1
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Petrenko VA. Phage Display's Prospects for Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer. Viruses 2024; 16:277. [PMID: 38400052 PMCID: PMC10892688 DOI: 10.3390/v16020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most diagnosed cancer among men. It was observed that early diagnosis of disease is highly beneficial for the survival of cancer patients. Therefore, the extension and increasing quality of life of PC patients can be achieved by broadening the cancer screening programs that are aimed at the identification of cancer manifestation in patients at earlier stages, before they demonstrate well-understood signs of the disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need for standard, sensitive, robust, and commonly available screening and diagnosis tools for the identification of early signs of cancer pathologies. In this respect, the "Holy Grail" of cancer researchers and bioengineers for decades has been molecular sensing probes that would allow for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of cancer diseases via their interaction with cell-secreted and cell-associated PC biomarkers, e.g., PSA and PSMA, respectively. At present, most PSA tests are performed at centralized laboratories using high-throughput total PSA immune analyzers, which are suitable for dedicated laboratories and are not readily available for broad health screenings. Therefore, the current trend in the detection of PC is the development of portable biosensors for mobile laboratories and individual use. Phage display, since its conception by George Smith in 1985, has emerged as a premier tool in molecular biology with widespread application. This review describes the role of the molecular evolution and phage display paradigm in revolutionizing the methods for the early diagnosis and monitoring of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery A Petrenko
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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2
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Garg S, Sachdeva A, Peeters M, McClements J. Point-of-Care Prostate Specific Antigen Testing: Examining Translational Progress toward Clinical Implementation. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3643-3658. [PMID: 37830899 PMCID: PMC10616866 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common male cancer and is attributable to over 375,000 deaths annually. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a key biomarker for PCa and therefore measuring patient PSA levels is an important aspect of the diagnostic pathway. Automated immunoassays are currently utilized for PSA analysis, but they require a laboratory setting with specialized equipment and trained personnel. This results in high diagnostic costs, extended therapeutic turnaround times, and restrictions on testing capabilities in resource-limited settings. Consequently, there is a strong drive to develop point-of-care (PoC) PSA tests that can offer accurate, low-cost, and rapid results at the time and place of the patient. However, many emerging PoC tests experience a trade-off between accuracy, affordability, and accessibility which distinctly limits their translational potential. This review comprehensively assesses the translational advantages and limitations of emerging laboratory-level and commercial PoC tests for PSA determination. Electrochemical and optical PSA sensors from 2013 to 2023 are systematically examined. Furthermore, we suggest how the translational potential of emerging tests can be optimized to achieve clinical implementation and thus improve PCa diagnosis globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saweta Garg
- Merz
Court, School of Engineering, Newcastle
University, Claremont Road, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, U.K.
| | - Ashwin Sachdeva
- Division
of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, U.K.
- Department
of Urology, The Christie NHS Foundation
Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, U.K.
| | - Marloes Peeters
- Merz
Court, School of Engineering, Newcastle
University, Claremont Road, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.
| | - Jake McClements
- Merz
Court, School of Engineering, Newcastle
University, Claremont Road, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.
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3
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Flora FC, Relvas SB, Silva FAE, Freire MG, Chu V, Conde JP. Combined Use of Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems and Microfluidic Devices for the Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:334. [PMID: 36979546 PMCID: PMC10046584 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the cancer types that most affects males worldwide and is among the highest contributors to cancer mortality rates. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find strategies to improve the diagnosis of PCa. Microtechnologies have been gaining ground in biomedical devices, with microfluidics and lab-on-chip systems potentially revolutionizing medical diagnostics. In this paper, it is shown that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) can be detected through an immunoassay performed in a microbead-based microfluidic device after being extracted and purified from a serum sample through an aqueous biphasic system (ABS). Given their well-established status as ABS components for successful bioseparations, ionic liquids (ILs) and polymers were used in combination with buffered salts. Using both IL-based and polymer-based ABS, it was demonstrated that it is possible to detect PSA in non-physiological environments. It was concluded that the ABS that performed better in extracting the PSA from serum were those composed of tetrabutylammonium chloride ([N4444]Cl) and tetrabutylphosphonium bromide ([P4444]Br), both combined with phosphate buffer, and constituted by polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of 1000 g/mol (PEG1000) with citrate buffer. In comparison with the assay with PSA prepared in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or human serum in which no ABS-mediated extraction was applied, assays attained lower limits of detection after IL-based ABS-mediated extraction. These results reinforce the potential of this method in future point-of-care (PoC) measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa C. Flora
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores-Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia B. Relvas
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores-Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisca A. e Silva
- CICECO—Instituto de Materiais de Aveiro, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mara G. Freire
- CICECO—Instituto de Materiais de Aveiro, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Virginia Chu
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores-Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Pedro Conde
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores-Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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4
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Yuan H, Chen P, Wan C, Li Y, Liu BF. Merging microfluidics with luminescence immunoassays for urgent point-of-care diagnostics of COVID-19. Trends Analyt Chem 2022; 157:116814. [PMID: 36373139 PMCID: PMC9637550 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has urged the establishment of a global-wide rapid diagnostic system. Current widely-used tests for COVID-19 include nucleic acid assays, immunoassays, and radiological imaging. Immunoassays play an irreplaceable role in rapidly diagnosing COVID-19 and monitoring the patients for the assessment of their severity, risks of the immune storm, and prediction of treatment outcomes. Despite of the enormous needs for immunoassays, the widespread use of traditional immunoassay platforms is still limited by high cost and low automation, which are currently not suitable for point-of-care tests (POCTs). Microfluidic chips with the features of low consumption, high throughput, and integration, provide the potential to enable immunoassays for POCTs, especially in remote areas. Meanwhile, luminescence detection can be merged with immunoassays on microfluidic platforms for their good performance in quantification, sensitivity, and specificity. This review introduces both homogenous and heterogenous luminescence immunoassays with various microfluidic platforms. We also summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the categorized methods, highlighting their recent typical progress. Additionally, different microfluidic platforms are described for comparison. The latest advances in combining luminescence immunoassays with microfluidic platforms for POCTs of COVID-19 are further explained with antigens, antibodies, and related cytokines. Finally, challenges and future perspectives were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yuan
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Peng Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chao Wan
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yiwei Li
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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5
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Needs SH, Sirivisoot S, Jegouic S, Prommool T, Luangaram P, Srisawat C, Sriraksa K, Limpitikul W, Mairiang D, Malasit P, Avirutnan P, Puttikhunt C, Edwards AD. Smartphone multiplex microcapillary diagnostics using Cygnus: Development and evaluation of rapid serotype-specific NS1 detection with dengue patient samples. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010266. [PMID: 35389998 PMCID: PMC8989202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory diagnosis of dengue virus (DENV) infection including DENV serotyping requires skilled labor and well-equipped settings. DENV NS1 lateral flow rapid test (LFT) provides simplicity but lacks ability to identify serotype. A simple, economical, point-of-care device for serotyping is still needed. We present a gravity driven, smartphone compatible, microfluidic device using microcapillary film (MCF) to perform multiplex serotype-specific immunoassay detection of dengue virus NS1. A novel device-termed Cygnus-with a stackable design allows analysis of 1 to 12 samples in parallel in 40 minutes. A sandwich enzyme immunoassay was developed to specifically detect NS1 of all four DENV serotypes in one 60-μl plasma sample. This test aims to bridge the gap between rapid LFT and laboratory microplate ELISAs in terms of sensitivity, usability, accessibility and speed. The Cygnus NS1 assay was evaluated with retrospective undiluted plasma samples from 205 DENV infected patients alongside 50 febrile illness negative controls. Against the gold standard RT-PCR, clinical sensitivity for Cygnus was 82% in overall (with 78, 78, 80 and 76% for DENV1-4, respectively), comparable to an in-house serotyping NS1 microplate ELISA (82% vs 83%) but superior to commercial NS1-LFT (82% vs 74%). Specificity of the Cygnus device was 86%, lower than that of NS1-microplate ELISA and NS1-LFT (100% and 98%, respectively). For Cygnus positive samples, identification of DENV serotypes DENV2-4 matched those by RT-PCR by 100%, but for DENV1 capillaries false positives were seen, suggesting an improved DENV1 capture antibody is needed to increase specificity. Overall performance of Cygnus showed substantial agreement to NS1-microplate ELISA (κ = 0.68, 95%CI 0.58-0.77) and NS1-LFT (κ = 0.71, 95%CI 0.63-0.80). Although further refinement for DENV-1 NS1 detection is needed, the advantages of multiplexing and rapid processing time, this Cygnus device could deliver point-of-care NS1 antigen testing including serotyping for timely DENV diagnosis for epidemic surveillance and outbreak prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Helen Needs
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Sirintra Sirivisoot
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sophie Jegouic
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Tanapan Prommool
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Prasit Luangaram
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chatchawan Srisawat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Sriraksa
- Pediatric Department, Khon Kaen Hospital, Ministry of Health, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wannee Limpitikul
- Pediatric Department, Songkhla Hospital, Ministry of Health, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Dumrong Mairiang
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prida Malasit
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panisadee Avirutnan
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chunya Puttikhunt
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alexander Daniel Edwards
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
- Capillary Film Technology Ltd, Billingshurst, West Sussex, United Kingdom
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6
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Srinivasan B, Nanus DM, Erickson D, Mehta S. Highly portable quantitative screening test for prostate-specific antigen at point of care. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 3:288-299. [PMID: 35083431 PMCID: PMC8789004 DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most diagnosed cancer among men. Targeted PCa screening may decrease PCa-specific mortality. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most reliable and widely accepted tumor biomarker for screening and monitoring PCa status. However, in many settings, quantification of serum PSA requires access to centralized laboratories. In this study, we describe a proof-of-concept rapid test combined with a highly portable Cube™ reader for quantification of total PSA from a drop of serum within 20 min. We demonstrated the application of gold nanoshells as a label for lateral flow assay with significant increase in the measured colorimetric signal intensity to achieve five times lower detection limit when compared to the traditionally used 40 nm gold nanosphere labels, without a need for any additional signal amplification steps. We first optimized and evaluated the performance of the assay with commercially available total PSA calibrators. For initial validation with commercially available ACCESS Hybritech PSA calibrator, a detection range of 0.5-150 ng/mL was achieved. We compared the performance of our total PSA test with IMMULITE analyzer for quantification of total PSA in archived human serum samples. On preliminary testing with archived serums samples and comparison with IMMULITE total PSA assay, a correlation of 0.95 (p < .0001) was observed. The highly portable quantitative screening test for PSA described in this study has the potential to make PCa screening more accessible where diagnostic labs and automated immunoassay systems are not available, to reduce therapeutic turnaround time, to streamline clinical care, and to direct patient care for both initial screening and for post-treatment monitoring of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Srinivasan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.,Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Global Health, and Technology (INSiGHT), Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - David M Nanus
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Erickson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.,Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Global Health, and Technology (INSiGHT), Ithaca, NY, USA.,Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Saurabh Mehta
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.,Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Global Health, and Technology (INSiGHT), Ithaca, NY, USA
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7
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Needs SH, Saiprom N, Rafaque Z, Imtiaz W, Chantratita N, Runcharoen C, Thammachote J, Anun S, Peacock SJ, Ray P, Andrews S, Edwards AD. Miniaturised broth microdilution for simplified antibiotic susceptibility testing of Gram negative clinical isolates using microcapillary devices. Analyst 2022; 147:3558-3569. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00305h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturised antibiotic susceptibility testing: 100 times smaller microcapillary broth microdilution gives equivalent result to standard microplate broth microdilution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natnaree Saiprom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Zara Rafaque
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Wajiha Imtiaz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, RG6 6DX, UK
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Chakkaphan Runcharoen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Jeeranan Thammachote
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Medical Technology Department, Bhuddhasothon Hospital, Chachoengsao, Thailand
| | - Suthatip Anun
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Medical Technology Department, Bhuddhasothon Hospital, Chachoengsao, Thailand
| | | | - Partha Ray
- The Nature Conservancy, Virginia, USA
- School of Agriculture Policy and Development, University of Reading, UK
| | - Simon Andrews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, RG6 6DX, UK
| | - Alexander D. Edwards
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, RG6 6DX, UK
- CFT Ltd, Daux Road, Billingshurst, RH14 9SJ, UK
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8
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Reis NM, Needs SH, Jegouic SM, Gill KK, Sirivisoot S, Howard S, Kempe J, Bola S, Al-Hakeem K, Jones IM, Prommool T, Luangaram P, Avirutnan P, Puttikhunt C, Edwards AD. Gravity-Driven Microfluidic Siphons: Fluidic Characterization and Application to Quantitative Immunoassays. ACS Sens 2021; 6:4338-4348. [PMID: 34854666 PMCID: PMC8728737 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A range of biosensing techniques including immunoassays are routinely used for quantitation of analytes in biological samples and available in a range of formats, from centralized lab testing (e.g., microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) to automated point-of-care (POC) and lateral flow immunochromatographic tests. High analytical performance is intrinsically linked to the use of a sequence of reagent and washing steps, yet this is extremely challenging to deliver at the POC without a high level of fluidic control involving, e.g., automation, fluidic pumping, or manual fluid handling/pipetting. Here we introduce a microfluidic siphon concept that conceptualizes a multistep ″dipstick″ for quantitative, enzymatically amplified immunoassays using a strip of microporous or microbored material. We demonstrated that gravity-driven siphon flow can be realized in single-bore glass capillaries, a multibored microcapillary film, and a glass fiber porous membrane. In contrast to other POC devices proposed to date, the operation of the siphon is only dependent on the hydrostatic liquid pressure (gravity) and not capillary forces, and the unique stepwise approach to the delivery of the sample and immunoassay reagents results in zero dead volume in the device, no reagent overlap or carryover, and full start/stop fluid control. We demonstrated applications of a 10-bore microfluidic siphon as a portable ELISA system without compromised quantitative capabilities in two global diagnostic applications: (1) a four-plex sandwich ELISA for rapid smartphone dengue serotype identification by serotype-specific dengue virus NS1 antigen detection, relevant for acute dengue fever diagnosis, and (2) quantitation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM titers in spiked serum samples. Diagnostic siphons provide the opportunity for high-performance immunoassay testing outside sophisticated laboratories, meeting the rapidly changing global clinical and public health needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M. Reis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Biosensors, Biodevices and
Bioelectronics (C3Bio), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah H. Needs
- Reading
School of Pharmacy, University of Reading,
Whiteknights Campus, Reading, RG6 6AD United Kingdom
| | - Sophie M. Jegouic
- Reading
School of Pharmacy, University of Reading,
Whiteknights Campus, Reading, RG6 6AD United Kingdom
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Reading,
Whiteknights Campus, Reading, RG6 6AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kirandeep K. Gill
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Biosensors, Biodevices and
Bioelectronics (C3Bio), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Sirintra Sirivisoot
- Dengue
Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office for Research and Development,
Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol
University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Scott Howard
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Biosensors, Biodevices and
Bioelectronics (C3Bio), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Kempe
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Biosensors, Biodevices and
Bioelectronics (C3Bio), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Shaan Bola
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Biosensors, Biodevices and
Bioelectronics (C3Bio), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Kareem Al-Hakeem
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Biosensors, Biodevices and
Bioelectronics (C3Bio), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Jones
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Reading,
Whiteknights Campus, Reading, RG6 6AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tanapan Prommool
- Molecular
Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular
Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering
and Biotechnology, National Science and
Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 73170, Thailand
| | - Prasit Luangaram
- Molecular
Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular
Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering
and Biotechnology, National Science and
Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 73170, Thailand
| | - Panisadee Avirutnan
- Dengue
Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office for Research and Development,
Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol
University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Molecular
Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular
Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering
and Biotechnology, National Science and
Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 73170, Thailand
- Siriraj Center
of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of
Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Chunya Puttikhunt
- Dengue
Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office for Research and Development,
Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol
University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Molecular
Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular
Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering
and Biotechnology, National Science and
Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 73170, Thailand
- Siriraj Center
of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of
Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Alexander D. Edwards
- Reading
School of Pharmacy, University of Reading,
Whiteknights Campus, Reading, RG6 6AD United Kingdom
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9
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Barbosa AI, Edwards AD, Reis NM. Antibody Surface Coverage Drives Matrix Interference in Microfluidic Capillary Immunoassays. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2682-2690. [PMID: 34138534 PMCID: PMC8741144 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The performance of biosensors is often optimized in buffers, which brings inconsistencies during applications with biological samples. Current strategies for minimizing sample (matrix) interference are complex to automate and miniaturize, involving, e.g., sample dilution or recovery of serum/plasma. This study shows the first systematic analysis using hundreds of actual microfluidic immunoassay fluoropolymer strips to understand matrix interference in microflow systems. As many interfering factors are assay-specific, we have explored matrix interference for a range of enzymatic immunoassays, including a direct mIgG/anti-mIgG, a sandwich cancer biomarker PSA, and a sandwich inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Serum matrix interference was significantly affected by capillary antibody surface coverage, suggesting for the first time that the main cause of the serum matrix effect is low-affinity serum components (e.g., autoantibodies) competing with high-affinity antigens for the immobilized antibody. Additional experiments carried out with different capillary diameters confirmed the importance of antibody surface coverage in managing matrix interference. Building on these findings, we propose a novel analytical approach where antibody surface coverage and sample incubation times are key for eliminating and/or minimizing serum matrix interference, consisting in bioassay optimization carried out in serum instead of buffer, without compromising the performance of the bioassay or adding extra cost or steps. This will help establishing a new route toward faster development of modern point-of-care tests and effective biosensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Barbosa
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
- Capillary
Film Technology Ltd, Daux Road, Billingshurst RH14 9SJ, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander D. Edwards
- Capillary
Film Technology Ltd, Daux Road, Billingshurst RH14 9SJ, West Sussex, United Kingdom
- Reading
School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United
Kingdom
| | - Nuno M. Reis
- Capillary
Film Technology Ltd, Daux Road, Billingshurst RH14 9SJ, West Sussex, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Biosensors, Bioelectronics
and Biodevices (C3Bio), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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10
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Cai Y, Zhang S, Dong C, Yang J, Ma T, Zhang H, Cui Y, Hui W. Lateral flow immunoassay based on gold magnetic nanoparticles for the protein quantitative detection: Prostate-specific antigen. Anal Biochem 2021; 627:114265. [PMID: 34062149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care testing (POCT) demands for rapidly obtaining test results by means of portable analytical instruments and auxiliary reagents at the sampling site. It's important for tumor marker to be recognized and detected in early clinical diagnosis. Many studies focused on producing small portable devices that would allow fast, accurate, and on-site detection. This study aimed to report a magnetic quantitative lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) system based on poly (acrylic acid) (PAA)-modified gold magnetic nanoparticles (PGMNs) for detecting prostate-specific antigen (PSA) qualitatively and quantitatively. The result was easily achievable with a portable magnetic reader within 15 min. Under optimal conditions, as low as 0.17 ng/mL PSA could be detected. The method was validated using a well-established Solin electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and showed high consistency in detecting 84 serum samples (R2 = 0.98). The quantitative LFIA based on PGMNs established in this study was proven to be rapid, accurate, sensitive, and inexpensive. As a POCT, it can be potentially developed for the quantitative diagnosis of other disease-related protein biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Chen Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Jiangcun Yang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Ting Ma
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Yali Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
| | - Wenli Hui
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
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11
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Castanheira A, Dos Santos MB, Rodriguez-Lorenzo L, Queirós R, Espiña B. A novel microfluidic system for the sensitive and cost-effective detection of okadaic acid in mussels. Analyst 2021; 146:2638-2645. [PMID: 33660716 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02092c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is produced by marine dinoflagellates and it can be easily accumulated in shellfish, causing intoxications when consumed by humans. Consequently, there is a need for sensitive, reliable and cost-effective methods to detect OA in real samples. In this work, we developed a novel and affordable microfluidic system to detect OA based on the protein phosphatase 1 inhibition colorimetric assay. This enzyme was immobilized in a microfluidic chamber by physisorption in an alumina sol-gel. The results show good enzyme stability over time when maintained at 4 °C. The developed system was sensitive for OA standard solutions, presenting a limit of detection (LOD) of 11.6 nM over a large linear range (43.4 to 3095.8 nM). Our method revealed an LOD as low as 0.2 μg kg-1 and a linear range between 1.47 and 506 μg kg-1 for extracted mussel matrix, detecting OA concentrations in contaminated mussels much lower than the regulated limit (160 μg kg-1). The enzyme stability and reusability along with the simplicity and low cost associated with microfluidics systems make this method very interesting from a commercial point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Castanheira
- INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.
| | | | - Laura Rodriguez-Lorenzo
- INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Queirós
- INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Begoña Espiña
- INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.
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12
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Jégouic SM, Jones IM, Edwards AD. Affordable mobile microfluidic diagnostics: minimum requirements for smartphones and digital imaging for colorimetric and fluorometric anti-dengue and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:57. [PMID: 36312459 PMCID: PMC9614285 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16628.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Miniaturised bioassays permit diagnostic testing near the patient, and the results can be recorded digitally using inexpensive cameras including smartphone and mobile phone cameras. Although digital cameras are now inexpensive and portable, the minimum performance required for microfluidic diagnostic bioassays has not been defined. We present a systematic comparison of a wide range of different digital cameras for capturing and measuring results of microfluidic bioassays and describe a framework to specify performance requirements to quantify immunoassays. Methods: A set of 200 µm diameter microchannels was filled with a range of concentrations of dyes used in colorimetric and fluorometric enzyme immunoassays. These were imaged in parallel using cameras of varying cost and performance ranging from <£30 to >£500. Results: Higher resolution imaging allowed larger numbers of microdevices to be resolved and analysed in a single image. In contrast, low quality cameras were still able to quantify results but for fewer samples. In some cases, an additional macro lens was added to focus closely. If image resolution was sufficient to identify individual microfluidic channels as separate lines, all cameras were able to quantify a similar range of concentrations of both colorimetric and fluorometric dyes. However, the mid-range cameras performed better, with the lowest cost cameras only allowing one or two samples to be quantified per image. Consistent with these findings, we demonstrate that quantitation (to determine endpoint titre) of antibodies against dengue and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viruses is possible using a wide range of digital imaging devices including the mid-range smartphone iPhone 6S and a budget Android smartphone costing <£50. Conclusions: In conclusion, while more expensive and higher quality cameras allow larger numbers of devices to be simultaneously imaged, even the lowest resolution and cheapest cameras were sufficient to record and quantify immunoassay results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M. Jégouic
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 1EE, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Ian M. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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13
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Liu J, Xu Z, Shan Y, Huang X. Applications of microcapillary films in bioanalytical techniques. Analyst 2021; 146:1529-1537. [PMID: 33528470 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01945c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microcapillary film (MCF) is an extruded plastic film with an array of parallel microcapillaries (30-500 μm) and it has wide potential applications in bioanalytical techniques as a microfluidic platform. With different surface modification strategies, an MCF combines the advantages of its structure and modified chemical properties to realize various bioanalytical functions. In this review, we begin by introducing the manufacturing process of MCFs, common materials used to produce MCFs, surface treatment approaches of inner surfaces, and a signal detection and readout system of the MCF platform. Then, we summarize some typical applications of MCFs, particularly in protein chromatography, Escherichia coli detection for urinary tract infections, prostate-specific antigen detection for prostate cancer and multiplex immunoassays. Finally, future perspectives of MCFs in bioanalytical techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Liu
- Institute of Process Equipment, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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14
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Wei X, Guo J, Lian H, Sun X, Liu B. Cobalt metal-organic framework modified carbon cloth/paper hybrid electrochemical button-sensor for nonenzymatic glucose diagnostics. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2021; 329:129205. [PMID: 33519089 PMCID: PMC7833951 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2020.129205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In the growing pandemic, family healthcare is widely concerned with the increase of medical self-diagnosis away from the hospital. A cobalt metal-organic framework modified carbon cloth/paper (Co-MOF/CC/Paper) hybrid button-sensor was developed as a portable, robust, and user-friendly electrochemical analytical chip for nonenzymatic quantitative detection of glucose. Highly integrated electrochemical analytical chip was successfully fabricated with a flexible Co-MOF/CC sensing interface, effectively increasing the specific area and catalytic sites than the traditional plane electrode. Based on the button-sensor, rapid quantitative detection of glucose was achieved in multiple complex bio-matrixes, such as serum, urine, and saliva, with desired selectivity, stability, and durability. With the advantages of low cost, high environment tolerance, ease of production, our nanozyme-based electrochemical analytical chip achieved reliable nonenzymatic electrocatalysis, has great potential for the application of rapid on-site analysis in personalized diagnostic and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Designing and Green Conversions (Fujian University), Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialei Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Designing and Green Conversions (Fujian University), Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiting Lian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Designing and Green Conversions (Fujian University), Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangying Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Designing and Green Conversions (Fujian University), Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Designing and Green Conversions (Fujian University), Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
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15
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Mandal N, Pakira V, Samanta N, Das N, Chakraborty S, Pramanick B, RoyChaudhuri C. PSA detection using label free graphene FET with coplanar electrodes based microfluidic point of care diagnostic device. Talanta 2021; 222:121581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Hassan SU, Tariq A, Noreen Z, Donia A, Zaidi SZJ, Bokhari H, Zhang X. Capillary-Driven Flow Microfluidics Combined with Smartphone Detection: An Emerging Tool for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E509. [PMID: 32708045 PMCID: PMC7459612 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10080509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) or near-patient testing allows clinicians to accurately achieve real-time diagnostic results performed at or near to the patient site. The outlook of POC devices is to provide quicker analyses that can lead to well-informed clinical decisions and hence improve the health of patients at the point-of-need. Microfluidics plays an important role in the development of POC devices. However, requirements of handling expertise, pumping systems and complex fluidic controls make the technology unaffordable to the current healthcare systems in the world. In recent years, capillary-driven flow microfluidics has emerged as an attractive microfluidic-based technology to overcome these limitations by offering robust, cost-effective and simple-to-operate devices. The internal wall of the microchannels can be pre-coated with reagents, and by merely dipping the device into the patient sample, the sample can be loaded into the microchannel driven by capillary forces and can be detected via handheld or smartphone-based detectors. The capabilities of capillary-driven flow devices have not been fully exploited in developing POC diagnostics, especially for antimicrobial resistance studies in clinical settings. The purpose of this review is to open up this field of microfluidics to the ever-expanding microfluidic-based scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammer-Ul Hassan
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Aamira Tariq
- Department of Biosciences, Comsats University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zobia Noreen
- Department of Biosciences, Comsats University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Donia
- Department of Biosciences, Comsats University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Z J Zaidi
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, Comsats University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Xunli Zhang
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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17
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Wajs E, Rughoobur G, Burling K, George A, Flewitt AJ, Gnanapragasam VJ. A novel split mode TFBAR device for quantitative measurements of prostate specific antigen in a small sample of whole blood. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:9647-9652. [PMID: 32319508 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00416b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Easy monitoring of prostate specific antigen (PSA) directly from blood samples would present a significant improvement as compared to conventional diagnostic methods. In this work, a split mode thin film bulk acoustic resonator (TFBAR) device was employed for the first time for label-free measurements of PSA concentrations in the whole blood and without sample pre-treatment. The surface of the sensor was covalently modified with anti-PSA antibodies and demonstrated a very high sensitivity of 101 kHz mL ng-1 and low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.34 ng mL-1 in model spiked solutions. It has previously been widely believed that significant pre-processing of blood samples would be required for TFBAR biosensors. Importantly, this work demonstrates that this is not the case, and TFBAR technology provides a cost-effective means for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics and monitoring of PSA in hospitals and in doctors' offices. Additionally, the accuracy of the developed biosensor, with respect to a commercial auto analyser (Beckman Coulter Access), was evaluated to analyse clinical samples, giving well-matched results between the two methods, thus showing a practical application in quantitative monitoring of PSA levels in the whole blood with very good signal recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Wajs
- Electrical Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
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18
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Hassan SU, Zhang X. Design and Fabrication of Capillary-Driven Flow Device for Point-Of-Care Diagnostics. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10040039. [PMID: 32326641 PMCID: PMC7235737 DOI: 10.3390/bios10040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics enables the diagnosis and monitoring of patients from the clinic or their home. Ideally, POC devices should be compact, portable and operatable without the requirement of expertise or complex fluid mechanical controls. This paper showcases a chip-and-dip device, which works on the principle of capillary-driven flow microfluidics and allows analytes’ detection by multiple microchannels in a single microchip via smartphone imaging. The chip-and-dip device, fabricated with inexpensive materials, works by simply dipping the reagents-coated microchip consisting of microchannels into a fluidic sample. The sample is loaded into the microchannels via capillary action and reacts with the reagents to produce a colourimetric signal. Unlike dipstick tests, this device allows the loading of bacterial/pathogenic samples for antimicrobial testing. A single device can be coated with multiple reagents, and more analytes can be detected in one sample. This platform could be used for a wide variety of assays. Here, we show the design, fabrication and working principle of the chip-and-dip flow device along with a specific application consisting in the determination of β-lactamase activity and cortisol. The simplicity, robustness and multiplexing capability of the chip-and-dip device will allow it to be used for POC diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammer-ul Hassan
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Correspondence: (S.-u.H.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xunli Zhang
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Correspondence: (S.-u.H.); (X.Z.)
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19
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Alves IP, Reis NM. Microfluidic smartphone quantitation of Escherichia coli in synthetic urine. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 145:111624. [PMID: 31546201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the clinical need, there is a major gap in rapid diagnostics for identification and quantitation of E. coli and other pathogens, also regarded as the biggest bottleneck in the fight against the spread of antimicrobial resistant bacterial strains. This study reports for the first time an optical, smartphone-based microfluidic fluorescence sandwich immunoassay capable of quantifying E. coli in buffer and synthetic urine in less than 25 min without sample preparation nor concentration. A limit of detection (LoD) up to 240 CFU/mL, comensurate with cut-off for UTIs (103-105 CFUs/mL) was achieved. Replicas of full response curves performed with 100-107 CFUs/mL of E. coli K12 in synthetic urine yielded recovery values in the range 80-120%, assay reproducibility below 30% and precision below 20%, therefore similar to high-performance automated immunoassays. The unrivalled LoD was mainly linked to the 'open fluidics' nature of the 10-bore microfluidic strips used that enabled passing a large volume of sample through the microcapillaries coated with capture antibody. The new smartphone based test has the potential of being as a rapid, point-of-care test for rule-in of E. coli infections that are responsible for around 80% of UTIs, helping to stop the over-prescription of antibiotics and the monitoring of patients with other symptomatic communicable diseases caused by E. coli at global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel P Alves
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Nuno M Reis
- Centre for Biosensors, Bioelectronics and Biodevices (C3Bio), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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20
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Barbosa AI, Barreto AS, Reis NM. Transparent, Hydrophobic Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Offers Rapid, Robust, and Irreversible Passive Adsorption of Diagnostic Antibodies for Sensitive Optical Biosensing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:2780-2790. [PMID: 35030812 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Current literature data is scarce and somehow contradictory in respect to the suitability of "nonstick" fluoropolymer surfaces for immobilization of biomolecules. We have previously shown empirically that transparent Teflon fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) offers rapid and sensitive optical biosensing of clinically relevant biomarkers. This study shows for the first time a comprehensive experimental analysis of passive adsorption of diagnostic IgG antibodies on actual Teflon FEP microfluidic strips. Full equilibrium isotherms and kinetics for passive adsorption were studied and modeled employing a protein titration method using hundreds of multibore microfluidic strips for a range of temperatures, pH, ionic strengths, and inner diameters, using both polyclonal and monoclonal antibody systems. Results were benchmarked against other plastic hydrophobic and glass hydrophilic capillary surfaces. For the first time, it was shown quantitatively that the hydrophobicity of fluoropolymer surfaces encourages the passive adsorption of diagnostic antibodies for biosensing and is insensitive to the temperature of incubation and to ionic buffer strength. The mass of captured antigen increased with increasing antibody surface coverage up to ∼400 ng/cm2, with an optimal adsorbed antibody activity for 45-69% of full monolayer coverage, matching results of other biosensing surfaces. The equilibrium was reached fast, within 5-10 min, and surprisingly both the kinetics and equilibrium of antibody adsorption were dependent on the inner diameter of microcapillaries. This is a novel and relevant result that will generally impact on the design of miniaturized microfluidic biosensing devices. The antibody surface densities obtained with hydrophobic plastic surfaces were 2- to 4-fold lower than for a hydrophilic, glass surface, however the former presented a monolayered adsorption with a higher level of irreversibility, as shown by the adsorption and desorption rates around 1 order of magnitude smaller than for glass, which is highly desirable for biosensing with surface-coated biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Barbosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto Sampaio Barreto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Nuno Miguel Reis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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21
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Li Z, Chen H, Wang P. Lateral flow assay ruler for quantitative and rapid point-of-care testing. Analyst 2019; 144:3314-3322. [PMID: 30968883 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00374f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lateral flow assay (LFA) is a well-established platform for point-of-care (POC) testing due to its low cost and user friendliness. Conventional LFAs provide qualitative or semi-quantitative results and require dedicated instruments for quantitative detection. Here, we developed an "LFA ruler" for quantitative and rapid readout of LFA results, using a 3D printed strip cassette and a simple, inexpensive microfluidic chip. Platinum nanoparticles are used as signal amplification reporters, which catalyze the generation of oxygen to push ink advancement in the microfluidic channel. The concentration of the target is linearly correlated with the ink advancement distance. The entire assay can be completed within 30 minutes without external instruments and complicated operations. We demonstrated quantitative prostate specific antigen testing using the LFA ruler, with a limit of detection of 0.54 ng mL-1, linear range of 0-12 ng mL-1, and high correlation with a clinical gold standard assay. The LFA ruler achieves low cost, quantitative, sensitive and rapid detection, which has great potential in POC testing and can be extended to quantify other disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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22
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An integrated magnetic microfluidic chip for rapid immunodetection of the prostate specific antigen using immunomagnetic beads. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:252. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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23
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Khan MS, Dighe K, Wang Z, Srivastava I, Daza E, Schwartz-Dual AS, Ghannam J, Misra SK, Pan D. Detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in human saliva using an ultra-sensitive nanocomposite of graphene nanoplatelets with diblock-co-polymers and Au electrodes. Analyst 2019; 143:1094-1103. [PMID: 29387841 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01932g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a commonly used biomarker for the detection of prostate cancer (PCa) and there are numerous data available for its invasive detection in the serum and whole blood. In this work, an electrochemical sensing method was devised to detect traces of PSA in human saliva using a hybrid nanocomposite of graphene nanoplatelets with diblock co-polymers and Au electrodes (GRP-PS67-b-PAA27-Au). The pure graphitic composition on filter paper provides significantly high electrical and thermal conductivity while PS67-b-PAA27 makes an amphiphilic bridge between GRP units. The sensor utilizes the binding of an anti-PSA antibody with an antigen-PSA to act as a resistor in a circuit providing an impedance change that in turn allows for the detection and quantification of PSA in saliva samples. A miniaturized electrical impedance analyzer was interfaced with a sensor chip and the data were recorded in real-time using a Bluetooth-enabled module. This fully integrated and optimized sensing device exhibited a wide PSA range of detection from 0.1 pg mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1 (R2 = 0.963) with a lower limit of detection of 40 fg mL-1. The performance of the biosensor chip was validated with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique with a regression coefficient as high as 0.940. The advantages of the newly developed saliva-PSA electrical biosensor over previously reported serum-PSA electrochemical biosensors include a faster response time (3-5 min) to achieve a stable electrical signal for PSA detection, high selectivity, improved sensitivity, no additional requirement of a redox electrolyte for electron exchange and excellent shelf life. The presented sensor is aimed for clinical commercialization to detect PSA in human saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Khan
- Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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24
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Immunocapture of Escherichia coli in a fluoropolymer microcapillary array. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1585:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Pivetal J, Pereira FM, Barbosa AI, Castanheira AP, Reis NM, Edwards AD. Covalent immobilisation of antibodies in Teflon-FEP microfluidic devices for the sensitive quantification of clinically relevant protein biomarkers. Analyst 2018; 142:959-968. [PMID: 28232992 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02622b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study reports for the first time the sensitive colorimetric and fluorescence detection of clinically relevant protein biomarkers by sandwich immunoassays using the covalent immobilisation of antibodies onto the fluoropolymer surface inside Teflon®-FEP microfluidic devices. Teflon®-FEP has outstanding optical transparency ideal for high-sensitivity colorimetric and fluorescence bioassays, however this thermoplastic is regarded as chemically inert and very hydrophobic. Covalent immobilisation can offer benefits over passive adsorption to plastic surfaces by allowing better control over antibody density, orientation and analyte binding capacity, and so we tested a range of different and novel covalent immobilisation strategies. We first functionalised the inner surface of a 10-bore, 200 μm internal diameter FEP microcapillary film with high-molecular weight polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) without changing the outstanding optical transparency of the device delivered by the matched refractive index of FEP and water. Glutaraldehyde immobilisation was compared with the use of photoactivated linkers and NHS-ester crosslinkers for covalently immobilising capture antibodies onto PVOH. Three clinically relevant sandwich ELISAs were tested against the cytokine IL-1β, the myocardial infarct marker cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and the chronic heart failure marker brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Overall, glutaraldehyde immobilisation was effective for BNP assays, but yielded unacceptable background for IL-1β and cTnI assays caused by direct binding of the biotinylated detection antibody to the modified PVOH surface. We found NHS-ester groups reacted with APTES-treated PVOH coated fluoropolymers. This facilitated a novel method for capture antibody immobilisation onto fluoropolymer devices using a bifunctional NHS-maleimide crosslinker. The density of covalently immobilised capture antibodies achieved using PVOH/APTES/NHS/maleimide approached levels seen with passive adsorption, and sensitive and quantitative assay performance was achieved using this method. Overall, the PVOH coating provided an excellent surface for controlled covalent antibody immobilisation onto Teflon®-FEP for performing high-sensitivity immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Pivetal
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, UK.
| | - Filipa M Pereira
- Capillary Film Technology Ltd, 2 Daux Road, Billingshurst, RH14 9SJ, UK
| | - Ana I Barbosa
- Capillary Film Technology Ltd, 2 Daux Road, Billingshurst, RH14 9SJ, UK and Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Ana P Castanheira
- Capillary Film Technology Ltd, 2 Daux Road, Billingshurst, RH14 9SJ, UK
| | - Nuno M Reis
- Capillary Film Technology Ltd, 2 Daux Road, Billingshurst, RH14 9SJ, UK and Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Alexander D Edwards
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, UK. and Capillary Film Technology Ltd, 2 Daux Road, Billingshurst, RH14 9SJ, UK
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26
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Barbosa AI, Reis NM. A critical insight into the development pipeline of microfluidic immunoassay devices for the sensitive quantitation of protein biomarkers at the point of care. Analyst 2018; 142:858-882. [PMID: 28217778 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02445a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The latest clinical procedures for the timely and cost-effective diagnosis of chronic and acute clinical conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes or sepsis (i.e. the biggest causes of death worldwide), involve the quantitation of specific protein biomarkers released into the blood stream or other physiological fluids (e.g. urine or saliva). The clinical thresholds are usually in the femtomolar to picolomar range, and consequently the measurement of these protein biomarkers heavily relies on highly sophisticated, bulky and automated equipment in centralised pathology laboratories. The first microfluidic devices capable of measuring protein biomarkers in miniaturised immunoassays were presented nearly two decades ago and promised to revolutionise point-of-care (POC) testing by offering unmatched sensitivity and automation in a compact POC format; however, the development and adoption of microfluidic protein biomarker tests has fallen behind expectations. This review presents a detailed critical overview into the pipeline of microfluidic devices developed in the period 2005-2016 capable of measuring protein biomarkers from the pM to fM range in formats compatible with POC testing, with a particular focus on the use of affordable microfluidic materials and compact low-cost signal interrogation. The integration of these two important features (essential unique selling points for the successful microfluidic diagnostic products) has been missed in previous review articles and explain the poor adoption of microfluidic technologies in this field. Most current miniaturised devices compromise either on the affordability, compactness and/or performance of the test, making current tests unsuitable for the POC measurement of protein biomarkers. Seven core technical areas, including (i) the selected strategy for antibody immobilisation, (ii) the surface area and surface-area-to-volume ratio, (iii) surface passivation, (iv) the biological matrix interference, (v) fluid control, (vi) the signal detection modes and (vii) the affordability of the manufacturing process and detection system, were identified as the key to the effective development of a sensitive and affordable microfluidic protein biomarker POC test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Barbosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Nuno M Reis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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27
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Immunoreaction-based Microfluidic Diagnostic Device for the Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-017-2208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Lu J, Spasic D, Delport F, Van Stappen T, Detrez I, Daems D, Vermeire S, Gils A, Lammertyn J. Immunoassay for Detection of Infliximab in Whole Blood Using a Fiber-Optic Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3664-3671. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b05092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Lu
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Filip Delport
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Fox Diagnostics, 9140 Temse, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Stappen
- Laboratory
for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iris Detrez
- Laboratory
for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Devin Daems
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Ann Gils
- Laboratory
for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Fox Diagnostics, 9140 Temse, Belgium
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Towards One-Step Quantitation of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) in Microfluidic Devices: Feasibility of Optical Detection with Nanoparticle Labels. BIONANOSCIENCE 2017; 7:718-726. [PMID: 29214121 PMCID: PMC5698394 DOI: 10.1007/s12668-016-0390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and quantitative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) biomarker detection would be beneficial to cancer diagnostics, improving early detection and therefore increasing chances of survival. Nanoparticle-based detection is routinely used in one-step nitrocellulose-based lateral flow (LF) immunoassays; however, it is well established within the scientific diagnostic community that LF technology lacks sensitivity for measuring biomarkers, such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA). A trend in point-of-care (POC) protein biomarker quantitation is the miniaturization of immunoassays in microfluidic devices. This work aimed at testing the feasibility of carbon and gold nanoparticles as immunoassay labels for PSA detection with cost-effective optical detection in a novel microfluidic POC platform called microcapillary film (MCF), consisting of a parallel array of fluoropolymer microcapillaries with 200-μm internal diameter. With neutravidin-coated carbon, nanoparticles were able to quantify an immobilized biotinylated monoclonal antibody (coating solution from 10 to 40 μg/ml) and PSA was successfully quantified in a sandwich assay using silver-enhanced gold nanoparticles and a flatbed scanner; yet, the dynamic range was limited to 10–100 ng/ml. Although direct optical detection of PSA without enzymatic amplification or fluorophores is possible and technically appealing for the simplified fluidics and signal scanning setups involved, ultimately, the binding of a thin layer of nanoparticles onto the wall of transparent microcapillaries is not sufficient to cause a significant drop on the optical colorimetric signal. Future studies will explore the use of fluorescence nanoparticles.
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Wang G, Das C, Ledden B, Sun Q, Nguyen C, Kumar S. Evaluation of disposable microfluidic chip design for automated and fast Immunoassays. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:014115. [PMID: 28344726 PMCID: PMC5325810 DOI: 10.1063/1.4977198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report here, the design and development of a disposable immunoassay chip for protein biomarker detection within ∼1 h. The unique design allows for real-time dynamic calibration of immunoassay for multiple biomarker detections on the chip. The limit of detection achieved for this test chip is 10 pg/ml for IL6, and 50 pg/ml for GFAP with a detection time of 1 h. The prototype instrument used for flowing the reagents through the chip can be easily assembled from off-the-shelf components with the final chemiluminescent detection carried out in a commercial plate reader. Optimization of different aspects of chip design, fabrication, and assay development is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochun Wang
- SFC Fluidics, Inc. , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Champak Das
- SFC Fluidics, Inc. , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | | | - Qian Sun
- SFC Fluidics, Inc. , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Chien Nguyen
- SFC Fluidics, Inc. , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Sai Kumar
- Diligent CXO , Norcross, Georgia 30071, USA
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31
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Mielczarek WS, Obaje EA, Bachmann TT, Kersaudy-Kerhoas M. Microfluidic blood plasma separation for medical diagnostics: is it worth it? LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3441-8. [PMID: 27502438 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00833j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating biomarkers are on the verge of becoming powerful diagnostic tools for various human diseases. However, the complex sample composition makes it difficult to detect biomarkers directly from blood at the bench or at the point-of-care. Blood cells are often a source of variability of the biomarker signal. While the interference of hemoglobin is a long known source of variability, the release of nucleic acids and other cellular components from hemocytes is a new concern for measurement and detection of circulating extracellular markers. Research into miniaturised blood plasma separation has been thriving in the last 10 years (2006-2016). Most point-of-care systems need microscale blood plasma separation, but developed solutions differ in complexity and sample volume range. But could blood plasma separation be avoided completely? This focused review weights the advantages and limits of miniaturised blood plasma separation and highlights the most interesting advances in direct capture as well as smart blood plasma separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Mielczarek
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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32
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Boyd-Moss M, Baratchi S, Di Venere M, Khoshmanesh K. Self-contained microfluidic systems: a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3177-92. [PMID: 27425637 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00712k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems enable rapid diagnosis, screening and monitoring of diseases and health conditions using small amounts of biological samples and reagents. Despite these remarkable features, conventional microfluidic systems rely on bulky expensive external equipment, which hinders their utility as powerful analysis tools outside of research laboratories. 'Self-contained' microfluidic systems, which contain all necessary components to facilitate a complete assay, have been developed to address this limitation. In this review, we provide an in-depth overview of self-contained microfluidic systems. We categorise these systems based on their operating mechanisms into three major groups: passive, hand-powered and active. Several examples are provided to discuss the structure, capabilities and shortcomings of each group. In particular, we discuss the self-contained microfluidic systems enabled by active mechanisms, due to their unique capability for running multi-step and highly controllable diagnostic assays. Integration of self-contained microfluidic systems with the image acquisition and processing capabilities of smartphones, especially those equipped with accessory optical components, enables highly sensitive and quantitative assays, which are discussed. Finally, the future trends and possible solutions to expand the versatility of self-contained, stand-alone microfluidic platforms are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Martina Di Venere
- School of Civil & Industrial Engineering, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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33
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Reis NM, Pivetal J, Loo-Zazueta AL, Barros JMS, Edwards AD. Lab on a stick: multi-analyte cellular assays in a microfluidic dipstick. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2891-2899. [PMID: 27374435 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00332j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new microfluidic concept for multi-analyte testing in a dipstick format is presented, termed "Lab-on-a-Stick", that combines the simplicity of dipstick tests with the high performance of microfluidic devices. Lab-on-a-stick tests are ideally suited to analysis of particulate samples such as mammalian or bacterial cells, and capable of performing multiple different parallel microfluidic assays when dipped into a single sample with results recorded optically. The utility of this new diagnostics format was demonstrated by performing three types of multiplex cellular assays that are challenging to perform in conventional dipsticks: 1) instantaneous ABO blood typing; 2) microbial identification; and 3) antibiotic minimum inhibitory (MIC) concentration measurement. A pressure balance model closely predicted the superficial flow velocities in individual capillaries, that were overestimated by up to one order of magnitude by the Lucas-Washburn equation conventionally used for wicking in cylindrical pores. Lab-on-a-stick provides a cost-effective, simple, portable and flexible multiplex platform for a range of assays, and will deliver a new generation of advanced yet affordable point-of-care tests for global diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M Reis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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34
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Fu G, Sanjay ST, Li X. Cost-effective and sensitive colorimetric immunosensing using an iron oxide-to-Prussian blue nanoparticle conversion strategy. Analyst 2016; 141:3883-9. [PMID: 27140740 PMCID: PMC4899236 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00254d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of new sensitive, cost-effective and user-friendly colorimetric bioassays is in increasing demand to meet the requirement of modern clinical diagnostics and field detection. Herein, a novel iron oxide-to-Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticle (NP) conversion strategy was developed and applied to sensitive colorimetric immunosensing of cancer biomarkers. In a typical sandwich-type immunosensing system, the captured spherical antibody-conjugated iron oxide NPs were transformed into cubic PB NPs, which exhibited a highly visible blue color with high molar extinction coefficients. Hence, a new colorimetric immunosensing strategy was developed as a result of this low cost and simple transformation process. Without the aid of any complex nanoparticle stabilizing ligands and signal amplification processes, prostate-specific antigen as a model analyte can be detected at a concentration as low as 1.0 ng mL(-1) by the naked eye with good reliability for detection of real human serum samples. This is the first attempt to develop and apply the iron oxide-to-PB NP colorimetric conversion strategy for immunosensing, and shows great promise for the development of new sensitive, cost-effective and user-friendly colorimetric bioassays in various bioanalytical applications, especially in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA.
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35
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Castanheira AP, Barbosa AI, Edwards AD, Reis NM. Multiplexed femtomolar quantitation of human cytokines in a fluoropolymer microcapillary film. Analyst 2016; 140:5609-18. [PMID: 26120601 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive quantitation of multiple cytokines can provide important diagnostic information during infection, inflammation and immunopathology. In this study sensitive immunoassay detection of human cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70 and TNFα is shown for singleplex and multiplex formats using a novel miniaturized ELISA platform. The platform uses a disposable plastic multi-syringe aspirator (MSA) integrating 8 disposable fluoropolymer microfluidic test strips, each containing an array of ten 200 μm mean i.d. microcapillaries coated with a set of monoclonal antibodies. Each MSA device thus performs 10 tests on 8 samples, delivering 80 measurements. Unprecedented levels of sensitivity were obtained with the novel fluoropolymer microfluidic material and simple colorimetric detection in a flatbed scanner. The limit of detection for singleplex detection ranged from 2.0 to 15.0 pg ml(-1), i.e. 35 and 713 femtomolar for singleplex cytokine detection, and the intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation (CV) remained within 10%. In addition, a triplex immunoassay was developed for measuring IL-1β, IL-12p70 and TNFα simultaneously from a given sample in the pg ml(-1) range. These assays permit high sensitivity measurement with rapid <15 min assay or detection from undiluted blood serum. The portability, speed and low-cost of this system are highly suited to point-of-care testing and field diagnostics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Castanheira
- Capillary Film Technology Ltd, Billingshurst, West Sussex RH14 9SJ, UK
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36
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Piraino F, Volpetti F, Watson C, Maerkl SJ. A Digital-Analog Microfluidic Platform for Patient-Centric Multiplexed Biomarker Diagnostics of Ultralow Volume Samples. ACS NANO 2016; 10:1699-710. [PMID: 26741022 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic diagnostic devices have the potential to transform the practice of medicine. We engineered a multiplexed digital-analog microfluidic platform for the rapid and highly sensitive detection of 3-4 biomarkers in quadruplicate in 16 independent and isolated microfluidic unit cells requiring only a single 5 μL sample. We comprehensively characterized the platform by performing single enzyme and digital immunoassays, achieving single molecule detection and measured as low as ∼10 fM (330 fg/mL) GFP in buffer and ∼12 fM GFP in human serum. We applied our integrated digital detection mechanism to multiplexed detection of 1pM anti-Ebola IgG in human serum and were able to differentiate three common Ebola strains. To ascertain that the device can be applied in environments beyond clinical point-of-care settings, we developed a low-cost, portable hardware system to control and read out the microfluidic device and detected anti-Ebola IgG in ultralow volume whole blood samples to levels of 100 pM in a multiplexed assay format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Piraino
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Volpetti
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Craig Watson
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian J Maerkl
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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37
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Zhang Q, Prabhu A, San A, Al-Sharab JF, Levon K. A polyaniline based ultrasensitive potentiometric immunosensor for cardiac troponin complex detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 72:100-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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38
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Klapproth H, Bednar S, Baader J, Lehmann M, Freund I, Brandstetter T, Rühe J. Development of a multi-analyte CMOS sensor for point-of-care testing. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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39
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Portable smartphone quantitation of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in a fluoropolymer microfluidic device. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 70:5-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Kulla E, Chou J, Simmons G, Wong J, McRae MP, Patel R, Floriano PN, Christodoulides N, Leach RJ, Thompson IM, McDevitt JT. Enhancement of performance in porous bead-based microchip sensors: Effects of chip geometry on bio-agent capture. RSC Adv 2015; 5:48194-48206. [PMID: 26097696 PMCID: PMC4470495 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07910a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring low concentrations of clinically-important biomarkers using porous bead-based lab-on-a-chip (LOC) platforms is critical for the successful implementation of point-of-care (POC) devices. One way to meet this objective is to optimize the geometry of the bead holder, referred to here as a micro-container. In this work, two geometric micro-containers were explored, the inverted pyramid frustum (PF) and the inverted clipped pyramid frustum (CPF). Finite element models of this bead array assay system were developed to optimize the micro-container and bead geometries for increased pressure, to increase analyte capture in porous bead-based fluorescence immunoassays. Custom micro-milled micro-container structures containing an inverted CPF geometry resulted in a 28% reduction in flow-through regions from traditional anisotropically-etched pyramidal geometry derived from Si-111 termination layers. This novel "reduced flow-through" design resulted in a 33% increase in analyte penetration into the bead and twofold increase in fluorescence signal intensity as demonstrated with C-Reactive Protein (CRP) antigen, an important biomarker of inflammation. A consequent twofold decrease in the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of a proof-of-concept assay for the free isoform of Prostate-Specific Antigen (free PSA), an important biomarker for prostate cancer detection, is also presented. Furthermore, a 53% decrease in the bead diameter is shown to result in a 160% increase in pressure and 2.5-fold increase in signal, as estimated by COMSOL models and confirmed experimentally by epi-fluorescence microscopy. Such optimizations of the bead micro-container and bead geometries have the potential to significantly reduce the LODs and reagent costs for spatially programmed bead-based assay systems of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliona Kulla
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Jie Chou
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Glennon Simmons
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Jorge Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Michael P. McRae
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Rushi Patel
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | | | - Nicolaos Christodoulides
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Robin J. Leach
- Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Ian M. Thompson
- Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - John T. McDevitt
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
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41
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Madaboosi N, Soares RRG, Chu V, Conde JP. A microfluidic immunoassay platform for the detection of free prostate specific antigen: a systematic and quantitative approach. Analyst 2015; 140:4423-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00364d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel physisorption- and bio-affinity amplification-based microfluidic immunoassay platform for free PSA detection within a clinically relevant range is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Madaboosi
- INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN – Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Lisbon
- Portugal
| | - Ruben R. G. Soares
- INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN – Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Lisbon
- Portugal
- iBB – Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Instituto Superior Técnico
| | - Virginia Chu
- INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN – Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Lisbon
- Portugal
| | - João Pedro Conde
- INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN – Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Lisbon
- Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering
- Instituto Superior Técnico
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