1
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Guo J, Du F, Yu B, Du P, Li H, Zhang J, Xin H. Heptacyclic aromatic hydrocarbon isomers with two azulene units fused. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12589-12597. [PMID: 39118621 PMCID: PMC11304730 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02566k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Azulene, known for its unique electronic properties and structural asymmetry, serves as a promising building block for the design of novel non-benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Herein, we present the synthesis, characterization, and physical properties of three diazulene-fused heptacyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 8,17-dioctyldiazuleno[2,1-a:2',1'-h]anthracene (trans configuration), 16,18-dioctyldiazuleno[2,1-a:1',2'-j]anthracene (cis configuration) and 3,18-dioctyldiazuleno[2,1-a:1',2'-i]phenanthrene (zigzag configuration). Three compounds are configurational isomers with different fusing patterns of aromatic rings. All three isomers exhibit pronounced aromaticity, as revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. They exhibit characteristics of both azulene and benzenoid PAHs and are much more stable than their all-benzene analogues. The optical and electrochemical properties of these three isomers were investigated through UV-vis absorption spectra and cyclic voltammetry, revealing distinct behaviors influenced by their molecular configurations. Furthermore, the isomer in trans configuration exhibits promising semiconducting properties with a hole mobility of up to 0.22 cm2 V-1 s-1, indicating its potential in organic electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Guo
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Fangxin Du
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Bo Yu
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Haoyuan Li
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Hanshen Xin
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
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2
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Hawks A, Daniel LM, Sorto VS, Mauro J, Skiouris P, Collier GS. Expanding Color Control of Anodically Coloring Electrochromes Based on Electron-Rich 1,4-Dihydropyrrolo[3,2- b]pyrroles. ACS APPLIED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2024; 2:1235-1244. [PMID: 38962565 PMCID: PMC11217944 DOI: 10.1021/acsaom.4c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Anodically coloring electrochromes have received attention in recent years as high-contrast alternatives to cathodically coloring electrochromes due to their superior optical contrast during electrochemical switching. While current systems represent significant progress for organic electrochromics, it is necessary to expand the structural diversity of these materials while simultaneously reducing the hazards associated with synthetic protocols. With these considerations in mind, a family of 1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole (DHPP) chromophores with varying functionalities along the 2,5-axis was envisioned to accomplish these goals. After predicting different absorbance traits as oxidized molecules with time-dependent density functional theory, DHPP chromophores with varying peripheral functionalities were synthesized in a single aerobic synthetic step via an iron-catalyzed multicomponent reaction and characterized as high-contrast chromophores. In solution, the DHPP chromophores absorb in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, resulting in color-neutral L*a*b* color coordinates of ∼100, 0, 0. Upon chemical oxidation, each molecule transitions to absorb at various points across the visible spectrum based on the extent of electron-donating ability and can display five distinct colors. Importantly, the chromophores are redox-active and display switching capabilities with an applied electrochemical potential. In conjunction with building fundamental insights into molecular design of DHPP chromophores, the results and synthetic simplicity of DHPPs make them compelling materials for color-controlled high-contrast electrochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison
M. Hawks
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw
State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Lillian M. Daniel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw
State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Valentino S. Sorto
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw
State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Julia Mauro
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw
State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Perry Skiouris
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw
State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Graham S. Collier
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw
State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University
of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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3
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Dunlop D, Ludvíková L, Banerjee A, Ottosson H, Slanina T. Excited-State (Anti)Aromaticity Explains Why Azulene Disobeys Kasha's Rule. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21569-21575. [PMID: 37704031 PMCID: PMC10557139 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence exclusively occurs from the lowest excited state of a given multiplicity according to Kasha's rule. However, this rule is not obeyed by a handful of anti-Kasha fluorophores whose underlying mechanism is still understood merely on a phenomenological basis. This lack of understanding prevents the rational design and property-tuning of anti-Kasha fluorophores. Here, we propose a model explaining the photophysical properties of an archetypal anti-Kasha fluorophore, azulene, based on its ground- and excited-state (anti)aromaticity. We derived our model from a detailed analysis of the electronic structure of the ground singlet, first excited triplet, and quintet states and of the first and second excited singlet states using the perturbational molecular orbital theory and quantum-chemical aromaticity indices. Our model reveals that the anti-Kasha properties of azulene and its derivatives result from (i) the contrasting (anti)aromaticity of its first and second singlet excited states (S1 and S2, respectively) and (ii) an easily accessible antiaromaticity relief pathway of the S1 state. This explanation of the fundamental cause of anti-Kasha behavior may pave the way for new classes of anti-Kasha fluorophores and materials with long-lived, high-energy excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dunlop
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí
542/2, Prague 6 160 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, Prague 2 128 40, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Ludvíková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí
542/2, Prague 6 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ambar Banerjee
- Division
of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy—Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí
542/2, Prague 6 160 00, Czech Republic
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4
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Zhou P, Aschauer U, Decurtins S, Feurer T, Häner R, Liu SX. Merging of Azulene and Perylene Diimide for Optical pH Sensors. Molecules 2023; 28:6694. [PMID: 37764470 PMCID: PMC10537133 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have emerged as promising materials for organic electronics, including organic photovoltaics (OPVs), organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Particularly, non-hexagonal ring-fused PAHs are highly desirable due to their unique optoelectronic properties. Herein, a new redox-active azulene-perylene diimide triad 1 and its ring-fused counterpart, diazulenocoronene diimide 2, were synthesized and fully characterized by a combination of NMR, cyclic voltammetry, and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. Direct comparison of their electronic properties leads us to the conclusion that a significant change in the localization of HOMO and LUMO occurs upon the fusion of azulene and perylene diimide in 2, leading to the lack of intramolecular charge-transfer character for transitions in the visible spectral region. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations were performed to gain further insight into various electronic transitions. Moreover, we found that the adaptive response to acids and bases manifests itself in a reversible two-color change that can be attributed to changes in the chemical structures. Our findings pave the way for manipulating the relative HOMO and LUMO energy levels of organic chromophores by fusing non-alternant azulenes to an otherwise flat PAH, which could possibly lead to applications in organic electronics and optical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; (P.Z.); (S.D.); (R.H.)
| | - Ulrich Aschauer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2A, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; (P.Z.); (S.D.); (R.H.)
| | - Thomas Feurer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Robert Häner
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; (P.Z.); (S.D.); (R.H.)
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; (P.Z.); (S.D.); (R.H.)
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5
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Abdel-Rahman MA, Soliman KA, Abdel-Azeim S, El-Nahas AM, Taketsugu T, Nakajima T, El-Meligy AB. Ab initio calculations on structure and stability of BN/CC isosterism in azulene. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10260. [PMID: 37355719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we investigated the thermodynamic stability and opto-electronic properties of a newly BN-doped azulene. The gas-phase formation enthalpies of 11 BN-doped azulene were calculated by the atomization energy method using three computational models (CBS-APNO, CBS-QB3, and G3MP2). The results suggest that AZ-1N9B exhibits the highest stability among the studied isomers. On the other hand, AZ-1B9N and AZ-9B10N display nearly equal stability with relative energies of 19.36 and 19.82 kcal/mol at CBS-QB3, respectively. These two isomers are considered the least stable among the investigated compounds. The frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), ionization energies (IE), and electron affinities (EA) of these isomers were discussed. Additionally, the electronic absorption spectra of the BN-doped azulenes were computed using the TD-B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p) and TD-CAM-B3LYP level of theories, which using a long-range corrected hybrid functional in acetone. The computational results obtained in this research are align closely with the existing literature, thereby reinforcing the credibility and reliability of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamal A Soliman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt.
| | - Safwat Abdel-Azeim
- Center for Integrative Petroleum Research (CIPR), College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M El-Nahas
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, 32512, Egypt
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takahito Nakajima
- Center for Computational Science, RIKEN, 7-1-26 Minatojima-Minami, Chuo, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Asmaa B El-Meligy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, 32512, Egypt.
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6
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Chen W, Liu S, Ren Y, Xie S, Yan C, Zhou Z, Zhou G. Conjugation Extension and Halochromic Behaviors of S-Fused Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Bearing Cyclopenta[b]thiopyran Moieties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203238. [PMID: 36376244 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three S-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bearing cyclopenta[b]thiopyran moieties have been designed and successfully synthesized. With the conjugation extension, the absorption onset of the longest PAH reaches 1110 nm. All the three S-fused PAHs exhibit significant halochromic properties in both solution and solid states. Upon protonation, the proton is incorporated on the cyclopentadiene ring while the positive charge is localized on the thiopyrylium ring. Moreover, no significant difference can be found for the two shorter PAHs upon the protonation by different organic acids, such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH), while the longest PAH can be only mono-protonated by TFA but di-protonated by stronger TfOH. Furthermore, after protonation, the non-emissive S-fused PAHs exhibit strong fluorescence and can be regenerated by simply neutralization with triethylamine. The enhanced emission of mono-protonated products stem from S2 →S0 transitions, which disobey the Kasha's rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Chen
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Si Liu
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yingjian Ren
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Shoudong Xie
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Yan
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Zhanglang Zhou
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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7
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Murai M, Abe M, Ogi S, Yamaguchi S. Diazulenylmethyl Cations with a Silicon Bridge: A π-Extended Cationic Motif to Form J-Aggregates with Near-Infrared Absorption and Emission. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20385-20393. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Murai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Mikiya Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ogi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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8
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Elwahy AHM, Shaaban MR, Abdelhamid IA. Recent Advances in the Functionalization of Azulene Through Rh‐, Ir‐, Ru‐, Au‐, Fe‐, Ni‐, and Cu‐catalyzed Reactions. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed R. Shaaban
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Makkah Almukkarramah, Umm AL‐Qura University Saudi Arabia
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9
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Biesen L, Krenzer J, Nirmalananthan-Budau N, Resch-Genger U, Müller TJJ. Asymmetrically bridged aroyl- S, N-ketene acetal-based multichromophores with aggregation-induced tunable emission. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5374-5381. [PMID: 35655556 PMCID: PMC9093196 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00415a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetrically bridged aroyl-S,N-ketene acetals and aroyl-S,N-ketene acetal multichromophores can be readily synthesized in consecutive three-, four-, or five-component syntheses in good to excellent yields by several successive Suzuki-couplings of aroyl-S,N-ketene acetals and bis(boronic)acid esters. Different aroyl-S,N-ketene acetals as well as linker molecules yield a library of 23 multichromophores with substitution and linker pattern-tunable emission properties. This allows control of different communication pathways between the chromophores and of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and energy transfer (ET) properties, providing elaborate aggregation-based fluorescence switches. A library of 23 asymmetrically linked aroyl-S,N-ketene acetal solid-state emissive multichromophores accessed by one-pot multicomponent reactions exhibits AIE- and AIEE-active behavior as well as dual emission and potential energy transfer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Biesen
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Julius Krenzer
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Nithiya Nirmalananthan-Budau
- Division Biophotonics, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Department 1 Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 D-12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Department 1 Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 D-12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas J J Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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10
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Shoji T, Yamazaki A, Katoh R, Shimamura K, Sakai R, Yasunami M, Okujima T, Ito S. Synthesis, Reactivity, and Properties of Benz[ a]azulenes via the [8 + 2] Cycloaddition of 2 H-Cyclohepta[ b]furan-2-ones with an Enamine. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5827-5845. [PMID: 35420822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Starting with the reaction of 2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones with an enamine, which was prepared from 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone and pyrrolidine, benz[a]azulenes having both formyl and tert-butyl groups were obtained in the three-step sequence. Subsequently, both the formyl and tert-butyl groups were eliminated by heating the benz[a]azulene derivatives in 100% H3PO4 to give benz[a]azulenes without these substituents in high yields. In terms of product yield, this method is the best one ever reported for the synthesis of the parent benz[a]azulene so far. The conversion of the benz[a]azulene derivatives with a formyl group into cyclohept[a]acenaphthylen-3-one derivatives was also investigated via Knoevenagel condensation with dimethyl malonate, followed by Brønsted acid-mediated intramolecular cyclization. The structural features including the bond alternation in the benz[a]azulene derivatives were revealed by NMR studies, NICS calculations, and a single-crystal X-ray structural analysis. The optical and electrochemical properties of a series of benz[a]azulene derivatives were evaluated by UV/Vis, fluorescence spectroscopy, and voltammetry experiments. As a result, we found that some benz[a]azulene derivatives showed remarkable luminescence in acidic media. In addition, the benz[a]azulene derivatives with the electron-withdrawing group and cyclohept[a]acenaphthylen-3-one derivative displayed good reversibility in the spectral changes under the electrochemical redox conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Shoji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.,Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama 963-8642, Japan
| | - Akari Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Ryuzi Katoh
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama 963-8642, Japan
| | - Konomi Shimamura
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama 963-8642, Japan
| | - Rina Sakai
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama 963-8642, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yasunami
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama 963-8642, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okujima
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shunji Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
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11
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Hou B, Li J, Yang X, Zhang J, Xin H, Ge C, Gao X. Azulenoisoindigo: A building block for π-functional materials with reversible redox behavior and proton responsiveness. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Duan C, Zhang J, Xiang J, Yang X, Gao X. Design, Synthesis and Properties of Azulene-Based BN-[4]Helicenes※. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a21110508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Elwahy AHM, Abdelhamid IA, Shaaban MR. Recent Advances in the Functionalization of Azulene Through Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamed R. Shaaban
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Cairo University Giza Egypt
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Applied Science Umm Al-Qura University Makkah Almukkarramah Saudi Arabia
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14
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Murai M. Silylative Cyclization with Dehydrogenation Leading to Benzosilole‐Fused Azulenes Showing Unique Stimuli‐Responsive Fluorescence. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Murai
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa 464-8602 Nagoya Japan
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15
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Shetti VS. Chemical syntheses and salient features of azulene-containing homo- and copolymers. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2164-2185. [PMID: 34497670 PMCID: PMC8404217 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Azulene is a non-alternant, aromatic hydrocarbon with many exciting characteristics such as having a dipole moment, bright color, stimuli responsiveness, anti-Kasha photophysics, and a small HOMO-LUMO gap when compared to its isomer, naphthalene. These properties make azulene-containing polymers an intriguing entity in the field of functional polymers, especially for organic electronic applications like organic field-effect transistors (OFET) and photovoltaic (PV) cells. Since azulene has a fused five and seven-membered ring structure, it can be incorporated onto the polymer backbone through either of these rings or by involving both the rings. These azulene-connection patterns can influence the properties of the resulting polymers and the chemical synthesis in comparison to the electrochemical synthesis can be advantageous in obtaining desired patterns of substitution. Hence, this review article presents a comprehensive overview of the developments that have taken place in the last three decades in the field of chemical syntheses of azulene-containing homo- and copolymers, including brief descriptions of their key properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra S Shetti
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal 575025, India
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16
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Zhu Q, Png ZM, Lin T, Loh XJ, Tang T, Xu J. Synthesis and Halochromic Properties of 1,2,6-Tri- and 1,2,3,6-Tetra-aryl Azulenes. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1116-1122. [PMID: 34402212 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 2,6-functionalized azulene molecules Azu1-3 with varied fluorene substituents at the 1- and 3-positions of azulene as well as at the 5'-position of 2-thiophene group were synthesized. Their electronic absorption and emission spectra at neutral and protonated states were examined. It was found that after functionalization with fluorenyl groups, Azu1-3 exhibited absorption maxima at 445, 451 to 468 nm, respectively. In contrast, their corresponding protonated species showed much redshifted absorption maxima at 560, 582 to 643 nm, respectively, mainly due to the extension of conjugation length and the large dipole moment along the C2v axis of 2,6-substituted azulene molecules. Azu1-3 are non-fluorescent in their neutral forms, but became emissive in their protonated states. Analysis of absorption and emission spectra shows that substitution of the 1- or 3-position of azulene led to decrease in response to trifluoroacetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zhuang Mao Png
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Tingting Lin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Tao Tang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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17
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Klein BP, Ruppenthal L, Hall SJ, Sattler LE, Weber SM, Herritsch J, Jaegermann A, Maurer RJ, Hilt G, Gottfried JM. Topology Effects in Molecular Organic Electronic Materials: Pyrene and Azupyrene*. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1065-1073. [PMID: 33768634 PMCID: PMC8251946 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Pyrene derivatives play a prominent role in organic electronic devices, including field effect transistors, light emitting diodes, and solar cells. The flexibility in the desired properties has previously been achieved by variation of substituents at the periphery of the pyrene backbone. In contrast, the influence of the topology of the central π‐electron system on the relevant properties such as the band gap or the fluorescence behavior has not yet been addressed. In this work, pyrene is compared with its structural isomer azupyrene, which has a π‐electron system with non‐alternant topology. Using photoelectron spectroscopy, near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and other methods, it is shown that the electronic band gap of azupyrene is by 0.72 eV smaller than that of pyrene. The difference of the optical band gaps is even larger with 1.09 eV, as determined by ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy. The non‐alternant nature of azupyrene is also associated with a more localized charge distribution. Further insight is provided by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the molecular properties and ab initio coupled cluster calculations of the optical transitions. The concept of aromaticity is used to interpret the major topology‐related differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt P Klein
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Lukas Ruppenthal
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Samuel J Hall
- MAS Centre for Doctoral Training, Senate House, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Lars E Sattler
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Weber
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jan Herritsch
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Jaegermann
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard J Maurer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - J Michael Gottfried
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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18
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Williams GE, Kociok-Köhn G, James TD, Lewis SE. C4-aldehyde of guaiazulene: synthesis and derivatisation. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2502-2511. [PMID: 33661271 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02567d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Guaiazulene is an alkyl-substituted azulene available from natural sources and is a much lower cost starting material for the synthesis of azulene derivatives than azulene itself. Here we report an approach for the selective functionalisation of guaiazulene which takes advantage of the acidity of the protons on the guaiazulene C4 methyl group. The aldehyde produced by this approach constitutes a building block for the construction of azulenes substituted on the seven-membered ring. Derivatives of this aldehyde synthesised by alkenylation, reduction and condensation are reported, and the halochromic properties of a subset of these derivatives have been studied.
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19
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Quantum-Chemical Search for Keto Tautomers of Azulenols in Vacuo and Aqueous Solution. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13030497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Keto-enol prototropic conversions for carbonyl compounds and phenols have been extensively studied, and many interesting review articles and even books appeared in the last 50 years. Quite a different situation takes place for derivatives of biologically active azulene, for which only scanty information on this phenomenon can be found in the literature. In this work, quantum-chemical studies have been undertaken for symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted azulenols (constitutional isomers of naphthols). Stabilities of two enol (OH) rotamers and all possible keto (CH) tautomers have been analyzed in the gas phase {DFT(B3LYP)/6-311+G(d,p)} and also in aqueous solution {PCM(water)//DFT(B3LYP)/6-311+G(d,p)}. Contrary to naphthols, for which the keto forms can be neglected, at least one keto isomer (C1H, C2H, and/or C3H) contributes significantly to the tautomeric mixture of each azulenol to a higher degree in vacuo (non-polar environment) than in water (polar amphoteric solvent). The highest amounts of the CH forms have been found for 2- and 5-hydroxyazulenes, and the smallest ones for 1- and 6-hydroxy derivatives. The keto tautomer(s), together with the enol rotamers, can also participate in deprotonation reaction leading to a common anion and influence its acid-base properties. The strongest acidity in vacuo exhibits 6-hydroxyazulene, and the weakest one displays 1-hydroxyazulene, but all azulenols are stronger acids than phenol and naphthols. Bond length alternation in all DFT-optimized structures has been measured using the harmonic oscillator model of electron delocalization (HOMED) index. Generally, the HOMED values decrease for the keto tautomers, particularly for the ring containing the labile proton. Even for the keto tautomers possessing energetic parameters close to those of the enol isomers, the HOMED indices are low. However, some kind of parallelism exists for the keto forms between their relative energies and HOMEDs estimated for the entire molecules.
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20
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Rausch R, Krause AM, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H, Würthner F. Nitronyl Nitroxide Bifunctionalized Electron-Poor Chromophores: Synthesis of Stable Dye Biradicals by Lewis Acid Promoted Desilylation. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2447-2457. [PMID: 33434018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Open shell organic molecules bearing π-cores are of great interest for optical, electronic, and magnetic applications but frequently suffer fast decomposition or lack synthetic accessibility. In this regard, nitronyl nitroxides are promising candidates for stable (bi-)radicals due to their high degree of spin delocalization along the O-N-C-N-O pentad unit. Unfortunately, they are limited to electron-rich systems so far. To overcome this limitation, we developed a synthetic procedure for the twofold spin decoration of electron-poor chromophores (Ered = -1158 mV) with nitronyl nitroxide radical moieties via selective deprotection/oxidation of the respective silylated precursors with boron fluoride and subsequent quenching with tetraethyl orthosilicate. Nitronyl nitroxide biradicals PBI-NN, IIn-NN, PhDPP-NN, ThDPP-NN, and FuDPP-NN bridged by perylene bisimide (PBI), isoindigo (IIn), and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) pigment colorants were finally obtained as bench stable compounds after periodate oxidation with yields of 60-81%. The absorption spectral signatures of the chromophores remain preserved in the open shell state and match the ones of the pristine parent compounds, which allowed an a priori prediction of their optical properties. Consequently, we achieved twofold spin labeling while keeping the intrinsic properties of the electron deficient chromophores intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger Rausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Krause
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis with Boron, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis with Boron, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Simple grinding of azulenes with 1-haloalkynes and solid Al2O3 in a mortar leads to alkynylated azulenes without the use of solvents or precious metal catalysts. Such a method was used for the synthesis of azulene end-capped carbon molecular wires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Jarszak-Tyl
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Pigulski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sławomir Szafert
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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22
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Wang DL, Zhang SQ, Guo ST, Xu J, Zhang XL, Xiong XS, Zhang L. A Simple Route for Synthesis and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of (Guaiazulen-1-yl)furans. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Rausch R, Röhr MIS, Schmidt D, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H, Würthner F. Tuning phenoxyl-substituted diketopyrrolopyrroles from quinoidal to biradical ground states through (hetero-)aromatic linkers. Chem Sci 2020; 12:793-802. [PMID: 34163813 PMCID: PMC8179021 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05475e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongly fluorescent halochromic 2,6-di-tert-butyl-phenol-functionalised phenyl-, thienyl- and furyl-substituted diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) dyes were deprotonated and oxidised to give either phenylene-linked DPP1˙˙ biradical (y 0 = 0.75) with a singlet open shell ground state and a thermally populated triplet state (ΔE ST = 19 meV; 1.8 kJ mol-1; 0.43 kcal mol-1) or thienylene/furylene-linked DPP2q and DPP3q compounds with closed shell quinoidal ground states. Accordingly, we identified the aromaticity of the conjugated (hetero-)aromatic bridge to be key for modulating the electronic character of these biradicaloid compounds and achieved a spin crossover from closed shell quinones DPP2q and DPP3q to open shell biradical DPP1˙˙ as confirmed by optical and magnetic spectroscopic studies (UV/vis/NIR, NMR, EPR) as well as computational investigations (spin-flip TD-DFT calculations in combination with CASSCF(4,4) and harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA) analysis). Spectroelectrochemical studies and comproportionation experiments further prove the reversible formation of mixed-valent radical anions for the DPP2q and DPP3q quinoidal compounds with absorption bands edging into the NIR spectral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger Rausch
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Merle I S Röhr
- Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis with Boron Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis with Boron Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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24
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Dunås P, Murfin LC, Nilsson OJ, Jame N, Lewis SE, Kann N. Azulene Functionalization by Iron-Mediated Addition to a Cyclohexadiene Scaffold. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13453-13465. [PMID: 33085490 PMCID: PMC7660747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The functionalization of azulenes via reaction with cationic η5-iron carbonyl diene complexes under mild reaction conditions is demonstrated. A range of azulenes, including derivatives of naturally occurring guaiazulene, were investigated in reactions with three electrophilic iron complexes of varying electronic properties, affording the desired coupling products in 43-98% yield. The products were examined with UV-vis/fluorescence spectroscopy and showed interesting halochromic properties. Decomplexation and further derivatization of the products provide access to several different classes of 1-substituted azulenes, including a conjugated ketone and a fused tetracycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Dunås
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lloyd C. Murfin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Convocation Avenue, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Oscar J. Nilsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Jame
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon E. Lewis
- Centre
for Sustainable Circular Technologies, University
of Bath, Convocation Avenue, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Convocation Avenue, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Nina Kann
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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25
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Development of Heterocycle-Substituted and Fused Azulenes in the Last Decade (2010-2020). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197087. [PMID: 32992955 PMCID: PMC7582284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Azulene derivatives with heterocyclic moieties in the molecule have been synthesized for applications in materials science by taking advantage of their unique properties. These derivatives have been prepared by various methods, involving electrophilic substitution, condensation, cyclization, and transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Herein, we present the development of the synthetic methods, reactivities, and physical properties for the heterocycle-substituted and heterocycle-fused azulenes reported in the last decade.
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26
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Xin H, Li J, Lu RQ, Gao X, Swager TM. Azulene–Pyridine-Fused Heteroaromatics. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13598-13605. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanshen Xin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ru-Qiang Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xike Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Timothy M. Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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27
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Tsuchiya T, Katsuoka Y, Yoza K, Sato H, Mazaki Y. Stereochemistry, Stereodynamics, and Redox and Complexation Behaviors of 2,2'-Diaryl-1,1'-Biazulenes. Chempluschem 2020; 84:1659-1667. [PMID: 31943874 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
2,2'-Diaryl-1,1'-biazulenes were synthesized and electronic communication between the azulene subunits was suggested based on redox measurements. The linkage of azulene at the 1-position also appeared to increase the HOMO levels. In addition, cyclic voltammetry measurements of 2-arylazulenes showed a return peak associated with the oxidation, which was not observed for azulene. The stabilization of the single-electron oxidant may be due to the SOMO-HOMO energy inversion phenomenon. X-ray crystallography of the azulene dimers revealed that this species possessed a syn-type structure in which both aryl groups in the 2-positions formed π-stacks. The twisted structure was indicated to be in the (R)- or (S)-configuration for all molecules in the unit cell. Spontaneous resolution was also shown. Furthermore, from the solid circular dichroism (CD) spectral measurements, the relationship between the absolute configuration of the molecules and the CD spectra was determined. A racemization rotational barrier of ca. 27 kcal mol-1 was calculated. Moreover, the pyridylazulene dimer cyclized upon reaction with PdCl2 to form a 3 : 3 complex, in which the biazulene units cyclized to give ratios between the (R)- and (S)-forms of either 2 : 1 or 1 : 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yuka Katsuoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoza
- Bruker Japan, 3-9 Moriya-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, 221-0022, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8666, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Mazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
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28
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Vainauskas J, Topić F, Bushuyev OS, Barrett CJ, Friščić T. Halogen bonding to the azulene π-system: cocrystal design of pleochroism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:15145-15148. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04758a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A robust architecture of C–I⋯π halogen bonds enabled cocrystallisation of azulene as a functional component in the design of pleochroic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filip Topić
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- H3A 0B8 Montreal
- Canada
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29
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Murai M, Nishinaka N, Kimura M, Takai K. Regioselective Functionalization of 9,9-Dimethyl-9-silafluorenes by Borylation, Bromination, and Nitration. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5667-5676. [PMID: 30938531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the utility of 9-silafluorenes as functional materials and as building blocks, methods for efficient functionalization of their backbone are rare, probably because of the presence of easily cleavable C-Si bonds. Although controlling the regioselectivity of iridium-catalyzed direct borylation of C-H bonds is difficult, we found that bromination and nitration of 2-methoxy-9-silafluorene under mild conditions occurred predominantly at the electron-rich position. The resulting product having methoxy and bromo groups can be utilized as a building block for the synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted 9-silafluorene-containing π-conjugated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Murai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Naoki Nishinaka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Mizuki Kimura
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
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30
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Banasiewicz M, Stężycki R, Kumar GD, Krzeszewski M, Tasior M, Koszarna B, Janiga A, Vakuliuk O, Sadowski B, Gryko DT, Jacquemin D. Electronic Communication in Pyrrolo[3,2-b
]pyrroles Possessing Sterically Hindered Aromatic Substituents. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Banasiewicz
- Institute of Physics; Polish Academy of Sciences; Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Rafał Stężycki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - G. Dinesh Kumar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Maciej Krzeszewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Mariusz Tasior
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Beata Koszarna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anita Janiga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Olena Vakuliuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Sadowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230; Université de Nantes; 2, rue de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3 France
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31
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Webster SJ, López-Alled CM, Liang X, McMullin CL, Kociok-Köhn G, Lyall CL, James TD, Wenk J, Cameron PJ, Lewis SE. Azulenes with aryl substituents bearing pentafluorosulfanyl groups: synthesis, spectroscopic and halochromic properties. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05520c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Azulenes with SF5-containing substituents gave significantly different spectroscopic responses to protonation depending on the regioisomer in question.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tony D. James
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath
- UK
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
| | - Jannis Wenk
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
- University of Bath
- Bath
- UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Water Innovation & Research Centre: WIRC @ Bath, University of Bath
| | - Petra J. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath
- UK
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
| | - Simon E. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath
- UK
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
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32
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Shoji T, Araki T, Iida N, Miura K, Ohta A, Sekiguchi R, Ito S, Okujima T. Synthesis of azulenophthalimides by phosphine-mediated annulation of 1,2-diformylazulenes with maleimides. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo01121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of 1,2-diformylazulene with maleimides in the presence of PPh3 gave the azulenophthalimides. The optical and electrochemical properties of the azulenophthalimides were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Shoji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Shinshu University
- Nagano
- Japan
| | - Takanori Araki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Shinshu University
- Nagano
- Japan
| | - Nanami Iida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Shinshu University
- Nagano
- Japan
| | - Kota Miura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Shinshu University
- Nagano
- Japan
| | - Akira Ohta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Shinshu University
- Nagano
- Japan
| | - Ryuta Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Shinshu University
- Nagano
- Japan
| | - Shunji Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Hirosaki University
- Hirosaki 036-8561
- Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okujima
- Department of Chemistry and Biology
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Ehime University
- Matsuyama 790-8577
- Japan
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33
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Shoji T, Miura K, Ohta A, Sekiguchi R, Ito S, Endo Y, Nagahata T, Mori S, Okujima T. Synthesis of azuleno[2,1-b]thiophenes by cycloaddition of azulenylalkynes with elemental sulfur and their structural, optical and electrochemical properties. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00593e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of several azulenylalkynes having an aryl substituent with elemental sulfur afforded the corresponding azuleno[2,1-b]thiophenes in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Shoji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Shinshu University
- Matsumoto
- Japan
| | - Kota Miura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Shinshu University
- Matsumoto
- Japan
| | - Akira Ohta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Shinshu University
- Matsumoto
- Japan
| | - Ryuta Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Shinshu University
- Matsumoto
- Japan
| | - Shunji Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Hirosaki University
- Hirosaki 036-8561
- Japan
| | - Yuya Endo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Hirosaki University
- Hirosaki 036-8561
- Japan
| | - Tatsuki Nagahata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Hirosaki University
- Hirosaki 036-8561
- Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center
- Ehime University
- Matsuyama 790-8577
- Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okujima
- Department of Chemistry and Biology
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Ehime University
- Matsuyama 790-8577
- Japan
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34
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Ahmad S, Singhal A, Nisa K, Chauhan SMS. Synthesis of Selenium and Tellurium Core-Modified Azuliporphyrinogens and Benziporphyrinogens and Corresponding Carbaporphyrinoids. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:11333-11340. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Anchal Singhal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Kharu Nisa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - S. M. S. Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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35
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Jamali S, Mousavi NA, Bagherzadeh M, Kia R, Samouei H. Stimuli-responsive emissive behavior of 1- and 1,3-connectivities in azulene-based imine ligands: cycloplatination and Pt-Tl dative bond formation. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:11327-11334. [PMID: 28809415 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02359f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of two new azulene-based imine ligands N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-6-tBu-1-azulenylmethaneimine, 3, and N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-6-tBu-3-(2,6-diisopropylphenyliminomethyl)-1-azulenylmethaneimine, 4, is described. These imine ligands display stimuli responsive emissive behavior and their fluorescence can be switched on and off by protonation and neutralization with trifluoroacetic acid and trimethylamine, respectively. The cyclometalation of the monoimine ligand by platinum gave the cyclometalated complex [PtMe(SMe2)(3')], 5, (where the prime denotes the cyclometalated ligand 3). The reaction of 5 with TlPF6 yields the trinuclear bent Pt2Tl complex {[PtMe(SMe2)(3')]2(μ-Tl)}PF6, 6, via Pt-Tl dative bonds. The compounds 3-6 were characterized using NMR spectroscopy and the solid-state structures of 5 and 6 were further determined by X-ray crystallography. The electronic absorption spectra of the species 3-H+, 4-H+, 5 and 6 were obtained and compared with those observed for the parent species 3 and 4. DFT and TD-DFT calculations are used to elucidate the origin of the electronic transitions in monoimine ligand 3 and its protonated form 3-H+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirous Jamali
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-3516, Tehran, Iran.
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36
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37
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Azulene-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid: A versatile molecule for colorimetric and electrochemical sensors for metal ions. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Narita M, Murafuji T, Yamashita S, Fujinaga M, Hiyama K, Oka Y, Tani F, Kamijo S, Ishiguro K. Synthesis of 2-Iodoazulenes by the Iododeboronation of Azulen-2-ylboronic Acid Pinacol Esters with Copper(I) Iodide. J Org Chem 2018; 83:1298-1303. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Narita
- Graduate
School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murafuji
- Graduate
School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
- Graduate
School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Saki Yamashita
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Graduate
School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Kumiko Hiyama
- Graduate
School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Yurie Oka
- Graduate
School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Fumito Tani
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shin Kamijo
- Graduate
School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ishiguro
- Graduate
School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
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39
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Ion AE, Dogaru A, Shova S, Madalan AM, Akintola O, Ionescu S, Voicescu M, Nica S, Buchholz A, Plass W, Andruh M. Organic co-crystals of 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)azulene with a series of hydrogen-bond donors. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00945g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Bis(4-pyridyl)azulene has been employed as a hydrogen bond acceptor to construct two-component organic cocrystals.
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40
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Shoji T, Ito S. The Preparation and Properties of Heteroarylazulenes and Hetero-Fused Azulenes. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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41
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Sadowski B, Rode MF, Gryko DT. Direct Arylation of Dipyrrolonaphthyridinediones Leads to Red-Emitting Dyes with Conformational Freedom. Chemistry 2017; 24:855-864. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Sadowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Michał F. Rode
- Institute of Physics; Polish Academy of Sciences; Aleja Lotnikow 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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42
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Murai M, Iba S, Ota H, Takai K. Azulene-Fused Linear Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Small Bandgap, High Stability, and Reversible Stimuli Responsiveness. Org Lett 2017; 19:5585-5588. [PMID: 28980817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Azulene-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were synthesized from commercially available azulene in four steps. The resulting azulene conjugates exhibited significantly narrow HOMO-LUMO bandgaps with high air stability, confirmed by photophysical study. Introduction of azulene also enabled the unique reversible stimuli-responsiveness even with the weak acid and base, which can potentially control the degree of conjugation and optoelectronic properties by simple acid-base and redox processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Murai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, and ‡Division of Instrumental Analysis, Department of Instrumental Analysis and Cryogenics, Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shinji Iba
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, and ‡Division of Instrumental Analysis, Department of Instrumental Analysis and Cryogenics, Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, and ‡Division of Instrumental Analysis, Department of Instrumental Analysis and Cryogenics, Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, and ‡Division of Instrumental Analysis, Department of Instrumental Analysis and Cryogenics, Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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43
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Łukasiewicz ŁG, Ryu HG, Mikhaylov A, Azarias C, Banasiewicz M, Kozankiewicz B, Ahn KH, Jacquemin D, Rebane A, Gryko DT. Symmetry Breaking in Pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrroles: Synthesis, Solvatofluorochromism and Two-photon Absorption. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1736-1748. [PMID: 28398672 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Five centrosymmetric and one dipolar pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrroles, possessing either two or one strongly electron-withdrawing nitro group have been synthesized in a straightforward manner from simple building blocks. For the symmetric compounds, the nitroaryl groups induced spontaneous breaking of inversion symmetry in the excited state, thereby leading to large solvatofluorochromism. To study the origin of this effect, the series employed peripheral structural motifs that control the degree of conjugation via altering of dihedral angle between the 4-nitrophenyl moiety and the electron-rich core. We observed that for compounds with a larger dihedral angle, the fluorescence quantum yield decreased quickly when exposed to even moderately polar solvents. Reducing the dihedral angle (i.e., placing the nitrobenzene moiety in the same plane as the rest of the molecule) moderated the dependence on solvent polarity so that the dye exhibited significant emission, even in THF. To investigate at what stage the symmetry breaking occurs, we measured two-photon absorption (2PA) spectra and 2PA cross-sections (σ2PA ) for all six compounds. The 2PA transition profile of the dipolar pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole, followed the corresponding one-photon absorption (1PA) spectrum, which provided an estimate of the change of the permanent electric dipole upon transition, ≈18 D. The nominally symmetric compounds displayed an allowed 2PA transition in the wavelength range of 700-900 nm. The expansion via a triple bond resulted in the largest peak value, σ2PA =770 GM, whereas altering the dihedral angle had no effect other than reducing the peak value two- or even three-fold. In the S0 →S1 transition region, the symmetric structures also showed a partial overlap between 2PA and 1PA transitions in the long-wavelength wing of the band, from which a tentative, relatively small dipole moment change, 2-7 D, was deduced, thus suggesting that some small symmetry breaking may be possible in the ground state, even before major symmetry breaking occurs in the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz G Łukasiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hye Gun Ryu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 37673, Korea
| | | | - Cloé Azarias
- CEISAM laboratory-UMR 6230, University of Nantes, 2, rue de la Houssinière, 44322, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Kyo Han Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 37673, Korea
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM laboratory-UMR 6230, University of Nantes, 2, rue de la Houssinière, 44322, Nantes, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, 1, rue Descartes, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Aleksander Rebane
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.,National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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44
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Xin H, Gao X. Application of Azulene in Constructing Organic Optoelectronic Materials: New Tricks for an Old Dog. Chempluschem 2017; 82:945-956. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanshen Xin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Xike Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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45
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Székely A, Péter Á, Aradi K, Tolnai GL, Novák Z. Gold-Catalyzed Direct Alkynylation of Azulenes. Org Lett 2017; 19:954-957. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Székely
- MTA-ELTE
“Lendület” Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research
Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry Pázmány Péter
stny. 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Áron Péter
- MTA-ELTE
“Lendület” Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research
Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry Pázmány Péter
stny. 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Klára Aradi
- MTA-ELTE
“Lendület” Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research
Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry Pázmány Péter
stny. 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Gergely L. Tolnai
- Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry, Pázmány Péter
stny. 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Novák
- MTA-ELTE
“Lendület” Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research
Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry Pázmány Péter
stny. 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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46
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Purc A, Koszarna B, Iachina I, Friese DH, Tasior M, Sobczyk K, Pędziński T, Brewer J, Gryko DT. The impact of interplay between electronic and steric effects on the synthesis and the linear and non-linear optical properties of diketopyrrolopyrrole bearing benzofuran moieties. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00869k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Benzofuran has been proven to be the versatile substituent for tuning the optics of diketopyrrolopyrroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Purc
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Beata Koszarna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Irina Iachina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- University of Southern Denmark
- Odense 200-701
- Denmark
| | - Daniel H. Friese
- Universitetet i Tromsø - Norges Arktiske Universitet
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Tromsø
- Norway
| | - Mariusz Tasior
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sobczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | | | - Jonathan Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- University of Southern Denmark
- Odense 200-701
- Denmark
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
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47
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Yamaguchi Y, Takubo M, Ogawa K, Nakayama KI, Koganezawa T, Katagiri H. Terazulene Isomers: Polarity Change of OFETs through Molecular Orbital Distribution Contrast. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11335-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yamaguchi
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Maki Takubo
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ogawa
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Nakayama
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Koganezawa
- Japan
Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katagiri
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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48
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Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Azulene Based on Regioselective C−H Bond Activation. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Cowper P, Jin Y, Turton MD, Kociok-Köhn G, Lewis SE. Azulenesulfonium Salts: Accessible, Stable, and Versatile Reagents for Cross-Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2564-8. [PMID: 26806850 PMCID: PMC4755203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Azulenesulfonium salts may be readily prepared from the corresponding azulenes by an SE Ar reaction. These azulene sulfonium salts are bench-stable species that may be employed as pseudohalides for cross-coupling. Specifically, their application in Suzuki-Miyaura reactions has been demonstrated with a diverse selection of coupling partners. These azulenesulfonium salts possess significant advantages in comparison with the corresponding azulenyl halides, which are known to be unstable and difficult to prepare in pure form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cowper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Gabriele Kociok-Köhn
- Chemical Characterisation and Analysis Facility, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Simon E Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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50
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Cowper P, Jin Y, Turton MD, Kociok-Köhn G, Lewis SE. Azulenesulfonium Salts: Accessible, Stable, and Versatile Reagents for Cross-Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cowper
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | | | - Gabriele Kociok-Köhn
- Chemical Characterisation and Analysis Facility; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Simon E. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
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