1
|
Fu Z, Arisnabarreta N, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Deciphering the factors influencing electric field mediated polymerization and depolymerization at the solution-solid interface. Commun Chem 2024; 7:106. [PMID: 38724622 PMCID: PMC11082217 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Strong and oriented electric fields are known to influence structure as well as reactivity. The strong electric field (EF) between the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and graphite has been used to modulate two-dimensional (2D) polymerization of aryl boronic acids where switching the polarity of the substrate bias enabled reversible transition between self-assembled molecular networks of monomers and crystalline 2D polymer (2DP) domains. Here, we untangle the different factors influencing the EF-mediated (de)polymerization of a boroxine-based 2DP on graphite. The influence of the solvent was systematically studied by varying the nature from polar protic to polar aprotic to non-polar. The effect of monomer concentration was also investigated in detail with a special focus on the time-dependence of the transition. Our experimental observations indicate that while the nucleation of 2DP domains is not initiated by the applied electric field, their depolymerization and subsequent desorption, are a consequence of the change in the polarity of the substrate bias within the area scanned by the STM tip. We conclude that the reversible transition is intimately linked to the bias-induced adsorption and desorption of the monomers, which, in turn, could drive changes in the local concentration of the monomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhinan Fu
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Nicolás Arisnabarreta
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Liu X, Su A, Gong C, Chen S, Xia L, Zhang C, Tao X, Li Y, Li Y, Sun T, Bu M, Shao W, Zhao J, Li X, Peng Y, Guo P, Han Y, Zhu Y. Revolutionizing the structural design and determination of covalent-organic frameworks: principles, methods, and techniques. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:502-544. [PMID: 38099340 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00287j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) represent an important class of crystalline porous materials with designable structures and functions. The interconnected organic monomers, featuring pre-designed symmetries and connectivities, dictate the structures of COFs, endowing them with high thermal and chemical stability, large surface area, and tunable micropores. Furthermore, by utilizing pre-functionalization or post-synthetic functionalization strategies, COFs can acquire multifunctionalities, leading to their versatile applications in gas separation/storage, catalysis, and optoelectronic devices. Our review provides a comprehensive account of the latest advancements in the principles, methods, and techniques for structural design and determination of COFs. These cutting-edge approaches enable the rational design and precise elucidation of COF structures, addressing fundamental physicochemical challenges associated with host-guest interactions, topological transformations, network interpenetration, and defect-mediated catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yikuan Liu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaona Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - An Su
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chengtao Gong
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shenwei Chen
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Liwei Xia
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chengwei Zhang
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaohuan Tao
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Intelligent Computing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yonghe Li
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Tulai Sun
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Mengru Bu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wei Shao
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jia Zhao
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaonian Li
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yongwu Peng
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Peng Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yu Han
- School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rejali NA, Dinari M, Wang Y. Post-synthetic modifications of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for diverse applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11631-11647. [PMID: 37702105 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03091a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are porous and crystalline organic polymers, which have found usage in various fields. These frameworks are tailorable through the introduction of diverse functionalities into the platform. Indeed, functionality plays a key role in their different applications. However, sometimes functional groups are not compatible with reaction conditions or can compete and interfere with other groups of monomers in the direct synthetic method. Also, pre-synthesis of bulky moieties in COFs can negatively affect crystal formation. To avoid these problems a post-synthetic modification (PSM) approach is a helpful tactic. Also, with the assistance of this strategy porous size can be tunable and stability can be improved without considerable effect on the crystallite. In addition, conductivity, hydrophobicity/ hydrophilicity, and chirality are among the features that can be reformed with this method. In this review, different types of PSM strategies based on recent articles have been divided into four categories: (i) post-functionalization, (ii) post-metalation, (iii) chemical locking, and (iv) host-guest post-modifications. Post-functionalization and chemical locking methods are based on covalent bond formation while in post-metalation and host-guest post-modifications, non-covalent bonds are formed. Also, the potential of these post-modified COFs in energy storage and conversion (lithium-sulfur batteries, hydrogen storage, proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, and water splitting), heterogeneous catalysts, food safety evaluation, gas separation, environmental domains (greenhouse gas capture, radioactive element uptake, and water remediation), and biological applications (drug delivery, biosensors, biomarker capture, chiral column chromatography, and solid-state smart nanochannels) have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Dinari
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xie R, Hu Y, Lee SL. A Paradigm Shift from 2D to 3D: Surface Supramolecular Assemblies and Their Electronic Properties Explored by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300413. [PMID: 36922729 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exploring supramolecular architectures at surfaces plays an increasingly important role in contemporary science, especially for molecular electronics. A paradigm of research interest in this context is shifting from 2D to 3D that is expanding from monolayer, bilayers, to multilayers. Taking advantage of its high-resolution insight into monolayers and a few layers, scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) turns out a powerful tool for analyzing such thin films on a solid surface. This review summarizes the representative efforts of STM/STS studies of layered supramolecular assemblies and their unique electronic properties, especially at the liquid-solid interface. The superiority of the 3D molecular networks at surfaces is elucidated and an outlook on the challenges that still lie ahead is provided. This review not only highlights the profound progress in 3D supramolecular assemblies but also provides researchers with unusual concepts to design surface supramolecular structures with increasing complexity and desired functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Xie
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kalashnyk N, Clair S. Self-Accommodating Honeycomb Networks from Supramolecular Self-Assembly of s-Indacene-tetrone on Silver Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:1067-1071. [PMID: 35015546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We describe the self-assembly of s-indacene-tetrone on Ag(111), Ag(100), and Ag(110) surfaces and the formation of three hydrogen-bonded supramolecular phases representing a complex self-accommodating honeycomb network. The differences in terms of relative host-guest stability and molecular density are analyzed and discussed. Different epitaxial behaviors of the two-dimensional self-assembly are found as a response to the variations in the crystallographic orientation of the surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvain Clair
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IM2NP, F-13397 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Steiner C, Fromm L, Gebhardt J, Liu Y, Heidenreich A, Hammer N, Görling A, Kivala M, Maier S. Host guest chemistry and supramolecular doping in triphenylamine-based covalent frameworks on Au(111). NANOSCALE 2021; 13:9798-9807. [PMID: 34028477 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr09140e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The post-synthetic modification of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) via host-guest chemistry is an important method to tailor their electronic properties for applications. Due to the limited structural control in the assembly of two-dimensional surface-supported COFs, supramolecular networks are traditionally used at present for host-guest experiments on surfaces, which lack structural and thermal stability, however. Here, we present a combined scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory study to understand the host-guest interaction in triphenylamine-based covalently-linked macrocycles and networks on Au(111). These triphenylamine-based structures feature carbonyl and hydrogen functionalized pores that create preferred adsorption sites for trimesic acid (TMA) and halogen atoms. The binding of the TMA through optimized hydrogen-bond interactions is corroborated by selective adsorption positions within the pores. Band structure calculations reveal that the strong intermolecular charge transfer through the TMA bonding reduces the band gap in the triphenylamine COFs, demonstrating the concept of supramolecular doping by host-guest interactions in surface-supported COFs. Halogen atoms selectively adsorb between two carbonyl groups at Au hollow sites. The mainly dispersive interaction of the halogens with the triphenylamine COF leads to a small downshift of the bands. Most of the halogens change their adsorption position selectively upon annealing near the desorption temperature. In conclusion, we demonstrate evidence for supramolecular doping via post-synthetic modification and to track chemical reactions in confined space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Steiner
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Frey L, Jarju JJ, Salonen LM, Medina DD. Boronic-acid-derived covalent organic frameworks: from synthesis to applications. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01269j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Modular, well-defined, and robust hierarchical functional materials are targets of numerous synthesis endeavors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) & Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Butenandtstr. 11, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jenni J. Jarju
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Laura M. Salonen
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Dana D. Medina
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) & Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Butenandtstr. 11, 81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fu C, Mikšátko J, Assies L, Vrkoslav V, Orlandi S, Kalbáč M, Kovaříček P, Zeng X, Zhou B, Muccioli L, Perepichka DF, Orgiu E. Surface-Confined Macrocyclization via Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2956-2965. [PMID: 32068388 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface-confined synthesis is a promising approach to build complex molecular nanostructures including macrocycles. However, despite the recent advances in on-surface macrocyclization under ultrahigh vacuum, selective synthesis of monodisperse and multicomponent macrocycles remains a challenge. Here, we report on an on-surface formation of [6 + 6] Schiff-base macrocycles via dynamic covalent chemistry. The macrocycles form two-dimensional crystalline domains on the micrometer scale, enabled by dynamic conversion of open-chain oligomers into well-defined ∼3.0 nm hexagonal macrocycles. We further show that by tailoring the length of the alkyl substituents, it is possible to control which of three possible products-oligomers, macrocycles, or polymers-will form at the surface. In situ scanning tunneling microscopy imaging combined with density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations unravel the synergistic effect of surface confinement and solvent in leading to preferential on-surface macrocyclization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoying Fu
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518120, Guangdong Province, China
- INRS, Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications Centre, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Jiří Mikšátko
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Lea Assies
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo námĕstí 542/2, 166 10 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Orlandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale " Toso Montanari ", Università di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martin Kalbáč
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kovaříček
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Xiaobin Zeng
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Luca Muccioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale " Toso Montanari ", Università di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Emanuele Orgiu
- INRS, Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications Centre, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are a unique class of materials that combine extended π-conjugation with a permanently microporous skeleton. Since their discovery in 2007, CMPs have become established as an important subclass of porous materials. A wide range of synthetic building blocks and network-forming reactions offers an enormous variety of CMPs with different properties and structures. This has allowed CMPs to be developed for gas adsorption and separations, chemical adsorption and encapsulation, heterogeneous catalysis, photoredox catalysis, light emittance, sensing, energy storage, biological applications, and solar fuels production. Here we review the progress of CMP research since its beginnings and offer an outlook for where these materials might be headed in the future. We also compare the prospect for CMPs against the growing range of conjugated crystalline covalent organic frameworks (COFs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and
Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bilbao N, Martín C, Zhan G, Martínez-Abadía M, Sanz-Matı As A, Mateo-Alonso A, Harvey JN, Van der Auweraer M, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Anatomy of On-Surface Synthesized Boroxine Two-Dimensional Polymers. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2354-2365. [PMID: 32011858 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) obtained from well-defined monomers via bottom-up fabrication strategies are promising materials that can extend the realm of inorganic 2D materials. The on-surface synthesis of such 2DPs is particularly popular, however the pathway complexity in the growth of such films formed on solid surfaces is poorly understood. In this contribution, we present a straightforward experimental protocol which allows the synthesis of large-area, defect-free 2DPs based on boroxine linkages at room temperature. We focus on unravelling the multiple pathways available to the polymerizing system for the spatial extension of the covalent bonds. Besides the anticipated 2DP, the system can evolve into self-assembled monolayers of partially fused monodisperse reaction products that are difficult to isolate by conventional synthetic methods or remain in the monomeric state. The access to each pathway can be controlled via monomer concentration and the choice of the solvent. Most importantly, the unpolymerized systems do not evolve into the corresponding 2DP upon annealing, indicating the presence of strong kinetic traps. Using high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy, we show reversibility in the polymerization process where the attachment and the detachment of monomers to 2DP crystallites could be monitored as a function of time. Finally, we show that the way the 2DP grows depends on the choice of the solvent. Using UV-vis absorption and emission spectroscopy, we reveal that the dominant pathway for 2DP growth is via in-plane self-condensation of the monomers, whereas in the case of an aprotic solvent, the favored growth mode is via π stacking of the monomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Bilbao
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Cristina Martín
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , 02071 Albacete , Spain
| | - Gaolei Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Marta Martínez-Abadía
- POLYMAT , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Avenida de Tolosa 72, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
| | - Ana Sanz-Matı As
- Department of Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry, and Physical Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- POLYMAT , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Avenida de Tolosa 72, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , 48013 Bilbao , Spain
| | - Jeremy N Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry, and Physical Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Mark Van der Auweraer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Geng K, He T, Liu R, Dalapati S, Tan KT, Li Z, Tao S, Gong Y, Jiang Q, Jiang D. Covalent Organic Frameworks: Design, Synthesis, and Functions. Chem Rev 2020; 120:8814-8933. [PMID: 31967791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1218] [Impact Index Per Article: 304.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of crystalline porous organic polymers with permanent porosity and highly ordered structures. Unlike other polymers, a significant feature of COFs is that they are structurally predesignable, synthetically controllable, and functionally manageable. In principle, the topological design diagram offers geometric guidance for the structural tiling of extended porous polygons, and the polycondensation reactions provide synthetic ways to construct the predesigned primary and high-order structures. Progress over the past decade in the chemistry of these two aspects undoubtedly established the base of the COF field. By virtue of the availability of organic units and the diversity of topologies and linkages, COFs have emerged as a new field of organic materials that offer a powerful molecular platform for complex structural design and tailor-made functional development. Here we target a comprehensive review of the COF field, provide a historic overview of the chemistry of the COF field, survey the advances in the topology design and synthetic reactions, illustrate the structural features and diversities, scrutinize the development and potential of various functions through elucidating structure-function correlations based on interactions with photons, electrons, holes, spins, ions, and molecules, discuss the key fundamental and challenging issues that need to be addressed, and predict the future directions from chemistry, physics, and materials perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ting He
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ruoyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Sasanka Dalapati
- Field of Environment and Energy, School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan
| | - Ke Tian Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhongping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Shanshan Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yifan Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Qiuhong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Donglin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jin Y, Hu Y, Ortiz M, Huang S, Ge Y, Zhang W. Confined growth of ordered organic frameworks at an interface. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4637-4666. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00879a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial review covers the recent design, synthesis, characterization, and property study of COF thin films and covalent monolayers through interfacial polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
| | - Yiming Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
| | - Michael Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
| | | | - Yanqing Ge
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li J, Jing X, Li Q, Li S, Gao X, Feng X, Wang B. Bulk COFs and COF nanosheets for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:3565-3604. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00017e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current advances, structure-property relationship and future perspectives in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and their nanosheets for electrochemical energy storage (EES) and conversion (EEC) are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Xuechun Jing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Qingqing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Siwu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Xing Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Xiao Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Bo Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cui D, Perepichka DF, MacLeod JM, Rosei F. Surface-confined single-layer covalent organic frameworks: design, synthesis and application. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2020-2038. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00456d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the state of the art of surface-confined single-layer covalent organic frameworks, focusing on reticular design, synthesis approaches, and exploring applications in host/guest chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daling Cui
- Centre Énergie
- Matériaux et Télécommunications
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Varennes
- Canada
| | | | - Jennifer M. MacLeod
- Centre Énergie
- Matériaux et Télécommunications
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Varennes
- Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre Énergie
- Matériaux et Télécommunications
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Varennes
- Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mishra V, Yadav VK, Singh JK, Gopakumar TG. Electronic Structure of a Semiconducting Imine-Covalent Organic Framework. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:4645-4650. [PMID: 31310046 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Imine COF (covalent organic framework) based on the Schiff base reaction between p-phenylenediamine (PDA) and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxaldehyde (TCA) was prepared on the HOPG-air (air=humid N2 ) interface and characterized using different probe microscopies. The role of the molar ratio of TCA and PDA has been explored, and smooth domains of imine COF up to a few μm are formed for a high TCA ratio (>2) compared to PDA. It is also observed that the microscopic roughness of imine COF is strongly influenced by the presence of water (in the reaction chamber) during the Schiff base reaction. The electronic property of imine COF obtained by tunneling spectroscopy and dispersion corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculation are comparable and show semiconducting nature with a band gap of ≈1.8 eV. Further, we show that the frontier orbitals are delocalized entirely over the framework of imine COF. The calculated cohesive energy shows that the stability of imine COF is comparable to that of graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP-, 208016, India
| | - Vivek K Yadav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP-, 208016, India
| | - Jayant K Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP-, 208016, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cui D, Fang Y, MacLean O, Perepichka DF, Rosei F, Clair S. Covalent organic frameworks from a monomer with reduced symmetry: polymorphism and Sierpiński triangles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13586-13589. [PMID: 31657366 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05674b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of a covalent organic framework based on the low-symmetry 1,3-benzenediboronic acid precursor. Two distinct polymorphs are obtained, a honeycomb network and Sierpiński triangles, as elucidated by scanning tunneling microscopy. Control over polymorph formation was achieved by varying the precursor concentration for on-surface synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daling Cui
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada.
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Oliver MacLean
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada.
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada.
| | - Sylvain Clair
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada. and Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cui D, MacLeod JM, Rosei F. Planar Anchoring of C 70 Liquid Crystals Using a Covalent Organic Framework Template. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1903294. [PMID: 31513362 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The surface-induced anchoring effect is a well-developed technique to control the growth of liquid crystals (LCs). Nevertheless, a defined nanometer-scale template has never been used to induce the anchored growth of LCs with molecular building units. Scanning tunneling microscopy results at the solid/liquid interface reveal that a 2D covalent organic framework (COF-1) can offer an anchoring effect to template C70 molecules into forming several LC mesophases, which cannot be obtained under other conditions. Through comparison with the C60 system, a stepwise breakdown in ordering of C70 LC is observed. The process is described in terms of the effects of molecular anisotropy on the epitaxial growth of molecular crystals. The results suggest that using a surface-confined template to anchor the initial layer of LC molecules can be a modular and potentially broadly applicable approach for organizing molecular mesogens into LCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daling Cui
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3 × 1S2, Canada
| | - Jennifer M MacLeod
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3 × 1S2, Canada
- School of Chemistry Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, QLD, Australia
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3 × 1S2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Porter AG, Ouyang T, Hayes TR, Biechele-Speziale J, Russell SR, Claridge SA. 1-nm-Wide Hydrated Dipole Arrays Regulate AuNW Assembly on Striped Monolayers in Nonpolar Solvent. Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Clair S, de Oteyza DG. Controlling a Chemical Coupling Reaction on a Surface: Tools and Strategies for On-Surface Synthesis. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4717-4776. [PMID: 30875199 PMCID: PMC6477809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is appearing as an extremely promising research field aimed at creating new organic materials. A large number of chemical reactions have been successfully demonstrated to take place directly on surfaces through unusual reaction mechanisms. In some cases the reaction conditions can be properly tuned to steer the formation of the reaction products. It is thus possible to control the initiation step of the reaction and its degree of advancement (the kinetics, the reaction yield); the nature of the reaction products (selectivity control, particularly in the case of competing processes); as well as the structure, position, and orientation of the covalent compounds, or the quality of the as-formed networks in terms of order and extension. The aim of our review is thus to provide an extensive description of all tools and strategies reported to date and to put them into perspective. We specifically define the different approaches available and group them into a few general categories. In the last part, we demonstrate the effective maturation of the on-surface synthesis field by reporting systems that are getting closer to application-relevant levels thanks to the use of advanced control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Clair
- Aix
Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France
| | - Dimas G. de Oteyza
- Donostia
International Physics Center, San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cui D, Ebrahimi M, Macleod JM, Rosei F. Template-Driven Dense Packing of Pentagonal Molecules in Monolayer Films. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:7570-7575. [PMID: 30403353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The integration of molecules with irregular shape into a long-range, dense and periodic lattice represents a unique challenge for the fabrication of engineered molecular scale architectures. The tiling of pentagonal molecules on a two-dimensional (2D) plane can be used as a proof-of-principle investigation to overcome this problem because basic geometry dictates that a 2D surface cannot be filled with a periodic arrangement of pentagons, a fundamental limitation that suggests that pentagonal molecules may not be suitable as building blocks for dense films. However, here we show that the 2D covalent organic framework (COF) known as COF-1 can direct the growth of pentagonal guest molecules as dense crystalline films at the solution/solid interface. We find that the pentagonal molecule corannulene adsorbs at two different sites on the COF-1 lattice, and that multiple molecules can adsorb into well-defined clusters patterned by the COF. Two types of these dense periodic packing motifs lead to a five-fold symmetry reduction compatible with translational symmetry, one of which gives an unprecedented high molecular density of 2.12 molecules/nm2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daling Cui
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , Québec J3X 1S2 , Canada
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , Québec J3X 1S2 , Canada
- Physics Department E20 , Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Strasse1 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Jennifer M Macleod
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , Québec J3X 1S2 , Canada
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , 4000 QLD Australia
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , Québec J3X 1S2 , Canada
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Science , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cui D, MacLeod JM, Rosei F. Probing functional self-assembled molecular architectures with solution/solid scanning tunnelling microscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10527-10539. [PMID: 30079923 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, solution/solid STM has made clear contributions to our fundamental understanding of the thermodynamic and kinetic processes that occur in molecular self-assembly at surfaces. As the field matures, we provide an overview of how solution/solid STM is emerging as a tool to elucidate and guide the use of self-assembled molecular systems in practical applications, focusing on small molecule device engineering, molecular recognition and sensing and electronic modification of 2D materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daling Cui
- INRS-Energy, Materials and Telecommunications and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Goronzy DP, Ebrahimi M, Rosei F, Fang Y, De Feyter S, Tait SL, Wang C, Beton PH, Wee ATS, Weiss PS, Perepichka DF. Supramolecular Assemblies on Surfaces: Nanopatterning, Functionality, and Reactivity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7445-7481. [PMID: 30010321 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how molecules interact to form large-scale hierarchical structures on surfaces holds promise for building designer nanoscale constructs with defined chemical and physical properties. Here, we describe early advances in this field and highlight upcoming opportunities and challenges. Both direct intermolecular interactions and those that are mediated by coordinated metal centers or substrates are discussed. These interactions can be additive, but they can also interfere with each other, leading to new assemblies in which electrical potentials vary at distances much larger than those of typical chemical interactions. Earlier spectroscopic and surface measurements have provided partial information on such interfacial effects. In the interim, scanning probe microscopies have assumed defining roles in the field of molecular organization on surfaces, delivering deeper understanding of interactions, structures, and local potentials. Self-assembly is a key strategy to form extended structures on surfaces, advancing nanolithography into the chemical dimension and providing simultaneous control at multiple scales. In parallel, the emergence of graphene and the resulting impetus to explore 2D materials have broadened the field, as surface-confined reactions of molecular building blocks provide access to such materials as 2D polymers and graphene nanoribbons. In this Review, we describe recent advances and point out promising directions that will lead to even greater and more robust capabilities to exploit designer surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Goronzy
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
- Institute for Fundamental and Frontier Science , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , P.R. China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , Leuven 3001 , Belgium
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Chen Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics & Astronomy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 117542 Singapore
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Di Giovannantonio M, Contini G. Reversibility and intermediate steps as key tools for the growth of extended ordered polymers via on-surface synthesis. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:093001. [PMID: 29345628 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaa8cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface-confined polymerization is a bottom-up strategy to create one- and two-dimensional covalent organic nanostructures with a π-conjugated backbone, which are suitable to be employed in real-life electronic devices, due to their high mechanical resistance and electronic charge transport efficiency. This strategy makes it possible to change the properties of the final nanostructures by a careful choice of the monomer architecture (i.e. of its constituent atoms and their spatial arrangement). Several chemical reactions have been proven to form low-dimensional polymers on surfaces, exploiting a variety of precursors in combination with metal (e.g. Cu, Ag, Au) and insulating (e.g. NaCl, CaCO3) surfaces. One of the main challenges of such an approach is to obtain nanostructures with long-range order, to boost the conductance performances of these materials. Most of the exploited chemical reactions use irreversible coupling between the monomers and, as a consequence, the resulting structures often suffer from poor order and high defect density. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art surface-confined polymerization reactions, with particular attention paid to reversible coupling pathways and irreversible processes including intermediate states, which are key aspects to control to increase the order of the final nanostructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Spitzer S, Rastgoo-Lahrood A, Macknapp K, Ritter V, Sotier S, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Solvent-free on-surface synthesis of boroxine COF monolayers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:5147-5150. [PMID: 28435950 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01131h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A protocol is proposed for the solvent-free on-surface synthesis of covalent organic framework monolayers by condensation of diboronic acids. Monomers are vapor-deposited and water is used for equilibrium regulation. Samples are characterized on progressively smaller length scales by light microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Spitzer
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Teyssandier J, Feyter SD, Mali KS. Host-guest chemistry in two-dimensional supramolecular networks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:11465-11487. [PMID: 27709179 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05256h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous supramolecular networks physisorbed on solid surfaces have been extensively used to immobilize a variety of guest molecules. Host-guest chemistry in such two-dimensional (2D) porous networks is a rapidly expanding field due to potential applications in separation technology, catalysis and nanoscale patterning. Diverse structural topologies with high crystallinity have been obtained to capture molecular guests of different sizes and shapes. A range of non-covalent forces such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions, coordinate bonds have been employed to assemble the host networks. Recent years have witnessed a surge in the activity in this field with the implementation of rational design strategies for realizing controlled and selective guest capture. In this feature article, we review the development in the field of surface-supported host-guest chemistry as studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Typical host-guest architectures studied on solid surfaces, both under ambient conditions at the solution-solid interface as well as those formed at the ultrahigh vacuum (UHV)-solid interface, are described. We focus on isoreticular host networks, hosts functionalized pores and dynamic host-guest systems that respond to external stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Teyssandier
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cui D, Ebrahimi M, Rosei F, Macleod JM. Control of Fullerene Crystallization from 2D to 3D through Combined Solvent and Template Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16732-16740. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daling Cui
- Centre
Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- Centre
Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre
Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054 P. R. China
| | - Jennifer M. Macleod
- Centre
Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
- School
of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000 Queensland Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Villarreal TA, Russell SR, Bang JJ, Patterson JK, Claridge SA. Modulating Wettability of Layered Materials by Controlling Ligand Polar Headgroup Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11973-11979. [PMID: 28820248 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terry A. Villarreal
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shane R. Russell
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jae Jin Bang
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Justin K. Patterson
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shelley A. Claridge
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Choong SW, Russell SR, Bang JJ, Patterson JK, Claridge SA. Sitting Phase Monolayers of Polymerizable Phospholipids Create Dimensional, Molecular-Scale Wetting Control for Scalable Solution-Based Patterning of Layered Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:19326-19334. [PMID: 28535061 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of dimensionally ordered ligands on layered materials to direct local electronic structure and interactions with the environment promises to streamline integration into nanostructured electronic, optoelectronic, sensing, and nanofluidic interfaces. Substantial progress has been made in using ligands to control substrate electronic structure. Conversely, using the exposed face of the ligand layer to structure wetting and binding interactions, particularly with scalable solution- or spray-processed materials, remains a significant challenge. However, nature routinely utilizes wetting control at scales from nanometer to micrometer to build interfaces of striking geometric precision and functional complexity, suggesting the possibility of leveraging similar control in synthetic materials. Here, we assemble striped "sitting" phases of polymerizable phospholipids on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, producing a surface consisting of 1 nm wide hydrophilic stripes alternating with 5 nm wide hydrophobic stripes. Protruding, strongly wetting headgroup chemistries in these monolayers enable formation of rodlike wetted patterns with widths as little as ∼6 nm and lengths up to 100 nm from high-surface-tension liquids (aqueous solutions of glycerol) commonly utilized to assess interfacial wetting properties at larger length scales. In contrast, commonly used lying-down phases of diynoic acids with in-plane headgroups do not promote droplet sticking or directional spreading. These results point to a broadly applicable strategy for achieving high-resolution solution-based patterning on layered materials, utilizing nanometer-wide patterns of protruding, charged functional groups in a noncovalent monolayer to define pattern edges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Wah Choong
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shane R Russell
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jae Jin Bang
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Justin K Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shelley A Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Alahakoon SB, Thompson CM, Occhialini G, Smaldone RA. Design Principles for Covalent Organic Frameworks in Energy Storage Applications. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:2116-2129. [PMID: 28303687 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an exciting class of porous materials that have been explored as energy-storage materials for more than a decade. This review discusses efforts to develop these materials for applications in gas and electrical power storage. Some of the design strategies for developing the gas sorption properties of COFs and mechanistic studies on their formation are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sampath B Alahakoon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Christina M Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Gino Occhialini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ronald A Smaldone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cui D, MacLeod JM, Ebrahimi M, Rosei F. Selective binding in different adsorption sites of a 2D covalent organic framework. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00263g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monolayer covalent organic frameworks selectively bind fullerenes and trichlorobenzene at different sites via different types of interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Cui
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Varennes
- Canada
| | - J. M. MacLeod
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Varennes
- Canada
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering
| | - M. Ebrahimi
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Varennes
- Canada
| | - F. Rosei
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Varennes
- Canada
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Science
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ma L, Wang S, Feng X, Wang B. Recent advances of covalent organic frameworks in electronic and optical applications. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
32
|
Lombana A, Battaglini N, Tsague-Kenfac G, Zrig S, Lang P. In-solution patterning of standing up porphyrin based nanostructures within hydrogen bonded porous networks--a structural effect of a host matrix on guest entities. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5742-5. [PMID: 27045004 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01432a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Through an all-solution process, we elaborate a host-guest system based on the self-assembly of a porphyrin derivative entrapped in a PTCDI-melamine porous network on Au(111). In contrast to the unpatterned molecular assembly, complementary STM and surface IR spectroscopy show that the host template modifies the packing and the tilt angle of porphyrin nanodomains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Lombana
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 Rue J.-A. de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - N Battaglini
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 Rue J.-A. de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - G Tsague-Kenfac
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 Rue J.-A. de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - S Zrig
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 Rue J.-A. de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - P Lang
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 Rue J.-A. de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bang JJ, Rupp KK, Russell SR, Choong SW, Claridge SA. Sitting Phases of Polymerizable Amphiphiles for Controlled Functionalization of Layered Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4448-57. [PMID: 26974686 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Jin Bang
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kortney K. Rupp
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shane R. Russell
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shi Wah Choong
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shelley A. Claridge
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|