1
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Zhao Y, Cheng J, Li Z, Wang J, Chen X. Nanozymes in Biomedical Applications: Innovations Originated From Metal-Organic Frameworks. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2402066. [PMID: 39319491 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202402066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Nanozymes exhibit significant potential in medical theranostics, environmental protection, energy development, and biopharmaceuticals due to their exceptional catalytic performance. Compared with natural enzymes, nanozymes have the advantages of simple preparation and purification, convenient production and low cost. Therefore, it is very important to prepare nanozymes quickly and efficiently, which not only helps to expand their application scope, but also can further exert their great potential in various fields. Metal-organic frameworks (MOF) materials serve as versatile substrates for constructing nanozymes, offering unique advantages like adjustable structure, high specific surface area, and porous channels. MOF coordination nodes constructed from metal ions or metal clusters have unique properties that can be leveraged to tailor nanozyme characteristics for different applications. This review describes and analyzes recent methods for constructing nanozymes using MOF materials, and explores their application prospects in biomedicine. By expounding the preparation techniques and biomedical applications of nanozymes, this review aims to inspire researchers to develop innovative nanozyme materials and explore new application directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewu Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Excipients, Sustained and Controlled Release Preparations, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Junjie Cheng
- Nurturing Center of Jiangsu Province for State Laboratory of AI Imaging & Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Excipients, Sustained and Controlled Release Preparations, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Jine Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Excipients, Sustained and Controlled Release Preparations, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
- Theranostics Center of Excellence (TCE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 11 Biopolis Way, Helios, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
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2
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Niu Y, Jiang P, Guo T. A MOFs/MIPs@GAs Ternary Composite Catalytic System with Graphene Oxide Aerogels as the Multifunctional Skeleton for High-Efficiency Detoxification of Organophosphate Nerve Agents in Pure Water. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:49305-49317. [PMID: 39239733 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c08332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate nerve agents (OPs) are widely used as pesticides and chemical agents and pose a threat to human health and life. At present, most personal protective equipment usually only serves as physical protection and does not have an effect of chemical detoxification. In this work, ultra lightweight graphene oxide aerogels (GAs) have been used as a multifunctional skeleton to integrate the metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) together for obtaining a high-performance hybrid material (MOFs/MIPs@GAs) on hydrolysis detoxification of OPs. As a porous three-dimensional material full of carboxyl groups, GAs can not only support excellent mass transfer performance but also provide a proper pH self-buffering catalytic reaction external environment for hydrolyzing OPs. The obtained MOFs/MIPs@GAs can catalyze dimethyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphate (DMNP) hydrolysis detoxification rapidly in pure water (kobs = 0.2227 min-1, t1/2 = 3.11 min). This ternary hybrid material with exceptional performance and practical applicability has vast application prospects for the development of protective equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Frontier Science Center for the Creation of New Organic Substances, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Frontier Science Center for the Creation of New Organic Substances, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tianying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Frontier Science Center for the Creation of New Organic Substances, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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3
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Zhang JB, Tian YB, Gu ZG, Zhang J. Metal-Organic Framework-Based Photodetectors. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:253. [PMID: 39048856 PMCID: PMC11269560 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The unique and interesting physical and chemical properties of metal-organic framework (MOF) materials have recently attracted extensive attention in a new generation of photoelectric applications. In this review, we summarized and discussed the research progress on MOF-based photodetectors. The methods of preparing MOF-based photodetectors and various types of MOF single crystals and thin film as well as MOF composites are introduced in details. Additionally, the photodetectors applications for X-ray, ultraviolet and infrared light, biological detectors, and circularly polarized light photodetectors are discussed. Furthermore, summaries and challenges are provided for this important research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Biao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Structure of Matter, Fujian Institute of Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Bo Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Structure of Matter, Fujian Institute of Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Structure of Matter, Fujian Institute of Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, People's Republic of China.
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Nornal University, Fuzhou, 350007, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Structure of Matter, Fujian Institute of Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Nornal University, Fuzhou, 350007, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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4
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Örebrand L, Ahlinder L, Thunéll M, Afshin Sander R, Larsson A, Fredman A, Wingfors H. A Miniaturized Method for Evaluating the Dynamic Gas-Phase Adsorption and Degradation of Sarin on Porous Adsorbents at Different Humidity Levels. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:28412-28421. [PMID: 38973844 PMCID: PMC11223133 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Metal organic frameworks based on zirconium nodes (Zr-MOFs) have impressive adsorption capacities, and many can rapidly hydrolyze toxic organophosphorus nerve agents. They could thus potentially replace commonly used adsorbents in respiratory filters. However, current test methodologies are poorly adapted to screen the large number of available MOFs, and data for nerve agent adsorption by MOFs are scarce. This paper presents a miniaturized method for assessing the capacity of Zr-MOFs for dynamic gas phase adsorption and degradation of sarin (GB) into the primary hydrolysis product isopropyl methyl phosphonic acid (IMPA). The method was validated by comparing the dynamic adsorption capacities of activated carbon (AC) and NU-1000 for GB under dry and humid conditions. Under dry conditions, unimpregnated AC had a greater capacity for GB uptake (0.68 ± 0.06 g/g) than pelletized NU-1000 (0.36 ± 0.03 g/g). At 55% relative humidity (RH), the capacity of AC was largely unchanged (0.72 ± 0.10 g/g) but that of NU-1000 increased slightly, to 0.46 ± 0.10 g/g. However, NU-1000 exhibited poor water retention at 55% RH. For both adsorbents, the degree of hydrolysis of GB into IMPA was significantly greater at 55% RH than under dry conditions, but the overall degree of hydrolysis was limited in both cases. Further tests at higher relative humidities are needed to fully evaluate the ability of NU-1000 to degrade GB after adsorption from the gas phase. The proposed experimental setup uses very small amounts of both adsorbent material (20 mg) and toxic agent, making it ideal for assessing new MOFs. However, future methodological challenges are reliable generation of sarin at higher RH and exploring sensitive methods to monitor degradation products from nerve agents in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillemor Örebrand
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linnea Ahlinder
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marianne Thunéll
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Robin Afshin Sander
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Larsson
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Fredman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Håkan Wingfors
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden
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Balasubramanian S, Kulandaisamy AJ, Das A, Rayappan JBB. MOFabric: an effective and wearable protective garment towards CWA detoxification. RSC Adv 2024; 14:20923-20932. [PMID: 38957585 PMCID: PMC11217922 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03830d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In current trends, an imminent development of self-detoxification filters is highly desirable against exposure to chemical warfare agents (CWAs). Exploiting protective materials that can be applicable in day-to-day life for instantaneous detoxification will be of immense importance. The available technologies in the current scenario are susceptible to secondary emission and pose a need for an alternate design strategy for effective degradation. In addition, the choice of active material and successful impregnation on a suitable substrate for developing potential barriers requires complex material design. In this context, the developed self-standing UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH2 functionalized fabrics (MOFabrics) present an expeditious detoxification performance against CWA simulant, methyl-paraoxon, with a maximum removal percent conversion of 88.9 and 90.68%. It shows a reduced half-life of approximately 10.16 and 11.23 min, in comparison to an unmodified/carboxymethylated fabric of 462 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selva Balasubramanian
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur Tamil Nadu - 613 401 India +91 4362 264 120 +91 4362 350 009 ext: 2255
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (SEEE), SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur Tamil Nadu - 613 401 India
| | | | - Apurba Das
- Department of Textile & Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi - 110 016 India
| | - John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur Tamil Nadu - 613 401 India +91 4362 264 120 +91 4362 350 009 ext: 2255
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (SEEE), SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur Tamil Nadu - 613 401 India
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6
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Vornholt SM, Chen Z, Hofmann J, Chapman KW. Node Distortions in UiO-66 Inform Negative Thermal Expansion Mechanisms: Kinetic Effects, Frustration, and Lattice Hysteresis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16977-16981. [PMID: 38874381 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
In metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) the interplay between the dynamics of individual components and how these are constrained by the extended lattice can yield unusual emergent phenomena. For the archetypal Zr-MOF, UiO-66, we explore the cooperative dynamics of a Zr-node transformation that gives rise to negative thermal expansion (NTE). Using in situ synchrotron X-ray scattering, with powder diffraction and pair distribution function (PDF) analyses, we identify lattice hysteresis and a thermal ramp-rate-dependence of the thermal expansion. Specifically, kinetic trapping of distorted node states formed at high temperature, leads to broad variability in the apparent thermal expansion which ranges from large positive to large negative thermal expansion with coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) from +45 to -80 × 10-6K-1. Time-resolved relaxation studies at selected temperatures suggest that when equilibrated UiO-66 is intrinsically NTE, with a CTE of -35 × 10-6K-1. Kinetic trapping of the node-distorted state following high temperature activation has broad implications for characterization and applications of these Zr-MOFs; the nonequilibrium node state depends on the thermal history of the sample with quench vs slow cooling likely to impact gas binding, pore volume, and accessible catalytic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Vornholt
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Zhihengyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Jan Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Karena W Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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Seo JY, Song Y, Lee JH, Na J, Baek KY. Robust and highly reactive membranes for continuous disposal of chemical warfare agents: Effects of nanostructure and functionality in MOF and nanochitin aerogel composites. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121489. [PMID: 37985045 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Developing appropriate disposal of stockpiles of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) has gained significant attention as their lethal toxicity seriously harms humanity. In this study, a novel green-fabrication method with UiO-66 catalysts and amine-functionalized chitin nanofibers (ChNFs) was suggested to prepare durable and highly reactive membranes for decomposing chemical warfare agents (CWAs) in the continuous flow system. The strong interaction between ChNFs and the UiO-66 led to stable loading of the UiO-66 on the continuous nano-porous channel of the ChNF reactive membrane even with high loading of UiO-66 (70 wt% of UiO-66 in the ChNF substrate). In addition, the Brønsted base functionalities (-NH2 and -NHCOCH3) of the ChNF enhanced the catalytic activity and recyclability of the UiO-66. The resulting 70-ChNF composites can effectively decompose a nerve agent simulant (methyl paraoxon) even after 7 repeatable cycles, which has been not obtained in the previous UiO-66 catalyst. The ChNF/UiO-66 reactive membranes with 1 m2 of the area decomposed 130 g of CWAs within an hour in a continuous flow system. We believe these robust and highly reactive membranes can provide a sustainable and efficient solution for the massive CWA disposal and also contribute to the advancement of functional membrane material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Seo
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02481, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghan Song
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02481, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbeom Na
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Youl Baek
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Nano & Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Xu W, Wu Y, Gu W, Du D, Lin Y, Zhu C. Atomic-level design of metalloenzyme-like active pockets in metal-organic frameworks for bioinspired catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:137-162. [PMID: 38018371 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00767g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Natural metalloenzymes with astonishing reaction activity and specificity underpin essential life transformations. Nevertheless, enzymes only operate under mild conditions to keep sophisticated structures active, limiting their potential applications. Artificial metalloenzymes that recapitulate the catalytic activity of enzymes can not only circumvent the enzymatic fragility but also bring versatile functions into practice. Among them, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) featuring diverse and site-isolated metal sites and supramolecular structures have emerged as promising candidates for metalloenzymes to move toward unparalleled properties and behaviour of enzymes. In this review, we systematically summarize the significant advances in MOF-based metalloenzyme mimics with a special emphasis on active pocket engineering at the atomic level, including primary catalytic sites and secondary coordination spheres. Then, the deep understanding of catalytic mechanisms and their advanced applications are discussed. Finally, a perspective on this emerging frontier research is provided to advance bioinspired catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Wenling Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Dan Du
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, 99164, Pullman, USA.
| | - Yuehe Lin
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, 99164, Pullman, USA.
| | - Chengzhou Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
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9
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Dai J, Wang D, Yang J, Tian R, Wang Q, Li Y. Construction of imidazole@defective hierarchical porous UiO-66 and fibrous composites for rapid and nonbuffered catalytic hydrolysis of organophosphorus nerve agents. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:1156-1169. [PMID: 37657216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolytic destruction of toxic organophosphorus nerve agents by metal-organic framework (MOF) catalysts is commonly reliant on bulk water and volatile liquid base, preventing real-world implementation. Poor accessibility to MOF-based active sites in heterogeneous catalysis is also a crucial factor since reactants diffusion is limited by inherently small micropores. To overcome these practical limitations, a ligand-selective pyrolysis strategy was used to construct unsaturated Zr defects and additional mesopores in UiO-66(Zr). Owing to synergistic effect of Zr defects and hierarchical pores, hydrolysis rate constant (k) of nerve agent simulant DMNP (dimethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate) on optimal DHP-UiO-30% (defective hierarchical porous UiO-66) is 3.2 times higher than counterpart UiO-30% in N-ethylmorpholine buffer. Encapsulating imidazole (Im) into DHP-UiO-30% affords Im@DHP-UiO, mimicking phosphotriesterase. Im-72@DHP-UiO exhibits rapid DMNP detoxification with 99% conversion in 12 min and initial half-life (t1/2) of 1.8 min in nonbuffered water. As the first example of 'three-in-one' detoxifier, Im@DHP-UiO is further integrated onto nonwoven fabric to construct Im@DHP/Fiber, achieving solid-phase detoxification at ambient humidity with t1/2 of 19.6 min and final conversion of 91%. This is comparable to many powdered catalysts in aqueous solution buffered by volatile bases. This unified strategy is critical and viable to efficiently hydrolyze nerve agents in practical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Dazhao Wang
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; Institute of Chemical Safety, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China.
| | - Ran Tian
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yao Li
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; Institute of Chemical Safety, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
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10
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Shekhar P, Datta Devulapalli VS, Reji R, Singh HD, Jose A, Singh P, Torris A, Vinod CP, Tokarz JA, Mahle JJ, Peterson GW, Borguet E, Vaidhyanathan R. COF-supported zirconium oxyhydroxide as a versatile heterogeneous catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation and nerve agent hydrolysis. iScience 2023; 26:108088. [PMID: 37942004 PMCID: PMC10628716 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A composite of catalytic Lewis acidic zirconium oxyhydroxides (8 wt %) and a covalent organic framework (COF) was synthesized. X-ray diffraction and infrared (IR) spectroscopy reveal that COF's structure is preserved after loading with zirconium oxyhydroxides. Electron microscopy confirms a homogeneous distribution of nano- to sub-micron-sized zirconium clusters in the COF. 3D X-ray tomography captures the micron-sized channels connecting the well-dispersed zirconium clusters on the COF. The crystalline ZrOx(OH)y@COF's nanostructure was model-optimized via simulated annealing methods. Using 0.8 mol % of the catalyst yielded a turnover number of 100-120 and a turnover frequency of 160-360 h-1 for Knoevenagel condensation in aqueous medium. Additionally, 2.2 mol % of catalyst catalyzes the hydrolysis of dimethyl nitrophenyl phosphate, a simulant of nerve agent Soman, with a conversion rate of 37% in 180 min. The hydrolytic detoxification of the live agent Soman is also achieved. Our study unveils COF-stabilized ZrOx(OH)y as a new class of zirconium-based Lewis + Bronsted-acid catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragalbh Shekhar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
- Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | | | - Reshma Reji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
- Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - Himan Dev Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
- Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - Aleena Jose
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
- Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - Piyush Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
- Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - Arun Torris
- CSIR-NCL, Polymer Science and Engineering (PSE), Pune 411008, India
| | | | - John A. Tokarz
- U.S. Army DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - John J. Mahle
- U.S. Army DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Gregory W. Peterson
- U.S. Army DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Eric Borguet
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Ramanathan Vaidhyanathan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
- Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
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11
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Chester AM, Castillo-Blas C, Sajzew R, Rodrigues BP, Mas-Balleste R, Moya A, Snelson JE, Collins SM, Sapnik AF, Robertson GP, Irving DJM, Wondraczek L, Keen DA, Bennett TD. Structural insights into hybrid immiscible blends of metal-organic framework and sodium ultraphosphate glasses. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11737-11748. [PMID: 37920351 PMCID: PMC10619634 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02305b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, increased attention has been focused on amorphous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and, more specifically, MOF glasses, the first new glass category discovered since the 1970s. In this work, we explore the fabrication of a compositional series of hybrid blends, the first example of blending a MOF and inorganic glass. We combine ZIF-62(Zn) glass and an inorganic glass, 30Na2O-70P2O5, to combine the chemical versatility of the MOF glass with the mechanical properties of the inorganic glass. We investigate the interfacial interactions between the two components using pair distribution function analysis and solid state NMR spectroscopy, and suggest potential interactions between the two phases. Thermal analysis of the blend samples indicated that they were less thermally stable than the starting materials and had a Tg shifted relative to the pristine materials. Annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy tomography, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), nanoindentation and 31P NMR all indicated close mixing of the two phases, suggesting the formation of immiscible blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh M Chester
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Celia Castillo-Blas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Roman Sajzew
- Otto Schott Institute Materials Research, University of Jena Fraunhoferstrasse 6 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Bruno P Rodrigues
- Otto Schott Institute Materials Research, University of Jena Fraunhoferstrasse 6 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ruben Mas-Balleste
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Alicia Moya
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Jessica E Snelson
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry, Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane LS2 9JT UK
| | - Sean M Collins
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry, Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane LS2 9JT UK
| | - Adam F Sapnik
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Georgina P Robertson
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
- Diamond Light Source Ltd Diamond House, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE UK
| | - Daniel J M Irving
- Diamond Light Source Ltd Diamond House, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE UK
| | - Lothar Wondraczek
- Otto Schott Institute Materials Research, University of Jena Fraunhoferstrasse 6 07743 Jena Germany
| | - David A Keen
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX UK
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
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12
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Oliver MC, Huang L. Advances in Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Removal of Chemical Warfare Agents: Insights into Hydrolysis and Oxidation Reaction Mechanisms. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2178. [PMID: 37570496 PMCID: PMC10420847 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The destruction of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is a crucial area of research due to the ongoing evolution of toxic chemicals. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of porous crystalline solids, have emerged as promising materials for this purpose. Their remarkable porosity and large surface areas enable superior adsorption, reactivity, and catalytic abilities, making them ideal for capturing and decomposing target species. Moreover, the tunable networks of MOFs allow customization of their chemical functionalities, making them practicable in personal protective equipment and adjustable to dynamic environments. This review paper focuses on experimental and computational studies investigating the removal of CWAs by MOFs, specifically emphasizing the removal of nerve agents (GB, GD, and VX) via hydrolysis and sulfur mustard (HD) via selective photooxidation. Among the different MOFs, zirconium-based MOFs exhibit extraordinary structural stability and reusability, rendering them the most promising materials for the hydrolytic and photooxidative degradation of CWAs. Accordingly, this work primarily concentrates on exploring the intrinsic catalytic reaction mechanisms in Zr-MOFs through first-principles approximations, as well as the design of efficient degradation strategies in the aqueous and solid phases through the establishment of Zr-MOF structure-property relationships. Recent progress in the tuning and functionalization of MOFs is also examined, aiming to enhance practical CWA removal under realistic battlefield conditions. By providing a comprehensive overview of experimental findings and computational insights, this review paper contributes to the advancement of MOF-based strategies for the destruction of CWAs and highlights the potential of these materials to address the challenges associated with chemical warfare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liangliang Huang
- School of Sustainable Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
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13
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Wang KY, Zhang J, Hsu YC, Lin H, Han Z, Pang J, Yang Z, Liang RR, Shi W, Zhou HC. Bioinspired Framework Catalysts: From Enzyme Immobilization to Biomimetic Catalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5347-5420. [PMID: 37043332 PMCID: PMC10853941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic catalysis has fueled considerable interest from chemists due to its high efficiency and selectivity. However, the structural complexity and vulnerability hamper the application potentials of enzymes. Driven by the practical demand for chemical conversion, there is a long-sought quest for bioinspired catalysts reproducing and even surpassing the functions of natural enzymes. As nanoporous materials with high surface areas and crystallinity, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent an exquisite case of how natural enzymes and their active sites are integrated into porous solids, affording bioinspired heterogeneous catalysts with superior stability and customizable structures. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the advances of bioinspired MOFs for catalysis, discuss the design principle of various MOF-based catalysts, such as MOF-enzyme composites and MOFs embedded with active sites, and explore the utility of these catalysts in different reactions. The advantages of MOFs as enzyme mimetics are also highlighted, including confinement, templating effects, and functionality, in comparison with homogeneous supramolecular catalysts. A perspective is provided to discuss potential solutions addressing current challenges in MOF catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Yu Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(MOE) and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST),
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(MOE) and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST),
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yu-Chuan Hsu
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hengyu Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zongsu Han
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(MOE) and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST),
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiandong Pang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal
and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai
University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhentao Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(MOE) and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST),
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rong-Ran Liang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Wei Shi
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(MOE) and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST),
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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14
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Vargas-Zamarripa M, Rivera AA, Sierra U, Salas P, Serafín-Muñoz AH, Ramírez-García G. Improved charge-transfer resonance in graphene oxide/ZrO 2 substrates for plasmonic-free SERS determination of methyl parathion. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 320:138081. [PMID: 36758819 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This work reports a sensitive SERS substrate based on graphene oxide (GO) and quantum-sized ZrO2 nanoparticles (GO/ZrO2) for label-free determination of the organophosphate pesticide methyl parathion (MP). The enhanced light-matter interactions and the consequent SERS effect in these substrates resulted from the effective charge transfer (CT) mechanism attributed to synergistic contributions of three main factors: i) the strong molecular adherence of the MP molecules and the ZrO2 surface which allows the first layer-effect, ii) the relatively abundant surface defects in low dimensional ZrO2 semiconductor NPs, which act as intermediate electronic states that reduce the large bandgap barrier, and iii) the hindered charge recombination derived from the transference of the photoinduced holes to the GO layer. This mechanism allowed an enhancement factor of 8.78 × 104 for GO/ZrO2-based substrates, which is more than 5-fold higher than the enhancement observed for platforms without GO. A detection limit of 0.12 μM was achieved with an outstanding repeatability (variation ≤4.5%) and a linear range up to 10 μM, which is sensitive enough to determine the maximal MP concentration permissible in drinking water according to international regulations. Furthermore, recovery rates between 97.4 and 102.1% were determined in irrigation water runoffs, strawberry and black tea extracts, demonstrating the reliability of the hybrid GO/ZrO2 substrate for the organophosphate pesticides quantification in samples related to agri-food sectors and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Vargas-Zamarripa
- Biofunctional Nanomaterials Laboratory, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3001, Boulevard Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico; División de Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Av. Juárez 77, C.P. 36000, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Aura A Rivera
- Biofunctional Nanomaterials Laboratory, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3001, Boulevard Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Uriel Sierra
- Laboratorio Nacional de Materiales Grafénicos. Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, 140, Blvd. Enrique Reyna, Saltillo, Coahuila, 25294, Mexico
| | - Pedro Salas
- Biofunctional Nanomaterials Laboratory, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3001, Boulevard Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Alma H Serafín-Muñoz
- División de Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Av. Juárez 77, C.P. 36000, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Ramírez-García
- Biofunctional Nanomaterials Laboratory, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3001, Boulevard Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico.
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15
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Catalytic metal-organic framework-melamine foam composite as an efficient material for the elimination of organic pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:44266-44275. [PMID: 36689117 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Water-insoluble organic pollutants in environment, such as sea oil spill, industrial reagents, and the abused organic pesticides, bring great risks to global water systems, which thus requires effective approaches for organic pollutant elimination. In this study, we report a catalytic metal-organic framework (MOF)-melamine foam (MF) composite material (DDT-UiO-66-NH2@MF) showing excellent oil-water separation performance and enzyme-like degradation ability toward organophosphorus pesticides. The fabrication of DDT-UiO-66-NH2@MF is based on the immobilization of a MOF-derived nanozyme (UiO-66-NH2) on MF sponge, and followed by the hydrophobic modification of UiO-66-NH2 by 1-dodecanethiol (DDT). The obtained DDT-UiO-66-NH2@MF thus displayed superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic property with a high water contact angle (WCA = 144.6°) and specific adsorption capacity toward various oils/organic solvents (62.2-119.8 g/g), which leads to a continuous oil-water separation on a simple device. In the meanwhile, owing to the enzyme-like property of UiO-66-NH2, DDT-UiO-66-NH2@MF also displayed good ability to hydrolyze paraoxon under mild conditions, which facilitates the elimination of toxic pesticide residuals in water systems. This work provides a simple, efficient, and green approach for the separation and treatment of water-insoluble organic pollutants, as well as expands the use of MOFs-MF sponge composite materials in environmental sustainability.
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16
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Luo HB, Lin FR, Liu ZY, Kong YR, Idrees KB, Liu Y, Zou Y, Farha OK, Ren XM. MOF-Polymer Mixed Matrix Membranes as Chemical Protective Layers for Solid-Phase Detoxification of Toxic Organophosphates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2933-2939. [PMID: 36602325 PMCID: PMC9869327 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) have been demonstrated as potent catalysts for the hydrolytic detoxification of organophosphorus nerve agents and their simulants. However, the practical implementation of these Zr-MOFs is limited by the poor processability of their powdered form and the necessity of water media buffered by a volatile liquid base in the catalytic reaction. Herein, we demonstrate the efficient solid-state hydrolysis of a nerve agent simulant (dimethyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphate, DMNP) catalyzed by Zr-MOF-based mixed matrix membranes. The mixed matrix membranes were fabricated by incorporating MOF-808 into the blending matrix of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), and imidazole (Im), in which MOF-808 provides highly active catalytic sites, the hydrophilic PVP helps to retain water for promoting the hydrolytic reaction, and Im serves as a base for catalytic site regeneration. Impressively, the mixed matrix membranes displayed excellent catalytic performance for the solid-state hydrolysis of DMNP under high humidity, representing a significant step toward the practical application of Zr-MOFs in chemical protective layers against nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bin Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California 90032-8202, United States
| | - Fang-Ru Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ru Kong
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Karam B. Idrees
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California 90032-8202, United States
| | - Yang Zou
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Xiao-Ming Ren
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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17
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Snider VG, Hill CL. Functionalized reactive polymers for the removal of chemical warfare agents: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130015. [PMID: 36166906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protection from and removal of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) from the environment remains a global goal. Activated charcoal, metal oxides, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), polyoxometalates (POMs) and reactive polymers have all been investigated for CWA removal. Composite polymeric materials are rapidly gaining traction as versatile building blocks for personal protective equipment (PPE) and catalytic devices. Polymers are inexpensive to produce and easily engineered into a wide range of materials including films, electro-spun fibers, mixed-matrix membranes/reactors, and other forms. When containing reactive side-chains, hydrolysis catalysts, and/or oxidative catalysts polymeric devices are primed for CWA decontamination. In this review, recent advances in reactive polymeric materials for CWA removal are summarized. To aid in comparing the effectiveness of the different solid catalysts, particular attention is paid to the stoichiometric ratio of reactive species to toxic substrate (CWA or CWA simulant).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig L Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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18
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Wu T, Qiu F, Xu R, Zhao Q, Guo L, Chen D, Li C, Jiao X. Dual-Function Detoxifying Nanofabrics against Nerve Agent and Blistering Agent Simulants. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1265-1275. [PMID: 36594244 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of functional materials that can detoxify multiple chemical warfare agents (CWAs) at the same time is of great significance to cope with the uncertainty of CWA use in real-world situations. Although many catalysts capable of detoxifying CWAs have been reported, there is still a lack of effective means to integrate these catalytic-active materials on practical fibers/fabrics to achieve effective protection against coexistence of a variety of CWAs. In this work, by a combination of electrospinning and in situ solvothermal reaction, PAN@Zr(OH)4@MOF-808 nanofiber membranes were prepared for detoxification of both nerve agent and blistering agent simulants dimethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (DMNP) and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). Under the catalytic effect of the MOF-808 component, DMNP hydrolysis with a half-life as short as 1.19 min was achieved. Meanwhile, an 89.3% CEES removal rate was obtained within 12 h by adsorption and catalysis of MOF-808 and Zr(OH)4 components at ambient conditions, respectively. PAN@Zr(OH)4@MOF-808 nanofiber membranes also showed a superior blocking effect on CEES compared to bare PAN and PAN@Zr(OH)4 nanofiber membranes. Simultaneous protection against DMNP and CEES showed effective inhibition of both simulants for at least 2 h. The preparation method also imparted intrinsically good interfacial adhesion between the components, contributing to the excellent recycling stability of PAN@Zr(OH)4@MOF-808 nanofiber membranes. Therefore, the prepared composite nanofabrics have great application potential, which provides a new idea for the construction of broad-spectrum protective detoxification materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China
| | - Ran Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China
| | - Longfei Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China
| | - Dairong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China
| | - Xiuling Jiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, China
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19
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Gai P, Pu L, Wang C, Zhu D, Li F. CeO2@NC nanozyme with robust dephosphorylation ability of phosphotriester: A simple colorimetric assay for rapid and selective detection of paraoxon. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 220:114841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Jana A, Snyder SW, Crumlin EJ, Qian J. Integrated carbon capture and conversion: A review on C 2+ product mechanisms and mechanism-guided strategies. Front Chem 2023; 11:1135829. [PMID: 36874072 PMCID: PMC9978511 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1135829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The need to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations necessitates CO2 capture technologies for conversion into stable products or long-term storage. A single pot solution that simultaneously captures and converts CO2 could minimize additional costs and energy demands associated with CO2 transport, compression, and transient storage. While a variety of reduction products exist, currently, only conversion to C2+ products including ethanol and ethylene are economically advantageous. Cu-based catalysts have the best-known performance for CO2 electroreduction to C2+ products. Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are touted for their carbon capture capacity. Thus, integrated Cu-based MOFs could be an ideal candidate for the one-pot capture and conversion. In this paper, we review Cu-based MOFs and MOF derivatives that have been used to synthesize C2+ products with the objective of understanding the mechanisms that enable synergistic capture and conversion. Furthermore, we discuss strategies based on the mechanistic insights that can be used to further enhance production. Finally, we discuss some of the challenges hindering widespread use of Cu-based MOFs and MOF derivatives along with possible solutions to overcome the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Jana
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Seth W Snyder
- Energy & Environment S&T, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, United States
| | - Ethan J Crumlin
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jin Qian
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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21
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Wu S, Wang L, Zhu H, Liang J, Ge L, Li C, Miao T, Li J, Cheng Z. Catalytic degradation of CWAs with MOF-808 and PCN-222: Toward practical application. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198221138061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents, such as nerve agents (GD and VX) and blister agents (HD), have strong toxicities to mankind. In recent years, zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks have been found to be attractive materials for chemical warfare agent degradation. Among them, metal-organic framework-808 (MOF-808) and porous coordination network-222 (PCN-222) were the best. However, few papers pay attention to their practical application. In this work, we prepared MOF-808 and PCN-222 using water phase and organic solvothermal methods, respectively. Their performance for the catalytic degradation of chemical warfare agents under practical decontamination conditions was studied. The results showed that MOF-808 displayed a high potency for catalytic hydrolysis of VX (10,000 mg L−1) in unbuffered solution. PCN-222 exhibited weaker reactivity with a half-life ( t1/2) of 28.8 min. Their different performances might stem from the different connectivity of the Zr6 nodes and framework structures. The results illustrated that the hydrolysis of high-concentration GD required a strong alkaline buffer to neutralize the hydrolysis product of hydrofluoric acid (HF) to avoid catalyst poisoning. When H2O2 was used as the oxidant instead of O2, both zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks performed with effective catalytic potency for HD degradation without any special lighting and so was suitable for practical application, whereas the products obtained from HD, such as HDO2 and V-HDO2, still possessed vesicant toxicity. Overall, MOF-808 prepared via a water-phase synthesis performed with effective catalysis for the degradation of high-concentration VX, GD, and HD with t1/2 of < 0.5, 3.1 and 2.2 min, respectively, exhibiting its potential for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haiyan Zhu
- Institute of NBC Defence, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liang
- Institute of NBC Defence, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Liang Ge
- Institute of NBC Defence, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Cong Li
- Institute of NBC Defence, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ting Miao
- Institute of NBC Defence, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of NBC Defence, Beijing, P. R. China
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22
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23
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Rego RM, Kurkuri MD, Kigga M. A comprehensive review on water remediation using UiO-66 MOFs and their derivatives. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134845. [PMID: 35525446 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a versatile class of porous materials offering unprecedented scope for chemical and structural tunability. On account of their synthetic versatility, tunable and exceptional host-guest chemistry they are widely utilized in many prominent water remediation techniques. However, some of the MOFs present low structural stabilities specifically in aqueous and harsh chemical conditions which impedes their potential application in the field. Among the currently explored MOFs, UiO-66 exhibits structural robustness and has gained immense scientific popularity. Built with a zirconium-terephthalate framework, the strong Zr-O bond coordination contributes to its stability in aqueous, chemical, and thermal conditions. Moreover, other exceptional features such as high surface area and uniform pore size add to the grand arena of porous nanomaterials. As a result of its stable nature, UiO-66 offers relaxed admittance towards various functionalization, including synthetic and post-synthetic modifications. Consequently, the adsorptive properties of these highly stable frameworks have been modulated by the addition of various functionalities. Moreover, due to the presence of catalytically active sites, the use of UiO-66 has also been extended towards the degradation of pollutants. Furthermore, to solve the practical handling issues of the crystalline powdered forms, UiO-66 has been incorporated into various membrane supports. The incorporation of UiO-66 in various matrices has enhanced the rejection, permeate flux, and anti-fouling properties of membranes. The combination of such exceptional characteristics of UiO-66 MOF has expanded its scope in targeted purification techniques. Subsequently, this review highlights the role of UiO-66 in major water purification techniques such as adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, and membrane separation. This comprehensive review is expected to shed light on the existing developments and guide the inexhaustible futuristic scope of UiO-66 MOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richelle M Rego
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Bengaluru, 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahaveer D Kurkuri
- Centre for Research in Functional Materials (CRFM), JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Bengaluru, 562112, Karnataka, India.
| | - Madhuprasad Kigga
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Bengaluru, 562112, Karnataka, India.
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24
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Yost BT, Gibbons B, Wilson A, Morris AJ, McNeil LE. Vibrational spectroscopy investigation of defects in Zr- and Hf-UiO-66. RSC Adv 2022; 12:22440-22447. [PMID: 36105986 PMCID: PMC9366761 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03131k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Defect engineering in metal-organic framework compounds has allowed for improvements in catalysis-based functionalities, gas sensing, and gas storage. Metal-organic framework UiO-66 compounds with Zr- and Hf-based metal secondary building units were studied with Raman and infrared vibrational spectroscopy. Missing linker and missing cluster defects were engineered into the crystal structure via a modulated synthesis technique. Missing cluster defects in Hf-UiO-66 are first characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) whereby two low-angle peaks were fit to extract the relative quantity of reo topology in four defective samples. A monotonic red-shift of the Raman-active Hf-O coordination bond vibration is interpreted as a signature of missing cluster defects, resulting from less-rigid charge-balancing monocarboxylate formate ions replacing the dicarboxylate linker molecule. This signature is hypothesized to be independent of the topology in which the defects appear. Missing linker defects in Zr-UiO-66 are characterized by infrared absorption spectroscopy by the quenching of C-C and C-H vibrational modes confined to the linker molecule. Together, Raman and infrared vibrational spectroscopies coupled with standard characterization techniques are employed to directly probe the nature of defects as well as offer new characterization tools for missing cluster defects in UiO-66.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T Yost
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599 USA
| | - Bradley Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg Virginia 24061 USA
| | - Addison Wilson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599 USA
| | - Amanda J Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg Virginia 24061 USA
| | - L E McNeil
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599 USA
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Gopalan J, Buthiyappan A, Raman AAA. Insight into metal-impregnated biomass based activated carbon for enhanced carbon dioxide adsorption: A review. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhou C, Yuan B, Zhang S, Yang G, Lu L, Li H, Tao CA. Ultrafast Degradation and High Adsorption Capability of a Sulfur Mustard Simulant under Ambient Conditions Using Granular UiO-66-NH 2 Metal-Organic Gels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:23383-23391. [PMID: 35549001 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) have been considered as prospective materials for the degradation of nerve chemical warfare agents (CWAs) but show poor catalytic performance toward blister agents. Moreover, the powder issues and the poor adsorption capability also remain as the major challenges for the application of Zr-MOFs in practical CWA detoxification. Herein, a series of defected granular UiO-66-NH2 metal-organic gels are synthesized via adjusting the amount of added concentrated hydrochloric acid for the decontamination of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES), a sulfur mustard simulant. The half-life of 2-CEES decontaminated by defected granular UiO-66-NH2 metal-organic gels can be shortened to 7.6 min, which is the highest reported value for MOFs under ambient conditions. The mechanism of decontamination is that the amino group on the linkers in UiO-66-NH2 MOGs undergoes a substitution reaction with 2-CEES to yield 2-(2-(ethylthio)ethylamino)terephthalic acid, which is less toxic and fixed in the frameworks. The recycling test corroborates that the granular UiO-66-NH2 xerogels possess good stability and reusability. Static adsorption and desorption tests show that UiO-66-NH2 xerogels possess a high 2-CEES vapor adsorption capacity of 802 mg/g after exposure for 1 d and only 28 wt % desorption capacity after air exposure for 7 d. The dual function of ultrafast degradation and high adsorption capability provide a firm foundation for using UiO-66-NH2 xerogels as a future protection media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Bo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Shouxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Lin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Heguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Cheng-An Tao
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
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Couzon N, Ferreira M, Duval S, El-Achari A, Campagne C, Loiseau T, Volkringer C. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Porous Composites MOF-Textile for the Protection against Chemical and Nuclear Hazards. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21497-21508. [PMID: 35471817 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear risks, significant efforts have been made to create efficient personal protection equipment. Recently, metal-organic framework (MOF) materials have emerged as new promising candidates for the capture and degradation of various threats, like chemical warfare agents (CWAs) or radioactive species. Herein, we report a new synthesis method of MOF-textile composites by microwave irradiation, with direct anchoring of MOFs on textiles. The resistance of the composite has been tested using normed abrasion measurements, and non-stable samples were optimized. The protection capacity of the MOF-textile composite has been tested against dimethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate, a common CWA simulant, showing short degradation half-life (30 min). Radiological/nuclear protection has also been tested through uranium uptake (up to 15 mg g-1 adsorbent) and the capture of Kr or Xe gas at 0.9 and 2.9 cm3/g, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Couzon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 8181─UCCS─Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Manuela Ferreira
- Univ. Lille, ENSAIT, ULR 2461─GEMTEX─Génie et Matériaux Textiles, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Sylvain Duval
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 8181─UCCS─Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Ahmida El-Achari
- Univ. Lille, ENSAIT, ULR 2461─GEMTEX─Génie et Matériaux Textiles, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Christine Campagne
- Univ. Lille, ENSAIT, ULR 2461─GEMTEX─Génie et Matériaux Textiles, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Thierry Loiseau
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 8181─UCCS─Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Christophe Volkringer
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 8181─UCCS─Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille F-59000, France
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Kiaei K, Nord MT, Chiu NC, Stylianou KC. Degradation of G-Type Nerve Agent Simulant with Phase-Inverted Spherical Polymeric-MOF Catalysts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19747-19755. [PMID: 35445601 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For the neutralization of chemical warfare agents (CWAs), the generation of an effective catalyst that can be handled safely and applied in personal protective equipment is required. Recently, zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs: UiO-66 and UiO-67) have shown great promise in the degradation of CWAs, including nerve agents. Their catalytic activity is owed to the interplay of both Zr(IV) Lewis acids and Lewis basic groups in the MOF structure. The latter act as proximal bases that can interact with CWAs and improve the catalytic activity of Zr-MOFs. The powder form of MOFs, though, makes them impractical catalysts, as it is challenging to handle, regenerate, and reuse them. To address this challenge, we have synthesized three Zr-MOFs with Lewis basic amino and pyridine functionalities and shaped them in spherical polymeric beads using the phase inversion method. Using this method, we can generate beads with many polymer and MOF combinations (MOF@polymer). We controlled the MOF loading in these beads, and scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the MOF crystals are evenly distributed in the polymeric matrix, ensuring effective catalytic activity. We used these beads to degrade dimethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (DMNP), a simulant for the G-type nerve agent. Using 31P NMR, we showed that UiO-66-NH2@PES and UiO-67-(NH2)2@PES PES: poly(ether sulfone) beads destruct DMNP to dimethyl phosphate (DMP) with a half-life (t1/2) of 5.09 and 4.34 min, respectively. Beads made of hydrophobic polymers such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), polystyrene (PS), and Zr-MOFs with pyridine functionalities show that the quantitative hydrolysis of DMNP requires more time compared to that seen with the UiO-66-NH2@PES beads. Our work highlights the facile shaping of MOF powders into beads that can be easily regenerated with their catalytic activity to be maintained for at least three cycles of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Kiaei
- Materials Discovery Laboratory (MaD Lab), 153 Gilbert Hall, Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Makenzie T Nord
- Materials Discovery Laboratory (MaD Lab), 153 Gilbert Hall, Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Nan-Chieh Chiu
- Materials Discovery Laboratory (MaD Lab), 153 Gilbert Hall, Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Kyriakos C Stylianou
- Materials Discovery Laboratory (MaD Lab), 153 Gilbert Hall, Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Serafim LF, Jayasinghe-Arachchige VM, Wang L, Prabhakar R. Promiscuous Catalytic Activity of a Binuclear Metallohydrolase: Peptide and Phosphoester Hydrolyses. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:2466-2480. [PMID: 35451306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, chemical promiscuity of a binuclear metallohydrolase Streptomyces griseus aminopeptidase (SgAP) has been investigated using DFT calculations. SgAP catalyzes two diverse reactions, peptide and phosphoester hydrolyses, using its binuclear (Zn-Zn) core. On the basis of the experimental information, mechanisms of these reactions have been investigated utilizing leucine p-nitro aniline (Leu-pNA) and bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP) as the substrates. The computed barriers of 16.5 and 16.8 kcal/mol for the most plausible mechanisms proposed by the DFT calculations are in good agreement with the measured values of 13.9 and 18.3 kcal/mol for the Leu-pNA and BNPP hydrolyses, respectively. The former was found to occur through the transfer of two protons, while the latter with only one proton transfer. They are in line with the experimental observations. The cleavage of the peptide bond was the rate-determining process for the Leu-pNA hydrolysis. However, the creation of the nucleophile and its attack on the electrophile phosphorus atom was the rate-determining step for the BNPP hydrolysis. These calculations showed that the chemical nature of the substrate and its binding mode influence the nucleophilicity of the metal bound hydroxyl nucleophile. Additionally, the nucleophilicity was found to be critical for the Leu-pNA hydrolysis, whereas double Lewis acid activation was needed for the BNPP hydrolysis. That could be one of the reasons why peptide hydrolysis can be catalyzed by both mononuclear and binuclear metal cofactors containing hydrolases, while phosphoester hydrolysis is almost exclusively by binuclear metallohydrolases. These results will be helpful in the development of versatile catalysts for chemically distinct hydrolytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo F Serafim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | | | - Lukun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Rajeev Prabhakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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de Koning MC, Vieira Soares C, van Grol M, Bross RPT, Maurin G. Effective Degradation of Novichok Nerve Agents by the Zirconium Metal-Organic Framework MOF-808. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:9222-9230. [PMID: 35138813 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Novichoks are a novel class of nerve agents (also referred to as the A-series) that were employed in several poisonings over the last few years. This calls for the development of novel countermeasures that can be applied in protective concepts (e.g., protective clothing) or in decontamination methods. The Zr metal-organic framework MOF-808 has recently emerged as a promising catalyst in the hydrolysis of the V- and G-series of nerve agents as well as their simulants. In this paper, we report a detailed study of the degradation of three Novichok agents by MOF-808 in buffers with varying pH. MOF-808 is revealed to be a highly efficient and regenerable catalyst for Novichok agent hydrolysis under basic conditions. In contrast to the V- and G-series of agents, degradation of Novichoks is demonstrated to proceed in two consecutive hydrolysis steps. Initial extremely rapid P-F bond breaking is followed by MOF-catalyzed removal of the amidine group from the intermediate product. The intermediate thus acted as a competitive substrate that was rate-determining for the whole two-step degradation route. Under acidic conditions, the amidine group in Novichok A-230 is more rapidly hydrolyzed than the P-F bond, giving rise to another moderately toxic intermediate. This intermediate could in turn be efficiently hydrolyzed by MOF-808 under basic conditions. These experimental observations were corroborated by density functional theory calculations to shed light on molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn C de Koning
- TNO Defense, Safety and Security, Lange Kleiweg 137, Rijswijk 2288GJ, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Vieira Soares
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Place E. Bataillon, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Marco van Grol
- TNO Defense, Safety and Security, Lange Kleiweg 137, Rijswijk 2288GJ, The Netherlands
| | - Rowdy P T Bross
- TNO Defense, Safety and Security, Lange Kleiweg 137, Rijswijk 2288GJ, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Maurin
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Place E. Bataillon, Montpellier 34095, France
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31
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Lee J, Liao H, Wang Q, Han J, Han J, Shin HE, Ge M, Park W, Li F. Exploration of nanozymes in viral diagnosis and therapy. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20210086. [PMID: 37324577 PMCID: PMC10191057 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanozymes are nanomaterials with similar catalytic activities to natural enzymes. Compared with natural enzymes, they have numerous advantages, including higher physiochemical stability, versatility, and suitability for mass production. In the past decade, the synthesis of nanozymes and their catalytic mechanisms have advanced beyond the simple replacement of natural enzymes, allowing for fascinating applications in various fields such as biosensing and disease treatment. In particular, the exploration of nanozymes as powerful toolkits in diagnostic viral testing and antiviral therapy has attracted growing attention. It can address the great challenges faced by current natural enzyme-based viral testing technologies, such as high cost and storage difficulties. Therefore, nanozyme can provide a novel nanozyme-based antiviral therapeutic regime with broader availability and generalizability that are keys to fighting a pandemic such as COVID-19. Herein, we provide a timely review of the state-of-the-art nanozymes regarding their catalytic activities, as well as a focused discussion on recent research into the use of nanozymes in viral testing and therapy. The remaining challenges and future perspectives will also be outlined. Ultimately, this review will inform readers of the current knowledge of nanozymes and inspire more innovative studies to push forward the frontier of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Lee
- Institute of PharmaceuticsCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
| | - Hongwei Liao
- Institute of PharmaceuticsCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
| | - Qiyue Wang
- Institute of PharmaceuticsCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
| | - Jieun Han
- Department of Biomedical‐Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheonGyeonggiRepublic of Korea
- Department of BiotechnologyThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheonGyeonggiRepublic of Korea
| | - Jun‐Hyeok Han
- Department of Biomedical‐Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheonGyeonggiRepublic of Korea
- Department of BiotechnologyThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheonGyeonggiRepublic of Korea
- Department of Biological ScienceKorea UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Ha Eun Shin
- Department of Biomedical‐Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheonGyeonggiRepublic of Korea
- Department of BiotechnologyThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheonGyeonggiRepublic of Korea
| | - Minghua Ge
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital HangzhouHangzhouP. R. China
| | - Wooram Park
- Department of Biomedical‐Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheonGyeonggiRepublic of Korea
- Department of BiotechnologyThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheonGyeonggiRepublic of Korea
| | - Fangyuan Li
- Institute of PharmaceuticsCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative MedicineCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouP. R. China
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32
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Liu J, Goetjen TA, Wang Q, Knapp JG, Wasson MC, Yang Y, Syed ZH, Delferro M, Notestein JM, Farha OK, Hupp JT. MOF-enabled confinement and related effects for chemical catalyst presentation and utilization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1045-1097. [PMID: 35005751 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00968k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A defining characteristic of nearly all catalytically functional MOFs is uniform, molecular-scale porosity. MOF pores, linkers and nodes that define them, help regulate reactant and product transport, catalyst siting, catalyst accessibility, catalyst stability, catalyst activity, co-catalyst proximity, composition of the chemical environment at and beyond the catalytic active site, chemical intermediate and transition-state conformations, thermodynamic affinity of molecular guests for MOF interior sites, framework charge and density of charge-compensating ions, pore hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, pore and channel rigidity vs. flexibility, and other features and properties. Collectively and individually, these properties help define overall catalyst functional behaviour. This review focuses on how porous, catalyst-containing MOFs capitalize on molecular-scale confinement, containment, isolation, environment modulation, energy delivery, and mobility to accomplish desired chemical transformations with potentially superior selectivity or other efficacy, especially in comparison to catalysts in homogeneous solution environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Timothy A Goetjen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA. .,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Qining Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Julia G Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Megan C Wasson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Zoha H Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA. .,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Justin M Notestein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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Li J, Zhu M, Dai B. An amino functionalized zirconium metal organic framework as a catalyst for oxidative desulfurization. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01375d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The excellent activity of UiO-66-NH2 may be attributed to the synergistic effect of ZrIV–OH and –NH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264010, P. R. China
| | - Mingyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264010, P. R. China
| | - Bin Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P. R. China
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Shokouhi M, Vahidi M, Abbasghorbani M. Investigation of H2S Solubility in Aqueous N- Methyldiethanolamine + Amine Functionalized UiO-66 as a nano solvent. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-210086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the experimental solubility of hydrogen sulfide in aqueous N- Methyldiethanolamine + Amine Functionalized UiO-66 (UiO-66-NH2) was studied. UiO-66-NH2 was produced using solvothermal process, and its physicochemical properties were investigated by different techniques including XRD, TGA, TEM, BET, and FTIR to realize its crystalline structure, morphology, thermal stability, and porous structure. The Zeta potential of the solution was turned out to be about 26.6 mV (millivolt), meaning that UiO-66-NH2 particles are moderately stable in aqueous 40 wt.% MDEA. The solubility of hydrogen sulfide has been carried out using the isochoric saturation / or static method in two concentration grades of 0.1 and 0.5 wt.% of UiO-66-NH2 in the aqueous solution of 40 wt.% MDEA known as nanofluid. Experimental measurements were carried out at temperatures of 303.15 through 333.15 K, and pressures up 1100 kPa. Results showed that the addition of UiO-66-NH2 nanoparticles to the MDEA solution altered the results less than 3% , while the mean value of uncertainty reported in this work is about 4% , meaning that the addition of nanoparticles do not have remarkable effect on H2S solubility. In contrast, it causes an increased capacity of CO2 absorption of that solution up to 10% .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shokouhi
- Gas Science Department, Gas Research Division, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Vahidi
- Gas Science Department, Gas Research Division, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abbasghorbani
- Gas Science Department, Gas Research Division, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, Iran
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35
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Gorzkowska‐Sobas A, Lausund KB, de Koning MC, Petrovic V, Chavan SM, Smith MW, Nilsen O. Utilizing Zirconium MOF-functionalized Fiber Substrates Prepared by Molecular Layer Deposition for Toxic Gas Capture and Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2100001. [PMID: 34938573 PMCID: PMC8671619 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous organic-inorganic solids extensively explored for numerous applications owing to their catalytic activity and high surface area. In this work MOF thin films deposited in a one-step, molecular layer deposition (MLD), an all-gas-phase process, on glass wool fibers are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and their capabilities towards toxic industrial chemical (TIC) capture and chemical warfare agents (CWA) degradation are investigated. It is shown that despite low volume of the active material used, MOFs thin films are capable of removal of harmful gaseous chemicals from air stream and CWA from neutral aqueous environment. The results confirm that the MLD-deposited MOF thin films, amorphous and crystalline, are suitable materials for use in air filtration, decontamination, and physical protection against CWA and TIC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristian Blindheim Lausund
- Centre for Materials Science and NanotechnologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OsloSem Sælands vei 26Oslo0371Norway
- TNOLange Kleiweg 1372288GJ, RijswijkThe Netherlands
| | | | - Veljko Petrovic
- Centre for Materials Science and NanotechnologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OsloSem Sælands vei 26Oslo0371Norway
| | - Sachin M. Chavan
- Department of ChemistryBioscience and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of StavangerStavanger4036Norway
| | - Martin W. Smith
- CBR DivisionDefence Science & Technology LaboratoryPorton DownSalisburySP4 0JQUK
| | - Ola Nilsen
- Centre for Materials Science and NanotechnologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OsloSem Sælands vei 26Oslo0371Norway
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36
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Zhu P, Lin J, Xie L, Duan M, Chen D, Luo D, Wu Y. Visible Light Response Photocatalytic Performance of Z-Scheme Ag 3PO 4/GO/UiO-66-NH 2 Photocatalysts for the Levofloxacin Hydrochloride. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13309-13321. [PMID: 34743516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A Ag3PO4/GO/UiO-66-NH2(AGU) composite photocatalyst was prepared by an ultrasonic-assisted in situ precipitation method. The optical property, structure, composition, and morphology of photocatalysts were investigated using UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and charge flow tracking by photodeposition of Pt and PbO2 nanoparticles. In comparison with Ag3PO4 and Ag3PO4/UiO-66-NH2(AU), the AGU composite photocatalyst showed heightened photocatalytic performance for the degradation of levofloxacin hydrochloride (LVF). The AGU photocatalyst (dosage: 0.8 g/L) with 1% mass content of graphene oxide (GO), the mass ratio of Ag3PO4 and UiO-66-NH2(U66N) reached 2:1, showed the highest photodegradation rate of 94.97% for 25 mg/L LVF after 60 min of visible light irradiation at pH = 6. The formation of a heterojunction and the addition of GO synergistically promote faster separation of electron-hole pairs, retain more active substances, and enhance the performance of the photocatalyst. Furthermore, the mechanism of the Z-scheme of the AGU composite photocatalytic is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
- Research Institute of industrial hazardous waste disposal and resource utilization, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P. R. China
| | - Jinru Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
| | - Lisi Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
| | - Ming Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
- Oil and Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
| | - Dan Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
| | - Yongting Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
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Su H, Huang P, Wu FY. Visualizing the degradation of nerve agent simulants using functionalized Zr-based MOFs: from solution to hydrogels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11681-11684. [PMID: 34673857 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05199g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Visual monitoring of the degradation of nerve agent simulants based on the switchable fluorescence of UiO-66-NH2 was developed. In the hydrolysis, the decomposition products perturbed the linker-to-cluster charge transfer and stimulated the fluorescence recovery. Moreover, a "soft" solid-state platform utilizing agarose hydrogels was proposed to visualize the degradation of gaseous simulants without bulk water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Su
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Pengcheng Huang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Fang-Ying Wu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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Sandhu SS, Kotagiri YG, Fernando I PUAI, Kalaj M, Tostado N, Teymourian H, Alberts EM, Thornell TL, Jenness GR, Harvey SP, Cohen SM, Moores LC, Wang J. Green MIP-202(Zr) Catalyst: Degradation and Thermally Robust Biomimetic Sensing of Nerve Agents. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18261-18271. [PMID: 34677965 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and robust sensing of nerve agent (NA) threats is necessary for real-time field detection to facilitate timely countermeasures. Unlike conventional phosphotriesterases employed for biocatalytic NA detection, this work describes the use of a new, green, thermally stable, and biocompatible zirconium metal-organic framework (Zr-MOF) catalyst, MIP-202(Zr). The biomimetic Zr-MOF-based catalytic NA recognition layer was coupled with a solid-contact fluoride ion-selective electrode (F-ISE) transducer, for potentiometric detection of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), a F-containing G-type NA simulant. Catalytic DFP degradation by MIP-202(Zr) was evaluated and compared to the established UiO-66-NH2 catalyst. The efficient catalytic DFP degradation with MIP-202(Zr) at near-neutral pH was validated by 31P NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy and potentiometric F-ISE and pH-ISE measurements. Activation of MIP-202(Zr) using Soxhlet extraction improved the DFP conversion rate and afforded a 2.64-fold improvement in total percent conversion over UiO-66-NH2. The exceptional thermal and storage stability of the MIP-202/F-ISE sensor paves the way toward remote/wearable field detection of G-type NAs in real-world environments. Overall, the green, sustainable, highly scalable, and biocompatible nature of MIP-202(Zr) suggests the unexploited scope of such MOF catalysts for on-body sensing applications toward rapid on-site detection and detoxification of NA threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar S Sandhu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yugender Goud Kotagiri
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Mark Kalaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nicholas Tostado
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Hazhir Teymourian
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Erik M Alberts
- Simetri, Inc., 7005 University Boulevard, Winter Park, Florida 32792, United States
| | - Travis L Thornell
- Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Glen R Jenness
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Steven P Harvey
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities and Development Command-Chemical Biological Center (CCDC-CBC), Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lee C Moores
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Tao F, Yu J, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Zhong Y, Huang C, Wang Y. Integrating Two Highly Active Components into One for Decontaminating Sulfur Mustard and Sarin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangsheng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jialin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yunshan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuxu Zhong
- Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chengcheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong’An Wang
- Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
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Zhao J, Chen R, Huang J, Wang F, Tao CA, Wang J. Facile Synthesis of Metal-Organic Layers with High Catalytic Performance toward Detoxification of a Chemical Warfare Agent Simulant. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:40863-40871. [PMID: 34405983 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic layer (MOL) materials are highly desired against chemical warfare agents (CWAs). However, the rapid synthesis of 2DMOLs with open metal sites in a single step is very challenging. Herein, a facile bottom-up method for synthesizing MOLs with microwave assistance is applied to produce Zr/Hf-BTB MOLs, composed of six-connected M6O4(OH)412+ and the tritopic carboxylate ligand 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene (BTB). The synthesis and ligand exchange steps can be combined into a single step to yield MOLs with active open sites directly. The as-synthesized MOLs demonstrate excellent catalytic performance toward the degradation of a CWA simulant. The theoretical calculations confirm that the high catalytic activity is due to the formate groups coordinated to the metal nodes being replaced by hydroxyl groups. The present work not only develops a method for the fast synthesis of 2D MOLs with active open metal sites in a single step but also provides a first demonstration for the application of 2D metal coordination materials in CWA protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Cheng-An Tao
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
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Zhang X, Sun Y, Liu Y, Zhai Z, Guo S, Peng L, Qin Y, Li C. UiO-66-NH 2 Fabrics: Role of Trifluoroacetic Acid as a Modulator on MOF Uniform Coating on Electrospun Nanofibers and Efficient Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:39976-39984. [PMID: 34379383 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protective fabrics with air-permeable and flexible features are crucial for practical application in the detoxification of chemical warfare agents (CWAs). Zr-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) are desirable to exhibit outstanding degradation toward CWAs. However, generally, MOFs with powders cannot afford the utilization as a protective layer directly; meanwhile, it is still a puzzling challenge to integrate MOFs with textiles efficiently. Herein, we develop a scalable and controllable strategy to fabricate UiO-66-NH2 on electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers (UiO-66-NH2 fabrics) firmly and uniformly to capture and catalyze 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) effectively for self-detoxification. The obtained UiO-66-NH2 fabrics are greatly capable of specific surface area, ample porosity, excellent crystallinity, and abundant catalytic active sites. Consequently, CEES can be removed efficiently up to 97.7% after 48 h by reaction and adsorption. The degradation products mainly including ethyl-2-hydroxyethyl sulfide, ether, bis[2-(ethylthio)ethyl], and 2-(2-(ethylthio)ethylamino) terephthalic acid are detected. Moreover, the obtained nanofibrous fabrics possess air-permeable, washable, and flexible as well as lightweight merits, totally ensuring their promising engineering applications for protective clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial pollutants, Beijing 100083, China
- Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Engineering Research Center in Universities of Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yaxin Sun
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial pollutants, Beijing 100083, China
- Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Engineering Research Center in Universities of Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuanfeng Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial pollutants, Beijing 100083, China
- Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Engineering Research Center in Universities of Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhai
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial pollutants, Beijing 100083, China
- Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Engineering Research Center in Universities of Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shiquan Guo
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial pollutants, Beijing 100083, China
- Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Engineering Research Center in Universities of Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lichong Peng
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial pollutants, Beijing 100083, China
- Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Engineering Research Center in Universities of Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yue Qin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial pollutants, Beijing 100083, China
- Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Engineering Research Center in Universities of Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Congju Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial pollutants, Beijing 100083, China
- Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Engineering Research Center in Universities of Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Small LJ, Schindelholz ME, Nenoff TM. Hold on Tight: MOF-Based Irreversible Gas Sensors. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo J. Small
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | | | - Tina M. Nenoff
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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Preparation of UiO-66-NH 2@PDA under Water System for Chemical Warfare Agents Degradation. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092419. [PMID: 34066489 PMCID: PMC8125062 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop catalytic degradation technologies for chemical warfare agents (CWAs) that are environmentally friendly and do not require secondary treatment. UiO-66-NH2 and other metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based on zirconium have been shown to promote the catalytic degradation of CWAs. At the same time, MOFs have been studied, and they have shown interesting properties in CWA removal because of their ultrahigh surface area, tunable structures, and periodically distributed abundant catalytic sites. However, MOFs synthesized by conventional methods are mostly powdery crystals that are difficult to process and have poor mechanical stability, which largely limit the development of MOFs in practical applications. An emerging trend in MOF research is hybridization with flexible materials. Polymers possess a variety of unique attributes, such as flexibility, thermal and chemical stability, and process ability, and these properties can be combined with MOFs to make a low-cost and versatile material that also provides convenience for the subsequent integration of such MOFs into independent substrates or textiles. In this article, we used a green and simple method to coat the surface of UiO-66-NH2 with polydopamine (PDA), PDA can promote the catalytic hydrolysis of UiO-66-NH2 to DMNP (a simulant of chemical warfare agents). Additionally, it can adsorb the toxic hydrolysis product p-nitrophenol, avoiding the trouble of secondary treatment. The half-life of UiO-66-NH2 coated with polydopamine (UiO-66-NH2@PDA) for catalytic hydrolysis is 8.9 min, and that of pure UiO-66-NH2 is 20 min. We speculate that the surface coated with PDA can improve the diffusion of DMNP to the active sites of UiO-66-NH2.
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45
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Jabbour CR, Parker LA, Hutter EM, Weckhuysen BM. Chemical targets to deactivate biological and chemical toxins using surfaces and fabrics. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:370-387. [PMID: 33969223 PMCID: PMC8097677 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The most recent global health and economic crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has shown us that it is vital to be prepared for the next global threat, be it caused by pollutants, chemical toxins or biohazards. Therefore, we need to develop environments in which infectious diseases and dangerous chemicals cannot be spread or misused so easily. Especially, those who put themselves in situations of most exposure - doctors, nurses and those protecting and caring for the safety of others - should be adequately protected. In this Review, we explore how the development of coatings for surfaces and functionalized fabrics can help to accelerate the inactivation of biological and chemical toxins. We start by looking at recent advancements in the use of metal and metal-oxide-based catalysts for the inactivation of pathogenic threats, with a focus on identifying specific chemical bonds that can be targeted. We then discuss the use of metal-organic frameworks on textiles for the capture and degradation of various chemical warfare agents and their simulants, their long-term efficacy and the challenges they face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christia R. Jabbour
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Luke A. Parker
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eline M. Hutter
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Balasubramanian S, Kulandaisamy AJ, Babu KJ, Das A, Balaguru Rayappan JB. Metal Organic Framework Functionalized Textiles as Protective Clothing for the Detection and Detoxification of Chemical Warfare Agents—A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c06096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Selva Balasubramanian
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (SEEE), SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
| | | | - K. Jayanth Babu
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (SEEE), SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
| | - Apurba Das
- Department of Textile & Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi, 110 016, India
| | - John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (SEEE), SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
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Browe MA, Landers J, Tovar TM, Mahle JJ, Balboa A, Gordon WO, Fukuto M, Karwacki CJ. Laponite-Incorporated UiO-66-NH 2-Polyethylene Oxide Composite Membranes for Protection against Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10500-10512. [PMID: 33606491 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A strategy is developed to enhance the barrier protection of polyethylene oxide (PEO)-metal-organic framework (MOF) composite films against chemical warfare agent simulants. To achieve enhanced protection, an impermeable high-aspect-ratio filler in the form of Laponite RD (LRD) clay platelets was incorporated into a composite PEO film containing MOF UiO-66-NH2. The inclusion of the platelets aids in mitigating permeation of inert hydrocarbons (octane) and toxic chemicals (2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, 2-CEES) of dimensions/chemistry similar to prominent vesicant threats while still maintaining high water vapor transport rates (WVTR). By utilizing small-angle neutron scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and wide-angle X-ray scattering, the LRD platelet alignment of the films was determined, and the structure of the films was correlated with performance as a barrier material. Performance of the membranes against toxic chemical threats was assessed using permeation testing of octane and 2-CEES, a common simulant for the vesicant mustard gas, and breathability of the membranes was assessed using WVTR measurements. To assess their robustness, chemical exposure (in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy) and mechanical (tensile strength) measurements were also performed. It was demonstrated that the barrier performance of the film upon inclusion of the LRD platelets exceeds that of other MOF-polymer composites found in the literature and that this approach establishes a new path for improving permselective materials for chemical protection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Browe
- DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - John Landers
- DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
- National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 20001, United States
| | - Trenton M Tovar
- DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
- National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 20001, United States
| | - John J Mahle
- DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Alex Balboa
- DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Wesley O Gordon
- DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Masafumi Fukuto
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Christopher J Karwacki
- DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
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Luo HB, Castro AJ, Wasson MC, Flores W, Farha OK, Liu Y. Rapid, Biomimetic Degradation of a Nerve Agent Simulant by Incorporating Imidazole Bases into a Metal-Organic Framework. ACS Catal 2021; 11:1424-1429. [PMID: 33614195 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are excellent catalytic materials for the hydrolytic degradation of nerve agents and their simulants. However, most of the MOF-based hydrolysis catalysts to date are reliant on liquid water media buffered by a volatile liquid base. To overcome this practical limitation, we developed a simple and feasible strategy to synthesize MOF composites that structurally mimic phosphotriesterase's active site as well as its ligated histidine residues. By incorporating imidazole and its derivative into the pores of MOF-808, the obtained MOF composites achieved rapid degradation of a nerve agent simulant (dimethyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphate, DMNP) in pure water as well as in a humid environment without liquid base. Remarkably, one of the composites Im@MOF-808 displayed the highest catalytic activity for DMNP hydrolysis in unbuffered aqueous solutions among all reported MOF-based catalysts. Furthermore, solid-phase catalysis showed that Im@MOF-808 can also rapidly hydrolyze DMNP under high-humidity conditions without bulk water or external bases. This work provides a viable solution toward the implementation of MOF materials into protective equipment for practical nerve agent detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bin Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California 90032-8202, United States
| | - Anthony J. Castro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California 90032-8202, United States
| | - Megan C. Wasson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Willmer Flores
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California 90032-8202, United States
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California 90032-8202, United States
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Choi SK. Nanomaterial-Enabled Sensors and Therapeutic Platforms for Reactive Organophosphates. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:224. [PMID: 33467113 PMCID: PMC7830340 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Unintended exposure to harmful reactive organophosphates (OP), which comprise a group of nerve agents and agricultural pesticides, continues to pose a serious threat to human health and ecosystems due to their toxicity and prolonged stability. This underscores an unmet need for developing technologies that will allow sensitive OP detection, rapid decontamination and effective treatment of OP intoxication. Here, this article aims to review the status and prospect of emerging nanotechnologies and multifunctional nanomaterials that have shown considerable potential in advancing detection methods and treatment modalities. It begins with a brief introduction to OP types and their biochemical basis of toxicity followed by nanomaterial applications in two topical areas of primary interest. One topic relates to nanomaterial-based sensors which are applicable for OP detection and quantitative analysis by electrochemical, fluorescent, luminescent and spectrophotometric methods. The other topic is directed on nanotherapeutic platforms developed as OP remedies, which comprise nanocarriers for antidote drug delivery and nanoscavengers for OP inactivation and decontamination. In summary, this article addresses OP-responsive nanomaterials, their design concepts and growing impact on advancing our capability in the development of OP sensors, decontaminants and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Ki Choi
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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In vitro human skin decontamination efficacy of MOF-808 in decontamination lotion following exposure to the nerve agent VX. Toxicol Lett 2020; 339:32-38. [PMID: 33370593 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown promising properties for removal of chemical warfare agents, in particular for material decontamination and functionalized fabrics. The MOF-properties could also be beneficial for skin decontamination, especially when exposed to highly toxic and low volatile nerve agents. In such exposures, efficient decontamination is crucial for adequate medical management. In the present study, seven zirconium-based MOFs were evaluated for their ability to degrade VX and subsequently tested in vitro for decontamination of VX on human dermatomed skin. Of the MOFs evaluated, MOF-808 showed the greatest ability to degrade VX in an alkaline buffer with complete degradation of VX within 5 min. PCN-777, Zr-NDC and NU-1000 displayed degradation half-lives of approximately 10 min. When including MOF-808 in a skin friendly carrier with slightly acidic pH, a decreased agent degradation rate was observed, requiring over 24 h to reach complete degradation. In skin decontamination experiments, MOF-808 enhanced the efficacy compared to the carrier alone, essentially by improved agent absorption. Adding MOF-808 to Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL) did not improve the high effectiveness of RSDL alone. The present study showed that including MOF in skin decontamination lotions could be beneficial. Further studies should include optimizing the particulates and formulations.
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