systems have been implemented for enhanced fluidic control, categorized by pump type. Advanced control strategies used to enhance the transient and the steady state responses are discussed, along with examples of their implementation in portable analytical systems. The review is concluded with the outlook that the challenge in adequately expressing the complexity and dynamics of the fluidic network as a mathematical model has yielded a trend towards the adoption of experimentally informed models and machine learning approaches.
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Abstract
Skin metabolites show huge potential for use in clinical diagnostics. However, skin sampling and analysis workflows are tedious and time-consuming. Here, we demonstrate a vending-machine-style skin excretion sensing platform based on hydrogel-assisted sampling of skin metabolites. In this sensing platform, a sampling probe with hydrogel is held by a robotic arm. The robotic arm manoeuvres the probe to press it onto the forearm of a human subject. Due to the highly hydrophilic nature of the hydrogel, water-soluble metabolites─released by skin─are collected into the hydrogel, leaving behind the nonpolar metabolites. The probe is then inserted into a custom-made open port sampling interface coupled to an electrospray ion source of a high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Metabolites in the hydrogel are immediately extracted by a solvent liquid junction in the interface and analyzed using the mass spectrometer. The ion current of the target analyte is displayed on a customized graphical user interface, which can also be used to control the key components of the analytical platform. The automated sampling and analysis workflow starts after the user inserts coins or presents an insurance card, presses a button, and extends an arm on the sampling area. The platform relies on low-cost mechanical and electronic modules (a robotic arm, a single-board computer, and two microcontroller boards). The limits of detection for standard analytes─arginine, citrulline, and histidine─embedded in agarose gel beds were 148, 205, and 199 nM, respectively. Various low-molecular-weight metabolites from human skin have been identified with the high-resolution mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chiang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu300044, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu300044, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu300044, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chiu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, 25 Jingguo Road, Hsinchu300, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, 25 Jingguo Road, Hsinchu300, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung Shan S. Road, Taipei100, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Jen Ai Road, Taipei100, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu300044, Taiwan.,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu300044, Taiwan
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7
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Agustini D, Caetano FR, Quero RF, Fracassi da Silva JA, Bergamini MF, Marcolino-Junior LH, de Jesus DP. Microfluidic devices based on textile threads for analytical applications: state of the art and prospects. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:4830-4857. [PMID: 34647544 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01337h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices based on textile threads have interesting advantages when compared to systems made with traditional materials, such as polymers and inorganic substrates (especially silicon and glass). One of these significant advantages is the device fabrication process, made more cheap and simple, with little or no microfabrication apparatus. This review describes the fundamentals, applications, challenges, and prospects of microfluidic devices fabricated with textile threads. A wide range of applications is discussed, integrated with several analysis methods, such as electrochemical, colorimetric, electrophoretic, chromatographic, and fluorescence. Additionally, the integration of these devices with different substrates (e.g., 3D printed components or fabrics), other devices (e.g., smartphones), and microelectronics is described. These combinations have allowed the construction of fully portable devices and consequently the development of point-of-care and wearable analytical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deonir Agustini
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LABSENSE), Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Roberto Caetano
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LABSENSE), Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Reverson Fernandes Quero
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, 13083-861, Brazil.
| | - José Alberto Fracassi da Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, 13083-861, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica (INCTBio), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcio Fernando Bergamini
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LABSENSE), Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | | | - Dosil Pereira de Jesus
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, 13083-861, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica (INCTBio), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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8
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Chao YT, Prabhu GRD, Yu KC, Syu JY, Urban PL. BioChemPen for a Rapid Analysis of Compounds Supported on Solid Surfaces. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3744-3752. [PMID: 34553592 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We present BioChemPen, a portable wireless biosensor device for rapid analysis of substances adsorbed on solid surfaces. The device takes advantage of (bio)luminescent reactions taking place in a hydrogel matrix. In a typical embodiment, the active element of this device is a hydrogel disk (chemotransducer) containing enzyme(s), electrolyte solution, and all of the necessary substrates. When the hydrogel is exposed to a solid sample surface containing the target analyte, light is produced. A photoresistor (phototransducer), placed in close proximity to the hydrogel disk, detects the light. The operation of the BioChemPen is enabled by a MicroPython PyBoard microcontroller board and other low-cost electronic modules. The obtained results are immediately uploaded to the Internet cloud. In one application, we demonstrate an analysis of hypochlorite-containing cleaning agents present on the surfaces of daily use objects by an assay based on hydrogel embedded with luminol and hydrogen peroxide. In another application, we use hydrogel embedded with luciferin, luciferase, and pyruvate kinase to detect adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and link the ATP content with meat freshness. Lastly, we demonstrate the detection of organophosphate pesticides present on vegetables with the hydrogel containing acetylcholinesterase, choline oxidase, and horseradish peroxidase. The limits of detection for sodium hypochlorite, ATP, ADP, and chlorpyrifos-methyl (a pesticide) were 7.95 × 10-11, 2.73 × 10-13, 2.35 × 10-12, and 2.59 × 10-10 mol mm-2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Chao
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D. Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chiang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Syu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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9
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Hsu CY, Prabhu GRD, Urban PL. Telechemistry 2.0: Remote monitoring of fluorescent chemical reactions. HARDWAREX 2021; 10:e00244. [PMID: 35607687 PMCID: PMC9123467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2021.e00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of the Internet-of-Things in chemistry research has the potential to improve research methodologies. Here, we describe a cloud-integrated real-time laboratory monitoring system for: (i) monitoring reactions involving fluorescent chemical species, and (ii) monitoring laboratory environment for safety purpose. A probe-type fluorescence detection system has been constructed to monitor reactions that involve fluorescent molecules. This device incorporates an in-house-built 3D-printed probe, two optical fibers, a light-emitting diode, a photoresistor, and a microcontroller board (MCB). The MCB relays experimental data to a single-board computer (SBC), which then uploads the data to a cloud-based platform (ThingSpeak) for data storage and visualization. The SBC is also connected to auxiliary sensors to measure relative alcohol vapor concentration, temperature, and humidity at different locations in the laboratory. The device has been validated and tested for its performance by monitoring a fluorescent chemical reaction (synthesis of fluorescent gold nanoclusters) for a period of 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D. Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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10
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Raju CM, Yu KC, Shih CP, Elpa DP, Prabhu GRD, Urban PL. Catalytic Oxygenation-Mediated Extraction as a Facile and Green Way to Analyze Volatile Solutes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8923-8930. [PMID: 34143609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sparging-based methods have long been used to liberate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from liquid sample matrices prior to analysis. In these methods, a carrier gas is delivered from an external source. Here, we demonstrate "catalytic oxygenation-mediated extraction" (COME), which relies on biocatalytic production of oxygen occurring directly in the sample matrix. The newly formed oxygen (micro)bubbles extract the dissolved VOCs. The gaseous extract is immediately transferred to a separation or detection system for analysis. To start COME, dilute hydrogen peroxide is injected into the sample supplemented with catalase enzyme. The entire procedure is performed automatically-after pressing a "start" button, making a clapping sound, or triggering from a smartphone. The pump, valves, and detection system are controlled by a microcontroller board. For quality control and safety purposes, the reaction chamber is monitored by a camera linked to a single-board computer, which follows the enzymatic reaction progress by analyzing images of foam in real time. The data are instantly uploaded to the internet cloud for retrieval. The COME apparatus has been coupled on-line with the gas chromatography electron ionization mass spectrometry (MS) system, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) MS system, and APCI ion-mobility spectrometry system. The three hyphenated variants have been tested in analyses of complex matrices (e.g., fruit-based drinks, whiskey, urine, and stored wastewater). In addition to the use of catalase, COME variants using crude potato pulp or manganese(IV) dioxide have been demonstrated. The technique is inexpensive, fast, reliable, and green: it uses low-toxicity chemicals and emits oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamarthi Maheswar Raju
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chiang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pei Shih
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Decibel P Elpa
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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11
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Tonelli A, Mangia V, Candiani A, Pasquali F, Mangiaracina TJ, Grazioli A, Sozzi M, Gorni D, Bussolati S, Cucinotta A, Basini G, Selleri S. Sensing Optimum in the Raw: Leveraging the Raw-Data Imaging Capabilities of Raspberry Pi for Diagnostics Applications. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21103552. [PMID: 34065190 PMCID: PMC8160707 DOI: 10.3390/s21103552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Single-board computers (SBCs) and microcontroller boards (MCBs) are extensively used nowadays as prototyping platforms to accomplish innovative tasks. Very recently, implementations of these devices for diagnostics applications are rapidly gaining ground for research and educational purposes. Among the available solutions, Raspberry Pi represents one of the most used SBCs. In the present work, two setups based on Raspberry Pi and its CMOS-based camera (a 3D-printed device and an adaptation of a commercial product named We-Lab) were investigated as diagnostic instruments. Different camera elaboration processes were investigated, showing how direct access to the 10-bit raw data acquired from the sensor before downstream imaging processes could be beneficial for photometric applications. The developed solution was successfully applied to the evaluation of the oxidative stress using two commercial kits (d-ROM Fast; PAT). We suggest the analysis of raw data applied to SBC and MCB platforms in order to improve results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Tonelli
- DNAPhone S.R.L., Viale Mentana 150, 43121 Parma, Italy; (A.T.); (V.M.); (A.C.); (F.P.); (T.J.M.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Veronica Mangia
- DNAPhone S.R.L., Viale Mentana 150, 43121 Parma, Italy; (A.T.); (V.M.); (A.C.); (F.P.); (T.J.M.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Alessandro Candiani
- DNAPhone S.R.L., Viale Mentana 150, 43121 Parma, Italy; (A.T.); (V.M.); (A.C.); (F.P.); (T.J.M.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Francesco Pasquali
- DNAPhone S.R.L., Viale Mentana 150, 43121 Parma, Italy; (A.T.); (V.M.); (A.C.); (F.P.); (T.J.M.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Tiziana Jessica Mangiaracina
- DNAPhone S.R.L., Viale Mentana 150, 43121 Parma, Italy; (A.T.); (V.M.); (A.C.); (F.P.); (T.J.M.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Alessandro Grazioli
- DNAPhone S.R.L., Viale Mentana 150, 43121 Parma, Italy; (A.T.); (V.M.); (A.C.); (F.P.); (T.J.M.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Michele Sozzi
- DNAPhone S.R.L., Viale Mentana 150, 43121 Parma, Italy; (A.T.); (V.M.); (A.C.); (F.P.); (T.J.M.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Davide Gorni
- H&D S.R.L., Strada Langhirano 264/1a, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Simona Bussolati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Annamaria Cucinotta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Architettura, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 181/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina Basini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Stefano Selleri
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Architettura, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 181/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-052-190-5763
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12
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Almeida PLD, Lima LMA, Almeida LFD. A 3D-printed robotic system for fully automated multiparameter analysis of drinkable water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1169:338491. [PMID: 34088373 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This work describes a 3D-printed robotic system named RSAWA (robotic system for automatic water analysis) for fully automated water analysis. RSAWA consists of a robotic arm coupled to a syringe pump, temperature and conductivity sensors, a low-cost webcam as colorimetric detector, and a 96-well microplate placed on a 3D-printed platform. The robotic system is controlled by software and it performs all analytical procedures. RSAWA was applied to measure conductivity (CDT), pH, total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl-), nitrite (NO2-), total dissolved phosphorus (TP), and total iron (TI) in drinkable water samples. A simple circuit was designed for conductivity determinations, while colorimetric pH determinations were carried out using Hue values extracted from digital images and a pH universal indicator. HSV histograms were used to calculate Pearson's correlation coefficients, allowing the construction of accurate titration curves. In addition to achieving sample throughputs of 112 h-1 for TA and TH determinations and 92 h-1 for Cl- determinations, RSAWA produced 99.5% less waste than the corresponding reference methods during titrations. Colorimetric measurements were performed through RGB vector norms calculated from digital images were used as analytical signals. Limits of quantification (μg L-1) were 6.83, 13.0 and 1.5 mg L-1 for NO2-, TP, and TI determinations, respectively. Sample throughputs (samples h-1) were 83 for NO2- and TP and 72 for TI with a 98.5% reduction in waste generation. Thus, RSAWA is a low-cost, feasible, and environmentally friendly alternative to quickly and accurately determine several chemical and physicochemical parameters in aqueous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lemos de Almeida
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Do Sertão de Pernambuco, Campus Salgueiro, CEP, 56000-000, Salgueiro, Pernambuco, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CCEN, Departamento de Química, CEP, 58051-970, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Macedo Alves Lima
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Química, CEP, 52171-900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Luciano Farias de Almeida
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CCEN, Departamento de Química, CEP, 58051-970, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
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Itterheimová P, Foret F, Kubáň P. High-resolution Arduino-based data acquisition devices for microscale separation systems. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1153:338294. [PMID: 33714439 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have designed, constructed, and evaluated simple, inexpensive open-source data acquisition systems based on various analog-to-digital converter modules (ADS 1115, MCP 3424, LTC 2400, with resolution from 16 to 24-bit) and a miniature Arduino Nano ™ microcontroller. The constructed data acquisition systems provide excellent performance and are comparable to a commercial, 24-bit device. We provide full schematics and corresponding source codes so that analytical chemists can easily construct any of the developed systems without extensive electronic or programming knowledge. The 24-bit LTC 2400 based device provided the best and comparable performance to a commercial, high-end 24-bit sigma to delta converter (ORCA 2800) at a fraction of cost (less than 50 USD compared to 870 USD for the commercial counterpart). The excellent performance was verified using a capillary electrophoresis system with contactless conductivity detection and separation of inorganic ions in clinical skin wipe and tap water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Itterheimová
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Foret
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kubáň
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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14
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Papadimitropoulos N, Dalacosta K, Pavlatou EA. Teaching Chemistry with Arduino Experiments in a Mixed Virtual-Physical Learning Environment. JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 30:550-566. [PMID: 33551631 PMCID: PMC7846270 DOI: 10.1007/s10956-020-09899-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A study with K-9 Greek students was conducted in order to evaluate how the declarative knowledge acquisition was affected by incorporating Arduino experiments in secondary Chemistry Education. A Digital Application (DA) that blends the use of the Arduino sensors' experiments with digital educational material, including Virtual Labs (VLs), was constructed from scratch to be used through the Interactive Board (IB) as a learning tool by three different student groups (N = 154). In the first stage of the learning process, all groups used only the digital material of the DA. In the second stage, the three groups used different learning tools of the DA. Through the IB, the first group used Arduino experiments, the second one the VLs, and the third only static visualizations. A pre- to post-test statistical analysis demonstrated that the first two groups were equivalent in regard to achievement in declarative knowledge tests and of a higher level than the third group. Therefore, it can be concluded that conducting Arduino experiments in a mixed virtual-physical environment results in equivalent learning gains in declarative knowledge as those attained by using VL experimentation through the IB.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Papadimitropoulos
- Laboratory of General Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9, Heroon Polytechniou Str., Zografos Campus, GR-15780 Athens, Greece
| | - K. Dalacosta
- Laboratory of General Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9, Heroon Polytechniou Str., Zografos Campus, GR-15780 Athens, Greece
| | - E. A. Pavlatou
- Laboratory of General Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9, Heroon Polytechniou Str., Zografos Campus, GR-15780 Athens, Greece
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15
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Grazioli C, Faura G, Dossi N, Toniolo R, Abate M, Terzi F, Bontempelli G. 3D printed portable instruments based on affordable electronics, smartphones and open-source microcontrollers suitable for monitoring food quality. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Sartore DM, Vargas Medina DA, Costa JL, Lanças FM, Santos-Neto ÁJ. Automated microextraction by packed sorbent of cannabinoids from human urine using a lab-made device packed with molecularly imprinted polymer. Talanta 2020; 219:121185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Abstract
With the rapid development of high technology, chemical science is not as it used to be a century ago. Many chemists acquire and utilize skills that are well beyond the traditional definition of chemistry. The digital age has transformed chemistry laboratories. One aspect of this transformation is the progressing implementation of electronics and computer science in chemistry research. In the past decade, numerous chemistry-oriented studies have benefited from the implementation of electronic modules, including microcontroller boards (MCBs), single-board computers (SBCs), professional grade control and data acquisition systems, as well as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In particular, MCBs and SBCs provide good value for money. The application areas for electronic modules in chemistry research include construction of simple detection systems based on spectrophotometry and spectrofluorometry principles, customizing laboratory devices for automation of common laboratory practices, control of reaction systems (batch- and flow-based), extraction systems, chromatographic and electrophoretic systems, microfluidic systems (classical and nonclassical), custom-built polymerase chain reaction devices, gas-phase analyte detection systems, chemical robots and drones, construction of FPGA-based imaging systems, and the Internet-of-Chemical-Things. The technology is easy to handle, and many chemists have managed to train themselves in its implementation. The only major obstacle in its implementation is probably one's imagination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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18
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An Arduino based automatic pressure evaluation system to quantify growth of non‐model anaerobes in culture. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Trojanowicz M. Flow Chemistry in Contemporary Chemical Sciences: A Real Variety of Its Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E1434. [PMID: 32245225 PMCID: PMC7146634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry is an area of contemporary chemistry exploiting the hydrodynamic conditions of flowing liquids to provide particular environments for chemical reactions. These particular conditions of enhanced and strictly regulated transport of reagents, improved interface contacts, intensification of heat transfer, and safe operation with hazardous chemicals can be utilized in chemical synthesis, both for mechanization and automation of analytical procedures, and for the investigation of the kinetics of ultrafast reactions. Such methods are developed for more than half a century. In the field of chemical synthesis, they are used mostly in pharmaceutical chemistry for efficient syntheses of small amounts of active substances. In analytical chemistry, flow measuring systems are designed for environmental applications and industrial monitoring, as well as medical and pharmaceutical analysis, providing essential enhancement of the yield of analyses and precision of analytical determinations. The main concept of this review is to show the overlapping of development trends in the design of instrumentation and various ways of the utilization of specificity of chemical operations under flow conditions, especially for synthetic and analytical purposes, with a simultaneous presentation of the still rather limited correspondence between these two main areas of flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Trojanowicz
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03–195 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02–093 Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Low-cost Point-of-Care Biosensors Using Common Electronic Components as Transducers. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-020-4104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Facilitating chemical and biochemical experiments with electronic microcontrollers and single-board computers. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:925-990. [PMID: 31996842 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent of modern science, researchers have had to rely on their technical skills or the support of specialized workshops to construct analytical instruments. The notion of the 'fourth industrial revolution' promotes construction of customized systems by individuals using widely available, inexpensive electronic modules. This protocol shows how chemists and biochemists can utilize a broad range of microcontroller boards (MCBs) and single-board computers (SBCs) to improve experimental designs and address scientific questions. We provide seven example procedures for laboratory routines that can be expedited by implementing this technology: (i) injection of microliter-volume liquid plugs into microscale capillaries for low-volume assays; (ii) transfer of liquid extract to a mass spectrometer; (iii) liquid-gas extraction of volatile organic compounds (called 'fizzy extraction'), followed by mass spectrometric detection; (iv) monitoring of experimental conditions over the Internet cloud in real time; (v) transfer of analytes to a mass spectrometer via a liquid microjunction interface, data acquisition, and data deposition into the Internet cloud; (vi) feedback control of a biochemical reaction; and (vii) optimization of sample flow rate in direct-infusion mass spectrometry. The protocol constitutes a primer for chemists and biochemists who would like to take advantage of MCBs and SBCs in daily experimentation. It is assumed that the readers have not attended any courses related to electronics or programming. Using the instructions provided in this protocol and the cited material, readers should be able to assemble simple systems to facilitate various procedures performed in chemical and biochemical laboratories in 1-2 d.
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22
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Elpa DP, Prabhu GRD, Wu SP, Tay KS, Urban PL. Automation of mass spectrometric detection of analytes and related workflows: A review. Talanta 2019; 208:120304. [PMID: 31816721 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The developments in mass spectrometry (MS) in the past few decades reveal the power and versatility of this technology. MS methods are utilized in routine analyses as well as research activities involving a broad range of analytes (elements and molecules) and countless matrices. However, manual MS analysis is gradually becoming a thing of the past. In this article, the available MS automation strategies are critically evaluated. Automation of analytical workflows culminating with MS detection encompasses involvement of automated operations in any of the steps related to sample handling/treatment before MS detection, sample introduction, MS data acquisition, and MS data processing. Automated MS workflows help to overcome the intrinsic limitations of MS methodology regarding reproducibility, throughput, and the expertise required to operate MS instruments. Such workflows often comprise automated off-line and on-line steps such as sampling, extraction, derivatization, and separation. The most common instrumental tools include autosamplers, multi-axis robots, flow injection systems, and lab-on-a-chip. Prototyping customized automated MS systems is a way to introduce non-standard automated features to MS workflows. The review highlights the enabling role of automated MS procedures in various sectors of academic research and industry. Examples include applications of automated MS workflows in bioscience, environmental studies, and exploration of the outer space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decibel P Elpa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Pao Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Kheng Soo Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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23
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Sun M, Li Z, Yang Q. μdroPi: A Hand-Held Microfluidic Droplet Imager and Analyzer Built on Raspberry Pi. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 2019; 96:1152-1156. [PMID: 32483390 PMCID: PMC7263740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.8b00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We built a low-cost and hand-held device to image and analyze microfluidic droplets mainly for educational/teaching purposes in laboratory settings of universities. The device was assembled based on a Raspberry Pi with a camera attached on the back and an LCD screen on the top. We evaluated the performance of this device to capture images and videos to visualize high-throughput droplet generation in a microfluidic device. The qualities of imaging resolution and speed were sufficient for us to perform subsequent droplet analysis quantitatively through automatic image possessing. Droplet characteristics including droplet size, volume, and dispersity, as well as droplet intensity, have been measured, showing the potential of this device to analyze droplet-based assays. Most importantly, in addition to learning the knowledge and principles from classroom lectures, students can thus gain practice of using an advanced, state-of-the-art technology in a laboratory course. It will also open up opportunities to train students with skills of interdisciplinary thinking and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Sun
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhengda Li
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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24
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Yang HC, Chang CM, Urban PL. Automation of fizzy extraction enabled by inexpensive open-source modules. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01639. [PMID: 31193233 PMCID: PMC6522666 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of most instrumental analysis methods requires a considerable amount of human effort at every step, including sample preparation, detection, and data processing. Automated analytical workflows decrease the amount of required work. However, commercial automated platforms are mainly available for well-established sample processing methods. In contrast, newly developed prototypes of analytical instruments are often operated manually, what limits their performance and decreases the chance of their adoption by the broader community. Open-source electronic modules facilitate the prototyping of complex analytical instruments and enable the incorporation of automated functions at the early stage of technique development. Here, we exemplify this advantage of open-source electronics while prototyping an automated analytical device. Fizzy extraction takes advantage of the effervescence phenomenon to extract semi-volatile solutes from the liquid to the gas phase. The entire fizzy extraction process has been automated by using three Arduino-related microcontrollers. The functions of the developed autonomous fizzy extraction device include triggering the analysis by a smartphone app, control of carrier gas pressure in the headspace of the sample chamber, displaying experimental conditions on an LCD screen, acquiring mass spectrometry data in real time, filtering electronic noise, integrating peaks, calculating the analyte concentration in the extracted sample, printing the analysis report, storing the acquired data in non-volatile memory, monitoring the condition of the motor by counting the number of extraction cycles, and cleaning the elements exposed to the sample (to minimize carryover). The performance of this automated system has been evaluated using standards and real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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25
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Foster SW, Alirangues MJ, Naese JA, Constans E, Grinias JP. A low-cost, open-source digital stripchart recorder for chromatographic detectors using a Raspberry Pi. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:396-400. [PMID: 30975526 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the most critical aspects of chromatographic analysis is effective data acquisition and processing. Typical approaches include software platforms designed for specific instruments or commercial data acquisition hardware boards, both of which require expensive licenses to use and operate. To increase the access and affordability of chromatographic data acquisition, especially for systems in which software control has become obsolete or must be written in-house, an open-source digital stripchart recorder has been developed. This system is built upon a Raspberry Pi single-board computer and a plug-in printed circuit board with the necessary integrated circuits for data acquisition. Using an open-source software called Processing, a complete user interface to control the system was developed that enables the acquisition, filtering, and processing of chromatographic data. The system performs comparably to more expensive platforms, with calculated values for peak area, retention time, and plate count all within 3% of the values calculated by a widely used commercial chromatography data software package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Michael J Alirangues
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Joseph A Naese
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Eric Constans
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, IN, United States.
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States.
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26
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Strzelak K, Koncki R. A remote-controlled immunochemical system for nephelometric detection of human serum transferrin. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 127:31-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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27
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Bzura J, Koncki R. A mechanized urease activity assay. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 123:1-7. [PMID: 30686345 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two fully mechanized flow analysis systems for urease activity assays have been developed, characterized and compared. Both of them are based on almost the same compact system of solenoid micropumps and microvalves controlled and actuated by highly effective, low-power and economic Arduino microcontroller. For photometric detection of ammonia formed in the course of enzymatic hydrolysis of urea, the Berthelot method and the Nessler reaction have been examined. For both these detection schemes very simple dedicated optoelectronic flow-through detectors made of paired light emitting diodes have been developed. In both systems single enzyme assay lasting a few minutes allows determination of urease in activity range 0.02-5.3 U mL-1 with detection limit 0.02 U mL-1 and in 1.3-5.3 U mL-1 range with 0.75 U mL-1 detection limit for Nessler reaction and Berthelot method based systems, respectively. When compared with mechanized Berthelot method, the bioanalytical system based on Nessler reaction offers higher sensitivity, lower detection/determination limits, better selectivity and lower cost of the assay. It has been demonstrated that the developed bioanalytical flow systems could be useful for urease determination in complex biological matrix like plant extracts and media for microbial cultures as well as for inhibitive determination of heavy metals at sub-ppm levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Bzura
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, L. Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Robert Koncki
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, L. Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
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28
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Prabhu GRD, Witek HA, Urban PL. Telechemistry: monitoring chemical reactionsviathe cloud using the Particle Photon Wi-Fi module. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00043g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A popular electronic module and the associated Internet-of-Things tools provide chemists with more control over long-term experimental procedures and enhance lab work safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpur Rakesh D. Prabhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu
- Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Henryk A. Witek
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu
- Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu
- Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters
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29
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Furter JS, Hauser PC. Interactive control of purpose built analytical instruments with Forth on microcontrollers - A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1058:18-28. [PMID: 30851850 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of the computer language Forth for controlling experimental analytical instruments built in laboratories is described. Forth runs on a microcontroller and as it is an interpreted language the user can directly communicate with it by employing a terminal emulator program running on a personal computer. Thus the user can test attached hardware, such as pumps, valves, electronic pressure regulators, detectors and chemical sensors, directly from the keyboard. This overcomes the lack of interactivity, a significant shortcoming, of the computer languages C and C++, the default on such microcontroller platforms as the Arduinos, which have become very popular in recent years for laboratory applications. Common examples of purpose built experimental analytical laboratory instruments are sequential injection analysis systems, microfluidic devices, or automated sample extraction systems. Application examples from our laboratory are given, namely the regulation of mass-flow controllers for gases, the sequencing of an experimental capillary electrophoresis instrument and the acquisition of a signal from an alcohol sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine S Furter
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter C Hauser
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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30
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Chang CH, Urban PL. Automated Dual-Chamber Sampling System to Follow Dynamics of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Biological Specimens. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13848-13854. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hao Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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31
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Kubáň P, Foret F, Erny G. Open source capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:65-78. [PMID: 30229967 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Open source paradigm is becoming widely accepted in scientific communities and open source hardware is finding its steady place in chemistry research. In this review article, we provide the reader with the most up-to-date information on open source hardware and software resources enabling the construction and utilization of an "open source capillary electrophoresis instrument". While CE is still underused as a separation technique, it offers unique flexibility, low-cost, and high efficiency and is particularly suitable for open source instrumental development. We overview the major parts of CE instruments, such as high voltage power supplies, detectors, data acquisition systems, and CE software resources with emphasis on availability of the open source information on the web and in the scientific literature. This review is the first of its kind, revealing accessible blueprints of most parts from which a fully functional open source CE system can be built. By collecting the extensive information on open source capillary electrophoresis in this review article, the authors aim at facilitating the dissemination of knowledge on CE within and outside the scientific community, fosters innovation and inspire other researchers to improve the shared CE blueprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kubáň
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, CEITEC Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Foret
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, CEITEC Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Guillaume Erny
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering - University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Urban PL. Prototypen-Entwicklung von Instrumenten für das chemische Laboratorium mithilfe von preiswerten Elektronikmodulen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Rd. Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
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33
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Hoffman NM, Gotlib ZP, Opačić B, Clowers BH, Reilly PTA. A comparison based digital waveform generator for high resolution duty cycle. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:084101. [PMID: 30184640 DOI: 10.1063/1.5004798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A comparison-based digital waveform generator has been developed that directly enables purely duty cycle controlled digital mass filters. This waveform generator operates by the comparison of a periodic waveform and a DC level to produce a digital waveform. The improved duty cycle realized by this method of waveform generation is demonstrated by producing a mass spectrum of electrosprayed lysozyme by varying the duty cycle of a digital waveform applied to a quadrupole rod set. Operation and control of the waveform generator using an inexpensive open-source microcontroller is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, USA
| | - Zachary P Gotlib
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, USA
| | - Bojana Opačić
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, USA
| | - Brian H Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, USA
| | - Peter T A Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, USA
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Prabhu GRD, Witek HA, Urban PL. Chemical clocks, oscillations, and other temporal effects in analytical chemistry: oddity or viable approach? Analyst 2018; 143:3514-3525. [PMID: 29850665 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01926b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Most analytical methods are based on "analogue" inputs from sensors of light, electric potentials, or currents. The signals obtained by such sensors are processed using certain calibration functions to determine concentrations of the target analytes. The signal readouts are normally done after an optimised and fixed time period, during which an assay mixture is incubated. This minireview covers another-and somewhat unusual-analytical strategy, which relies on the measurement of time interval between the occurrences of two distinguishable states in the assay reaction. These states manifest themselves via abrupt changes in the properties of the assay mixture (e.g. change of colour, appearance or disappearance of luminescence, change in pH, variations in optical activity or mechanical properties). In some cases, a correlation between the time of appearance/disappearance of a given property and the analyte concentration can be also observed. An example of an assay based on time measurement is an oscillating reaction, in which the period of oscillations is linked to the concentration of the target analyte. A number of chemo-chronometric assays, relying on the existing (bio)transformations or artificially designed reactions, were disclosed in the past few years. They are very attractive from the fundamental point of view but-so far-only few of them have be validated and used to address real-world problems. Then, can chemo-chronometric assays become a practical tool for chemical analysis? Is there a need for further development of such assays? We are aiming to answer these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
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35
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Urban PL. Prototyping Instruments for the Chemical Laboratory Using Inexpensive Electronic Modules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11074-11077. [PMID: 29766621 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Open-source electronics and programming can augment chemical and biomedical research. Currently, chemists can choose from a broad range of low-cost universal electronic modules (microcontroller boards and single-board computers) and use them to assemble working prototypes of scientific tools to address specific experimental problems and to support daily research work. The learning time can be as short as a few hours, and the required budget is often as low as 50 USD. Prototyping instruments using low-cost electronic modules gives chemists enormous flexibility to design and construct customized instrumentation, which can reduce the delays caused by limited access to high-end commercial platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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36
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Yang HH, Dutkiewicz EP, Urban PL. Kinetic study of continuous liquid-liquid extraction of wine with real-time detection. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1034:85-91. [PMID: 30193643 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic optimization of continuous liquid-liquid extraction (CLLE) can shorten sample preparation times and reduce losses of labile or volatile analytes. Here, we coupled a downscaled CLLE apparatus with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface of triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Real-time sampling was guided by an Arduino-based programmable logic controller. The recorded datasets were processed to compute the extraction rate constants for the target analytes. The extraction time in subsequent on-line experiments was set to 180 min as a compromise between the reduction of the analysis time and maximizing its yield. Interestingly, off-line analysis of the extract produced different results than on-line analysis pointing to the immanent degradation of the collected extract aliquots. Next, we implemented this hyphenated system in the analysis of red wine samples, which were stored during different periods of time after opening the bottle. The results reveal differences in the depletion of the volatile wine components during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsien Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Ewelina P Dutkiewicz
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Kuang-Fu Rd, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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37
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Medina DAV, Santos-Neto ÁJ, Cerdà V, Maya F. Automated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the solidification of the organic phase. Talanta 2018; 189:241-248. [PMID: 30086913 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique based on the solidification of the organic phase (DLLME-SFO) has been automated for the first time. DLLME-SFO is automated by hyphenating a sequential injection analysis (SIA) system with a custom-made robotic phase separator. Automated in-syringe DLLME is followed by phase separation in a 3D printed device integrating a Peltier cell set, mounted on a multi-axis robotic arm. The combined action of the flow system and the robotic arm is controlled by a single software package, enabling the solidification/melting and collection of the organic phase for further analyte quantification. As proof-of-concept, automated DLLME-SFO was applied to the extraction of parabens followed by separation using liquid chromatography, obtaining LODs between 0.3 and 1.3 µg L-1 (4 mL of sample extracted in 1 mL of 1-dodecanol: MeOH, 15:85, v-v). The method showed a high reproducibility, obtaining intraday RSDs between 4.6% and 5.8% (n = 6), and interday RSDs between 5.6% and 8.6% (n = 6). The developed method was evaluated for the determination of parabens in water, urine, saliva, and personal care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyber Arley Vargas Medina
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca E-07122, Spain; Sao Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Álvaro José Santos-Neto
- Sao Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Víctor Cerdà
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca E-07122, Spain
| | - Fernando Maya
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca E-07122, Spain.
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38
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Yafia M, Emran BJ, Najjaran H. Digital Microfluidic Systems: Fundamentals, Configurations, Techniques, and Applications. MICROFLUIDICS: FUNDAMENTAL, DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS 2018:175-209. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527800643.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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39
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Wang H, Sun Y, Yue W, Kang Q, Li H, Shen D. A smartphone-based double-channel fluorescence setup for immunoassay of a carcinoembryonic antigen using CuS nanoparticles for signal amplification. Analyst 2018; 143:1670-1678. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01988b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive detection of cancer biomarkers is valuable for clinical diagnosis and treatment assessment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of MoleCular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of MoleCular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Weiwei Yue
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of MoleCular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Qi Kang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of MoleCular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Huijuan Li
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shandong University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- P.R. China
| | - Dazhong Shen
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of MoleCular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
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40
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Sinha SK, Ghosh S. Facile synthesis of Sn doped ZnO nanotetrapods for detection of relatively non-lethal volatiles. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Siano GG, Montemurro M, Alcaráz MR, Goicoechea HC. Open-Source Assisted Laboratory Automation through Graphical User Interfaces and 3D Printers: Application to Equipment Hyphenation for Higher-Order Data Generation. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10667-10672. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel G. Siano
- Laboratorio
de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría, Cátedra
de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica
y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
- Consejo
Nacional
de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 CABA (C1425FQB), Argentina
| | - Milagros Montemurro
- Laboratorio
de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría, Cátedra
de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica
y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
- Consejo
Nacional
de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 CABA (C1425FQB), Argentina
| | - Mirta R. Alcaráz
- Laboratorio
de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría, Cátedra
de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica
y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
- Consejo
Nacional
de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 CABA (C1425FQB), Argentina
| | - Héctor C. Goicoechea
- Laboratorio
de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría, Cátedra
de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica
y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
- Consejo
Nacional
de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 CABA (C1425FQB), Argentina
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42
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Yang HC, Chang CH, Urban PL. Fizzy Extraction of Volatile Organic Compounds Combined with Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28745648 DOI: 10.3791/56008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds dissolved in liquid samples can be challenging. The dissolved components need to be brought to the gas phase, and efficiently transferred to a detection system. Fizzy extraction takes advantage of the effervescence phenomenon. First, a carrier gas (here, carbon dioxide) is dissolved in the sample by applying overpressure and stirring the sample. Second, the sample chamber is decompressed abruptly. Decompression leads to the formation of numerous carrier gas bubbles in the sample liquid. These bubbles assist the release of the dissolved analyte species from the liquid to the gas phase. The released analytes are immediately transferred to the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The ionizable analyte species give rise to mass spectrometric signals in the time domain. Because the release of the analyte species occurs over short periods of time (a few seconds), the temporal signals have high amplitudes and high signal-to-noise ratios. The amplitudes and areas of the temporal peaks can then be correlated with concentrations of the analytes in the liquid samples subjected to fizzy extraction, which enables quantitative analysis. The advantages of fizzy extraction include: simplicity, speed, and limited use of chemicals (solvents).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chun Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University
| | - Cheng-Hao Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University;
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43
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Rybkowska N, Koncki R, Strzelak K. Optoelectronic iron detectors for pharmaceutical flow analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:504-508. [PMID: 28746909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Compact flow-through optoelectronic detectors fabricated by pairing of light emitting diodes have been applied for development of economic flow analysis systems dedicated for iron ions determination. Three analytical methods with different chromogens selectively recognizing iron ions have been compared. Ferrozine and ferene S based methods offer higher sensitivity and slightly lower detection limits than method with 1,10-phenantroline, but narrower ranges of linear response. Each system allows detection of iron in micromolar range of concentration with comparable sample throughput (20 injections per hour). The developed flow analysis systems have been successfully applied for determination of iron in diet supplements. The utility of developed analytical systems for iron release studies from drug formulations has also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rybkowska
- University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Robert Koncki
- University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Strzelak
- University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
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44
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45
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Tang YR, Yang HH, Urban PL. Prototype of an Interface for Hyphenating Distillation with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6:S0061. [PMID: 28337400 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemical analysis of complex matrices-containing hundreds of compounds-is challenging. Two-dimensional separation techniques provide an efficient way to reduce complexity of mixtures analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS). For example, gasoline is a mixture of numerous compounds, which can be fractionated by distillation techniques. However, coupling conventional distillation with other separations as well as MS is not straightforward. We have established an automatic system for online coupling of simple microscale distillation with gas chromatography (GC) and electron ionization MS. The developed system incorporates an interface between the distillation condenser and the injector of a fused silica capillary GC column. Development of this multidimensional separation (distillation-GC-MS) was preceded by a series of preliminary off-line experiments. In the developed technique, the components with different boiling points are fractionated and instantly analyzed by GC-MS. The obtained data sets illustrate dynamics of the distillation process. An important advantage of the distillation-GC-MS technique is that raw samples can directly be analyzed without removal of the non-volatile matrix residues that could contaminate the GC injection port and the column. Distilling the samples immediately before the injection to the GC column may reduce possible matrix effects-especially in the early phase of separation, when molecules with different volatilities co-migrate. It can also reduce losses of highly volatile components (during fraction collection and transfer). The two separation steps are partly orthogonal, what can slightly increase selectivity of the entire analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Tang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University
| | - Hui-Hsien Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University
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46
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Liu PH, Urban PL. Plug-Volume-Modulated Dilution Generator for Flask-Free Chemistry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11663-11669. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Han Liu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry
and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department
of Applied Chemistry
and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
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47
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Grinias JP, Whitfield JT, Guetschow ED, Kennedy RT. An Inexpensive, Open-Source USB Arduino Data Acquisition Device for Chemical Instrumentation. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 2016; 93:1316-1319. [PMID: 27453587 PMCID: PMC4946424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Many research and teaching labs rely on USB data acquisition devices to collect voltage signals from instrumentation. However, these devices can be cost-prohibitive (especially when large numbers are needed for teaching labs) and require software to be developed for operation. In this article, we describe the development and use of an open-source USB data acquisition device (with 16-bit acquisition resolution) built using simple electronic components and an Arduino Uno that costs under $50. Additionally, open-source software written in Python is included so that data can be acquired using nearly any PC or Mac computer with a simple USB connection. Use of the device was demonstrated for a sophomore-level analytical experiment using GC and a CE-UV separation on an instrument used for research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jason T. Whitfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Erik D. Guetschow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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48
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Mousavi Shaegh SA, De Ferrari F, Zhang YS, Nabavinia M, Binth Mohammad N, Ryan J, Pourmand A, Laukaitis E, Banan Sadeghian R, Nadhman A, Shin SR, Nezhad AS, Khademhosseini A, Dokmeci MR. A microfluidic optical platform for real-time monitoring of pH and oxygen in microfluidic bioreactors and organ-on-chip devices. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:044111. [PMID: 27648113 PMCID: PMC5001973 DOI: 10.1063/1.4955155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest to develop microfluidic bioreactors and organ-on-chip platforms with integrated sensors to monitor their physicochemical properties and to maintain a well-controlled microenvironment for cultured organoids. Conventional sensing devices cannot be easily integrated with microfluidic organ-on-chip systems with low-volume bioreactors for continual monitoring. This paper reports on the development of a multi-analyte optical sensing module for dynamic measurements of pH and dissolved oxygen levels in the culture medium. The sensing system was constructed using low-cost electro-optics including light-emitting diodes and silicon photodiodes. The sensing module includes an optically transparent window for measuring light intensity, and the module could be connected directly to a perfusion bioreactor without any specific modifications to the microfluidic device design. A compact, user-friendly, and low-cost electronic interface was developed to control the optical transducer and signal acquisition from photodiodes. The platform enabled convenient integration of the optical sensing module with a microfluidic bioreactor. Human dermal fibroblasts were cultivated in the bioreactor, and the values of pH and dissolved oxygen levels in the flowing culture medium were measured continuously for up to 3 days. Our integrated microfluidic system provides a new analytical platform with ease of fabrication and operation, which can be adapted for applications in various microfluidic cell culture and organ-on-chip devices.
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49
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Hossain MA, Canning J, Cook K, Jamalipour A. Optical fiber smartphone spectrometer. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2237-40. [PMID: 27176971 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An optical fiber-based smartphone spectrometer incorporating an endoscopic fiber bundle is demonstrated. The endoscope allows transmission of the smartphone camera LED light to a sample, removing complications from varying background illumination. The reflected spectra collected from a surface or interface is dispersed onto the camera CMOS using a reflecting diffraction grating. A spectral resolution as low as δλ∼2.0 nm over a bandwidth of Δλ∼250 nm is obtained using a slit width, ωslit=0.7 mm. The instrument has vast potential in a number of industrial applications including agricultural produce analysis. Spectral analysis of apples shows straightforward measurement of the pigments anthocyanins, carotenoid, and chlorophyll, all of which decrease with increasing storage time.
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50
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