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Kim JH, Kim S, Dickey MD, So JH, Koo HJ. Interface of gallium-based liquid metals: oxide skin, wetting, and applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:1099-1119. [PMID: 38716614 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00067f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (GaLMs) are promising for a variety of applications-especially as a component material for soft devices-due to their fluidic nature, low toxicity and reactivity, and high electrical and thermal conductivity comparable to solid counterparts. Understanding the interfacial properties and behaviors of GaLMs in different environments is crucial for most applications. When exposed to air or water, GaLMs form a gallium oxide layer with nanoscale thickness. This "oxide nano-skin" passivates the metal surface and allows for the formation of stable microstructures and films despite the high-surface tension of liquid metal. The oxide skin easily adheres to most smooth surfaces. While it enables effective printing and patterning of the GaLMs, it can also make the metals challenging to handle because it adheres to most surfaces. The oxide also affects the interfacial electrical resistance of the metals. Its formation, thickness, and composition can be chemically or electrochemically controlled, altering the physical, chemical, and electrical properties of the metal interface. Without the oxide, GaLMs wet metallic surfaces but do not wet non-metallic substrates such as polymers. The topography of the underlying surface further influences the wetting characteristics of the metals. This review outlines the interfacial attributes of GaLMs in air, water, and other environments and discusses relevant applications based on interfacial engineering. The effect of surface topography on the wetting behaviors of the GaLMs is also discussed. Finally, we suggest important research topics for a better understanding of the GaLMs interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Kim
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Ju-Hee So
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan-si, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung-Jun Koo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Yang Q, Zhang Z, Lin J, Zhu B, Yu R, Li X, Su B, Zhao B. Multilayer track-etched membrane-based electroosmotic pump for drug delivery. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:433-441. [PMID: 38161243 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report an electroosmotic pump (EOP) based on a multilayer track-etched polycarbonate (PC) membrane. A remarkable increase of maximum backpressure (198.2-2400 mmH2 O) of a fundamental pump unit was obtained at 0.8 mA, when the number of PC membranes was increased from 1 to 10. Meanwhile, the corresponding flow rate was increased from 80.3 to 111.7 µL/min. Furthermore, multiple pump units were assembled in series to obtain a multistage EOP. For a three-stage EOP (EOP-3), the operating voltage and power can be decreased significantly by 52%-72% under different driving currents, with a minimum power of 26.7 µW. Thus, EOP-3 can run stably over 35 h at a pulse current of 0.1 mA without the generation of gas bubbles. The pump was further integrated into a miniature device, which was successfully used to decrease the blood glucose level of diabetic rats by subcutaneous delivery of fast-acting insulin. This work brings a facile and efficient strategy to enhance the backpressure and lower the operating voltage and power of EOPs, which may find promising applications in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Internet of Things Research Center, Advanced Institute of Information Technology, Peking University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zebo Zhang
- Internet of Things Research Center, Advanced Institute of Information Technology, Peking University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junshu Lin
- Internet of Things Research Center, Advanced Institute of Information Technology, Peking University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Boyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Rongying Yu
- Internet of Things Research Center, Advanced Institute of Information Technology, Peking University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xinru Li
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bin Su
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhao
- School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Li Q, Zhang P, Ye Z, Zhang H, Sun X, Gui L. A liquid metal based, integrated parallel electroosmotic micropump cluster drive system. LAB ON A CHIP 2024. [PMID: 38263786 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00926b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The application of liquid metal in a microfluidic system enables the fabrication of highly integrated on-chip electroosmotic micropumps (EOPs). In this work, a low-voltage driveable integrated parallel EOP cluster drive system is proposed. This system consists of two layers, a branch-channel layer and a trunk-channel layer. The lower branch-channel layer contains separate parallel pumping channels and a pair of comb liquid metal electrodes. The separated branch channels are connected together through the trunk channels in the upper layer. With this structural arrangement, the parallel micropumps form an integrated micropump cluster for larger pumping capacity. The distance between the pumping channel and the electrode next to it is controlled to 20 μm. To guide the pump design, parametric studies are performed and fully discussed. According to the experimental results, the micropump cluster can be driven at a low voltage of 0.5 V, and the flow rate reaches 274 nL min-1 at 5 V. In addition, the paper finally proposes an electrode protection strategy and an integrated pump-valve drive system which is expected to solve the shortcoming of electroosmotic pumps in terms of long-time storage and driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Gui
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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4
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Li Y, Zhang H, Li Q, Deng Y, Ye Z, Gui L. Texture-structure-based liquid metal filling for blind-end microchannels and its application on multi-layer chips. RSC Adv 2023; 13:24228-24236. [PMID: 37583671 PMCID: PMC10424060 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04497a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This research work reports a novel method to achieve fast liquid metal (LM) injection in blind-end microchannels which is especially suitable for multi-layer microfluidic chips. This method is based on a texture-like surface bonding technology. The texture-like surface is fabricated on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) slab with standard soft-lithography technology and bonded with another PDMS slab with microelectrode patterns on it. When injected with LM, the texture-like structure can prevent the LM from entering but allows the air inside to be released during the injection to achieve perfect blind-end complex LM electrodes. The experimental results show that it can achieve fast and perfect LM injection in the blind-end pattern and can also prevent the large area of the flat chamber from collapsing during bonding. We also parametrically studied the texture structure's size for bonding strength between the texture structure and the blank PDMS surface. In addition, we integrate three layers of blind-end complex liquid metal patterns into one multi-layer chip using this technology and later use this structure to realize series connection of two LM-based electroosmotic micropumps (EOP). Compared with the conventional LM-based EOP, the structure of the EOP chip was greatly simplified and resulted in a higher level of integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 10039 China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District Beijing 100190 China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 10039 China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District Beijing 100190 China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 10039 China
| | - Yuqin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 10039 China
| | - Zi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District Beijing 100190 China
| | - Lin Gui
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 10039 China
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5
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Li Q, Ye Z, Liu M, Liu W, Zhang P, Sun X, Zhang H, Li Z, Gui L. Precision enhanced alignment bonding technique with sacrificial strategy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1105154. [PMID: 36873376 PMCID: PMC9978516 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1105154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This work proposes an "N2-1" sacrificial strategy to help to improve the accuracy of the bonding technique from the existing level. The target micropattern is copied N2 times, and (N2-1) of them are sacrificed to obtain the most accurate alignment. Meanwhile, a method for manufacturing auxiliary solid alignment lines on transparent materials is proposed to visualize auxiliary marks and facilitate the alignment. Though the principle and procedure of alignment are straightforward, the alignment accuracy substantially improved compared to the original method. With this technique, we have successfully fabricated a high-precision 3D electroosmotic micropump just using a conventional desktop aligner. Because of the high precision during the alignment, the flow velocity is up to 435.62 μm/s at a driven voltage of 40 V, which far exceeds the previous similar reports. Thus, we believe that it has great potential for high precision microfluidic device fabrications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Liu
- Energy Storage and Novel Technology of Electrical Engineering Department, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Energy Storage and Novel Technology of Electrical Engineering Department, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenming Li
- Energy Storage and Novel Technology of Electrical Engineering Department, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Interlocking-Interface-Enabled Thermally Deformable Liquid Metal/Polymer Membrane with High Bonding Strength. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 631:78-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Shastri V, Talukder S, Roy K, Kumar P, Pratap R. Manipulating liquid metal flow for creating standalone structures with micro-and nano-scale features in a single step. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:455301. [PMID: 35878592 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac83cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Standalone structures with periodic surface undulations or ripples can be spontaneously created upon flowing a liquid metal, e.g. Ga, over a metallic film, e.g. Pt, Au, etc, through a complex 'wetting-reaction'-driven process. Due to the ability of 3-dimensional patterning at the small length scale in a single step, the liquid metal 'ripple' flow is a promising non-conventional patterning technique. Herein, we examine the effect of a few process parameters, such as distance away from the liquid reservoir, size of the liquid reservoir, and the geometry, thickness, and width of substrate metal film, on the nature of the ripple flow to produce finer patterns with feature sizes of ≤ 2μm. The height and the pitch of the pattern decrease with distance from the liquid reservoir and decrease in the reservoir volume. Furthermore, a decrease in the thickness and width of the substrate film also leads to a decrease in the height and pitch of the ripples. Finally, the application of an external electric field also controls the ripple patterns. By optimizing various parameters, standalone ripple structures of Ga with the height and pitch of ≤ 500 nm are created. As potential applications, the ripple patterns with micro-and nano-scopic features are demonstrated to produce a diffraction grating and a die for micro-stamping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra Shastri
- Center for Nanoscience and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Santanu Talukder
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Kaustav Roy
- Center for Nanoscience and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Rudra Pratap
- Center for Nanoscience and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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8
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Rutkowska KA, Sobotka P, Grom M, Baczyński S, Juchniewicz M, Marchlewicz K, Dybko A. A Novel Approach for the Creation of Electrically Controlled LC:PDMS Microstructures. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114037. [PMID: 35684658 PMCID: PMC9185514 DOI: 10.3390/s22114037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This work presents research on unique optofluidic systems in the form of air channels fabricated in PDMS and infiltrated with liquid crystalline material. The proposed LC:PDMS structures represent an innovative solution due to the use of microchannel electrodes filled with a liquid metal alloy. The latter allows for the easy and dynamic reconfiguration of the system and eliminates technological issues experienced by other research groups. The paper discusses the design, fabrication, and testing methods for tunable LC:PDMS structures. Particular emphasis was placed on determining their properties after applying an external electric field, depending on the geometrical parameters of the system. The conclusions of the performed investigations may contribute to the definition of guidelines for both LC:PDMS devices and a new class of potential sensing elements utilizing polymers and liquid crystals in their structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A. Rutkowska
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (M.G.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Piotr Sobotka
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (M.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Monika Grom
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (M.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Szymon Baczyński
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (M.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Marcin Juchniewicz
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies (CEZAMAT), Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Kasper Marchlewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Artur Dybko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.); (A.D.)
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9
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Ion transport and current rectification in a charged conical nanopore filled with viscoelastic fluids. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2547. [PMID: 35169151 PMCID: PMC8847403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06079-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ionic current rectification (ICR) is a non-linear current-voltage response upon switching the polarity of the potential across nanopore which is similar to the I–V response in the semiconductor diode. The ICR phenomenon finds several potential applications in micro/nano-fluidics (e.g., Bio-sensors and Lab-on-Chip applications). From a biological application viewpoint, most biological fluids (e.g., blood, saliva, mucus, etc.) exhibit non-Newtonian visco-elastic behavior; their rheological properties differ from Newtonian fluids. Therefore, the resultant flow-field should show an additional dependence on the rheological material properties of viscoelastic fluids such as fluid relaxation time \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$(\varepsilon )$$\end{document}(ε). Despite numerous potential applications, the comprehensive investigation of the viscoelastic behavior of the fluid on ionic concentration profile and ICR phenomena has not been attempted. ICR phenomena occur when the length scale and Debye layer thickness approaches to the same order. Therefore, this work extensively investigates the effect of visco-elasticity on the flow and ionic mass transfer along with the ICR phenomena in a single conical nanopore. The Poisson–Nernst–Planck (P–N–P) model coupled with momentum equations have been solved for a wide range of conditions such as, Deborah number, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$-50$$\end{document}-50. Limited results for Newtonian fluid (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\varepsilon = 0$$\end{document}ε=0) have also been shown in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of non-Newtonian fluid behaviour over the Newtonian fluid behaviour. Four distinct novel characteristics of electro-osmotic flow (EOF) in a conical nanopore have been investigated here, namely (1) detailed structure of flow field and velocity distribution in viscoelastic fluids (2) influence of Deborah number and fluid extensibility parameter on ionic current rectification (ICR) (3) volumetric flow rate calculation as a function of Deborah number and fluid extensibility parameter (4) effect of viscoelastic parameters on concentration distribution of ions in the nanopore. At high applied voltage, both the extensibility parameter and Deborah number facilitate the ICR phenomena. In addition, the ICR phenomena are observed to be more pronounced at low values of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Teixeira A, Carneiro A, Piairo P, Xavier M, Ainla A, Lopes C, Sousa-Silva M, Dias A, Martins AS, Rodrigues C, Pereira R, Pires LR, Abalde-Cela S, Diéguez L. Advances in Microfluidics for the Implementation of Liquid Biopsy in Clinical Routine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1379:553-590. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04039-9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Hong J, Gong J, Li Q, Deng Z, Gui L. A handy reversible bonding technology and its application on fabrication of an on-chip liquid metal micro-thermocouple. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4566-4573. [PMID: 34679158 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00726b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel reversible bonding technique for liquid metal (LM) microelectrode fabrication in this study. This technique greatly simplifies the process of LM micro-electrode fabrication and can be used to achieve the rapid fabrication of LM blind-end electrodes. Three kinds of treatments, including heat treatment, plasma treatment and heat/plasma treatment, were tested for bonding strength. The experimental results showed that the heat/plasma treatment has the strongest bonding strength. All the three treatments can be completely released by simple water treatment. This handy fabrication method can help to integrate micro-liquid metal electrodes vertically in a microchannel. At the end of this work, this fabrication method was used to integrate liquid metal thermocouples in a microchannel, which greatly shortened the fabrication time and lowered the cost compared with traditional deposition or sputtering methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hong
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jiahao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhongshan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lin Gui
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
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12
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Supported Cu/W/Mo/Ni—Liquid Metal Catalyst with Core-Shell Structure for Photocatalytic Degradation. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Room-temperature liquid metal is a very ideal material for the design of catalytic materials. At low temperatures, the liquid metal enters the liquid state. It provides an opportunity to utilize the liquid phase in the catalysis, which is far superior to the traditional solid-phase catalyst. Aiming at the low performance and narrow application scope of the existing single-phase liquid metal catalyst, this paper proposed a type of liquid metal/metal oxide core-shell composite multi-metal catalyst. The Ga2O3 core-shell heterostructure was formed by chemical modification of liquid metals with different nano metals Cu/W/Mo/Ni, and it was applied to photocatalytic degrading organic contaminated raw liquor. The effects of different metal species on the rate of catalytic degradation were explored. The selectivity and stability of the LM/MO core-shell composite catalytic material were clarified, and it was found that the Ni-LM catalyst could degrade methylene blue and Congo red by 92% and 79%, respectively. The catalytic mechanism and charge transfer mechanism were revealed by combining the optical band gap value. Finally, we provided a theoretical basis for the further development of liquid metal photocatalytic materials in the field of new energy environments.
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13
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Wu L, Beirne S, Cabot JM, Paull B, Wallace GG, Innis PC. Fused filament fabrication 3D printed polylactic acid electroosmotic pumps. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3338-3351. [PMID: 34231640 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00452b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (3D printing) offers a flexible approach for the production of bespoke microfluidic structures such as the electroosmotic pump. Here a readily accessible fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technique has been employed for the first time to produce microcapillary structures using low cost thermoplastics in a scalable electroosmotic pump application. Capillary structures were formed using a negative space 3D printing approach to deposit longitudinal filament arrangements with polylactic acid (PLA) in either "face-centre cubic" or "body-centre cubic" arrangements, where the voids deliberately formed within the deposited structure act as functional micro-capillaries. These 3D printed capillary structures were shown to be capable of functioning as a simple electroosmotic pump (EOP), where the maximum flow rate of a single capillary EOP was up to 1.0 μl min-1 at electric fields of up to 750 V cm-1. Importantly, higher flow rates were readily achieved by printing parallel multiplexed capillary arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, 2522 Australia.
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14
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Gong J, Wang Q, Liu B, Zhang H, Gui L. A Novel On-Chip Liquid-Metal-Enabled Microvalve. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12091051. [PMID: 34577694 PMCID: PMC8467270 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A room temperature liquid metal-based microvalve has been proposed in this work. The microvalve has the advantages of easy fabrication, high flexibility, and a low leak rate. By designing a posts array in the channel, the liquid metal can be controlled to form a deformable valve boss and block the flow path. Besides, through adjustment of the pressure applied to the liquid metal, the microvalve can perform reliable switching commands. To eliminate the problem that liquid metal is easily oxidized, which causes the microvalve to have poor repeatability, a method of electrochemical cathodic protection has been proposed, which significantly increases the number of open/close switch cycles up to 145. In addition, this microvalve overcomes the shortcomings of the traditional microvalve that requires an alignment process to assemble all the parts. When the valve is closed, no leak rate is detected at ≤320 mbar, and the leak rate is ≤0.043 μL/min at 330 mbar, which indicates it has good tightness. As an application, we also fabricate a chip that can control bubble flow based on this microvalve. Therefore, this microvalve has great prospects in the field of microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Gong
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100019, China; (J.G.); (B.L.); (H.Z.)
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qifu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA;
| | - Bingxin Liu
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100019, China; (J.G.); (B.L.); (H.Z.)
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100019, China; (J.G.); (B.L.); (H.Z.)
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lin Gui
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100019, China; (J.G.); (B.L.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-8254-3483
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15
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Sun J, Zhang L, Li Z, Tang Q, Chen J, Huang Y, Hu C, Guo H, Peng Y, Wang ZL. A Mobile and Self-Powered Micro-Flow Pump Based on Triboelectricity Driven Electroosmosis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102765. [PMID: 34270820 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Electroosmotic pumps have been widely used in microfluidic systems. However, traditional high-voltage (HV)-sources are bulky in size and induce numerous accessional reactions, which largely reduce the system's portability and efficiency. Herein, a motion-controlled, highly efficient micro-flow pump based on triboelectricity driven electroosmosis is reported. Utilizing the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), a strong electric field can be formed between two electrodes in the microfluidic channel with an electric double layer, thus driving the controllable electroosmotic flow by biomechanical movements. The performance and operation mechanism of this triboelectric electroosmotic pump (TEOP) is systematically studied and analyzed using a basic free-standing mode TENG. The TEOP produces ≈600 nL min-1 micro-flow with a Joule heat down to 1.76 J cm-3 nL-1 compared with ≈50 nL min-1 and 8.12 J cm-3 nL-1 for an HV-source. The advantages of economy, efficiency, portability, and safety render the TEOP a more conducive option to achieve wider applications in motion-activated micro/nanofluidic transportation and manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Sun
- Department of Applied Physics, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Lingjun Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Zhongjie Li
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Qian Tang
- Department of Applied Physics, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - YingZhou Huang
- Department of Applied Physics, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Chenguo Hu
- Department of Applied Physics, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Hengyu Guo
- Department of Applied Physics, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Yan Peng
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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16
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Xue R, Tao Y, Sun H, Liu W, Ge Z, Jiang T, Jiang H, Han F, Li Y, Ren Y. Small universal mechanical module driven by a liquid metal droplet. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2771-2780. [PMID: 34047740 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00206f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metal droplets (LMDs) from micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) have gained much attention due to their precise and sensitive controllability under an electric field. Considerable research progress has been made in the field of actuators by taking advantage of the continuous electrowetting (CEW) present within the solution. However, the motion generated is confined within the specific liquid environment and is lacking a way to transmit its motion outwardly, which undoubtedly serves as the greatest obstacle restricting any further development. Therefore, a driving module is proposed to generate rotational motion outside the solution for universality. Its performance can be easily tuned by adjusting the applied voltage. As an example of further application, the module is designed in the form of a pump that realizes the continuous/intermittent propulsion to mimic the veins/arteries of the human body without the problem in the previous LMD-based pumps. The feasibility of this pump in the on-chip in vitro analysis is proved by preparing a dynamic cell culture to simulate the movement of biofluids within human bodies. This study proposes an optional solution with an LMD-based motor for generating rotational motion and to expand current research on soft materials in actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Physics Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Haoxiu Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyou Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Han
- School of Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yukun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Ji J, Qian S, Liu Z. Electroosmotic Flow of Viscoelastic Fluid through a Constriction Microchannel. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12040417. [PMID: 33918910 PMCID: PMC8069235 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Electroosmotic flow (EOF) has been widely used in various biochemical microfluidic applications, many of which use viscoelastic non-Newtonian fluid. This study numerically investigates the EOF of viscoelastic fluid through a 10:1 constriction microfluidic channel connecting two reservoirs on either side. The flow is modelled by the Oldroyd-B (OB) model coupled with the Poisson-Boltzmann model. EOF of polyacrylamide (PAA) solution is studied as a function of the PAA concentration and the applied electric field. In contrast to steady EOF of Newtonian fluid, the EOF of PAA solution becomes unstable when the applied electric field (PAA concentration) exceeds a critical value for a fixed PAA concentration (electric field), and vortices form at the upstream of the constriction. EOF velocity of viscoelastic fluid becomes spatially and temporally dependent, and the velocity at the exit of the constriction microchannel is much higher than that at its entrance, which is in qualitative agreement with experimental observation from the literature. Under the same apparent viscosity, the time-averaged velocity of the viscoelastic fluid is lower than that of the Newtonian fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Ji
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA;
| | - Shizhi Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-757-683-3304
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
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18
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Creighton MA, Yuen MC, Susner MA, Farrell Z, Maruyama B, Tabor CE. Oxidation of Gallium-based Liquid Metal Alloys by Water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12933-12941. [PMID: 33090792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gallium alloys with other low melting point metals, such as indium or tin, to form room-temperature liquid eutectic systems. The gallium in the alloys rapidly forms a thin surface oxide when exposed to ambient oxygen. This surface oxide has been previously exploited for self-stabilization of liquid metal nanoparticles, retention of metastable shapes, and imparting stimuli-responsive behavior to the alloy surface. In this work, we study the effect of water as an oxidant and its role in defining the alloy surface chemistry. We identify several pathways that can lead to the formation of gallium oxide hydroxide (GaOOH) crystallites, which may be undesirable in many applications. Furthermore, we find that some crystallite formation pathways can be reinforced by typical top-down particle synthesis techniques like sonication. This improved understanding of interfacial interactions provides critical insight for process design and implementation of advanced devices that utilize the unique coupling of flexibility and conductivity offered by these gallium-based liquid metal alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Creighton
- National Research Council, Washington, DC 20001, United States
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Michelle C Yuen
- National Research Council, Washington, DC 20001, United States
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Michael A Susner
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45431, United States
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Zachary Farrell
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45431, United States
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Benji Maruyama
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Christopher E Tabor
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
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19
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Hafiz SS, Labadini D, Riddell R, Wolff EP, Xavierselvan M, Huttunen PK, Mallidi S, Foster M. Surfaces and Interfaces of Liquid Metal Core-Shell Nanoparticles under the Microscope. PARTICLE & PARTICLE SYSTEMS CHARACTERIZATION : MEASUREMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR IN POWDERS AND OTHER DISPERSE SYSTEMS 2020; 37:1900469. [PMID: 33071465 PMCID: PMC7567332 DOI: 10.1002/ppsc.201900469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn), a Ga-based liquid metal alloy holds great promise for designing next generation core-shell nanoparticles (CSNs). A shearing assisted ligand-stabilization method has shown promise as a synthetic method for these CSNs; however, determining the role of the ligand on stabilization demands an understanding of the surface chemistry of the ligand-nanoparticle interface. EGaIn CSNs have been created functionalized with aliphatic carboxylates of different chain length allowing a fundamental investigation on ligand stabilization of EGaIn CSNs. Raman and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform spectroscopies (DRIFTS) confirm reaction of the ligand with the oxide shell of the EGaIn nanoparticles. Changing the length of the alkyl chain in the aliphatic carboxylates (C2-C18) may influence the size and structural stability of EGaIn CSNs, which is easily monitored using atomic force microscopy (AFM). No matter how large the carboxylate ligand, there is no obvious effect on the size of the EGaIn CSNs, except the particle size got more uniform when coated with longer chain carboxylates. The AFM force distance (F-D) measurements are used to measure the stiffness of the carboxylate coated EGaIn CSN. In corroboration with DRIFTS analysis, the stiffness studies show that the alkyl chains undergo conformational changes upon compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S. Hafiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Daniela Labadini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Ryan Riddell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Erich P. Wolff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Marvin Xavierselvan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Paul K. Huttunen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Srivalleesha Mallidi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, United States
| | - Michelle Foster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
- ; 617-287-6096
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20
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Zhu L, Wang B, Handschuh-Wang S, Zhou X. Liquid Metal-Based Soft Microfluidics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903841. [PMID: 31573755 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by the increasing demand of wearable and soft electronics, liquid metal (LM)-based microfluidics has been subjected to tremendous development in the past decade, especially in electronics, robotics, and related fields, due to the unique advantages of LMs that combines the conductivity and deformability all-in-one. LMs can be integrated as the core component into microfluidic systems in the form of either droplets/marbles or composites embedded by polymer materials with isotropic and anisotropic distribution. The LM microfluidic systems are found to have broad applications in deformable antennas, soft diodes, biomedical sensing chips, transient circuits, mechanically adaptive materials, etc. Herein, the recent progress in the development of LM-based microfluidics and their potential applications are summarized. The current challenges toward industrial applications and future research orientation of this field are also summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory of ArtificialIntelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ben Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory of ArtificialIntelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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21
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Xie J, Wang Y, Dong R, Tao K. Wearable Device Oriented Flexible and Stretchable Energy Harvester Based on Embedded Liquid-Metal Electrodes and FEP Electret Film. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20020458. [PMID: 31947525 PMCID: PMC7013629 DOI: 10.3390/s20020458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a flexible and stretchable energy harvester based on liquid-metal and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) electret films is proposed and implemented for the application of wearable devices. A gallium liquid-metal alloy with a melting point of 25.0 °C is used to form the stretchable electrode; therefore, the inducted energy harvester will have excellent flexibility and stretchability. The solid-state electrode is wrapped in a dragon-skin silicone rubber shell and then bonded with FEP electret film and conductive film to form a flexible and stretchable energy harvester. Then, the open-circuit voltage of the designed energy harvester is tested and analyzed. Finally, the fabricated energy harvester is mounted on the elbow of a human body to harvest the energy produced by the bending of the elbow. The experimental results show that the flexible and stretchable energy harvester can adapt well to elbow bending and convert elbow motion into electric energy to light the LED in a wearable watch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (K.T.); Tel.: +86-29-884-60434 (J.X. & K.T.)
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Rong Dong
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710021, China;
| | - Kai Tao
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (K.T.); Tel.: +86-29-884-60434 (J.X. & K.T.)
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22
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Wang L, Zhan S, Qin P, Tang S, Yang J, Yu W, Hou Y, Liu J. The investigation of de-icing and uni-directional droplet driven on a soft liquid-metal chip controlled through electrical current. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Mercury beating heart is a well-known phenomenon that consists of a mercury droplet covered with aqueous acid and an iron nail. However, mercury is highly poisonous, and its vapor is especially dangerous. Thus, related studies and applications on mercury have often been hindered. Here, we proposed another beating heart but employed a different material, i.e., GaIn alloy with low toxicity. A stainless steel wire was utilized to touch the side of the liquid-metal droplet in basic solution. Based on this method, periodic oscillation could be kept continuous and steady. This finding suggests a more feasible and safer way to realize beating behaviors, which would shed light on a variety of future applications, such as pump and mixer for the mini device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Yi
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China.,Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China.,Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China.,Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics , Beijing 100190 , China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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24
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Kim D, Hwang J, Choi Y, Kwon Y, Jang J, Yoon S, Choi J. Effective Delivery of Anti-Cancer Drug Molecules with Shape Transforming Liquid Metal Particles. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111666. [PMID: 31717881 PMCID: PMC6896188 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid metals are being studied intensively because of their potential as a drug delivery system. Eutectic gallium–indium (EGaIn) alloy liquid metals have a low melting point, low toxicity, and excellent tissue permeability. These properties may enable them to be vascular embolic agents that can be deformed by light or heat. In this study, we developed EGaIn particles that can deliver anticancer drugs to tumor cells in vitro and change their shapes in response to external stimuli. These particles were prepared by sonicating a solution containing EGaIn and amphiphilic lipids. The liquid metal (LM)/amphiphilic lipid (DSPC, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholin) particles formed a vehicle for doxorubicin, an anticancer drug, which was released (up to 50%) when the shape of the particles was deformed by light or heat treatment. LM/DSPC particles are non-toxic and LM/DSPC/doxorubicin particles have anticancer effects (resulting in a cell viability of less than 50%). LM/DSPC/doxorubicin particles were also able to mimic blood vessel embolisms by modifying their shape using precisely controlled light and heat in engineered microchannels. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential of EGaIn materials to treat tumor tissues that cannot be removed by surgery.
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25
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Chen Z, Lee JB. Surface Modification with Gallium Coating as Nonwetting Surfaces for Gallium-Based Liquid Metal Droplet Manipulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:35488-35495. [PMID: 31483593 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report gallium (Ga) coating as a simple approach to convert most common microfluidic substrates to nonwetting surfaces against surface-oxidized gallium-based liquid metal alloys. These alloys are readily oxidized in ambient air and adhere to almost all surfaces, which imposes significant challenges in mobilizing liquid metal droplets without leaving residue. Various flat substrates (e.g., PDMS, Si, SiO2, SU-8, glass, and parylene-C coated PDMS) were coated with thin film (75-200 nm in thickness) of gallium by evaporation and the coated gallium formed nanoscale uneven and rough surface through Ostwald ripening with its surface covered with oxide shell. Static and dynamic contact angles of the gallium-coated surfaces were found to be greater than 160°, while dynamic contact angle measurements showed contact angle hysteresis in the range of 6.5-24.4°. Surface-oxidized gallium-based liquid metal alloy droplets were shown to bounce off and roll on the gallium-coated surfaces without leaving any residue which confirms the nonwettability of the gallium-coated flat surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed the gallium-coated flat substrates consist of nanoscale hemispherical structures with average surface roughness of 33.8 nm. Pneumatic actuation of surface-oxidized liquid metal droplets in PDMS microfluidic channels coated with gallium was conducted to confirm the feasibility of utilizing gallium coating as an effective surface modification for surface-oxidized gallium-based liquid metal droplet manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Jeong Bong Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
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26
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Jin T, Hadji EM, Zhao N, Duan Z, Wang J. Generation and Analysis of Axiolitic Liquid‐Metal Droplets in a T‐Junction Microfluidic Device. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taoming Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Edward Mohamed Hadji
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Na Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Zhenya Duan
- College of Electromechanical EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266061 P.R. China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
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27
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Hu L, Wang H, Wang X, Liu X, Guo J, Liu J. Magnetic Liquid Metals Manipulated in the Three-Dimensional Free Space. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:8685-8692. [PMID: 30768235 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a magnetic liquid metal droplet (MLMD), which can be stretched in large scales both horizontally and vertically in the free space, is introduced. This MLMD is fabricated based on a multimaterial system including liquid metals, iron particles, and electrolytes. Such remarkable stretching capacity is reversible, long-lasting, and can be repeated for multiple times. The seemingly contrary properties, the good stretchability and the mechanic strength for three-dimensional (3D) stretch, should owe to the surface oxide over the MLMD. On the basis of the 3D stretching ability of the MLMD, an intelligent scalable conductor was achieved, which can make electrical connections at various directions in the 3D free space. Moreover, the vertically stretched MLMD can move horizontally with its half body in the solution and the other half in the air, which resembles the nature of an upright walking amphibian. All the behaviors can be precisely, conveniently, and contactlessly controlled by the magnetic field provided by permanent magnets. With all the appealing properties, this MLMD presents a fundamental and promising platform for the liquid metals to further develop the multi-freedom actuation in free space and eventually lead to the dynamically reconfigurable intelligent and biomimetic soft robots in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongzhang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | | | | | | | - Jing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 , China
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28
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Li L, Wang X, Pu Q, Liu S. Advancement of electroosmotic pump in microflow analysis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1060:1-16. [PMID: 30902323 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This review (with 152 references) covers the progress made in the development and application of electroosmotic pumps in a period from 2009 through 2018 in microflow analysis. Following a short introduction, the review first categorizes various electroosmotic pumps into five subclasses based on the materials used for pumping: i) open channel EOP, 2) packed-column EOP, iii) porous monolith EOP, iv) porous membrane EOP, and v) other types of EOP. Pumps in each subclass are discussed. A next section covers EOP applications, primarily the applications of EOPs in micro flow analysis and micro/nano liquid chromatography. Other scattered applications are also examined. Perspectives, trends and challenges are discussed in the final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiayan Wang
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Qiaosheng Pu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Shaorong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, United States.
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29
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Ye Z, Zhang R, Gao M, Deng Z, Gui L. Development of a High Flow Rate 3-D Electroosmotic Flow Pump. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10020112. [PMID: 30754641 PMCID: PMC6412940 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A low voltage 3D parallel electroosmotic flow (EOF) pump composed of two electrode layers and a fluid layer is proposed in this work. The fluid layer contains twenty parallel fluid channels and is set at the middle of the two electrode layers. The distance between fluid and electrode channels was controlled to be under 45 μm, to reduce the driving voltage. Room temperature liquid metal was directly injected into the electrode channels by syringe to form non-contact electrodes. Deionized (DI) water with fluorescent particles was used to test the pumping performance of this EOF pump. According to the experimental results, a flow rate of 5.69 nL/min was reached at a driving voltage of 2 V. The size of this pump is small, and it shows a great potential for implanted applications. This structure could be easily expanded for more parallel fluid channels and larger flow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidu District, Beijing 10019, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Renchang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidu District, Beijing 10019, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Meng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidu District, Beijing 10019, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Zhongshan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidu District, Beijing 10019, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Lin Gui
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidu District, Beijing 10019, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China.
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30
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A Handy Flexible Micro-Thermocouple Using Low-Melting-Point Metal Alloys. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19020314. [PMID: 30646594 PMCID: PMC6359204 DOI: 10.3390/s19020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A handy, flexible micro-thermocouple using low-melting-point metal alloys is proposed in this paper. The thermocouple has the advantages of simple fabrication and convenient integration. Bismuth/gallium-based mixed alloys are used as thermocouple materials. To precisely inject the metal alloys to the location of the sensing area, a micro-polydimethylsiloxane post is designed within the sensing area to prevent outflow of the metal alloy to another thermocouple pole during the metal-alloy injection. Experimental results showed that the Seebeck coefficient of this thermocouple reached −10.54 μV/K, which was much higher than the previously reported 0.1 μV/K. The thermocouple was also be bent at 90° more than 200 times without any damage when the mass ratio of the bismuth-based alloy was <60% in the metal-alloy mixture. This technology mitigated the difficulty of depositing traditional thin–film thermocouples on soft substrates. Therefore, the thermocouple demonstrated its potential for use in microfluidic chips, which are usually flexible devices.
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31
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Gong Y, Fan N, Yang X, Peng B, Jiang H. New advances in microfluidic flow cytometry. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:1212-1229. [PMID: 30242856 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, researchers are paying the increasing attention to the development of portable microfluidic diagnostic devices including microfluidic flow cytometry for the point-of-care testing. Microfluidic flow cytometry, where microfluidics and flow cytometry work together to realize novel functionalities on the microchip, provides a powerful tool for measuring the multiple characteristics of biological samples. The development of a portable, low-cost, and compact flow cytometer can benefit the health care in underserved areas such as Africa or Asia. In this article, we review recent advancements of microfluidics including sample pumping, focusing and sorting, novel detection approaches, and data analysis in the field of flow cytometry. The challenge of microfluidic flow cytometry is also examined briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Gong
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Na Fan
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Bei Peng
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Hai Jiang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
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32
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Jafari S, Zakeri R, Darbandi M. DPD simulation of non-Newtonian electroosmotic fluid flow in nanochannel. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2018.1517414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Jafari
- Institute for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (INST), Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Zakeri
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Darbandi
- Institute for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (INST), Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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33
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Daeneke T, Khoshmanesh K, Mahmood N, de Castro IA, Esrafilzadeh D, Barrow SJ, Dickey MD, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Liquid metals: fundamentals and applications in chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4073-4111. [PMID: 29611563 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00043j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-transition elements, together with zinc-group metals and their alloys belong to an emerging class of materials with fascinating characteristics originating from their simultaneous metallic and liquid natures. These metals and alloys are characterised by having low melting points (i.e. between room temperature and 300 °C), making their liquid state accessible to practical applications in various fields of physical chemistry and synthesis. These materials can offer extraordinary capabilities in the synthesis of new materials, catalysis and can also enable novel applications including microfluidics, flexible electronics and drug delivery. However, surprisingly liquid metals have been somewhat neglected by the wider research community. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals underlying liquid metal research, including liquid metal synthesis, surface functionalisation and liquid metal enabled chemistry. Furthermore, we discuss phenomena that warrant further investigations in relevant fields and outline how liquid metals can contribute to exciting future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Daeneke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - K Khoshmanesh
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - N Mahmood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - I A de Castro
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - D Esrafilzadeh
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - S J Barrow
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - M D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - K Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Australia.
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34
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Lim AE, Lim CY, Lam YC, Taboryski R. Electroosmotic Flow in Microchannel with Black Silicon Nanostructures. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E229. [PMID: 30424162 PMCID: PMC6187698 DOI: 10.3390/mi9050229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although electroosmotic flow (EOF) has been applied to drive fluid flow in microfluidic chips, some of the phenomena associated with it can adversely affect the performance of certain applications such as electrophoresis and ion preconcentration. To minimize the undesirable effects, EOF can be suppressed by polymer coatings or introduction of nanostructures. In this work, we presented a novel technique that employs the Dry Etching, Electroplating and Molding (DEEMO) process along with reactive ion etching (RIE), to fabricate microchannel with black silicon nanostructures (prolate hemispheroid-like structures). The effect of black silicon nanostructures on EOF was examined experimentally by current monitoring method, and numerically by finite element simulations. The experimental results showed that the EOF velocity was reduced by 13 ± 7%, which is reasonably close to the simulation results that predict a reduction of approximately 8%. EOF reduction is caused by the distortion of local electric field at the nanostructured surface. Numerical simulations show that the EOF velocity decreases with increasing nanostructure height or decreasing diameter. This reveals the potential of tuning the etching process parameters to generate nanostructures for better EOF suppression. The outcome of this investigation enhances the fundamental understanding of EOF behavior, with implications on the precise EOF control in devices utilizing nanostructured surfaces for chemical and biological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Eng Lim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Chun Yee Lim
- Engineering Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138682, Singapore.
| | - Yee Cheong Lam
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Rafael Taboryski
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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35
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Tian L, Zhang L, Gao M, Deng Z, Gui L. A Handy Liquid Metal Based Non-Invasive Electrophoretic Particle Microtrap. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9050221. [PMID: 30424154 PMCID: PMC6187542 DOI: 10.3390/mi9050221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A handy liquid metal based non-invasive particle microtrap was proposed and demonstrated in this work. This kind of microtrap can be easily designed and fabricated at any location of a microfluidic chip to perform precise particle trapping and releasing without disturbing the microchannel itself. The microsystem demonstrated in this work utilized silicon oil as the continuous phase and fluorescent particles (PE-Cy5, SPHEROTM Fluorescent Particles, BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA, 10.5 μm) as the target particles. To perform the particle trapping, the micro system utilized liquid-metal-filled microchannels as noncontact electrodes to generate different patterns of electric field inside the fluid channel. According to the experimental results, the target particle can be selectively trapped and released by switching the electric field patterns. For a better understanding the control mechanism, a numerical simulation of the electric field was performed to explain the trapping mechanism. In order to verify the model, additional experiments were performed and are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Lunjia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Meng Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Zhongshan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Lin Gui
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China.
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36
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Liang S, Rao W, Song K, Liu J. Fluorescent Liquid Metal As a Transformable Biomimetic Chameleon. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:1589-1596. [PMID: 29220571 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) is of core interest for a wide variety of newly emerging areas. However, the functional materials thus made so far by LM only could display a single silver-white appearance. In this study, colorful LM marbles working like a transformable biomimetic robot were proposed for the first time and fabricated from LM droplets through encasing them with fluorescent nanoparticles. We demonstrated that this unique LM marble can be manipulated into various stable magnificent appearances as one desires and then split and merge among different colors. Such multifunctional LM is capable of responding to the outside electric stimulus and realizing shape transformation and discoloration behaviors as well. Furthermore, the electric stimuli has been successfully introduced to trigger the release of nano/microparticles from the LM, and the mechanism lying behind was clarified. The present fluorescent LM was expected to offer important opportunities for diverse applications, especially in a wide range of functional smart material areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Rao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Kai Song
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
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37
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Design and Numerical Study of Micropump Based on Induced Electroosmotic Flow. JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/4018503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced charge electroosmotic flow is a new electric driving mode. Based on the Navier–Stokes equations and the Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) ion transport equations, the finite volume method is adopted to calculate the equations and boundary conditions of the induced charge electroosmotic flow. In this paper, the formula of the induced zeta potential of the polarized solid surface is proposed, and a UDF program suitable for the simulation of the induced charge electroosmotic is prepared according to this theory. At the same time, on the basis of this theory, a cross micropump driven by induced charge electroosmotic flow is designed, and the voltage, electric potential, charge density, and streamline of the induced electroosmotic micropump are obtained. Studies have shown that when the cross-shaped micropump is energized, in the center of the induction electrode near the formation of a dense electric double layer, there exist four symmetrical vortices at the four corners, and they push the solution towards both outlets; it can be found that the average velocity of the solution in the cross-flow microfluidic pump is nonlinear with the applied electric field, which maybe helpful for the practical application of induced electroosmotic flow in the field of micropump.
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38
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Yan J, Lu Y, Chen G, Yang M, Gu Z. Advances in liquid metals for biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:2518-2533. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00309a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review summarizes the common performances, featured properties and various state-of-the-art biomedical applications of liquid metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
- Molecular Imaging Center
| | - Yue Lu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery
| | - Guojun Chen
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery
| | - Min Yang
- Molecular Imaging Center
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine
- Ministry of Health
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine
| | - Zhen Gu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery
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39
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Zhou X, Gao M, Gui L. A Liquid-Metal Based Spiral Magnetohydrodynamic Micropump. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:E365. [PMID: 30400555 PMCID: PMC6187872 DOI: 10.3390/mi8120365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A liquid-metal based spiral magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) micropump is proposed in this work. The micropump was fabricated in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-glass hybrid microfluidic chip. This pump utilized two parallel liquid-metal-filled channels as electrodes to generate a parallel electrical field across the pumping channel between the two electrodes. To prevent contact and cross contamination between the liquid metal in the electrode channel and the sample fluid in the pumping channel, a PDMS gap was designed between the liquid metal and the sample fluid. To minimize the chip size, the parallel electrode and pumping channels were designed in a spiral shape. To test pumping performance, NaCl aqueous solution containing fluorescent particles (0.5 μm in diameter) was filled into the pumping channel as the working sample fluid. When a pair of identical magnets (0.4 T) was placed onto both top and bottom surfaces of the chip, the pump was able to drive the sample fluid at a flow velocity of 233.26 μm/s at 3000 V. The pump has no moving parts, and the electrodes are easily fabricated, making the pump suitable for miniaturization and integration into microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Zhou
- Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Meng Gao
- Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Lin Gui
- Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China.
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40
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Finite element modelling of non-faradic electric impedance spectroscopy through flexible polymer microchip. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Lin Y, Gordon O, Khan MR, Vasquez N, Genzer J, Dickey MD. Vacuum filling of complex microchannels with liquid metal. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3043-3050. [PMID: 28805880 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00426e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the utilization of vacuum to fill complex microchannels with liquid metal. Microchannels filled with liquid metal are useful as conductors for soft and stretchable electronics, as well as for microfluidic components such as electrodes, antennas, pumps, or heaters. Liquid metals are often injected manually into the inlet of a microchannel using a syringe. Injection can only occur if displaced air in the channels has a pathway to escape, which is usually accomplished using outlets. The positive pressure (relative to atmosphere) needed to inject fluids can also cause leaks or delamination of the channels during injection. Here we show a simple and hands-free method to fill microchannels with liquid metal that addresses these issues. The process begins by covering a single inlet with liquid metal. Placing the entire structure in a vacuum chamber removes the air from the channels and the surrounding elastomer. Restoring atmospheric pressure in the chamber creates a positive pressure differential that pushes the metal into the channels. Experiments and a simple model of the filling process both suggest that the elastomeric channel walls absorb residual air displaced by the metal as it fills the channels. Thus, the metal can fill dead-ends with features as small as several microns and branched structures within seconds without the need for any outlets. The method can also fill completely serpentine microchannels up to a few meters in length. The ability to fill dense and complex geometries with liquid metal in this manner may enable broader application of liquid metals in electronic and microfluidic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Lin
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA.
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Kazem N, Hellebrekers T, Majidi C. Soft Multifunctional Composites and Emulsions with Liquid Metals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605985. [PMID: 28425667 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Binary mixtures of liquid metal (LM) or low-melting-point alloy (LMPA) in an elastomeric or fluidic carrier medium can exhibit unique combinations of electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. This emerging class of soft multifunctional composites have potential applications in wearable computing, bio-inspired robotics, and shape-programmable architectures. The dispersion phase can range from dilute droplets to connected networks that support electrical conductivity. In contrast to deterministically patterned LM microfluidics, LMPA- and LM-embedded elastomer (LMEE) composites are statistically homogenous and exhibit effective bulk properties. Eutectic Ga-In (EGaIn) and Ga-In-Sn (Galinstan) alloys are typically used due to their high conductivity, low viscosity, negligible nontoxicity, and ability to wet to nonmetallic materials. Because they are liquid-phase, these alloys can alter the electrical and thermal properties of the composite while preserving the mechanics of the surrounding medium. For composites with LMPA inclusions (e.g., Field's metal, Pb-based solder), mechanical rigidity can be actively tuned with external heating or electrical activation. This progress report, reviews recent experimental and theoretical studies of this emerging class of soft material architectures and identifies current technical challenges and opportunities for further advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Kazem
- Integrated Soft Materials Lab, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tess Hellebrekers
- Integrated Soft Materials Lab, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Integrated Soft Materials Lab, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Lim AE, Lim CY, Lam YC, Taboryski R, Wang SR. Effect of nanostructures orientation on electroosmotic flow in a microfluidic channel. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:255303. [PMID: 28510536 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa734f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electroosmotic flow (EOF) is an electric-field-induced fluid flow that has numerous micro-/nanofluidic applications, ranging from pumping to chemical and biomedical analyses. Nanoscale networks/structures are often integrated in microchannels for a broad range of applications, such as electrophoretic separation of biomolecules, high reaction efficiency catalytic microreactors, and enhancement of heat transfer and sensing. Their introduction has been known to reduce EOF. Hitherto, a proper study on the effect of nanostructures orientation on EOF in a microfluidic channel is yet to be carried out. In this investigation, we present a novel fabrication method for nanostructure designs that possess maximum orientation difference, i.e. parallel versus perpendicular indented nanolines, to examine the effect of nanostructures orientation on EOF. It consists of four phases: fabrication of silicon master, creation of mold insert via electroplating, injection molding with cyclic olefin copolymer, and thermal bonding and integration of practical inlet/outlet ports. The effect of nanostructures orientation on EOF was studied experimentally by current monitoring method. The experimental results show that nanolines which are perpendicular to the microchannel reduce the EOF velocity significantly (approximately 20%). This flow velocity reduction is due to the distortion of local electric field by the perpendicular nanolines at the nanostructured surface as demonstrated by finite element simulation. In contrast, nanolines which are parallel to the microchannel have no effect on EOF, as it can be deduced that the parallel nanolines do not distort the local electric field. The outcomes of this investigation contribute to the precise control of EOF in lab-on-chip devices, and fundamental understanding of EOF in devices which utilize nanostructured surfaces for chemical and biological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Eng Lim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
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Hu L, Li J, Tang J, Liu J. Surface effects of liquid metal amoeba. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:700-706. [PMID: 36659441 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals (LM) such as eutectic gallium-indium and gallium-indium-tin are important functional liquid-state metal materials with many unique properties, which have attracted wide attentions especially from soft robot area. Recently the amoeba-like transformations of LM on the graphite surface are discovered, which present a promising future for the design and assemble of self-fueled actuators with dendritically deformable body. It appears that the surface tension of the LM can be significantly reduced when it contacts graphite surface in alkaline solution. Clearly, the specific surface should play a vital role in inducing these intriguing behaviors, which is valuable and inspiring in soft robot design. However, the information regarding varied materials functions underlying these behaviors remains unknown. To explore the generalized effects of surface materials in those intriguing behavior, several materials including glass, graphite, nickel and copper oxides (CuO) were comparatively investigated as substrate surfaces. Important results were obtained that only LM amoeba transformations were observed on graphite and CuO surfaces. In order to identify the proper surface condition for LM transformation, the intrinsic properties of substrate surfaces, such as the surface charge and roughness, as well as the specific interaction with LM like wetting behavior and mutual locomotion etc., were characterized. The integrated results revealed that LM droplet appears more likely to deform on surfaces with higher positive surface charge density, higher roughness and less bubble generation on them. In addition, another surface material, CuOx, is identified to own similar ability to graphite, which is valuable in achieving amoeba-like transformation. Moreover, this study offers a fundamental understanding of the surface properties in realizing LM amoeba transformations, which would shed light on packing and structure design of liquid metal-based soft device within multi-material system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianbo Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Mohammed MG, Kramer R. All-Printed Flexible and Stretchable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1604965. [PMID: 28247998 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A fully automated additive manufacturing process that produces all-printed flexible and stretchable electronics is demonstrated. The printing process combines soft silicone elastomer printing and liquid metal processing on a single high-precision 3D stage. The platform is capable of fabricating extremely complex conductive circuits, strain and pressure sensors, stretchable wires, and wearable circuits with high yield and repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed G Mohammed
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Rebecca Kramer
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Khoshmanesh K, Tang SY, Zhu JY, Schaefer S, Mitchell A, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Dickey MD. Liquid metal enabled microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:974-993. [PMID: 28225135 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00046d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Several gallium-based liquid metal alloys are liquid at room temperature. As 'liquid', such alloys have a low viscosity and a high surface tension while as 'metal', they have high thermal and electrical conductivities, similar to mercury. However, unlike mercury, these liquid metal alloys have low toxicity and a negligible vapor pressure, rendering them much safer. In comparison to mercury, the distinguishing feature of these alloys is the rapid formation of a self-limiting atomically thin layer of gallium oxide over their surface when exposed to oxygen. This oxide layer changes many physical and chemical properties of gallium alloys, including their interfacial and rheological properties, which can be employed and modulated for various applications in microfluidics. Injecting liquid metal into microfluidic structures has been extensively used to pattern and encapsulate highly deformable and reconfigurable electronic devices including electrodes, sensors, antennas, and interconnects. Likewise, the unique features of liquid metals have been employed for fabricating miniaturized microfluidic components including pumps, valves, heaters, and electrodes. In this review, we discuss liquid metal enabled microfluidic components, and highlight their desirable attributes including simple fabrication, facile integration, stretchability, reconfigurability, and low power consumption, with promising applications for highly integrated microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jiu Yang Zhu
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Samira Schaefer
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Lin Y, Liu Y, Genzer J, Dickey MD. Shape-transformable liquid metal nanoparticles in aqueous solution. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3832-3837. [PMID: 28580116 PMCID: PMC5436598 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00057j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the formation of shape-changing and phase-transforming liquid metal particles that have potential applications in drug delivery, catalysis, colloidal jamming, and optics.
Stable suspensions of eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) liquid metal nanoparticles form by probe-sonicating the metal in an aqueous solution. Positively-charged molecular or macromolecular surfactants in the solution, such as cetrimonium bromide or lysozyme, respectively, stabilize the suspension by interacting with the negative charges of the surface oxide that forms on the metal. The liquid metal breaks up into nanospheres via sonication, yet can transform into rods of gallium oxide monohydroxide (GaOOH) via moderate heating in solution either during or after sonication. Whereas heating typically drives phase transitions from solid to liquid (via melting), here heating drives the transformation of particles from liquid to solid via oxidation. Interestingly, indium nanoparticles form during the process of shape transformation due to the selective removal of gallium. This dealloying provides a mechanism to create indium nanoparticles at temperatures well below the melting point of indium. To demonstrate the versatility, we show that it is possible to shape transform and dealloy other alloys of gallium including ternary liquid metal alloys. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirm the dealloying and transformation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Lin
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC 27695-7905 , USA . ;
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC 27695-7907 , USA
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC 27695-7905 , USA . ;
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC 27695-7905 , USA . ;
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Abstract
A liquid metal based microfluidic system was proposed and demonstrated for the generation and sorting of liquid metal droplets. This micro system utilized silicon oil as the continuous phase and Ga66In20.5Sn13.5 (66.0 wt % Ga, 20.5 wt % In, 13.5 wt % Sn, melting point: 10.6 °C) as the dispersed phase to generate liquid metal droplets on a three-channel F-junction generator. The F-junction is an updated design similar to the classical T-junction, which has a special branch channel added to a T-junction for the supplement of 30 wt % aqueous NaOH solution. To perform active sorting of liquid metal droplets by dielectrophoresis (DEP), the micro system utilized liquid-metal-filled microchannels as noncontact electrodes to induce electrical fields through the droplet channel. The electrode channels were symmetrically located on both sides of the droplet channel in the same horizontal level. According to the results, the micro system can generate uniformly spherical liquid metal droplets, and control the flow direction of the liquid metal droplets. To better understand the control mechanism, a numerical simulation of the electrical field was performed in detail in this work.
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Hu L, Wang L, Ding Y, Zhan S, Liu J. Manipulation of Liquid Metals on a Graphite Surface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:9210-9217. [PMID: 27571211 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals (LMs) in an alkaline electrolyte, when placed on a graphite surface, are able to be manipulated into desired flat, stable shapes with sharp angles, like triangles. Unique transformations and worm-like anti-gravity upslope LM locomotion under a low-voltage electric field are also revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yujie Ding
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shihui Zhan
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Gao M, Gui L. Development of a Multi-Stage Electroosmotic Flow Pump Using Liquid Metal Electrodes. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E165. [PMID: 30404339 PMCID: PMC6190331 DOI: 10.3390/mi7090165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Injection of liquid metal into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel can provide a simple, cheap, and fast method to fabricate a noncontact electrode for micro electroosmotic flow (EOF) pumps. In this study, a multi-stage EOF pump using liquid metal noncontact electrodes was proposed and demonstrated for high-flow-velocity applications. To test the pumping performance of this EOF pump and measure the flow velocity, fluorescent particles were added into deionized (DI) water to trace the flow. According to the experimental results, the pump with a five-stage design can drive a water flow of 5.57 μm/s at 10 V, while the PDMS gap between the electrode and the pumping channel is 20 μm. To provide the guidance for the pump design, parametric studies were performed and fully discussed, such as the PDMS gap, pumping channel dimension, and stage number. This multi-stage EOF pump shows potential for many high-flow-velocity microfluidic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Lin Gui
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
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