1
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Mashiach R, Avram L, Bar-Shir A. Diffusion 19F-NMR of Nanofluorides: In Situ Quantification of Colloidal Diameters and Protein Corona Formation in Solution. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8519-8525. [PMID: 36255401 PMCID: PMC9650773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The NMR-detectability of elements of organic ligands that stabilize colloidal inorganic nanocrystals (NCs) allow the study of their diffusion characteristics in solutions. Nevertheless, these measurements are sensitive to dynamic ligand exchange and often lead to overestimation of diffusion coefficients of dispersed colloids. Here, we present an approach for the quantitative assessment of the diffusion properties of colloidal NCs based on the NMR signals of the elements of their inorganic cores. Benefiting from the robust 19F-NMR signals of the fluorides in the core of colloidal CaF2 and SrF2, we show the immunity of 19F-diffusion NMR to dynamic ligand exchange and, thus, the ability to quantify, with high accuracy, the colloidal diameters of different types of nanofluorides in situ. With the demonstrated ability to characterize the formation of protein corona at the surface of nanofluorides, we envision that this study can be extended to additional formulations and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Mashiach
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science and Department of
Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Liat Avram
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science and Department of
Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Amnon Bar-Shir
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science and Department of
Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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2
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Pyo K, Matus MF, Malola S, Hulkko E, Alaranta J, Lahtinen T, Häkkinen H, Pettersson M. Tailoring the interaction between a gold nanocluster and a fluorescent dye by cluster size: creating a toolbox of range-adjustable pH sensors. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:4579-4588. [PMID: 36425249 PMCID: PMC9606730 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel strategy for tailoring the fluorescent azadioxatriangulenium (KU) dye-based pH sensor to the target pH range by regulating the pK a value of the gold nanoclusters. Based on the correlation between the pK a and surface curvature of ligand-protected nanoparticles, the pK a value of the gold nanoclusters was controlled by size. In particular, three different-sized para-mercaptobenzoic acid (p-MBA) protected gold nanoclusters, Au25(p-MBA)18, Au102(p-MBA)44, and Au210-230(p-MBA)70-80 were used as the regulator for the pH range of the KU response. The negatively charged gold nanoclusters enabled the positively charged KU to bind to the surface, forming a complex and quenching the fluorescence of the KU by the energy transfer process. The fluorescence was restored after adjusting the surface charge of the gold nanocluster by controlling the solution pH. In addition, the KU exhibited a significantly different pH response behaviour for each gold nanocluster. Au210-230(p-MBA)70-80 showed a higher pH response range than Au102(p-MBA)44, which was intuitive. However, Au25(p-MBA)18 showed an unexpectedly high pH response behaviour. pK a titration measurement, molecular dynamics simulations, and essential dynamics analysis showed that small nanoclusters do not follow the scaling between the curvature and the pK a value. Instead, the behaviour is governed by the distribution and interaction of p-MBA ligands on the nanocluster surface. This work presents an effective design strategy for fabricating a range adjustable pH sensor by understanding the protonation behaviour of the ultrasmall gold nanoclusters in an atomic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunglim Pyo
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - María Francisca Matus
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Sami Malola
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Eero Hulkko
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Johanna Alaranta
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Tanja Lahtinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Mika Pettersson
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
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3
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Wu YG, Huang JH, Zhang C, Dong XY, Guo XK, Wu W, Zang SQ. Site-specific sulfur-for-metal replacement in silver nanocluster. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7321-7324. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00794k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new Ag36 nanocluster with a closed electronic structure and eight valence electrons is reported, which has a similar structure to an open-shell Ag34 nanocluster with three valence electrons, except...
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4
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Hulkko E, Lahtinen T, Marjomäki V, Pohjolainen E, Saarnio V, Sokolowska K, Ajitha A, Kuisma M, Lehtovaara L, Groenhof G, Häkkinen H, Pettersson M. Covalent and non-covalent coupling of a Au 102 nanocluster with a fluorophore: energy transfer, quenching and intracellular pH sensing. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6649-6658. [PMID: 36132657 PMCID: PMC9417352 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00368b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between an atomically precise gold nanocluster Au102(p-MBA)44 (p-MBA = para mercaptobenzoic acid) and a fluorescent organic dye molecule (KU, azadioxatriangulenium) are studied. In solution, the constituents form spontaneously a weakly bound complex leading to quenching of fluorescence of the KU dye via energy transfer. The KU can be separated from the complex by lowering pH, leading to recovery of fluorescence, which forms a basis for an optical reversible pH sensor. However, the sensor is not a stable entity, which could be delivered inside cells. For this purpose, a covalently bound hybrid is synthesized by linking the KU dye to the ligand layer of the cluster via an ester bond. Covalent linking facilitates entry of the cluster-dye hybrids into cells via endocytosis. Inside cells, the hybrids accumulate in endosomes where Au102 releases its cargo via hydrolysis of the ester bond. Changes of the local pH inside endosomes regulate reversible fluorescence due to variations in the interactions between the Au102 cluster and the dye. This work presents a concept for delivering reporter molecules into cells by using atomically precise gold nanoclusters as carriers and paves the way for future developments of cluster-reporter sensors for in vivo measurements of e.g. absolute pH values or ion concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Hulkko
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Tanja Lahtinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Emmi Pohjolainen
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Ville Saarnio
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Karolina Sokolowska
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Ardra Ajitha
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Mikael Kuisma
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Lauri Lehtovaara
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Mika Pettersson
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
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5
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Tran AL, Guidez EB. Quantum Mechanical Modeling of the Interactions between Noble Metal (Ag and Au) Nanoclusters and Water with the Effective Fragment Potential Method. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:7446-7455. [PMID: 32280887 PMCID: PMC7144145 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Explicit solvent interactions can significantly alter the physical and chemical properties of noble metal (e.g., gold and silver) nanoclusters. In order to compute these solvent interactions at a reasonable computational cost, a quantum mechanical (QM)/molecular mechanics (MM) approach, where the metal nanocluster is treated with full QM and the water molecules are treated with a MM force field, can be used. However, classical MM force fields were typically parameterized using molecules containing main group elements as the reference. The accuracy of noble metal-solvent interactions obtained with these force fields therefore remains unpredictable. The effective fragment potential (EFP) force field, designed to model explicitly solvated systems, represents an attractive method to simulate solvated noble metal nanoclusters because it is derived from first principles and contains few or no fitted parameters, depending on implementation. At the density functional theory-optimized geometries, good correlation is obtained between the nanocluster-water interaction energies computed with EFP and those computed with the reference coupled cluster singles, doubles, and perturbative triples method. It is shown that the EFP method gives qualitatively accurate interaction energies at medium-large intermolecular distances for various molecular configurations. In order to achieve higher quantitative accuracy, the first solvation shell should be treated with full QM, if possible. EFP is therefore a promising method for the QM modeling of explicitly solvated silver and gold nanoclusters.
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6
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Riccardi L, De Biasi F, De Vivo M, Bürgi T, Rastrelli F, Salassa G. Dynamic Origin of Chirality Transfer between Chiral Surface and Achiral Ligand in Au 38 Clusters. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7127-7134. [PMID: 31199121 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The transfer of chirality between nanomolecules is at the core of several applications in chiral technology such as sensing and catalysis. However, the origin of this phenomenon and how exactly nanoscale objects transfer chirality to molecules in their vicinity remain largely obscure. Here, we show that the transfer of chirality for the intrinsically chiral gold cluster Au38(SR)24 is site dependent; that is, it differs depending on the ligand-binding sites. This is closely related to the dynamic nature of the ligands on the cluster surface. Using a combination of NMR techniques and molecular dynamics simulations, we could assign the four symmetry-unique ligands on the cluster. The study reveals largely different conformational dynamics of the bound ligands, explaining the diverse diastereotopicities observed for the CH2 protons of the ligands. Although chirality is a structural property, our study reveals the importance of dynamics for the transfer of chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Riccardi
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Discovery , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Federico De Biasi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Padova , Via Marzolo 1 , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Marco De Vivo
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Discovery , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Geneva , 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet , 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Federico Rastrelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Padova , Via Marzolo 1 , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Giovanni Salassa
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Geneva , 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet , 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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7
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Guo C, Yarger JL. Characterizing gold nanoparticles by NMR spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2018; 56:1074-1082. [PMID: 29808623 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention in recent research because of their wide applications in various fields such as material science, electrical engineering, physical science, and biomedical engineering. Researchers have developed many methods for synthesizing different kinds of gold nanoparticles, where the sizes and surface chemistry of the nanoparticles are considered to be the two key factors. Traditionally, the sizes of nanoparticles are determined by electron microscopy whereas the surface chemistry is characterized by optical spectroscopies such as infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Compared with that, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides a more advanced and convenient way for size determination and surface chemistry investigations by combining one- and multiple-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and diffusion-order NMR spectroscopy. Here, we show a thorough study that NMR spectroscopy can be applied to characterize small thiol-protected gold nanoparticles, including size determination, surface chemistry investigation, and structural study. The results show that the nanoparticles' sizes determined by NMR agree well with transmission electron microscopy results. Furthermore, the ligand densities of nanoparticles were determined by quantitative NMR spectroscopy, and the structures of ligands capped on the surfaces were studied thoroughly by one- and multiple-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. In this work, we establish a general method for researchers to characterize nanostructures by using NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchen Guo
- School of Molecular Sciences, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604
| | - Jeffery L Yarger
- School of Molecular Sciences, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604
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8
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Nasaruddin RR, Chen T, Yan N, Xie J. Roles of thiolate ligands in the synthesis, properties and catalytic application of gold nanoclusters. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Weerawardene KLDM, Häkkinen H, Aikens CM. Connections Between Theory and Experiment for Gold and Silver Nanoclusters. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2018; 69:205-229. [PMID: 29490202 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-052516-050932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-stabilized gold and silver nanoparticles are of tremendous current interest in sensing, catalysis, and energy applications. Experimental and theoretical studies have closely interacted to elucidate properties such as the geometric and electronic structures of these fascinating systems. In this review, the interplay between theory and experiment is described; areas such as optical absorption and doping, where the theory-experiment connections are well established, are discussed in detail; and the current status of these connections in newer fields of study, such as luminescence, transient absorption, and the effects of solvent and the surrounding environment, are highlighted. Close communication between theory and experiment has been extremely valuable for developing an understanding of these nanocluster systems in the past decade and will undoubtedly continue to play a major role in future years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments of Physics and Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Christine M Aikens
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA;
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10
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Tero TR, Malola S, Koncz B, Pohjolainen E, Lautala S, Mustalahti S, Permi P, Groenhof G, Pettersson M, Häkkinen H. Dynamic Stabilization of the Ligand-Metal Interface in Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters Au 68 and Au 144 Protected by meta-Mercaptobenzoic Acid. ACS NANO 2017; 11:11872-11879. [PMID: 29136363 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-stabilized, atomically precise gold nanoclusters with a metal core of a uniform size of just 1-3 nm constitute an interesting class of nanomaterials with versatile possibilities for applications due to their size-dependent properties and modifiable ligand layers. The key to extending the usability of the clusters in applications is to understand the chemical bonding in the ligand layer as a function of cluster size and ligand structure. Previously, it has been shown that monodispersed gold nanoclusters, stabilized by meta-mercaptobenzoic acid (m-MBA or 3-MBA) ligands and with sizes of 68-144 gold atoms, show ambient stability. Here we show that a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, UV-vis absorption, infrared spectroscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory calculations reveals a distinct chemistry in the ligand layer, absent in other known thiol-stabilized gold nanoclusters. Our results imply a low-symmetry C1 ligand layer of 3-MBA around the gold core of Au68 and Au144 and suggest that 3-MBA protects the metal core not only by the covalent S-Au bond formation but also via weak π-Au and O═C-OH···Au interactions. The π-Au and -OH···Au interactions have a strength of the order of a hydrogen bond and thus are dynamic in water at ambient temperature. The -OH···Au interaction was identified by a distinct carbonyl stretch frequency that is distinct for 3-MBA-protected gold clusters, but is missing in the previously studied Au102(p-MBA)44 cluster. These thiol-gold interactions can be used to explain a remarkably low ligand density on the surface of the metal core of these clusters. Our results lay a foundation to understand functionalization of atomically precise ligand-stabilized gold nanoclusters via a route where weak ligand-metal interfacial interactions are sacrificed for covalent bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia-Riikka Tero
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami Malola
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Benedek Koncz
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Emmi Pohjolainen
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Saara Lautala
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Satu Mustalahti
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Perttu Permi
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mika Pettersson
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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11
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Stark MC, Baikoghli MA, Lahtinen T, Malola S, Xing L, Nguyen M, Nguyen M, Sikaroudi A, Marjomäki V, Häkkinen H, Cheng RH. Structural characterization of site-modified nanocapsid with monodispersed gold clusters. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17048. [PMID: 29213060 PMCID: PMC5719084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E Virus-like particles self-assemble in to noninfectious nanocapsids that are resistant to proteolytic/acidic mucosal delivery conditions. Previously, the nanocapsid was engineered to specifically bind and enter breast cancer cells, where successful tumor targeting was demonstrated in animal models. In the present study, the nanocapsid surface was modified with a solvent-exposed cysteine to conjugate monolayer protected gold nanoclusters (AuNC). Unlike commercially available gold nanoparticles, AuNCs monodisperse in water and are composed of a discrete number of gold atoms, forming a crystalline gold core. Au102 pMBA44 (Au102) was an ideal conjugate given its small 2.5 nm size and detectability in cryoEM. Au102 was bound directly to nanocapsid surface cysteines via direct ligand exchange. In addition, Au102 was functionalized with a maleimide linker (Au102_C6MI) for maleimide-thiol conjugation to nanocapsid cysteines. The AuNC-bound nanocapsid constructs were conjugated in various conditions. We found Au102_C6MI to bind nanocapsid more efficiently, while Au102 remained more soluble over time. Nanocapsids conjugated to Au102_C6MI were imaged in cryoEM for single particle reconstruction to localize AuNC position on the nanocapsid surface. We resolved five unique high intensity volumes that formed a ring-shaped density at the 5-fold symmetry center. This finding was further supported by independent rigid modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C Stark
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mo A Baikoghli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tanja Lahtinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Sami Malola
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Li Xing
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Michelle Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Marina Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Aria Sikaroudi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland.
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland.
| | - R Holland Cheng
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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12
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Salorinne K, Man RWY, Li CH, Taki M, Nambo M, Crudden CM. Water-Soluble N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Protected Gold Nanoparticles: Size-Controlled Synthesis, Stability, and Optical Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6198-6202. [PMID: 28407403 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
NHC-AuI complexes were used to prepare stable, water-soluble, NHC-protected gold nanoparticles. The water-soluble, charged nature of the nanoparticles permitted analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), which showed that the nanoparticles were highly monodisperse, with tunable core diameters between 2.0 and 3.3 nm depending on the synthesis conditions. Temporal, thermal, and chemical stability of the nanoparticles were determined to be high. Treatment with thiols caused etching of the particles after 24 h; however larger plasmonic particles showed greater resistance to thiol treatment. These water-soluble, bio-compatible nanoparticles are promising candidates for use in photoacoustic imaging, with even the smallest nanoparticles giving reliable photoacoustic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Salorinne
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Renee W Y Man
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Chien-Hung Li
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masayasu Taki
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Salorinne K, Man RWY, Li CH, Taki M, Nambo M, Crudden CM. Water-Soluble N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Protected Gold Nanoparticles: Size-Controlled Synthesis, Stability, and Optical Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Salorinne
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM); Nagoya University; Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Renee W. Y. Man
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM); Nagoya University; Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Chien-Hung Li
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; Chernoff Hall Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Masayasu Taki
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM); Nagoya University; Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM); Nagoya University; Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM); Nagoya University; Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; Chernoff Hall Kingston Ontario Canada
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14
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Lahtinen T, Haataja JS, Tero TR, Häkkinen H, Ikkala O. Template-Free Supracolloidal Self-Assembly of Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters: From 2D Colloidal Crystals to Spherical Capsids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:16035-16038. [PMID: 27879034 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report supracolloidal self-assembly of atomically precise and strictly monodisperse gold nanoclusters involving p-mercaptobenzoic acid ligands (Au102 -pMBA44 ) under aqueous conditions into hexagonally packed monolayer-thick two-dimensional facetted colloidal crystals (thickness 2.7 nm) and their bending to closed shells leading to spherical capsids (d ca. 200 nm), as controlled by solvent conditions. The 2D colloidal assembly is driven in template-free manner by the spontaneous patchiness of the pMBA ligands around the Au102 -pMBA44 nanoclusters preferably towards equatorial plane, thus promoting inter-nanocluster hydrogen bonds and high packing to planar sheets. More generally, the findings encourage to explore atomically precise nanoclusters towards highly controlled colloidal self-assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Lahtinen
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience centre, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Johannes S Haataja
- Department of Applied Physics, Molecular Materials Group, Aalto University School of Science, Puumiehenkuja 2, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Tiia-Riikka Tero
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience centre, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience centre, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Applied Physics, Molecular Materials Group, Aalto University School of Science, Puumiehenkuja 2, Espoo, 02150, Finland
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15
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Nonappa, Lahtinen T, Haataja JS, Tero TR, Häkkinen H, Ikkala O. Template-Free Supracolloidal Self-Assembly of Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters: From 2D Colloidal Crystals to Spherical Capsids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nonappa
- Department of Applied Physics, Molecular Materials Group; Aalto University School of Science; Puumiehenkuja 2 Espoo 02150 Finland
| | - Tanja Lahtinen
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience centre; University of Jyväskylä; Survontie 9 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Johannes. S. Haataja
- Department of Applied Physics, Molecular Materials Group; Aalto University School of Science; Puumiehenkuja 2 Espoo 02150 Finland
| | - Tiia-Riikka Tero
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience centre; University of Jyväskylä; Survontie 9 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience centre; University of Jyväskylä; Survontie 9 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Applied Physics, Molecular Materials Group; Aalto University School of Science; Puumiehenkuja 2 Espoo 02150 Finland
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16
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Lahtinen T, Hulkko E, Sokołowska K, Tero TR, Saarnio V, Lindgren J, Pettersson M, Häkkinen H, Lehtovaara L. Covalently linked multimers of gold nanoclusters Au 102(p-MBA) 44 and Au ∼250(p-MBA) n. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18665-18674. [PMID: 27714130 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr05267c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present the synthesis, separation, and characterization of covalently-bound multimers of para-mercaptobenzoic acid (p-MBA) protected gold nanoclusters. The multimers were synthesized by performing a ligand-exchange reaction of a pre-characterized Au102(p-MBA)44 nanocluster with biphenyl-4,4'-dithiol (BPDT). The reaction products were separated using gel electrophoresis yielding several distinct bands. The bands were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealing monomer, dimer, and trimer fractions of the nanocluster. TEM analysis of dimers in combination with molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the nanoclusters are covalently bound via a disulfide bridge between BPDT molecules. The linking chemistry is not specific to Au102(p-MBA)44. The same approach yields multimers also for a larger monodisperse p-MBA-protected cluster of approximately 250 gold atoms, Au∼250(p-MBA)n. While the Au102(p-MBA)44 is not plasmonic, the Au∼250(p-MBA)n nanocluster supports localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at 530 nm. Multimers of the Au∼250(p-MBA)n exhibit additional transitions in their UV-vis spectrum at 630 nm and 810 nm, indicating the presence of hybridized LSPR modes. Well-defined structures and relatively small sizes make these systems excellent candidates for connecting ab initio theoretical studies and experimental quantum plasmonics. Moreover, our work opens new possibilities in the controlled synthesis of advanced monodisperse nanocluster superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Lahtinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Eero Hulkko
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Karolina Sokołowska
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Tiia-Riikka Tero
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Ville Saarnio
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Johan Lindgren
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Mika Pettersson
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland. and Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lauri Lehtovaara
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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17
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Rossi G, Monticelli L. Gold nanoparticles in model biological membranes: A computational perspective. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2380-2389. [PMID: 27060434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The electronic, optical, catalytic, and magnetic properties of metal nanoparticles (NPs) make them extremely interesting for biomedical applications. In this rapidly moving field, monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles emerge both as a reference system and as promising candidates for drug and gene delivery, photothermal treatment, and imaging applications. Despite the technological relevance, there is still poor understanding of the molecular processes driving the interactions of metal nanoparticles with cells, and with cell membranes in particular. In this paper we review molecular-level computational studies of the interaction between monolayer-protected gold NPs and model lipid membranes. Our review comprises a brief description of the most relevant experimental results in this field and of the questions they raised, followed by a description of the computational achievements reported so far. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biosimulations edited by Ilpo Vattulainen and Tomasz Róg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Rossi
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Luca Monticelli
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB), CNRS UMR 5086, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69007 Lyon, France.
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18
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Martikainen M, Salorinne K, Lahtinen T, Malola S, Permi P, Häkkinen H, Marjomäki V. Hydrophobic pocket targeting probes for enteroviruses. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:17457-67. [PMID: 26440968 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04139b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Visualization and tracking of viruses without compromising their functionality is crucial in order to understand virus targeting to cells and tissues, and to understand the subsequent subcellular steps leading to virus uncoating and replication. Enteroviruses are important human pathogens causing a vast number of acute infections, and are also suggested to contribute to the development of chronic diseases like type I diabetes. Here, we demonstrate a novel method to target site-specifically the hydrophobic pocket of enteroviruses. A probe, a derivative of Pleconaril, was developed and conjugated to various labels that enabled the visualization of enteroviruses under light and electron microscopes. The probe mildly stabilized the virus particle by increasing the melting temperature by 1-3 degrees, and caused a delay in the uncoating of the virus in the cellular endosomes, but could not however inhibit the receptor binding, cellular entry or infectivity of the virus. The hydrophobic pocket binding moiety of the probe was shown to bind to echovirus 1 particle by STD and tr-NOESY NMR methods. Furthermore, binding to echovirus 1 and Coxsackievirus A9, and to a lesser extent to Coxsackie virus B3 was verified by using a gold nanocluster labeled probe by TEM analysis. Molecular modelling suggested that the probe fits the hydrophobic pockets of EV1 and CVA9, but not of CVB3 as expected, correlating well with the variations in the infectivity and stability of the virus particles. EV1 conjugated to the fluorescent dye labeled probe was efficiently internalized into the cells. The virus-fluorescent probe conjugate accumulated in the cytoplasmic endosomes and caused infection starting from 6 hours onwards. Remarkably, before and during the time of replication, the fluorescent probe was seen to leak from the virus-positive endosomes and thus separate from the capsid proteins that were left in the endosomes. These results suggest that, like the physiological hydrophobic content, the probe may be released upon virus uncoating. Our results collectively thus show that the gold and fluorescently labeled probes may be used to track and visualize the studied enteroviruses during the early phases of infection opening new avenues to follow virus uncoating in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Martikainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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19
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Mustalahti S, Myllyperkiö P, Malola S, Lahtinen T, Salorinne K, Koivisto J, Häkkinen H, Pettersson M. Molecule-like photodynamics of Au102(pMBA)44 nanocluster. ACS NANO 2015; 9:2328-35. [PMID: 25703546 DOI: 10.1021/nn506711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Photophysical properties of a water-soluble cluster Au102(pMBA)44 (pMBA = para-mercaptobenzoic acid) are studied by ultrafast time-resolved mid-IR spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations in order to distinguish between molecular and metallic behavior. In the mid-IR transient absorption studies, visible or near-infrared light is used to electronically excite the sample, and the subsequent relaxation is monitored by studying the transient absorption of a vibrational mode in the ligands. Based on these studies, a complete picture of energy relaxation dynamics is obtained: (1) 0.5-1.5 ps electronic relaxation, (2) 6.8 ps vibrational cooling, (3) intersystem crossing from the lowest triplet state to the ground state with a time constant 84 ps, and (4) internal conversion to the ground state with a time constant of ∼3.5 ns. A remarkable finding based on this work is that a large cluster containing 102 metal atoms behaves like a small molecule in a striking contrast to a previously studied slightly larger Au144(SC2H4Ph)60 cluster, which shows relaxation typical for metallic particles. These results therefore establish that the transition between molecular and metallic behavior occurs between Au102 and Au144 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Mustalahti
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pasi Myllyperkiö
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami Malola
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tanja Lahtinen
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kirsi Salorinne
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jaakko Koivisto
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mika Pettersson
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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20
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Smith AM, Marbella LE, Johnston KA, Hartmann MJ, Crawford SE, Kozycz LM, Seferos DS, Millstone JE. Quantitative analysis of thiolated ligand exchange on gold nanoparticles monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2771-8. [PMID: 25658511 DOI: 10.1021/ac504081k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We use nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy methods to quantify the extent of ligand exchange between different types of thiolated molecules on the surface of gold nanoparticles. Specifically, we determine ligand density values for single-moiety ligand shells and then use these data to describe ligand exchange behavior with a second, thiolated molecule. Using these techniques, we identify trends in gold nanoparticle functionalization efficiency with respect to ligand type, concentration, and reaction time as well as distinguish between functionalization pathways where the new ligand may either replace the existing ligand shell (exchange) or add to it ("backfilling"). Specifically, we find that gold nanoparticles functionalized with thiolated macromolecules, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (1 kDa), exhibit ligand exchange efficiencies ranging from 70% to 95% depending on the structure of the incoming ligand. Conversely, gold nanoparticles functionalized with small-molecule thiolated ligands exhibit exchange efficiencies as low as 2% when exposed to thiolated molecules under identical exchange conditions. Taken together, the reported results provide advances in the fundamental understanding of mixed ligand shell formation and will be important for the preparation of gold nanoparticles in a variety of biomedical, optoelectronic, and catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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