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Gagliani F, Di Giulio T, Asif MI, Malitesta C, Mazzotta E. Boosting Electrochemical Sensing Performances Using Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:358. [PMID: 39056634 PMCID: PMC11274585 DOI: 10.3390/bios14070358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles of molecularly imprinted polymers (nanoMIPs) combine the excellent recognition ability of imprinted polymers with specific properties related to the nanosize, such as a high surface-to-volume ratio, resulting in highly performing recognition elements with surface-exposed binding sites that promote the interaction with the target and, in turn, binding kinetics. Different synthetic strategies are currently available to produce nanoMIPs, with the possibility to select specific conditions in relation to the nature of monomers/templates and, importantly, to tune the nanoparticle size. The excellent sensing properties, combined with the size, tunability, and flexibility of synthetic protocols applicable to different targets, have enabled the widespread use of nanoMIPs in several applications, including sensors, imaging, and drug delivery. The present review summarizes nanoMIPs applications in sensors, specifically focusing on electrochemical detection, for which nanoMIPs have been mostly applied. After a general survey of the most widely adopted nanoMIP synthetic approaches, the integration of imprinted nanoparticles with electrochemical transducers will be discussed, representing a key step for enabling a reliable and stable sensor response. The mechanisms for electrochemical signal generation will also be compared, followed by an illustration of nanoMIP-based electrochemical sensor employment in several application fields. The high potentialities of nanoMIP-based electrochemical sensors are presented, and possible reasons that still limit their commercialization and issues to be resolved for coupling electrochemical sensing and nanoMIPs in an increasingly widespread daily-use technology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elisabetta Mazzotta
- Laboratorio di Chimica Analitica, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.G.); (T.D.G.); (M.I.A.); (C.M.)
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2
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Hix-Janssens T, Davies JR, Turner NW, Sellergren B, Sullivan MV. Molecularly imprinted nanogels as synthetic recognition materials for the ultrasensitive detection of periodontal disease biomarkers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05395-6. [PMID: 38898327 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Periodontal disease affects supporting dental structures and ranks among one of the top most expensive conditions to treat in the world. Moreover, in recent years, the disease has also been linked to cardiovascular and Alzheimer's diseases. At present, there is a serious lack of accurate diagnostic tools to identify people at severe risk of periodontal disease progression. Porphyromonas gingivalis is often considered one of the most contributing factors towards disease progression. It produces the Arg- and Lys-specific proteases Rgp and Kgp, respectively. Within this work, a short epitope sequence of these proteases is immobilised onto a magnetic nanoparticle platform. These are then used as a template to produce high-affinity, selective molecularly imprinted nanogels, using the common monomers N-tert-butylacrylamide (TBAM), N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM), and N-(3-aminopropyl) methacrylamide hydrochloride (APMA). N,N-Methylene bis(acrylamide) (BIS) was used as a crosslinking monomer to form the interconnected polymeric network. The produced nanogels were immobilised onto a planar gold surface and characterised using the optical technique of surface plasmon resonance. They showed high selectivity and affinity towards their template, with affinity constants of 79.4 and 89.7 nM for the Rgp and Kgp epitope nanogels, respectively. From their calibration curves, the theoretical limit of detection was determined to be 1.27 nM for the Rgp nanogels and 2.00 nM for the Kgp nanogels. Furthermore, they also showed excellent selectivity against bacterial culture supernatants E8 (Rgp knockout), K1A (Kgp knockout), and W50-d (wild-type) strains in complex medium of brain heart infusion (BHI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hix-Janssens
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Julia R Davies
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nicholas W Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Börje Sellergren
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Mark V Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
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3
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Silva AT, Figueiredo R, Azenha M, Jorge PA, Pereira CM, Ribeiro JA. Imprinted Hydrogel Nanoparticles for Protein Biosensing: A Review. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2898-2920. [PMID: 37556357 PMCID: PMC10463276 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, molecular imprinting (MI) technology has made tremendous progress, and the advancements in nanotechnology have been the major driving force behind the improvement of MI technology. The preparation of nanoscale imprinted materials, i.e., molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (MIP NPs, also commonly called nanoMIPs), opened new horizons in terms of practical applications, including in the field of sensors. Currently, hydrogels are very promising for applications in bioanalytical assays and sensors due to their high biocompatibility and possibility to tune chemical composition, size (microgels, nanogels, etc.), and format (nanostructures, MIP film, fibers, etc.) to prepare optimized analyte-responsive imprinted materials. This review aims to highlight the recent progress on the use of hydrogel MIP NPs for biosensing purposes over the past decade, mainly focusing on their incorporation on sensing devices for detection of a fundamental class of biomolecules, the peptides and proteins. The review begins by directing its focus on the ability of MIPs to replace biological antibodies in (bio)analytical assays and highlight their great potential to face the current demands of chemical sensing in several fields, such as disease diagnosis, food safety, environmental monitoring, among others. After that, we address the general advantages of nanosized MIPs over macro/micro-MIP materials, such as higher affinity toward target analytes and improved binding kinetics. Then, we provide a general overview on hydrogel properties and their great advantages for applications in the field of Sensors, followed by a brief description on current popular routes for synthesis of imprinted hydrogel nanospheres targeting large biomolecules, namely precipitation polymerization and solid-phase synthesis, along with fruitful combination with epitope imprinting as reliable approaches for developing optimized protein-imprinted materials. In the second part of the review, we have provided the state of the art on the application of MIP nanogels for screening macromolecules with sensors having different transduction modes (optical, electrochemical, thermal, etc.) and design formats for single use, reusable, continuous monitoring, and even multiple analyte detection in specialized laboratories or in situ using mobile technology. Finally, we explore aspects about the development of this technology and its applications and discuss areas of future growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana T. Silva
- CIQUP/IMS,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Rui Figueiredo
- CIQUP/IMS,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Manuel Azenha
- CIQUP/IMS,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Pedro A.S. Jorge
- INESC
TEC−Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology
and Science, Faculty of Sciences, University
of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Pereira
- CIQUP/IMS,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - José A. Ribeiro
- CIQUP/IMS,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
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4
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Saboury A, Mohammadi R, Javanbakht S, Ghorbani M. Doxorubicin imprinted magnetic polymethacrylamide as a pH-sensitive anticancer nanocarrier. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Yu M, Li H, Xie J, Xu Y, Lu X. A descriptive and comparative analysis on the adsorption of PPCPs by molecularly imprinted polymers. Talanta 2022; 236:122875. [PMID: 34635255 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have aroused great attention as a new material for the removal or detection of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). However, it is not clear about the superiority and deficiency of MIPs in the process of removing or detecting PPCPs. Herein, we evaluated the performance of MIPs in the aspects of adsorption capacity, binding affinity, adsorption rate, and compatibility to other techniques, and proposed ways to improve its performance. Without regard to the selectivity of MIPs, for the PPCPs adsorption, MIPs surprisingly did not always perform better than the conventional adsorbents (non-imprinted polymers, biochar, activated carbon and resin), indicating that MIPs should be used where selectivity is crucial, for example recovery of specific PPCPs in an environmental sample extraction process. Compared to the traditional solid-phase extraction for PPCPs detection pretreatment, the usage of MIPs as substitute extraction agents could obtain high selectivity of specific substance, due to the uniformity and effectiveness of the specific sites. A promising development in the future would be to combine other simple and rapid quantitative technologies, such as electro/photochemical sensor and catalytic degradation, to realize rapid and sensitive detection of trace PPCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution and Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Environmental Biogeochemical Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Haixiao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution and Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Environmental Biogeochemical Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jingyi Xie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution and Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Environmental Biogeochemical Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Soils and Agri-Food Engineering, Paul Comtois Bldg., Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Xueqiang Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution and Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Environmental Biogeochemical Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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6
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Teixeira SPB, Reis RL, Peppas NA, Gomes ME, Domingues RMA. Epitope-imprinted polymers: Design principles of synthetic binding partners for natural biomacromolecules. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi9884. [PMID: 34714673 PMCID: PMC8555893 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi9884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imprinting (MI) has been explored as an increasingly viable tool for molecular recognition in various fields. However, imprinting of biologically relevant molecules like proteins is severely hampered by several problems. Inspired by natural antibodies, the use of epitopes as imprinting templates has been explored to circumvent those limitations, offering lower costs and greater versatility. Here, we review the latest innovations in this technology, as well as different applications where MI polymers (MIPs) have been used to target biomolecules of interest. We discuss the several steps in MI, from the choice of epitope and functional monomers to the different production methods and possible applications. We also critically explore how MIP performance can be assessed by various parameters. Last, we present perspectives on future breakthroughs and advances, offering insights into how MI techniques can be expanded to new fields such as tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simão P. B. Teixeira
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark—Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark—Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1801, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1801, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1801, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1801, USA
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1801, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1801, USA
| | - Manuela E. Gomes
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark—Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui M. A. Domingues
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark—Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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7
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Pasquardini L, Bossi AM. Molecularly imprinted polymers by epitope imprinting: a journey from molecular interactions to the available bioinformatics resources to scout for epitope templates. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6101-6115. [PMID: 34018035 PMCID: PMC8440283 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular imprinting of proteins is the process of forming biomimetics with entailed protein-recognition by means of a template-assisted synthesis. Protein-imprinted polymers (pMIPs) have been successfully employed in separations, assays, sensors, and imaging. From a technical point of view, imprinting a protein is both costly, for protein expression and purification, and challenging, for the preservation of the protein's structural properties. In fact, the imprinting process needs to guarantee the preservation of the same protein three-dimensional conformation that later would be recognized. So far, the captivating idea to imprint just a portion of the protein, i.e., an epitope, instead of the whole, proved successful, offering reduced costs, compatibility with many synthetic conditions (solvents, pH, temperatures), and fine-tuning of the peptide sequence so to target specific physiological and functional conditions of the protein, such as post-translational modifications. Here, protein-protein interactions and the biochemical features of the epitopes are inspected, deriving lessons to prepare more effective pMIPs. Epitopes are categorized in linear or structured, immunogenic or not, located at the protein's surface or buried in its core and the imprinting strategies are discussed. Moreover, attention is given to freely available online bioinformatics resources that might offer key tools to gain further rationale amid the selection process of suitable epitopes templates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Maria Bossi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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8
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Kumar S, Balouch A, Alveroğlu E, Jagirani MS, Mughal MA, Mal D. Fabrication of nickel-tagged magnetic imprinted polymeric network for the selective extraction of Ni(II) from the real aqueous samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:40022-40034. [PMID: 33770354 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new nickel ion, magnetic imprinted polymer was fabricated through the precipitation polymerization process, using amine-functionalized silica-capped iron oxide particles as a core material, and 4-vinyl pyridine as complexing agent methacrylic acid as functional monomer. The resulted magnetic adsorbent was employed to eliminate toxic Ni2+ ions from industrial wastewater. The different parameters were optimized, such as pH, shaking speed, and adsorbent dose, to obtain the maximum adsorption capacity. The synthesized material showed high selectivity coefficient for Ni+2 ions in the presence of other competitive ions and followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm. A good adsorption capacity of 158.73 mg g-1 was obtained at optimized pH 6 in the concentration of 5 mg L-1 nickel ions aqueous solution. The limit of detection, quantification, and the percent relative standard deviation was found to be 0.58, 1.93, and 3.4%. This proves the excellent performance of prepared magnetic Ni(II) ion-imprinted polymer for selective detoxification of Ni2+ ions from real aqueous samples. Due to tunable magnetic properties, the prepared MMIPs are highly selective and sensitive and highly porous in nature; due to excellent magnetic properties, there is no need for centrifugation. Just use external magnetic field, it has good reusability. Showing preparation of Ni (II) imprinted magnetic polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Kumar
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Aamna Balouch
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, 76080, Pakistan.
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Physics Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34467 Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Esra Alveroğlu
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Physics Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34467 Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Saqaf Jagirani
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Moina Akhtar Mughal
- Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Dadu Mal
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, 76080, Pakistan
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Cavalera S, Chiarello M, Di Nardo F, Anfossi L, Baggiani C. Effect of experimental conditions on the binding abilities of ciprofloxacin-imprinted nanoparticles prepared by solid-phase synthesis. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Food manufacturers are aiming to manage the levels of cross-contamination of allergens within food processing plants and ultimately move away from precautionary labelling. Hence, the need for rapid methods to detect allergens cross-contamination. A sensitive and selective label-free nanoMIPs based sensor was developed and tested for the detection of β-lactoglobulin (BLG). NanoMIPs were synthesized using solid-phase synthesis and appeared as spherical nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 264–294 nm, using dynamic light scattering (DLS). The nanoMIPs were functionalized with amine groups and attached to the surface of the SPR gold chip via amine-coupling protocol. The SPR nanoMIPs-based sensor demonstrated a detection limit of 3 ng mL−1 (211 pM) over a linear range of 1–5000 ng mL−1, with binding affinity of 7.0 × 10−8 M and specificity towards BLG. With further testing and final optimization, the developed nanosensor can be integrated on-line or at-line cleaning-in-place (CIP) wash systems, allowing to effectively monitor milk protein allergens as a rapid, point-of-source methodology.
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11
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Arabi M, Ostovan A, Bagheri AR, Guo X, Wang L, Li J, Wang X, Li B, Chen L. Strategies of molecular imprinting-based solid-phase extraction prior to chromatographic analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Zhou Z, Liu X, Zhang M, Jiao J, Zhang H, Du J, Zhang B, Ren Z. Preparation of highly efficient ion-imprinted polymers with Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles as carrier for removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134334. [PMID: 33736196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and their surface was modified by the sol-gel method. Polymers imprinted with magnetic Cr (VI) were prepared by using Cr2O72- as template ion, 4-vinyl pyridine (4-VP) as monomer, isopropanol as solvent and Fe3O4 as matrix. The effects of solvent type, amount of Cr (VI) addition and volume of crosslinking agent on the adsorption properties of the imprinted polymers were investigated. The polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The adsorption equilibrium was reached within 50 min, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 201.55 mg·g-1. The adsorption process conformed to the Langmuir model, and the results of kinetic fitting showed that the pseudo-first-order kinetic model applied. In the Cr2O72-/AlF4- and Cr2O72-/CrO42- competitive systems, the imprinted polymer showed good selectivity to the template ions, with relative selectivity factors of 6.91 and 5.99, respectively. When the imprinted polymer was reused 6 times, the adsorption capacity decreased by only 8.2%, demonstrating good reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15, North Third Ring Road East, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueting Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15, North Third Ring Road East, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15, North Third Ring Road East, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Jiao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15, North Third Ring Road East, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Hewei Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15, North Third Ring Road East, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Du
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15, North Third Ring Road East, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15, North Third Ring Road East, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongqi Ren
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15, North Third Ring Road East, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang H. Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1806328. [PMID: 31090976 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic receptors with tailor-made recognition sites for target molecules. Their high affinity and selectivity, excellent stability, easy preparation, and low cost make them promising substitutes to biological receptors in many applications where molecular recognition is important. In particular, spherical MIP nanoparticles (or nanoMIPs) with diameters typically below 200 nm have drawn great attention because of their high surface-area-to-volume ratio, easy removal of templates, rapid binding kinetics, good dispersion and handling ability, undemanding functionalization and surface modification, and their high compatibility with various nanodevices and in vivo biomedical applications. Recent years have witnessed significant progress made in the preparation of advanced functional nanoMIPs, which has eventually led to the rapid expansion of the MIP applications from the traditional separation and catalysis fields to the burgeoning biomedical areas. Here, a comprehensive overview of key recent advances made in the preparation of nanoMIPs and their important biomedical applications (including immunoassays, drug delivery, bioimaging, and biomimetic nanomedicine) is presented. The pros and cons of each synthetic strategy for nanoMIPs and their biomedical applications are discussed and the present challenges and future perspectives of the biomedical applications of nanoMIPs are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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14
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Moczko E, Guerreiro A, Cáceres C, Piletska E, Sellergren B, Piletsky SA. Epitope approach in molecular imprinting of antibodies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Ertürk G, Akhoundian M, Lueg-Althoff K, Shinde S, Yeung SY, Hedström M, Schrader T, Mattiasson B, Sellergren B. Bisphosphonate ligand mediated ultrasensitive capacitive protein sensor: complementary match of supramolecular and dynamic chemistry. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05238g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A powerful polymeric protein sensor was constructed by microcontact imprinting taking advantage of the specific interaction between a bisphosphonate binding monomer and lysine/arginine residues on the surface of trypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Ertürk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Society
- Malmö University
- SE-20506 Malmö
- Sweden
| | - Maedeh Akhoundian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Society
- Malmö University
- SE-20506 Malmö
- Sweden
| | | | - Sudhirkumar Shinde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Society
- Malmö University
- SE-20506 Malmö
- Sweden
| | - Sing Yee Yeung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Society
- Malmö University
- SE-20506 Malmö
- Sweden
| | - Martin Hedström
- CapSenze Biosystems AB
- Lund
- Sweden
- Department of Biotechnology
- Lund University
| | - Thomas Schrader
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- Essen
- Germany
| | - Bo Mattiasson
- CapSenze Biosystems AB
- Lund
- Sweden
- Department of Biotechnology
- Lund University
| | - Börje Sellergren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Society
- Malmö University
- SE-20506 Malmö
- Sweden
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16
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Lin B, Wan L, Sun X, Huang C, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Shen X. Electromembrane extraction of high level substances: A novel approach for selective recovery of templates in molecular imprinting. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Mahajan R, Rouhi M, Shinde S, Bedwell T, Incel A, Mavliutova L, Piletsky S, Nicholls IA, Sellergren B. Highly Efficient Synthesis and Assay of Protein-Imprinted Nanogels by Using Magnetic Templates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Mahajan
- Bioorganic and Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory; Linnaeus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Linnaeus University; 391 82 Kalmar Sweden
| | - Mona Rouhi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Faculty of Health and Society; Malmö University; 205 06 Malmö Sweden
| | - Sudhirkumar Shinde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Faculty of Health and Society; Malmö University; 205 06 Malmö Sweden
| | - Thomas Bedwell
- Chemistry Department; College of Science and Engineering; University of Leicester; Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Anil Incel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Faculty of Health and Society; Malmö University; 205 06 Malmö Sweden
| | - Liliia Mavliutova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Faculty of Health and Society; Malmö University; 205 06 Malmö Sweden
| | - Sergey Piletsky
- Chemistry Department; College of Science and Engineering; University of Leicester; Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Ian A. Nicholls
- Bioorganic and Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory; Linnaeus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Linnaeus University; 391 82 Kalmar Sweden
| | - Börje Sellergren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Faculty of Health and Society; Malmö University; 205 06 Malmö Sweden
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18
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Mahajan R, Rouhi M, Shinde S, Bedwell T, Incel A, Mavliutova L, Piletsky S, Nicholls IA, Sellergren B. Highly Efficient Synthesis and Assay of Protein-Imprinted Nanogels by Using Magnetic Templates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:727-730. [PMID: 30308085 PMCID: PMC6471088 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report an approach integrating the synthesis of protein‐imprinted nanogels (“plastic antibodies”) with a highly sensitive assay employing templates attached to magnetic carriers. The enzymes trypsin and pepsin were immobilized on amino‐functionalized solgel‐coated magnetic nanoparticles (magNPs). Lightly crosslinked fluorescently doped polyacrylamide nanogels were subsequently produced by high‐dilution polymerization of monomers in the presence of the magNPs. The nanogels were characterised by a novel competitive fluorescence assay employing identical protein‐conjugated nanoparticles as ligands to reversibly immobilize the corresponding nanogels. Both nanogels exhibited Kd<10 pM for their respective target protein and low cross‐reactivity with five reference proteins. This agrees with affinities reported for solid‐phase‐synthesized nanogels prepared using low‐surface‐area glass‐bead supports. This approach simplifies the development and production of plastic antibodies and offers direct access to a practical bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Mahajan
- Bioorganic and Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Linnaeus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 391 82, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mona Rouhi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sudhirkumar Shinde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Thomas Bedwell
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Anil Incel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Liliia Mavliutova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sergey Piletsky
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Ian A Nicholls
- Bioorganic and Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Linnaeus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 391 82, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Börje Sellergren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
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19
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Sun Y, Ren T, Deng Z, Yang Y, Zhong S. Molecularly imprinted polymers fabricated using Janus particle-stabilized Pickering emulsions and charged monomer polymerization. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00282g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Janus particle-stabilized Pickering emulsions and their applications in protein interfacial imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- China
| | - Tao Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- China
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- China
| | - Yanjing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- China
| | - Shian Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- China
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20
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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Zhang L, Tang Y, Hao Y, He G, Zhang B, Gao R, Zhang M. Preparation of magnetic glycoprotein-imprinted nanoparticles with dendritic polyethyleneimine as a monomer for the specific recognition of ovalbumin from egg white. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1919-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Institute of Analytical Science, School of Science; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
- College of Pharmacy; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Yuhai Tang
- Institute of Analytical Science, School of Science; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
- College of Pharmacy; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Yi Hao
- Institute of Analytical Science, School of Science; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
- College of Pharmacy; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Gaiyan He
- Institute of Analytical Science, School of Science; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
- College of Pharmacy; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Bianbian Zhang
- State key laboratory of multiphase flow in power engineering; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Ruixia Gao
- Institute of Analytical Science, School of Science; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai University of Engineering Science; Shanghai China
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22
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23
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Lee I, Roh J, Lee J, Song J, Jang J. Antibacterial performance of various amine functional polymers coated silica nanoparticles. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Wackerlig J, Schirhagl R. Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles and Their Advances toward Industrial Use: A Review. Anal Chem 2015; 88:250-61. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Wackerlig
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14 (UZA2), A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
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25
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Shinde S, El-Schich Z, Malakpour-Permlid A, Wan W, Dizeyi N, Mohammadi R, Rurack K, Gjörloff Wingren A, Sellergren B. Sialic Acid-Imprinted Fluorescent Core-Shell Particles for Selective Labeling of Cell Surface Glycans. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13908-12. [PMID: 26414878 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The expression of cell surface glycans terminating with sialic acid (SA) residues has been found to correlate with various disease states there among cancer. We here report a novel strategy for specific fluorescence labeling of such motifs. This is based on sialic acid-imprinted core-shell nanoparticles equipped with nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) fluorescent reporter groups allowing environmentally sensitive fluorescence detection at convenient excitation and emission wavelengths. Imprinting was achieved exploiting a hybrid approach combining reversible boronate ester formation between p-vinylphenylboronic acid and SA, the introduction of cationic amine functionalities, and the use of an NBD-appended urea-monomer as a binary hydrogen-bond donor targeting the SA carboxylic acid and OH functionalities. The monomers were grafted from 200 nm RAFT-modified silica core particles using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linker resulting in a shell thickness of ca. 10 nm. The particles displayed strong affinity for SA in methanol/water mixtures (K = 6.6 × 10(5) M(-1) in 2% water, 5.9 × 10(3) M(-1) in 98% water, B(max) ≈ 10 μmol g(-1)), whereas binding of the competitor glucuronic acid (GA) and other monosaccharides was considerably weaker (K (GA) = 1.8 × 10(3) M(-1) in 98% water). In cell imaging experiments, the particles selectively stained different cell lines in correlation with the SA expression level. This was further verified by enzymatic cleavage of SA and by staining using a FITC labeled SA selective lectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhirkumar Shinde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University , SE-20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Zahra El-Schich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University , SE-20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Atena Malakpour-Permlid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University , SE-20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Wei Wan
- Chemical and Optical Sensing Division, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) , 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nishtman Dizeyi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University , SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Reza Mohammadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University , SE-20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Knut Rurack
- Chemical and Optical Sensing Division, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) , 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anette Gjörloff Wingren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University , SE-20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Börje Sellergren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University , SE-20506 Malmö, Sweden
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26
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Hsu CY, Lee MH, Thomas JL, Shih CP, Hung TL, Whang TJ, Lin HY. Optical sensing of phenylalanine in urine via extraction with magnetic molecularly imprinted poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:305502. [PMID: 26159185 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/30/305502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of superparamagnetic nanoparticles into molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) is useful for both bioseparations and for concentration and sensing of biomedically relevant target molecules in physiological fluids, through the application of a magnetic field. In this study, we combined the separation and concentration of a target (phenylalanine) in urine, using magnetic molecularly imprinted polymeric composite nanoparticles, with optical sensing, to improve assay sensitivity. This target is important as a catecholamine precursor, and as an important amino acid constituent of proteins. Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol)s were imprinted with target molecules, and showed a high imprinting effectiveness (target binding compared with binding to non-imprinted polymer particles.) Fluorescence spectrophotometry was used to measure binding of the target, and also binding of possible interfering compounds. These measurements suggest that functional groups on phenylalanine dominate the selectivity of the synthesized MIPs. Finally, the composite nanoparticles were used to separate and sense the target molecule in urine by Raman scattering microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yi Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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