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Chen J, Zhou X, Liu X, Zheng H, Wang Y, Zhou Y. Aqueous PEIE Soaking on ZnO for Ultraviolet Light Activation-Free Organic Photovoltaic Modules. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400345. [PMID: 38966877 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light is typically needed to activate inverted organic photovoltaics (OPVs) with zinc oxide (ZnO) as electron transporting layer (ETL) for higher efficiency. However, UV light is a major cause for the degradation of organic active layers in OPVs. This is a contradiction that UV light activation enhances the efficiency but UV illumination deteriorates the stability. It is important to solve this contradiction to develop UV light activation-free OPV devices. Herein, a method of aqueous polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) soaking on ZnO is reported to realize UV light activation-free OPV devices. The S-shape in current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of devices tested without UV light activation is eliminated through the treatment of aqueous PEIE soaking on ZnO. The treatment reduces the oxygen adsorbates, which is confirmed by Kelvin probe and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A 10.08 cm2 organic photovoltaic module with the treated ZnO as ETL showed high photovoltaic performance: VOC = 5.68 V, JSC = 2.7 mA cm-2, FF = 75.1%, and POutput = 11.5 mW cm-2 tested with the UV filter (light intensity of 0.788 sun). UV light activation is not needed for the modules to obtain high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xianmin Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinlu Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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2
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Di Mario L, Garcia Romero D, Wang H, Tekelenburg EK, Meems S, Zaharia T, Portale G, Loi MA. Outstanding Fill Factor in Inverted Organic Solar Cells with SnO 2 by Atomic Layer Deposition. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2301404. [PMID: 36999655 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Transport layers are of outmost importance for thin-film solar cells, determining not only their efficiency but also their stability. To bring one of these thin-film technologies toward mass production, many factors besides efficiency and stability become important, including the ease of deposition in a scalable manner and the cost of the different material's layers. Herein, highly efficient organic solar cells (OSCs), in the inverted structure (n-i-p), are demonstrated by using as electron transport layer (ETL) tin oxide (SnO2) deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). ALD is an industrial grade technique which can be applied at the wafer level and also in a roll-to-roll configuration. A champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.26% and a record fill factor (FF) of 79% are shown by PM6:L8-BO OSCs when using ALD-SnO2 as ETL. These devices outperform solar cells with SnO2 nanoparticles casted from solution (PCE 16.03%, FF 74%) and also those utilizing the more common sol-gel ZnO (PCE 16.84%, FF 77%). The outstanding results are attributed to a reduced charge carrier recombination at the interface between the ALD-SnO2 film and the active layer. Furthermore, a higher stability under illumination is demonstrated for the devices with ALD-SnO2 in comparison with those utilizing ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Mario
- Photophysics and OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - David Garcia Romero
- Photophysics and OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Han Wang
- Photophysics and OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco K Tekelenburg
- Photophysics and OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Meems
- Photophysics and OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Teodor Zaharia
- Photophysics and OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Physical Chemistry of Polymeric and Nanostructured Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Maria A Loi
- Photophysics and OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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Zaier R, Martel A, Antosiewicz TJ. Effect of Benzothiadiazole-Based π-Spacers on Fine-Tuning of Optoelectronic Properties of Oligothiophene-Core Donor Materials for Efficient Organic Solar Cells: A DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10555-10569. [PMID: 38086177 PMCID: PMC10749456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, five novel A-π-D-π-A type molecules D1-D5 were designed by adding unusual benzothiadiazole derivatives as π-spacer blocks to the efficient reference molecule DRCN5T for application as donor materials in organic solar cells (OSCs). Based on a density functional theory approach, a comprehensive theoretical study was performed with different functionals (B3LYP, B3LYP-GD3, B3LYP-GD3BJ, CAM-B3LYP, M06, M062X, and wB97XD) and with different solvent types (PCM and SMD) at the extended basis set 6-311+g(d,p) to evaluate the structural, optoelectronic, and intramolecular charge transfer properties of these molecules. The B3LYP-GD3BJ hybrid functional was used to optimize the studied molecules in CHCl3 solution with the SMD model solvent as it provided the best results compared to experimental data. Transition density matrix maps were simulated to examine the hole-electron localization and the electronic excitation processes in the excited state, and photovoltaic parameters including open-circuit photovoltage and fill factor were investigated to predict the efficiency of these materials. All the designed materials showed promising optoelectronic and photovoltaic characteristics, and for most of them, a red shift. Out of the proposed molecules, [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine was selected as a promising π-spacer block to evaluate its interaction with PC61BM in a composite to understand the charge transfer between the donor and acceptor subparts. Overall, this study showed that adding π-spacer building blocks to the molecular structure is undoubtedly a potential strategy to further enhance the performance of donor materials for OSC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Zaier
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arnaud Martel
- Institut
des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR 6283 CNRS-Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Cedex Le Mans, France
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4
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Yang N, Ryu DH, Lee S, Bai Y, Kim SI, Seo JH, Song CE, Hwang DH. Non-Fullerene Acceptors with Benzodithiophene-Based Fused Planar Ring Cores for Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21306-21313. [PMID: 37079770 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fused aromatic rings are widely employed in organic solar cell (OSC) materials due to their planarity and rigidity. Here, we designed and synthesized four two-dimensional non-fullerene acceptors, D6-4F, D6-4Cl, DTT-4F, and DTT-4Cl, based on two new fused planar ring structures of f-DTBDT-C6 and f-DTTBDT. Owing to the desirable phase separation formed in the blend films and the higher energy levels induced by the extra alkyl groups, PM6:D6-4F-based devices achieved a high VOC = 0.91 V with PCE = 11.10%, FF = 68.54%, and JSC = 17.75 mA/cm2. Because of the longer π-conjugation of the f-DTTBDT core with nine fused rings, DTT-4F and DTT-4Cl showed high molar extinction coefficients and broad absorption bands that enhanced the current density of OSCs. Finally, the PM6:DTT-4F-based devices achieved a JSC = 19.82 mA/cm2 with PCE = 9.68%, VOC = 0.83 V, and FF = 58.85%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Hyeon Ryu
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Suha Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongqi Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Il Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Seo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Eun Song
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hoon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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5
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Kong T, Yang G, Fan P, Yu J. Solution-Processable NiO x:PMMA Hole Transport Layer for Efficient and Stable Inverted Organic Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081875. [PMID: 37112022 PMCID: PMC10144863 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For organic solar cells (OSCs), nickel oxide (NiOx) is a potential candidate as the hole transport layer (HTL) material. However, due to the interfacial wettability mismatch, developing solution-based fabrication methods of the NiOx HTL is challenging for OSCs with inverted device structures. In this work, by using N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to dissolve poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), the polymer is successfully incorporated into the NiOx nanoparticle (NP) dispersions to modify the solution-processable HTL of the inverted OSCs. Benefiting from the improvements of electrical and surface properties, the inverted PM6:Y6 OSCs based on the PMMA-doped NiOx NP HTL achieves an enhanced power conversion efficiency of 15.11% as well as improved performance stability in ambient conditions. The results demonstrated a viable approach to realize efficient and stable inverted OSCs by tuning the solution-processable HTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Genjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Pu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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6
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Du B, Fukuda K, Yokota T, Inoue D, Hashizume D, Xiong S, Lee S, Takakuwa M, Sun L, Wang J, Someya T. Surface-Energy-Mediated Interfacial Adhesion for Mechanically Robust Ultraflexible Organic Photovoltaics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 36896972 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient interfacial adhesion is a widespread problem across multilayered devices that undermines their reliability. In flexible organic photovoltaics (OPVs), poor interfacial adhesion can accelerate degradation and failure under mechanical deformations due to the intrinsic brittleness and mismatching mechanical properties between functional layers. We introduce an argon plasma treatment for OPV devices, which yields 58% strengthening in interfacial adhesion between an active layer and a MoOX hole transport layer, thus contributing to mechanical reliability. The improved adhesion is attributed to the increased surface energy of the active layer that occurred after the mild argon plasma treatment. The mechanically stabilized interface retards the flexible device degradation induced by mechanical stress and maintains a power conversion efficiency of 94.8% after 10,000 cycles of bending with a radius of 2.5 mm. In addition, a fabricated 3 μm thick ultraflexible OPV device shows excellent mechanical robustness, retaining 91.0% of the initial efficiency after 1000 compressing-stretching cycles with a 40% compression ratio. The developed ultraflexible OPV devices can operate stably at the maximum power point under continuous 1 sun illumination for 500 min with an 89.3% efficiency retention. Overall, we validate a simple interfacial linking strategy for efficient and mechanically robust flexible and ultraflexible OPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocai Du
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Fukuda
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Daishi Inoue
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Sixing Xiong
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shinyoung Lee
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masahito Takakuwa
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Lulu Sun
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jiachen Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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7
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Xu Y, Zhou H, Duan P, Shan B, Xu W, Wang J, Liu M, Zhang F, Sun Q. Improving the Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells with Methionine as Electron Transport Layer. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196363. [PMID: 36234900 PMCID: PMC9572969 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interface modification is an important way to get better performance from organic solar cells (OSCs). A natural biomolecular material methionine was successfully applied as the electron transport layer (ETL) to the inverted OSCs in this work. A series of optical, morphological, and electrical characterizations of thin films and devices were used to analyze the surface modification effects of methionine on zinc oxide (ZnO). The analysis results show that the surface modification of ZnO with methionine can cause significantly reduced surface defects for ZnO, optimized surface morphology of ZnO, improved compatibility between ETL and the active layer, better-matched energy levels between ETL and the acceptor, reduced interface resistance, reduced charge recombination, and enhanced charge transport and collection. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs based on PM6:BTP-ec9 was improved to 15.34% from 14.25% by modifying ZnO with methionine. This work shows the great application potential of natural biomolecule methionine in OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Xu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Pengyi Duan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Baojie Shan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Taishan University, Taian 271021, China
| | - Mei Liu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Fujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Qianqian Sun
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.S.)
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8
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Rodríguez-Martínez X, Riera-Galindo S, Cong J, Österberg T, Campoy-Quiles M, Inganäs O. Matching electron transport layers with a non-halogenated and low synthetic complexity polymer:fullerene blend for efficient outdoor and indoor organic photovoltaics. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2022; 10:10768-10779. [PMID: 35706705 PMCID: PMC9113214 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta01205g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The desired attributes of organic photovoltaics (OPV) as a low cost and sustainable energy harvesting technology demand the use of non-halogenated solvent processing for the photoactive layer (PAL) materials, preferably of low synthetic complexity (SC) and without compromising the power conversion efficiency (PCE). Despite their record PCEs, most donor-acceptor conjugated copolymers in combination with non-fullerene acceptors are still far from upscaling due to their high cost and SC. Here we present a non-halogenated and low SC ink formulation for the PAL of organic solar cells, comprising PTQ10 and PC61BM as donor and acceptor materials, respectively, showing a record PCE of 7.5% in blade coated devices under 1 sun, and 19.9% under indoor LED conditions. We further study the compatibility of the PAL with 5 different electron transport layers (ETLs) in inverted architecture. We identify that commercial ZnO-based formulations together with a methanol-based polyethyleneimine-Zn (PEI-Zn) chelated ETL ink are the most suitable interlayers for outdoor conditions, providing fill factors as high as 74% and excellent thickness tolerance (up to 150 nm for the ETL, and >200 nm for the PAL). In indoor environments, SnO2 shows superior performance as it does not require UV photoactivation. Semi-transparent devices manufactured entirely in air via lamination show indoor PCEs exceeding 10% while retaining more than 80% of the initial performance after 400 and 350 hours of thermal and light stress, respectively. As a result, PTQ10:PC61BM combined with either PEI-Zn or SnO2 is currently positioned as a promising system for industrialisation of low cost, multipurpose OPV modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Rodríguez-Martínez
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping 58183 Sweden
| | - Sergi Riera-Galindo
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping 58183 Sweden
| | - Jiayan Cong
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping 58183 Sweden
| | | | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Olle Inganäs
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping 58183 Sweden
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9
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Wang J, Pan H, Xu X, Jin H, Ma W, Xiong S, Bao Q, Tang Z, Ma Z. Li-Doped ZnO Electron Transport Layer for Improved Performance and Photostability of Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12450-12460. [PMID: 35235287 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) based on an inverted architecture generally have better stability compared to those based on a standard architecture. However, the photoactive area of the inverted solar cells increases under ultraviolet (UV) or solar illuminatiom because of the too-high conductivity of the UV-illuminated zinc oxide (ZnO) interlayer. This limits the potential of the inverted solar cells for industrial applications. Herein, lithium-doped ZnO (Li-ZnO) films are employed as the cathode interlayer to construct inverted OSCs. The incorporation of Li ions is found to reduce the lateral conductivity of the UV-treated ZnO films because of the presence of Li ions, preventing the high-quality-growth of ZnO nanocrystals. This addresses the problem of having too-high conductivity in the UV-treated ZnO layer, causing the increased photoactive area of inverted solar cells. The overall performance of the solar cell is shown to be higher after the incorporation of Li ions in the ZnO layer, mainly due to the increased fill factor (FF), originating from the reduced trap-assisted recombination losses. Finally, the inverted solar cells based on the Li-ZnO interlayer are demonstrated to have a much better long-term stability, as compared to those based on ZnO. This allows the ZnO-based interlayers to be used for the mass production of organic solar cell modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Hailin Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Hui Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Wenjia Ma
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Shaobing Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Qinye Bao
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zaifei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
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10
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Domínguez SE, Vuolle A, Fattori A, Ääritalo T, Cangiotti M, Damlin P, Ottaviani MF, Kvarnström C. Enhancement of charge-assisted hydrogen bond capabilities due to O-alkylation proximity in alkoxy cationic polythiophenes: solution- and solid-state evidence via EPR, AFM and surface free energy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6011-6025. [PMID: 35199803 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04792b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the array of applications for cationic polythiophenes (CPTs), there is still a need for structure-function guidelines and mechanistic understanding of their solution- and solid-state properties. This work presents a solution- and solid-state investigation of the effect of O-alkylation proximity on the hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) capabilities of alkoxy-CPTs, based on comparing an imidazolium alkoxy CPT with strong cation-pi, pi+ and positive charge-assisted hydrogen bonding (+CAHB) capabilities (PIMa), with two isothiouronium alkoxy CPTs with two-point +CAHB capabilities (PT1 & PT2), which have short and long alkoxy side chains, respectively. Our results show that a closer proximity of O-alkylation strengthens the +CAHB capabilities of PT1: in aqueous solutions, PT2 aggregates have a stronger interaction with cationic EPR spin probes than aggregates of PIMa and PT1, which in turn show a similar extent of repulsion towards the cationic spin probes. In solid-state, atomic force microscopy (AFM) shows that PIMa generates dendritic structures onto mica, with features of diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA), indicating strong interactions with the anionic substrate due to a high configurational entropy during spreading, regardless of being drop-casted from water or 1,4-dioxane-water (W-DI), despite the latter disturbing H-bonding due to selective solvation. PT1 is also capable of generating dendritic structures resembling ballistic aggregation (BA). However, this occurs only when casting from water, since W-DI generates island-like aggregates resembling attachment limited aggregation (ALA), which is the morphology generated by PT2 regardless of the solvent. Finally, spin-coated films of PIMa and PT1 show similar dispersivity of the surface free energy (SFE), which in turn is larger than that in PT2 films, which are also more affected when casted from W-DI, presenting much larger decreases of dispersivity. These results constitute a novel empirical structure-function guideline that could be useful for optimal design and/or processing of alkoxy CPTs. For example, dendritic patterns have recently gained attention since the colloidal droplet drying is related to engineering applications including inkjet printing, biosensing, and functional material design, while the SFE is relevant for opto- and bio-electronic applications of conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs). This information could also be useful when analyzing previous results obtained from alkoxy CPTs with different side chain lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Antti Vuolle
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Alberto Fattori
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Timo Ääritalo
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Michela Cangiotti
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Pia Damlin
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - M Francesca Ottaviani
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Carita Kvarnström
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
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11
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Hoff A, Farahat ME, Pahlevani M, Welch GC. Tin Oxide Electron Transport Layers for Air-/Solution-Processed Conventional Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1568-1577. [PMID: 34978404 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Commercialization of organic solar cells (OSC) is imminent. Interlayers between the photoactive film and the electrodes are critical for high device efficiency and stability. Here, the applicability of SnO2 nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) as the electron transport layer (ETL) in conventional OSCs is evaluated. A commercial SnO2 NPs solution in butanol is mixed with ethanol (EtOH) as a processing co-solvent to improve film formation for spin and slot-die coating deposition procedures. When processed with 200% v/v EtOH, the SnO2 NPs film presents uniform film quality and low photoactive layer degradation. The optimized SnO2 NPs ink is coated, in air, on top of two polymer:fullerene-based systems and a nonfullerene system, to form an efficient ETL film. In every case, addition of SnO2 NPs film significantly enhances photovoltaic performance, from 3.4 and 3.7% without the ETL to 6.0 and 5.7% when coated on top of PBDB-T:PC61BM and PPDT2FBT:PC61BM, respectively, and from 3.7 to 7.1% when applied on top of the PTQ10:IDIC system. Flexible, all slot-die-coated devices, in air, are also fabricated and tested, demonstrating the versatility of the SnO2 NPs ink for efficient ETL formation on top of organic photoactive layers, processed under ambient condition, ideal for practical large-scale production of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Hoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, AlbertaT2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, 19 Union Street, Kingston, OntarioK7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mahmoud E Farahat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, AlbertaT2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, 19 Union Street, Kingston, OntarioK7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Majid Pahlevani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, AlbertaT2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, 19 Union Street, Kingston, OntarioK7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Gregory C Welch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, AlbertaT2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, 19 Union Street, Kingston, OntarioK7L 3N6, Canada
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12
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Yoon J, Hou Y, Knoepfel AM, Yang D, Ye T, Zheng L, Yennawar N, Sanghadasa M, Priya S, Wang K. Bio-inspired strategies for next-generation perovskite solar mobile power sources. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12915-12984. [PMID: 34622260 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01493a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Smart electronic devices are becoming ubiquitous due to many appealing attributes including portability, long operational time, rechargeability and compatibility with the user-desired form factor. Integration of mobile power sources (MPS) based on photovoltaic technologies with smart electronics will continue to drive improved sustainability and independence. With high efficiency, low cost, flexibility and lightweight features, halide perovskite photovoltaics have become promising candidates for MPS. Realization of these photovoltaic MPS (PV-MPS) with unconventionally extraordinary attributes requires new 'out-of-box' designs. Natural materials have provided promising designing solutions to engineer properties under a broad range of boundary conditions, ranging from molecules, proteins, cells, tissues, apparatus to systems in animals, plants, and humans optimized through billions of years of evolution. Applying bio-inspired strategies in PV-MPS could be biomolecular modification on crystallization at the atomic/meso-scale, bio-structural duplication at the device/system level and bio-mimicking at the functional level to render efficient charge delivery, energy transport/utilization, as well as stronger resistance against environmental stimuli (e.g., self-healing and self-cleaning). In this review, we discuss the bio-inspired/-mimetic structures, experimental models, and working principles, with the goal of revealing physics and bio-microstructures relevant for PV-MPS. Here the emphasis is on identifying the strategies and material designs towards improvement of the performance of emerging halide perovskite PVs and strategizing their bridge to future MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungjin Yoon
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Yuchen Hou
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Abbey Marie Knoepfel
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Luyao Zheng
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Neela Yennawar
- Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA
| | - Mohan Sanghadasa
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Aviation & Missile Center, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898, USA
| | - Shashank Priya
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
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13
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Kim M, Ryu SU, Park SA, Pu YJ, Park T. Designs and understanding of small molecule-based non-fullerene acceptors for realizing commercially viable organic photovoltaics. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14004-14023. [PMID: 34760184 PMCID: PMC8565376 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03908c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have emerged as a promising next-generation technology with great potential for portable, wearable, and transparent photovoltaic applications. Over the past few decades, remarkable advances have been made in non-fullerene acceptor (NFA)-based OPVs, with their power conversion efficiency exceeding 18%, which is close to the requirements for commercial realization. Novel molecular NFA designs have emerged and evolved in the progress of understanding the physical features of NFA-based OPVs in relation to their high performance, while there is room for further improvement. In this review, the molecular design of representative NFAs is described, and their blend characteristics are assessed via statistical comparisons. Meanwhile, the current understanding of photocurrent generation is reviewed along with the significant physical features observed in high-performance NFA-based OPVs, while the challenging issues and the strategic perspectives for the commercialization of OPV technology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Kim
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Seung Un Ryu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu Pohang Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ah Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu Pohang Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Pu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Taiho Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu Pohang Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673 Republic of Korea
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14
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Domínguez SE, Kohn B, Ääritalo T, Damlin P, Scheler U, Kvarnström C. Cationic polythiophene-anionic fullerene pair in water and water-dioxane: studies on hydrogen bonding capabilities, kinetic and thermodynamic properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21013-21028. [PMID: 34522930 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05748g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the vast array of solution- and solid-state bio-analytical, bioelectronic and optoelectronic applications of cationic polythiophenes (CPTs), the number of studies focused on the role of hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) between these and other molecules is scarce, regardless of whether H-bonding is expected to play an important role in several such applications. Also, despite the advantages of using cosolvents to systematically examine the molecular interactions, there are no such studies for CPTs to our knowledge. This work presents a steady-state UV-vis/fluorescence spectroscopic, kinetic and thermodynamic study on the H-bonding interactions between a water-soluble, cationic-anionic (isothiouronium-tetraphosphonate), polythiophene-fullerene donor-acceptor pair with two-point, charge-assisted H-bonding (CAHB) capabilities, tuned using water or a 1,4-dioxane-water mixture (W-DI). Both solvents generate photoinduced electron transfer (PET), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), spontaneous binding, H-bonding, ground-state complexing via multiple site binding, formation of micelle-like aggregates and equivalence points at a similar concentration of the quencher. However, in comparison with water, W-DI promotes less-ordered, less packed micellar aggregates, due to hydrophobic desolvation of the H-bond and larger solvent displacement during the PT1-4Fo complexation. This would decrease the extent of charge-transfer and the size of the sphere-of-quenching, mainly by displacements or rotations of the H-bonds, instead of elongations, together with a possible larger extent of diffusion-controlled static quenching. At [4Fo] larger than the equivalence point the micelles formed in water do not have available binding sites due to a tighter aggregation, causing a decrease in the quenching efficiency, while the micelles formed in W-DI start showing larger quenching efficiencies, possibly due to an increase in entropy that overcomes the desolvation of the H-bonding. These results could be useful when analyzing outputs from systems including CPTs with H-bonding capabilities, operating in (or casted from) solvents with clear differences in polarity and/or H-bonding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MatSurf), Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Benjamin Kohn
- Leibniz-Institut für, University of Turku, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Timo Ääritalo
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MatSurf), Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Pia Damlin
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MatSurf), Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Ulrich Scheler
- Leibniz-Institut für, University of Turku, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carita Kvarnström
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MatSurf), Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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15
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Kim M, Choi Y, Hwan Lee D, Min J, Pu YJ, Park T. Roles and Impacts of Ancillary Materials for Multi-Component Blend Organic Photovoltaics towards High Efficiency and Stability. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3475-3487. [PMID: 34164933 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are a promising next-generation photovoltaic technology with great potential for wearable and transparent device applications. Over the past decades, remarkable advances in device efficiency close to 20 % have been made for bulk heterojunction (BHJ)-based OPV devices with long-term stability, and room for further improvements still exists. In recent years, ancillary components have been demonstrated as effective in improving the photovoltaic performance of OPVs by controlling the optoelectronic and morphological properties of BHJ blends. Herein, an updated understanding of polymer-based blend OPVs is provided, and the role and impact of ancillary components in various blend systems are categorized and discussed. Lastly, a strategic perspective on the ancillary components of blend-based OPVs for commercialization is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Kim
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yelim Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, 37673, Pohang, Kyoungbuk, Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, 37673, Pohang, Kyoungbuk, Korea
| | - Jihyun Min
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, 37673, Pohang, Kyoungbuk, Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Pu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taiho Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, 37673, Pohang, Kyoungbuk, Korea
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16
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Li Y, Chen H, Zhang J. Carrier Blocking Layer Materials and Application in Organic Photodetectors. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061404. [PMID: 34073349 PMCID: PMC8228918 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a promising candidate for next-generation photodetectors, organic photodetectors (OPDs) have gained increasing interest as they offer cost-effective fabrication methods using solution processes and a tunable spectral response range, making them particularly attractive for large area image sensors on lightweight flexible substrates. Carrier blocking layers engineering is very important to the high performance of OPDs that can select a certain charge carriers (holes or electrons) to be collected and suppress another carrier. Carrier blocking layers of OPDs play a critical role in reducing dark current, boosting their efficiency and long-time stability. This Review summarizes various materials for carrier blocking layers and some of the latest progress in OPDs. This provides the reader with guidelines to improve the OPD performance via carrier blocking layers engineering.
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17
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Tavakkolnia I, Jagadamma LK, Bian R, Manousiadis PP, Videv S, Turnbull GA, Samuel IDW, Haas H. Organic photovoltaics for simultaneous energy harvesting and high-speed MIMO optical wireless communications. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:41. [PMID: 33623027 PMCID: PMC7902835 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We show that organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are suitable for high-speed optical wireless data receivers that can also harvest power. In addition, these OPVs are of particular interest for indoor applications, as their bandgap is larger than that of silicon, leading to better matching to the spectrum of artificial light. By selecting a suitable combination of a narrow bandgap donor polymer and a nonfullerene acceptor, stable OPVs are fabricated with a power conversion efficiency of 8.8% under 1 Sun and 14% under indoor lighting conditions. In an optical wireless communication experiment, a data rate of 363 Mb/s and a simultaneous harvested power of 10.9 mW are achieved in a 4-by-4 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) setup that consists of four laser diodes, each transmitting 56 mW optical power and four OPV cells on a single panel as receivers at a distance of 40 cm. This result is the highest reported data rate using OPVs as data receivers and energy harvesters. This finding may be relevant to future mobile communication applications because it enables enhanced wireless data communication performance while prolonging the battery life in a mobile device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Tavakkolnia
- LiFi Research and Development Centre, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The University of Strathclyde, Technology & Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Lethy K Jagadamma
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Rui Bian
- pureLiFi, Rosebery House, 9 Haymarket Terrace, Edinburgh, EH12 5EZ, UK
| | - Pavlos P Manousiadis
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Stefan Videv
- LiFi Research and Development Centre, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The University of Strathclyde, Technology & Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Graham A Turnbull
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Ifor D W Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Harald Haas
- LiFi Research and Development Centre, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The University of Strathclyde, Technology & Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
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18
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Cattin L, Louarn G, Morsli M, Bernède JC. Semi-Transparent Organic Photovoltaic Cells with Dielectric/Metal/Dielectric Top Electrode: Influence of the Metal on Their Performances. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:393. [PMID: 33557016 PMCID: PMC7913718 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to grow semi-transparent organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs), multilayer dielectric/metal/dielectric (D/M/D) structures are used as a transparent top electrode in inverted OPVs. Two different electrodes are probed, MoO3/Ag/MoO3 and MoO3/Ag/Cu:Ag/ZnS. Both of them exhibit high transmission in visible and small sheet resistance. Semi-transparent inverted OPVs using these electrodes as the top anode are probed. The active organic layers consist in the SubPc/C60 couple. The dependence of the OPV performances on the top electrode was investigated. The results show that far better results are achieved when the top anode MoO3/Ag/MoO3 is used. The OPV efficiency obtained was only 20% smaller in comparison with the opaque OPV, but with a transparency of nearly 50% in a broad range of the visible light (400-600 nm). In the case of MoO3/Ag/Cu:Ag/ZnS top anode, the small efficiency obtained is due to the presence of some Cu diffusion in the MoO3 layer, which degrades the contact anode/organic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Cattin
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6502, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes, France;
| | - Guy Louarn
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6502, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes, France;
| | - Mustapha Morsli
- Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44000 Nantes, France;
| | - Jean Christian Bernède
- MOLTECH-Anjou, CNRS, UMR 6200, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes, France
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Huang J, Lee J, Nakayama H, Schrock M, Cao DX, Cho K, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ. Understanding and Countering Illumination-Sensitive Dark Current: Toward Organic Photodetectors with Reliable High Detectivity. ACS NANO 2021; 15:1753-1763. [PMID: 33440123 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Continuously enhanced photoresponsivity and suppressed dark/noise current combinatorially lead to the recent development of high-detectivity organic photodetectors with broadband sensing competence. Despite the achievements, reliable photosensing enabled by organic photodetectors (OPDs) still faces challenges. Herein, we call for heed over a universal phenomenon of detrimental sensitivity of dark current to illumination history in high-performance inverted OPDs. The phenomenon, unfavorable to the attainment of high sensitivity and consistent figures-of-merit, is shown to arise from exposure of the commonly used electron transport layer in OPDs to high-energy photons and its consequent loss of charge selectivity via systematic studies. To solve this universal problem, "double" layer tin oxide as an alternative electron transport layer is demonstrated, which not only eliminates the inconsistency between the initial and after-illumination dark current characteristics but also preserves the low magnitude of dark current, good external quantum efficiency, and rapid transient response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Huang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hidenori Nakayama
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Science & Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan
| | - Max Schrock
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - David Xi Cao
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Center for Advanced Soft Electronics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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20
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Li Y, Mao L, Yu L, Li X, Zhang J. NiO x nanoparticles obtained from hydrothermally treated NiC 2O 4 as an electron blocking layer for organic photodetectors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:505601. [PMID: 33006318 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abb48d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A room-temperature p-type NiOx film synthesized from a NiC2O4 precursor via hydrothermal treatment is employed as an electron blocking layer (EBL) to fabricate organic photodetectors (OPDs). A simple and efficient calcine process at 375 °C in air decomposes the NiC2O4 particles into NiOx, removes organic components and crystal water, and releases CO2 gas. Our experimental results indicate that this gaseous by-product prevents the agglomeration of NiOx, which yields smaller nanoparticles (5-10 nm). The formation of an EBL at room temperature improves device performance. After optimization, the performance parameters obtained, including dark current density, responsivity, specific detectivity and response, are 1.13 × 10-7 A cm-2, 0.74 A W-1, 3.86 × 1012 Jones, and 0.5/8 ms, respectively. Additionally, the dark current is reduced by more than an order of magnitude after the insertion of the NiOx layer. The proposed simple and easy method for producing an EBL could be beneficial for the commercial low-temperature and large-area preparation of OPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Longmei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Longxin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xifeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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21
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Dong J, Guo J, Wang X, Dong P, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Miao Y, Zhao B, Hao Y, Wang H, Xu B, Yin S. A Low-Temperature Solution-Processed CuSCN/Polymer Hole Transporting Layer Enables High Efficiency for Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:46373-46380. [PMID: 32945159 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The hole transporting layers (HTLs) between the electrode and light absorber play a vital role in charge extraction and transport processes in organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, a bilayer structure HTL of CuSCN/TFB is formed by soluble copper(I) thiocyanate (CuSCN) and poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-(4,4'-(N-(4-butylphenyl)))] (TFB). The excellent charge extraction capability is proved in nonfullerene PM6:Y6 and fullerene PTB7-Th:PC71BM blend system-based cells. The introduction of TFB tunes the work function and polishes the interfacial contact between the HTL and light absorber, which favors the hole extraction process in cells. Meanwhile, lower recombination loss, higher exciton dissociation probability, and larger domain size are observed in CuSCN/TFB HTL-based cells compared to those of the reference cell with the pristine CuSCN HTL, which significantly improve the photovoltaic performance. As a result, a champion efficiency of 15.10% is obtained, which is >14% higher than the efficiency of 13.15% obtained in the reference cell. This study suggests that CuSCN/TFB is a promising HTL to achieve high efficiency for OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Dong
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Advanced Materials Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Advanced Materials Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Advanced Materials Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Peng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Advanced Materials Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Zhongqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Advanced Materials Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yingjuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Advanced Materials Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yanqin Miao
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Advanced Materials Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Advanced Materials Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yuying Hao
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Advanced Materials Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Advanced Materials Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Bingshe Xu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Advanced Materials Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Shougen Yin
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
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22
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Duan L, Uddin A. Progress in Stability of Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903259. [PMID: 32537401 PMCID: PMC7284215 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The organic solar cell (OSC) is a promising emerging low-cost thin film photovoltaics technology. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs has overpassed 16% for single junction and 17% for organic-organic tandem solar cells with the development of low bandgap organic materials synthesis and device processing technology. The main barrier of commercial use of OSCs is the poor stability of devices. Herein, the factors limiting the stability of OSCs are summarized. The limiting stability factors are oxygen, water, irradiation, heating, metastable morphology, diffusion of electrodes and buffer layers materials, and mechanical stress. The recent progress in strategies to increase the stability of OSCs is surveyed, such as material design, device engineering of active layers, employing inverted geometry, optimizing buffer layers, using stable electrodes and encapsulation materials. The International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability guidelines are also discussed. The potential research strategies to achieve the required device stability and efficiency are highlighted, rendering possible pathways to facilitate the viable commercialization of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiping Duan
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Ashraf Uddin
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
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23
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Chow PCY, Someya T. Organic Photodetectors for Next-Generation Wearable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902045. [PMID: 31373081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation wearable electronics will need to be mechanically flexible and stretchable such that they can be conformally attached onto the human body. Photodetectors that are available in today's market are based on rigid inorganic crystalline materials and they have limited mechanical flexibility. In contrast, photodetectors based on organic polymers and molecules have emerged as promising alternatives due to their inherent mechanical softness, ease of processing, tunable optoelectronic properties, good light sensing performance, and biocompatibility. Here, the recent advances of organic photodetectors in terms of both optoelectronic and mechanical properties are outlined and discussed, and their application in wearable electronics including health monitoring sensors, artificial vision, and self-powering integrated devices are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Y Chow
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st Road, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory & Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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24
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Domínguez SE, Vuolle A, Cangiotti M, Fattori A, Ääritalo T, Damlin P, Ottaviani MF, Kvarnström C. Cationic Imidazolium Polythiophenes: Effects of Imidazolium-Methylation on Solution Concentration-Driven Aggregation and Surface Free Energy of Films Processed from Solvents with Different Polarity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2278-2290. [PMID: 32027512 PMCID: PMC7497652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cationic imidazolium-functionalized polythiophenes with single- or double-methylation of the imidazolium ring were used to study the impact of imidazolium-methylation on (i) the solution concentration-driven aggregation in the presence of paramagnetic probes with different ionic and hydrophobic constituents and (ii) their surface free energy (SFE) as spin-coated films deposited on plasma-activated glass. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy shows that the differences in film structuration between the polymers with different methylations originate from the early stages of aggregation. In the solid state, higher degree of imidazolium-methylation generates smaller values of total SFE, γS, (by around 2 mN/m), which could be relevant in optoelectronic applications. Methylation also causes a decrease in the polar contribution of γS (γSp), suggesting that methylation decreases the polar nature of the imidazolium ring, probably due to the blocking of its H-bonding capabilities. The values of γS obtained in the present work are similar to the values obtained for doped films of neutral conjugated polymers, such as polyaniline, poly(3-hexylthiophene), and polypyrrole. However, imidazolium-polythiophenes generate films with a larger predominance of the dispersive component of γS (γSd), probably due to the motion restriction in the ionic functionalities in a conjugated polyelectrolyte, in comparison to regular dopants. The presence of 1,4-dioxane increases γSp, especially, in the polymer with larger imidazolium-methylation (and therefore unable to interact through H-bonding), probably by a decrease of the imidazolium-glass interactions. Singly-methylated imidazolium polythiophenes have been applied as electrode selective ("buffer") interlayers in conventional and inverted organic solar cells, improving their performance. However, clear structure-function guidelines are still needed for designing high-performance polythiophene-based interlayer materials. Therefore, the information reported in this work could be useful for such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E. Domínguez
- Department
of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Vuolle
- Department
of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Michela Cangiotti
- Department
of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University
of Urbino, Via Ca’
Le Suore 2/4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Alberto Fattori
- Department
of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University
of Urbino, Via Ca’
Le Suore 2/4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Timo Ääritalo
- Department
of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Damlin
- Department
of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - M. Francesca Ottaviani
- Department
of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University
of Urbino, Via Ca’
Le Suore 2/4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Carita Kvarnström
- Department
of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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25
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Chandrasekaran N, Li C, Singh S, Kumar A, McNeill CR, Huettner S, Kabra D. Role of Molecular and Interchain Ordering in the Formation of a δ-Hole-Transporting Layer in Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:3806-3814. [PMID: 31840485 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interface engineering, especially the realization of Ohmic contacts at the interface between organic semiconductors and metal contacts, is one of the essential preconditions to achieve high-efficiency organic electronic devices. Here, the interface structures of polymer/fullerene blends are correlated with the charge extraction/injection properties of working organic solar cells. The model system-poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)-is fabricated using two different degrees of P3HT regioregularity to alter the blend interchain order and molecular packing, resulting in different device performances. Investigations by electroabsorption spectroscopy on these devices indicate a significant reduction (≈1 V) in the built-in potential with an increase in the P3HT regioregularity. This observation is also supported by a change in the work function (WF) of high regioregular polymer blends from photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. These results confirm the presence of a strong dipole layer acting as a δ-hole-transporting layer at the polymer/MoO3/Ag electrode interface. Unipolar hole-only devices show an increase in the magnitude of the hole current in high regioregular P3HT devices, suggesting an increase in the hole injection/extraction efficiency inside the device with a δ-hole-transporting layer. Microscopically, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy was conducted to probe the surface microstructure in these blends, finding a highly edge-on orientation of P3HT chains in blends made with high regioregular P3HT. This edge-on orientation of P3HT chains at the interface results in a layer of oriented alkyl side chains capping the surface, which favors the formation of a dipole layer at the polymer/MoO3 interface. The increase in the charge extraction efficiency due to the formation of a δ-hole-transporting layer thus results in higher short circuit currents and fill factor values, eventually increasing the device efficiency in high regioregular P3HT devices despite a slight decrease in cell open circuit voltage. These findings emphasize the significance of WF control as a tool for improved device performance and pave the way toward interfacial optimization based on the modulation of fundamental polymer properties, such as polymer regioregularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Chandrasekaran
- IITB-Monash Research Academy , IIT Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Monash University , Wellington Road , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
- Department of Chemistry , Universität Bayreuth , Bayreuth 95440 , Germany
| | | | | | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Monash University , Wellington Road , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Sven Huettner
- Department of Chemistry , Universität Bayreuth , Bayreuth 95440 , Germany
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26
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Yan W, Jiang D, Liu Q, Kang Q, Zhou F. Effects of doping methods and dopant sizes on the performance of solar cells constructed with anchor-guided photoelectrochemical polymerization of thiophene. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Ren H, Chen J, Li Y, Tang J. Recent Progress in Organic Photodetectors and their Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 8:2002418. [PMID: 33437578 PMCID: PMC7788634 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic photodetectors (OPDs) have attracted continuous attention due to their outstanding advantages, such as tunability of detecting wavelength, low-cost manufacturing, compatibility with lightweight and flexible devices, as well as ease of processing. Enormous efforts on performance improvement and application of OPDs have been devoted in the past decades. In this Review, recent advances in device architectures and operation mechanisms of phototransistor, photoconductor, and photodiode based OPDs are reviewed with a focus on the strategies aiming at performance improvement. The application of OPDs in spectrally selective detection, wearable devices, and integrated optoelectronics are also discussed. Furthermore, some future prospects on the research challenges and new opportunities of OPDs are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ren
- School of Physics and Electronics ScienceMinistry of Education Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument Engineering Research CenterEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200062P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials & DevicesInstitute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Jing‐De Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials & DevicesInstitute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Qing Li
- School of Physics and Electronics ScienceMinistry of Education Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument Engineering Research CenterEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200062P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Xin Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials & DevicesInstitute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
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28
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Tran VH, Kim SK, Lee SH. Zwitterion Nondetergent Sulfobetaine-Modified SnO 2 as an Efficient Electron Transport Layer for Inverted Organic Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:19225-19237. [PMID: 31763546 PMCID: PMC6868909 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tin oxide (SnO2) has been widely accepted as an effective electron transport layer (ETL) for optoelectronic devices because of its outstanding electro-optical properties such as its suitable band energy levels, high electron mobility, and high transparency. Here, we report a simple but effective interfacial engineering strategy to achieve highly efficient and stable inverted organic solar cells (iOSCs) via a low-temperature solution process and an SnO2 ETL modified by zwitterion nondetergent sulfobetaine 3-(4-tert-butyl-1-pyridinio)-1-propanesulfonate (NDSB-256-4T). We found that NDSB-256-4T helps reduce the work function of SnO2, resulting in more efficient electron extraction and transport to the cathode of iOSCs. NDSB-256-4T also passivates the defects in SnO2, which serves as recombination centers that greatly reduce the device performance of iOSCs. In addition, NDSB-256-4T provides the better interfacial contact between SnO2 and the active layer. Thus, a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) and longer device stability of iOSCs are expected for a combination of SnO2 and NDSB-256-4T than for devices based on SnO2 only. With these enhanced interfacial properties, P3HT:PC60BM-based iOSCs using SnO2/NDSB-256-4T (0.2 mg/mL) as an ETL showed both a higher average PCE of 3.72%, which is 33% higher than devices using SnO2 only (2.79%) and excellent device stability (over 90% of the initial PCE remained after storing 5 weeks in ambient air without encapsulation). In an extended application of the PTB7-Th:PC70BM systems, we achieved an impressive average PCE of 8.22% with SnO2/NDSB-256-4T (0.2 mg/mL) as the ETL, while devices based on SnO2 exhibited an average PCE of only 4.45%. Thus, the use of zwitterion to modify SnO2 ETL is a promising way to obtain both highly efficient and stable iOSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soo-Hyoung Lee
- E-mail: . Phone: +82 63-270-2435. Fax: +82 63-270-2306 (S.-H.L.)
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29
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Saw MJ, Ghosh B, Nguyen MT, Jirasattayaporn K, Kheawhom S, Shirahata N, Yonezawa T. High Aspect Ratio and Post-Processing Free Silver Nanowires as Top Electrodes for Inverted-Structured Photodiodes. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13303-13308. [PMID: 31460458 PMCID: PMC6705234 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowires (Ag NWs) as transparent conducting electrodes are widely used in many applications such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), polymer light-emitting diodes, touch screens, solar cells, and transparent heaters. In this work, using a large-scale synthesis, the synthesized Ag NWs had a high aspect ratio of 2820. The Ag NWs could be applied as a top transparent electrode in a device by simple drop-casting without any post-processing steps. The fabricated device comprised 4,4'-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl/MoO3 organic/inorganic layers which are parts of the inverted structure OLEDs or solar cells. The photodiode characteristics at the UV range were observed in the device. The ability of Ag NWs to replace opaque metals as top electrodes in a device has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jia Saw
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Batu Ghosh
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Mai Thanh Nguyen
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kridsada Jirasattayaporn
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Soorathep Kheawhom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Naoto Shirahata
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Department
of Physics, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga,
Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
- Graduate
School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0814, Japan
| | - Tetsu Yonezawa
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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30
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Tanguy L, Malhotra P, Singh SP, Brisard G, Sharma GD, Harvey PD. A 9.16% Power Conversion Efficiency Organic Solar Cell with a Porphyrin Conjugated Polymer Using a Nonfullerene Acceptor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:28078-28087. [PMID: 31294545 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new low-molecular-weight porphyrin-based polymer, PPPyDPP, with pyridine-capped diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) has been synthesized, and its optical and electrochemical properties were investigated. The polymer is prepared with a low content of homocoupling units and gives a widely spread absorption from 400 to 900 nm with a narrow optical band gap of 1.46 eV. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels are respectively located at -5.27 and -3.78 eV, respectively. PPPyDPP was used as the electron donor, whereas [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) and bis(rhodanine)indolo-[3,2-b]-carbazole (ICzRd2), a nonfullerene small molecule, were used as acceptors for the fabrication of solution-processed bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells. Overall power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 7.31 and 9.16% (record high for porphyrin-containing polymers) were obtained for PC71BM and ICzRd2, respectively. A high Voc of 1.01 V and a low Eloss of 0.45 eV may explain this new record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Tanguy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sherbrooke , 2500 Boulevard de l'Université , Sherbrooke , Quebec J1K 2R1 , Canada
| | - Prateek Malhotra
- Department of Physics , LNM Institute of Information Technology (Deemed to be University) , Jamdoli, 302017 Jaipur , India
| | - Surya Prakash Singh
- Polymers and Functional Materials Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Uppal Road , Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007 , India
| | - Gessie Brisard
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sherbrooke , 2500 Boulevard de l'Université , Sherbrooke , Quebec J1K 2R1 , Canada
| | - Ganesh D Sharma
- Department of Physics , LNM Institute of Information Technology (Deemed to be University) , Jamdoli, 302017 Jaipur , India
| | - Pierre D Harvey
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sherbrooke , 2500 Boulevard de l'Université , Sherbrooke , Quebec J1K 2R1 , Canada
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31
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Yan W, Jiang D, Liu Q, Kang Q, Zhou F. Solar Cells Constructed with Polythiophene Thin Films Grown along Tethered Thiophene-Dye Conjugates via Photoelectrochemical Polymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:18755-18762. [PMID: 31026134 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A polythiophene-based solar cell (PTSC) is constructed by photoelectrochemically polymerizing thiophene onto an ultrathin compact TiO2 layer (150 nm thick) covered with a sub-monolayer of tethered 3-{5-[ N, N-bis(4-diphenylamino)phenyl]thieno[3,2- b]thiophen-2-yl}-2-cyano-acrylic acid dye (ca. 10% coverage). The influence of morphology and thickness of the PT film on the photocurrent generated by the PTSC was investigated. With a 270 nm thick PT film and 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis( N, N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene serving as the hole-transport material, the PTSC exhibited a short-circuit current density JSC of 12.90 ± 0.63 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage VOC of 0.81 ± 0.01 V, and a fill factor of 0.72 ± 0.01. The high conversion efficiency (7.52 ± 0.58%) of the PTSC is attributed to the controlled PT growth along the ordered and spatially accessible dye molecules at the compact TiO2 layer, which facilitates charge transfer, prevents the hole/electron recombination, and simplifies the polymer solar cell construction with a stable and easily processable material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan 410083 , P. R. China
| | - Dianlu Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90032 , United States
| | - Qinghua Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan 410083 , P. R. China
| | - Qing Kang
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology , University of Jinan , Jinan , Shandong 250022 , P. R. China
| | - Feimeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90032 , United States
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32
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Lu J, Feng X, Huan Y, Chen N, Li R, Lai W, Liu B, Gao D, Huang W. Influence of the intramolecular donor-acceptor distance on the performance of double-cable polymers. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Modeling of High-Efficiency Multi-Junction Polymer and Hybrid Solar Cells to Absorb Infrared Light. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11020383. [PMID: 30960367 PMCID: PMC6419226 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present our work on high-efficiency multi-junction polymer and hybrid solar cells. The transfer matrix method is used for optical modeling of an organic solar cell, which was inspired by the McGehee Group in Stanford University. The software simulation calculates the optimal thicknesses of the active layers to provide the best short circuit current (JSC) value. First, we show three designs of multi-junction polymer solar cells, which can absorb sunlight beyond the 1000 nm wavelengths. Then we present a novel high-efficiency hybrid (organic and inorganic) solar cell, which can absorb the sunlight with a wavelength beyond 2500 nm. Approximately 12% efficiency was obtained for the multi-junction polymer solar cell and 20% efficiency was obtained from every two-, three- and four-junction hybrid solar cell under 1 sun AM1.5 illumination.
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34
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Tran VH, Park H, Eom SH, Yoon SC, Lee SH. Modified SnO 2 with Alkali Carbonates as Robust Electron-Transport Layers for Inverted Organic Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:18398-18410. [PMID: 31458412 PMCID: PMC6643860 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report for the first time that alkali carbonates (Li2CO3, K2CO3, and Rb2CO3) based on a low-temperature solution process can be used as interfacial modifiers for SnO2 as robust electron-transport layers (ETL) for inverted organic solar cells (iOSCs). The room-temperature photoluminescence, the electron-only devices, and the impedance studies altogether suggested the interfacial properties of the alkali carbonates-modified SnO2 ETLs, which were much better than those based on the SnO2 only, provided efficient charge transport, and reduced the charge recombination rates for iOSCs. The iOSCs using the polymer donor poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-)-2-carboxylate-2-6-diyl] and the fullerene acceptor phenyl-C70-butyric acid methyl ester as the active layer showed the average power-conversion efficiencies (PCEs) based on ten devices of 6.70, 6.85, and 7.35% with Li2CO3-, K2CO3-, and Rb2CO3-modified SnO2 as ETLs, respectively; these are more than 22, 24, and 33% higher than those based on the SnO2 only (5.49%). Moreover, these iOSC devices exhibited long-term stabilities, with over 90% PCEs remaining after the devices were stored in ambient air for 6 weeks without encapsulations. We believe that alkali carbonates-modified SnO2 approaches are an effective way to achieve stable and highly efficient iOSCs and might also be suitable for other optoelectronic devices where an ETL is needed, such as perovskite solar cells or organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Huong Tran
- School
of Advanced Materials Engineering and Research Center of Advanced
Materials Development and School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanok Park
- School
of Advanced Materials Engineering and Research Center of Advanced
Materials Development and School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hun Eom
- Division
of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute
of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic
of Korea
| | - Sung Cheol Yoon
- Division
of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute
of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic
of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyoung Lee
- School
of Advanced Materials Engineering and Research Center of Advanced
Materials Development and School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
- E-mail: . Tel: +82 63-270-2435. Fax: +82 63-270-2306
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35
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Gaspar H, Figueira F, Pereira L, Mendes A, Viana JC, Bernardo G. Recent Developments in the Optimization of the Bulk Heterojunction Morphology of Polymer: Fullerene Solar Cells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2560. [PMID: 30558380 PMCID: PMC6316550 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, made with semiconducting polymers, have recently attained a power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 14% in single junction cells and over 17% in tandem cells. These high performances, together with the suitability of the technology to inexpensive large-scale manufacture, over lightweight and flexible plastic substrates using roll-to-roll (R2R) processing, place the technology amongst the most promising for future harvesting of solar energy. Although OPVs using non-fullerene acceptors have recently outperformed their fullerene-based counterparts, the research in the development of new fullerenes and in the improvement of the bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) morphology and device efficiency of polymer:fullerene solar cells remains very active. In this review article, the most relevant research works performed over the last 3 years, that is, since the year 2016 onwards, in the field of fullerene-based polymer solar cells based on the copolymers PTB7, PTB7-Th (also known as PBDTTT-EFT) and PffBT4T-2OD, are presented and discussed. This review is primarily focused on studies that involve the improvement of the BHJ morphology, efficiency and stability of small active area devices (typically < 15 mm²), through the use of different processing strategies such as the use of different fullerene acceptors, different processing solvents and additives and different thermal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Gaspar
- IPC/i3N-Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Flávio Figueira
- QOPNA, Departament of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Luiz Pereira
- Department of Physics and i3N-Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Adélio Mendes
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Júlio C Viana
- IPC/i3N-Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Gabriel Bernardo
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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36
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Liu CF, Liu X, Lai WY, Huang W. Organic Light-Emitting Field-Effect Transistors: Device Geometries and Fabrication Techniques. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802466. [PMID: 30101548 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs), as novel and attractive kinds of organic electronic devices, have gained extensive attention from both academia and industry. The unique device architectures can simultaneously combine the electrical switching functionality of organic field-effect transistors and the light generation capability of organic light-emitting diodes in a single device, thereby holding great promise for reducing the complicated processes of next-generation pixel circuitry. This review involves the design, fabrication, and applications of OLETs with a comprehensive coverage of this field with the aim to give a deep insight into the intrinsic mechanisms of devices. Challenges and future prospects of OLETs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lai
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127, West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127, West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
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37
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Vilkman M, Väisänen KL, Apilo P, Po R, Välimäki M, Ylikunnari M, Bernardi A, Pernu T, Corso G, Seitsonen J, Heinilehto S, Ruokolainen J, Hast J. Effect of the Electron Transport Layer on the Interfacial Energy Barriers and Lifetime of R2R Printed Organic Solar Cell Modules. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2018; 1:5977-5985. [PMID: 30506039 PMCID: PMC6259049 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.8b01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the phenomena at interfaces is crucial for producing efficient and stable flexible organic solar cell modules. Minimized energy barriers enable efficient charge transfer, and good adhesion allows mechanical and environmental stability and thus increased lifetime. We utilize here the inverted organic solar module stack and standard photoactive materials (a blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester) to study the interfaces in a pilot scale large-area roll-to-roll (R2R) process. The results show that the adhesion and work function of the zinc oxide nanoparticle based electron transport layer can be controlled in the R2R process, which allows optimization of performance and lifetime. Plasma treatment of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and encapsulation-induced oxygen trapping will increase the absolute value of the ZnO work function, resulting in energy barriers and an S-shaped IV curve. However, light soaking will decrease the zinc oxide work function close to the original value and the S-shape can be recovered, leading to power conversion efficiencies above 3%. We present also an electrical simulation, which supports the results. Finally, we study the effect of plasma treatment in more detail and show that we can effectively remove the organic ligands around the ZnO nanoparticles from the printed layer in a R2R process, resulting in increased adhesion. This postprinting plasma treatment increases the lifetime of the R2R printed modules significantly with modules retaining 80% of their efficiency for ∼3000 h in accelerated conditions. Without plasma treatment, this efficiency level is reached in less than 1000 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Vilkman
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 3, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kaisa-Leena Väisänen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, P.O.
Box 1100, FI-90571 Oulu, Finland
| | - Pälvi Apilo
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, P.O.
Box 1100, FI-90571 Oulu, Finland
| | - Riccardo Po
- Eni S.p.A, Renewable Energy & Environmental R&D, Via Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Marja Välimäki
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, P.O.
Box 1100, FI-90571 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mari Ylikunnari
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, P.O.
Box 1100, FI-90571 Oulu, Finland
| | - Andrea Bernardi
- Eni S.p.A, Renewable Energy & Environmental R&D, Via Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Tapio Pernu
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 3, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Gianni Corso
- Eni S.p.A, Renewable Energy & Environmental R&D, Via Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Jani Seitsonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto School
of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Santtu Heinilehto
- University of Oulu, Center of Microscopy
and Nanotechnology, Erkki-Koisokanttilan
katu 3, P.O. Box 7150, FI-90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto School
of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jukka Hast
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, P.O.
Box 1100, FI-90571 Oulu, Finland
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38
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Dong S, Zhang K, Liu X, Yin Q, Yip HL, Huang F, Cao Y. Efficient organic-inorganic hybrid cathode interfacial layer enabled by polymeric dopant and its application in large-area polymer solar cells. Sci China Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-018-9350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Chen HC, Jiang BH, Hsu CP, Tsai YY, Jeng RJ, Chen CP, Wong KT. The Twisted Benzo[ghi
]-Perylenetriimide Dimer as a 3D Electron Acceptor for Fullerene-Free Organic Photovoltaics. Chemistry 2018; 24:17590-17597. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry; National (Taiwan) University; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Bing-Huang Jiang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology; National (Taiwan) University; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ping Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Yao-Yu Tsai
- Department of Materials Engineering; Ming Chi University of Technology; New Taipei City 243 Taiwan
| | - Ru-Jong Jeng
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology; National (Taiwan) University; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Materials Engineering; Ming Chi University of Technology; New Taipei City 243 Taiwan
| | - Ken-Tsung Wong
- Department of Chemistry; National (Taiwan) University; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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40
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Nair AT, Palappra SP, Reddy VS. Influence of Ag Nanostructure Location on the Absorption Enhancement in Polymer Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:32483-32491. [PMID: 30168314 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The optical absorption enhancement in Ag nanocube (NC)- and nanosphere (NS)-embedded poly[ N-9'-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole- alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)]:[6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester active layer was calculated using three-dimensional finite-difference time domain simulations. The simulations were carried out by incorporating Ag nanostructures as a two-dimensional array at various locations in the active layer matrix. High absorption enhancements of 53 and 61% were achieved with NSs and NCs, respectively, when they were incorporated at the top portion of the active layer. The influence of various passivation layers on the absorption enhancement was also investigated. The simulation results revealed that the absorption enhancement is mainly due to the near-field enhancement around the nanostructures and the backward reflection of incident light from the nanostructure array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijith T Nair
- Organic and Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics , National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC) , Calicut 673 601 , Kerala , India
| | - Shamjid P Palappra
- Organic and Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics , National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC) , Calicut 673 601 , Kerala , India
| | - V S Reddy
- Organic and Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics , National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC) , Calicut 673 601 , Kerala , India
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41
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Hu L, Jin W, Feng R, Zaheer M, Nie Q, Chen G, Qiu ZJ, Cong C, Liu R. Photovoltage Reversal in Organic Optoelectronic Devices with Insulator-Semiconductor Interfaces. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1530. [PMID: 30149604 PMCID: PMC6163970 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced space-charges in organic optoelectronic devices, which are usually caused by poor mobility and charge injection imbalance, always limit the device performance. Here we demonstrate that photoinduced space-charge layers, accumulated at organic semiconductor-insulator interfaces, can also play a role for photocurrent generation. Photocurrent transients from organic devices, with insulator-semiconductor interfaces, were systematically studied by using the double-layer model with an equivalent circuit. Results indicated that the electric fields in photoinduced space-charge layers can be utilized for charge generation and can even induce a photovoltage reversal. Such an operational process of light harvesting would be promising for photoelectric conversion in organic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laigui Hu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Wei Jin
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Rui Feng
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Muhammad Zaheer
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Qingmiao Nie
- Department of Applied Physics, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Guoping Chen
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zhi-Jun Qiu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Chunxiao Cong
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Ran Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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42
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Abstract
We have developed an ultraflexible organic photovoltaic (OPV) that achieves sufficient thermal stability of up to 120 °C and a high power conversion efficiency of 10% with a total thickness of 3 μm. By combining an inherently stable donor:acceptor blend as the active layer and ultrathin substrate and barriers with excellent thermal capability, we were able to overcome the trade-offs between efficiency, stability, and device thickness. The ultraflexible and thermally stable OPV can be easily integrated into textiles through the commercially available hot-melt process without causing performance degradation, thereby presenting great potential as a ubiquitous and wearable power source in daily life. Flexible photovoltaics with extreme mechanical compliance present appealing possibilities to power Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and wearable electronic devices. Although improvement in thermal stability is essential, simultaneous achievement of high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and thermal stability in flexible organic photovoltaics (OPVs) remains challenging due to the difficulties in maintaining an optimal microstructure of the active layer under thermal stress. The insufficient thermal capability of a plastic substrate and the environmental influences cannot be fully expelled by ultrathin barrier coatings. Here, we have successfully fabricated ultraflexible OPVs with initial efficiencies of up to 10% that can endure temperatures of over 100 °C, maintaining 80% of the initial efficiency under accelerated testing conditions for over 500 hours in air. Particularly, we introduce a low-bandgap poly(benzodithiophene-cothieno[3,4-b]thiophene) (PBDTTT) donor polymer that forms a sturdy microstructure when blended with a fullerene acceptor. We demonstrate a feasible way to adhere ultraflexible OPVs onto textiles through a hot-melt process without causing severe performance degradation.
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43
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Wang F, Hashimoto K, Segawa H, Tajima K. Effects of Chain Orientation in Self-Organized Buffer Layers Based on Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s for Organic Photovoltaics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:8901-8908. [PMID: 29457447 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface-segregated monolayers (SSMs) based on two poly(3-alkylthiophene)s with semifluoroalkyl groups at either the side chains (P3DDFT) or one end of the main chain (P3BT-F17) were used as self-organized buffer layers at the electrode interfaces in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaic devices. Both of the SSMs greatly shifted the vacuum levels of the BHJ films at the surface due to the aligned permanent dipole moments of the semifluoroalkyl chains. Hole extraction in the BHJ of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) became more efficient in the presence of the P3DDFT buffer layer, resulting in an improved power conversion efficiency. In contrast, the SSM of P3BT-F17 induced changes in the chain orientation of P3HT and the morphology of the BHJ films, resulting in decreased performance. These results indicate that the molecular design of polymer-based SSMs can affect not only the energy structure at the interface but also the morphology and the molecular orientations in the BHJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanji Wang
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako, Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Kazuhito Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Segawa
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology , The University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904 , Japan
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902 , Japan
| | - Keisuke Tajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako, Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
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Hsu HL, Chao YC, Liao YH, Chung CL, Peng YJ, Chen CP, Jeng RJ. Embedding a Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Cross-linking Interfacial Layer Enhances the Performance of Organic Photovoltaics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:8885-8892. [PMID: 29457715 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we prepared DPPBTDA, a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based small molecule presenting a terminal cross-linkable azido group, as a cathode modifying layer for organic photovoltaics (OPVs) having the inverted device structure glass/indium tin oxide/zinc oxide (ZnO) with or without the interfacial layer (IFL)/active layer/MoO3/Ag. The active layer comprising a blend of poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thien-2-yl)benzo[1,2- b;4,5- b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl- alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4- b]thiophene)-2-carboxylate-2,6-diyl] (PTB7-Th) as the electron donor and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as the electron acceptor. Atomic force microscopy, space-charge-limited current mobility, surface energy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis depth profile, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, and OPV performance data revealed that the surface status of ZnO changed after inserting the DPPBTDA/PCBM hybrid IFL and induced an optimized blend morphology, having a preferred gradient distribution of the conjugated polymer and PC71BM, for efficient carrier transport. The power conversion efficiency (AM 1.5 G, 1000 W m-2) of the device incorporating the hybrid IFL increased to 9.4 ± 0.11% from 8.5 ± 0.15% for the preoptimized PTB7-Th/PCBM device (primarily because of an enhancement in the fill factor from 68.7 ± 1.1 to 72.1 ± 0.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Lin Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chieh Chao
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hua Liao
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lin Chung
- Department of Materials Engineering , Ming Chi University of Technology , New Taipei City 243 , Taiwan
| | - Ya-Juan Peng
- Department of Materials Engineering , Ming Chi University of Technology , New Taipei City 243 , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Materials Engineering , Ming Chi University of Technology , New Taipei City 243 , Taiwan
| | - Ru-Jong Jeng
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
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Govaerts S, Kesters J, Defour M, Van Mele B, Penxten H, Neupane S, Renner FU, Lutsen L, Vanderzande D, Maes W. Conjugated ionic (co)polythiophene-based cathode interlayers for bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Liu M, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Zhao L. Wide Band Gap Polymer Based on Indacenodithiophene and Acenaphthoquinoxaline for Efficient Polymer Solar Cells Application. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E578. [PMID: 30965887 PMCID: PMC6418946 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A new wide band gap polymer PIDT-AQx with indacenodithiophene (IDT) as the electron-rich unit and acenaphthoquinoxaline (AQx) as the electron-deficient unit has been designed and synthesized. The optical band gap of PIDT-AQx was 1.81 eV with a HOMO energy level of -5.13 eV. Polymer solar cells with the blend of PIDT-AQx/PC71BM as the active layer achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.56%, with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.84 V, a current density (Jsc) of 9.88 mA cm-2, and a fill factor (FF) of 55% without any solvent additives and pre- or post-treatments. The photovoltaic performance of PIDT-AQx could be slightly improved with a PCE up to 4.78% after thermal annealing due to enhanced Jsc. The results indicate that acenaphthoquinoxaline is a promising building block for developing conjugated polymers for efficient solar cells application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Zhitian Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Liancheng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
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Jia T, Sun C, Xu R, Chen Z, Yin Q, Jin Y, Yip HL, Huang F, Cao Y. Naphthalene Diimide Based n-Type Conjugated Polymers as Efficient Cathode Interfacial Materials for Polymer and Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:36070-36081. [PMID: 28948767 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of naphthalene diimide (NDI) based n-type conjugated polymers with amino-functionalized side groups and backbones were synthesized and used as cathode interlayers (CILs) in polymer and perovskite solar cells. Because of controllable amine side groups, all the resulting polymers exhibited distinct electronic properties such as oxidation potential of side chains, charge carrier mobilities, self-doping behaviors, and interfacial dipoles. The influences of the chemical variation of amine groups on the cathode interfacial effects were further investigated in both polymer and perovskite solar cells. We found that the decreased electron-donating property and enhanced steric hindrance of amine side groups substantially weaken the capacities of altering the work function of the cathode and trap passivation of the perovskite film, which induced ineffective interfacial modifications and declining device performance. Moreover, with further improvement of the backbone design through the incorporation of a rigid acetylene spacer, the resulting polymers substantially exhibited an enhanced electron-transporting property. Upon use as CILs, high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 10.1% and 15.2% were, respectively, achieved in polymer and perovskite solar cells. Importantly, these newly developed n-type polymers were allowed to be processed over a broad thickness range of CILs in photovoltaic devices, and a prominent PCE of over 8% for polymer solar cells and 13.5% for perovskite solar cells can be achieved with the thick interlayers over 100 nm, which is beneficial for roll-to-roll coating processes. Our findings contribute toward a better understanding of the structure-performance relationship between CIL material design and solar cell performance, and provide important insights and guidelines for the design of high-performance n-type CIL materials for organic and perovskite optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jia
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chen Sun
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Rongguo Xu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Qingwu Yin
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yaocheng Jin
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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Li S, Liu W, Li CZ, Shi M, Chen H. Efficient Organic Solar Cells with Non-Fullerene Acceptors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1701120. [PMID: 28737255 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene-free OSCs employing n-type small molecules or polymers as the acceptors have recently experienced a rapid rise with efficiencies exceeding 12%. Owing to the good optoelectronic and morphological tunabilities, non-fullerene acceptors exhibit great potential for realizing high-performance and practical OSCs. In this Review, recent exciting progress made in developing highly efficient non-fullerene acceptors is summarized, mainly correlating factors like absorption, energy loss and morphology of new materials to their correspondent photovoltaic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuixing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Minmin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hongzheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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Efficient Inverted Organic Solar Cells Based on a Fullerene Derivative-Modified Transparent Cathode. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10091064. [PMID: 28891990 PMCID: PMC5615718 DOI: 10.3390/ma10091064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a transparent conductive material which is extensively used in organic solar cells (OSCs) as electrodes. In inverted OSCs, ITO is usually employed as a cathode, which should be modified by cathode buffer layers (CBLs) to achieve better contact with the active layers. In this paper, an amine group functionalized fullerene derivative (DMAPA-C60) is used as a CBL to modify the transparent cathode ITO in inverted OSCs based on PTB7 as a donor and PC71BM as an acceptor. Compared with traditional ZnO CBL, DMAPA-C60 exhibited comparable transmittance. OSCs based on DMAPA-C60 show much better device performance compared with their ZnO counterparts (power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) improved from 6.24 to 7.43%). This is mainly because a better contact between the DMAPA-C60 modified ITO and the active layer is formed, which leads to better electron transport and collection. Nanoscale morphologies also demonstrate that the surface of DMAPA-C60-modified ITO is plainer than the ZnO counterparts, which also leads to the better device performance.
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Tai Q, Yan F. Emerging Semitransparent Solar Cells: Materials and Device Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28683169 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Semitransparent solar cells can provide not only efficient power-generation but also appealing images and show promising applications in building integrated photovoltaics, wearable electronics, photovoltaic vehicles and so forth in the future. Such devices have been successfully realized by incorporating transparent electrodes in new generation low-cost solar cells, including organic solar cells (OSCs), dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) and organometal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this review, the advances in the preparation of semitransparent OSCs, DSCs, and PSCs are summarized, focusing on the top transparent electrode materials and device designs, which are all crucial to the performance of these devices. Techniques for optimizing the efficiency, color and transparency of the devices are addressed in detail. Finally, a summary of the research field and an outlook into the future development in this area are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidong Tai
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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