1
|
Pérez-Ferreiro M, M. Abelairas A, Criado A, Gómez IJ, Mosquera J. Dendrimers: Exploring Their Wide Structural Variety and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4369. [PMID: 38006093 PMCID: PMC10674315 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers constitute a distinctive category of synthetic materials that bear resemblance to proteins in various aspects, such as discrete structural organization, globular morphology, and nanoscale dimensions. Remarkably, these attributes coexist with the capacity for facile large-scale production. Due to these advantages, the realm of dendrimers has undergone substantial advancement since their inception in the 1980s. Numerous reviews have been dedicated to elucidating this subject comprehensively, delving into the properties and applications of quintessential dendrimer varieties like PAMAM, PPI, and others. Nevertheless, the contemporary landscape of dendrimers transcends these early paradigms, witnessing the emergence of a diverse array of novel dendritic architectures in recent years. In this review, we aim to present a comprehensive panorama of the expansive domain of dendrimers. As such, our focus lies in discussing the key attributes and applications of the predominant types of dendrimers existing today. We will commence with the conventional variants and progressively delve into the more pioneering ones, including Janus, supramolecular, shape-persistent, and rotaxane dendrimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - I. Jénnifer Gómez
- CICA—Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Rúa as Carballeiras, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesús Mosquera
- CICA—Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Rúa as Carballeiras, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gu ZT, Tzeng CH, Chien HJ, Chen CC, Lai LL. Dendrimers with Tetraphenylmethane Moiety as a Central Core: Synthesis, a Pore Study and the Adsorption of Volatile Organic Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911155. [PMID: 36232460 PMCID: PMC9570496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reasonable yields of two dendrimers with central tetraphenylmethane and peripheral 3,5-di-(tert-butanoylamino)benzoylpiperazine moieties are prepared. These dendrimers have a void space in the solid state so they adsorb guest molecules. Their BET values vary, depending on the H-bond interaction between the peripheral moiety and the gas molecules, and the dendritic framework that fabricates the void space is flexible. In the presence of polar gas molecules such as CO2, the BET increases significantly and is about 4–8 times the BET under N2. One dendrimer adsorbs cyanobenzene to a level of 436 mg/g, which, to the authors’ best knowledge, is almost equivalent to the highest reported value in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ting Gu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, No. 1 University Rd., Puli, Nantou 54561, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hao Tzeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, No. 1 University Rd., Puli, Nantou 54561, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jui Chien
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
| | - Long-Li Lai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, No. 1 University Rd., Puli, Nantou 54561, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-49-2910960 (ext. 4976)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bae Y, Ha MY, Bang KT, Yang S, Kang SY, Kim J, Sung J, Kang S, Kang D, Lee WB, Choi TL, Park J. Conformation Dynamics of Single Polymer Strands in Solution. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202353. [PMID: 35725274 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conformational changes in macromolecules significantly affect their functions and assembly into high-level structures. Despite advances in theoretical and experimental studies, investigations into the intrinsic conformational variations and dynamic motions of single macromolecules remain challenging. Here, liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy enables the real-time tracking of single-chain polymers. Imaging linear polymers, synthetically dendronized with conjugated aromatic groups, in organic solvent confined within graphene liquid cells, directly exhibits chain-resolved conformational dynamics of individual semiflexible polymers. These experimental and theoretical analyses reveal that the dynamic conformational transitions of the single-chain polymer originate from the degree of intrachain interactions. In situ observations also show that such dynamics of the single-chain polymer are significantly affected by environmental factors, including surfaces and interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Bae
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Ha
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Bang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yun Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joodeok Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbaek Sung
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohun Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Won Bo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16229, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hou ICY, Hinaut A, Scherb S, Meyer E, Narita A, Müllen K. Synthesis of Giant Dendritic Polyphenylenes with 366 and 546 Carbon Atoms and their High-vacuum Electrospray Deposition. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200220. [PMID: 35381624 PMCID: PMC9321752 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic polyphenylenes (PPs) can serve as precursors of nanographenes (NGs) if their structures represent 2D projections without overlapping benzene rings. Here, we report the synthesis of two giant dendritic PPs fulfilling this criteria with 366 and 546 carbon atoms by applying a “layer‐by‐layer” extension strategy. Although our initial attempts on their cyclodehydrogenation toward the corresponding NGs in solution were unsuccessful, we achieved their deposition on metal substrates under ultrahigh vacuum through the electrospray technique. Scanning probe microscopy imaging provides valuable information on the possible thermally induced partial planarization of such giant dendritic PPs on a metal surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cheng-Yi Hou
- Max-Planck-Institut fur Polymerforschung, synthetic chemitry, GERMANY
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel, physics, GERMANY
| | | | - Ernst Meyer
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel, physics, GERMANY
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung: Max-Planck-Institut fur Polymerforschung, synthetic chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Leitner TD, Mena‐Osteritz E, Bäuerle P. Spacial structures induced by sterical hindrance of large substituents: A dendritic macromolecular “snowflake” molecule. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja D. Leitner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials University of Ulm Ulm Germany
- PPG Industries Lackfabrik GmbH Bodelshausen Germany
| | - Elena Mena‐Osteritz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials University of Ulm Ulm Germany
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials University of Ulm Ulm Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Engineering surface amphiphilicity of polymer nanostructures. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
7
|
Hu B, Liu R, Liu Q, Lin Z, Shi Y, Li J, Wang L, Li L, Xiao X, Wu Y. Engineering surface patterns on nanoparticles: New insights on nano-bio interactions. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:2357-2383. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02549j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The surface properties of nanoparticles affect their fates in biological systems. Based on nanotechnology and methodology, pioneering works have explored the effects of chemical surface patterns on the behavior of...
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu X, Wang Y, Liu X, Liu S, Li Y, Wang L, Liu Y. Dendritic polyphenylene AIEgens: fluorescence detection of explosives and stimulus-responsive luminescence. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01172g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic AIEgens with polyphenylene peripherals and TPE luminescent core had shown detection capability to picric acid and tunable response to external stimulus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xindong Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yitong Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Institute of Critical Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Centre for AIE Research, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tsukamoto T, Imaoka T, Yamamoto K. Unique Functions and Applications of Rigid Dendrimers Featuring Radial Aromatic Chains. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4486-4497. [PMID: 34859668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers, which are highly branched polymers and regarded as huge single molecules, are interesting substances from the aspect of not only polymer chemistry but also molecular chemistry. Various applications in materials science and life science have been investigated by taking advantage of the radially layered structures and intramolecular nanospaces of dendrimers. Most dendrimers have flexible structures that originate from their organic chains which contain many sp3-type atoms, while relatively rigid dendrimers composed only of sp2-type atoms have rarely been reported. It has been recently clarified that such rigid dendrimers exhibit a specific aromatic property not found in other materials. Dendritic phenylazomethines (DPAs), as one of the rigid dendrimers, have only sp2-type C and N atoms and possess a radially branched π-conjugation system in their own macromolecular chains. Such geometric and electronic structures heighten the electron density at the core of the dendrimer and induce an intramolecular potential gradient, which affords unique reactivities that lead to extraordinary functions. This unique property of the rigid dendrimers can be regarded as a new atypical electronic state based on radial aromatic chains not found in conventional aromatic compounds containing spherical aromaticity, Möbius aromaticity, metal aromaticity, and conductive polymers. Therefore, this as-yet-unknown characteristic is expected to contribute to the further development of fundamental and materials chemistry.In this Account, we highlight the rigid DPA dendrimers and their peculiar atomically precise and selective assembly behaviors that originate from the radial aromatic chains. One of the most noteworthy attainments based on the radial aromatic chains is the precise synthesis of a multimetallic multinuclear complex of a dendrimer containing a total of 13 elements. Next, we describe the electrochemical and catalytic functionalization of such multinuclear dendrimer complexes and the construction of supramolecular nanoarchitectures by the polymerization of DPAs. These complexes exhibit encapsulation-release switching of guests and additive-free catalytic ability similar to proteins and enzymes. Such selective and accurate control of the intramolecular assembly of guests and the intermolecular arrangement of hosts realized by the radial aromatic chains of dendrimers will enable supramolecular chemistry and biochemistry to be linked from a new aspect. In addition, the multimetallic multinuclear complexes of dendrimers afford a novel approach to precisely synthesize sub-nanoparticles with ultrasmall particle sizes (1 nm) that have been technically difficult to obtain by conventional nanotechnology. We discuss the method for the synthesis of these sub-nanoparticles with well-controlled atomicity and composition using DPA complexes as a template and recent advances to reveal their specific physical and chemical properties. These results suggest that the unique electronic states induced in such radial aromatics could play an important role in the development of next-generation chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Tsukamoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
- PRESTO, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
- ERATO, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Takane Imaoka
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
- ERATO, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Kimihisa Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
- ERATO, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chamkina ES, Chamkin AA, Shifrina ZB. The flexibility of periphery enhances the electrochemical reversibility of ferrocenyl-terminated polyphenylene dendrimers. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
11
|
Qiu Z, Narita A, Müllen K. Spiers Memorial Lecture. Carbon nanostructures by macromolecular design - from branched polyphenylenes to nanographenes and graphene nanoribbons. Faraday Discuss 2021; 227:8-45. [PMID: 33290471 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00023j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanographenes (NGs) and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are unique connectors between the domains of 1D-conjugated polymers and 2D-graphenes. They can be synthesized with high precision by oxidative flattening processes from dendritic or branched 3D-polyphenylene precursors. Their size, shape and edge type enable not only accurate control of classical (opto)electronic properties, but also access to unprecedented high-spin structures and exotic quantum states. NGs and GNRs serve as active components of devices such as field-effect transistors and as ideal objects for nanoscience. This field of research includes their synthesis after the deposition of suitable monomers on surfaces. An additional advantage of this novel concept is in situ monitoring of the reactions by scanning tunnelling microscopy and electronic characterization of the products by scanning tunnelling spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Qiu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Karunakaran J, Qiu H, Balaraman E. Synthesis of diverse heterocyclic frameworks using cyclopentadienones via the Diels–Alder strategy. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00784j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review article, we briefly summarize the versatility of Diels–Alder reactions of cyclopentadienones and concise routes to diverse hetero-atom bearing PAHs using cyclones as building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayachandran Karunakaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huibin Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ekambaram Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The Role of Branch Cell Symmetry and Other Critical Nanoscale Design Parameters in the Determination of Dendrimer Encapsulation Properties. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040642. [PMID: 32326311 PMCID: PMC7226492 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews progress over the past three decades related to the role of dendrimer-based, branch cell symmetry in the development of advanced drug delivery systems, aqueous based compatibilizers/solubilizers/excipients and nano-metal cluster catalysts. Historically, it begins with early unreported work by the Tomalia Group (i.e., The Dow Chemical Co.) revealing that all known dendrimer family types may be divided into two major symmetry categories; namely: Category I: symmetrical branch cell dendrimers (e.g., Tomalia, Vögtle, Newkome-type dendrimers) possessing interior hollowness/porosity and Category II: asymmetrical branch cell dendrimers (e.g., Denkewalter-type) possessing no interior void space. These two branch cell symmetry features were shown to be pivotal in directing internal packing modes; thereby, differentiating key dendrimer properties such as densities, refractive indices and interior porosities. Furthermore, this discovery provided an explanation for unimolecular micelle encapsulation (UME) behavior observed exclusively for Category I, but not for Category II. This account surveys early experiments confirming the inextricable influence of dendrimer branch cell symmetry on interior packing properties, first examples of Category (I) based UME behavior, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) protocols for systematic encapsulation characterization, application of these principles to the solubilization of active approved drugs, engineering dendrimer critical nanoscale design parameters (CNDPs) for optimized properties and concluding with high optimism for the anticipated role of dendrimer-based solubilization principles in emerging new life science, drug delivery and nanomedical applications.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hammer BAG, Müllen K. Expanding the limits of synthetic macromolecular chemistry through Polyphenylene Dendrimers. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 20:262. [PMID: 30363718 PMCID: PMC6182379 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-018-4364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenylene dendrimers (PPDs) are a unique class of macromolecules because their backbone is made from twisted benzene repeat units that result in a rigid, shape-persistent architecture as reported by Hammer et al. (Chem Soc Rev 44:4072-4090, 2015) and Hammer and Müllen (Chem Rev 116:2103-210, 2016) These dendrimers can be synthetically tailored at their core, scaffold, and surface to introduce a wide range of chemical functionalities that influence their applications. It is the balance between the macromolecular properties of polyphenylene dendrimers with grandiose synthetic ingenuity that presents a template for the next generation of synthetic dendrimers to achieve complex structures other chemistry fields cannot. This perspective will look at how advances in synthetic chemistry have led to an explosion in the properties of polyphenylene dendrimers from their initial stage, as PPDs that were used as precursors for nanographenes, to next-generation dendrimers for organic electronic devices, sensors for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nanocarriers for small molecules, and even as complexes with therapeutic drugs and viruses, among others. Ideally, this perspective will illustrate how the evolution of synthetic chemistry has influenced the possible structures and properties of PPDs and how these chemical modifications have opened the door to unprecedented applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenton A. G. Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St. 91330, Northridge, CA USA
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Peterson GI, Bang KT, Choi TL. Mechanochemical Degradation of Denpols: Synthesis and Ultrasound-Induced Chain Scission of Polyphenylene-Based Dendronized Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8599-8608. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Bang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Urzúa JI, Torneiro M. Divergent Synthesis of Porous Tetraphenylmethane Dendrimers. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13231-13238. [PMID: 29135247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tetraphenylmethane-ethynylene-based shape-persistent dendrimers are a new class of nanoobjects with an intriguing 3D architecture. We report an efficient divergent strategy for their synthesis based on the Sonogashira Pd-catalyzed coupling of terminal alkynes with aryl iodides. As repeat unit, we prepared a tetraphenylmethane derivative bearing a terminal alkyne and three triazene moieties. Coupling of this building block to tetrakis(p-iodophenyl)methane afforded, after triazene activation, a dodecaiodo-terminated first generation dendrimer, which was transformed by another Sonogashira coupling into a methoxy-terminated second generation dendrimer with persistent globular shape and well-defined cavities. This work also unveils new aspects of triazene chemistry, i.e., the unprecedented efficient generation of an azo compound by mixing of a triazene with phenol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio I Urzúa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Torneiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hou ICY, Hu Y, Narita A, Müllen K. Diels–Alder polymerization: a versatile synthetic method toward functional polyphenylenes, ladder polymers and graphene nanoribbons. Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2017.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
18
|
Hammer BAG, Wu Y, Fischer S, Liu W, Weil T, Müllen K. Controlling Cellular Uptake and Toxicity of Polyphenylene Dendrimers by Chemical Functionalization. Chembiochem 2017; 18:960-964. [PMID: 28224731 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenylene dendrimers (PPDs) represent a unique class of macromolecules based on their monodisperse and shape-persistent nature. These characteristics have enabled the synthesis of a new genre of "patched" surface dendrimers, where their exterior can be functionalized with a variety of polar and nonpolar substituents to yield lipophilic binding sites in a site-specific way. Although such materials are capable of complexing biologically relevant molecules, show high cellular uptake in various cell lines, and low to no toxicity, there is minimal understanding of the driving forces to these characteristics. We investigated whether it is the specific chemical functionalities, relative quantities of each moiety, or the "patched" surface patterning on the dendrimers that more significantly influences their behavior in biological media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenton A G Hammer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephan Fischer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Weina Liu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gao W, Luo Q, Wang J, Lin Y, Tang C, Dou J, Tan H, Zheng Q, Ma CQ, Cui Z. Peripherally diketopyrrolopyrrole-functionalized dendritic oligothiophenes – synthesis, molecular structure, properties and applications. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py02161a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Structure defined DPP functionalized conjugated thiophene dendrimers with a narrow optical band gap and a high TPA cross section are reported.
Collapse
|
20
|
Gao W, Wang J, Luo Q, Lin Y, Ma Y, Dou J, Tan H, Ma CQ, Cui Z. Tuning the optical and electrochemical properties of conjugated all-thiophene dendrimers via core functionalization with a benzothiadiazole unit. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25567a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The optoelectronic properties of conjugated thiophene dendrimers can be tuned by core functionalization with a benzothiadiazole unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Printable Electronics Research Center
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
- PR China
| | - Junkai Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Qun Luo
- Printable Electronics Research Center
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
- PR China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University
- Suzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yuchao Ma
- Printable Electronics Research Center
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
- PR China
| | - Junyan Dou
- Printable Electronics Research Center
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
- PR China
| | - Hongwei Tan
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Chang-Qi Ma
- Printable Electronics Research Center
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
- PR China
| | - Zheng Cui
- Printable Electronics Research Center
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
- PR China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tang R, Zhou S, Cheng Z, Yu G, Peng Q, Zeng H, Guo G, Li Q, Li Z. Janus second-order nonlinear optical dendrimers: their controllable molecular topology and corresponding largely enhanced performance. Chem Sci 2017; 8:340-347. [PMID: 28451178 PMCID: PMC5365064 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02956f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new type of Janus dendrimers, consisting of two different side dendrons with the dipole orientation of the second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophore moieties partially in a non-centrosymmetric direction, was intelligently designed and synthesized in order to enhance the macroscopic NLO performance and break through the limitation of NLO efficiency in the current molecular topological structure of azo chromophore-based polymers. This kind of Janus dendritic structure was constructed by the combination of convergent and divergent methods, with the utilization of a powerful "click chemistry reaction". The obtained three dendrimers, D-13N, D-17N and D-21N, show very high NLO performance, especially the dramatically enhanced NLO coefficient of 299 pm V-1 for D-13N, which is the highest value ever reported for polymers containing a simple azo chromophore. The new dendrimers provide a clear structure-properties relationship between high NLO efficiency and the controllable molecular topology with the non-centrosymmetrical alignment of dipole orientation, thus opening up a new avenue for the further development of NLO dendrimers with high performance and more importantly providing some clues for the rational design of functional dendrimers with controllable molecular topology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runli Tang
- Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China .
| | - Shengmin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China .
| | - Ziyao Cheng
- Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China .
| | - Gui Yu
- Institute of Chemistry , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100080 , China
| | - Qian Peng
- Institute of Chemistry , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100080 , China
| | - Huiyi Zeng
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Guocong Guo
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China .
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China .
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang X, Zhang F, Schellhammer KS, Machata P, Ortmann F, Cuniberti G, Fu Y, Hunger J, Tang R, Popov AA, Berger R, Müllen K, Feng X. Synthesis of NBN-Type Zigzag-Edged Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: 1,9-Diaza-9a-boraphenalene as a Structural Motif. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11606-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal
Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal
Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Karl Sebastian Schellhammer
- Institute
for Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden
Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Machata
- Center
of Spectroelectrochemistry, Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting
Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Ortmann
- Institute
for Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden
Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute
for Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden
Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yubin Fu
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Hunger
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ruizhi Tang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal
Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Center
of Spectroelectrochemistry, Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting
Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Reinhard Berger
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal
Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tang R, Li Z. Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Dendrimers and Dendronized Hyperbranched Polymers. CHEM REC 2016; 17:71-89. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runli Tang
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials; Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials; Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tomalia DA, Khanna SN. A Systematic Framework and Nanoperiodic Concept for Unifying Nanoscience: Hard/Soft Nanoelements, Superatoms, Meta-Atoms, New Emerging Properties, Periodic Property Patterns, and Predictive Mendeleev-like Nanoperiodic Tables. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2705-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald A. Tomalia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- National Dendrimer & Nanotechnology Center, NanoSynthons LLC, 1200 North Fancher Avenue, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48858, United States
| | - Shiv N. Khanna
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Urzúa JI, Regueira MA, Lazzari M, Torneiro M. Shape-persistent fluorescent tetraphenylmethane dendrimers. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01046f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the first examples of a new class of rigid dendrimers made of three-dimensional tetraphenylmethane units connected by ethynylene linkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio I. Urzúa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultade de Química
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - María A. Regueira
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultade de Química
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Massimo Lazzari
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Física
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Mercedes Torneiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultade de Química
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hammer BAG, Müllen K. Dimensional Evolution of Polyphenylenes: Expanding in All Directions. Chem Rev 2015; 116:2103-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenton A. G. Hammer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|