1
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Alam MM, Howlader MMR. High performance nonenzymatic electrochemical sensors via thermally grown Cu native oxides (CuNOx) towards sweat glucose monitoring. Analyst 2024; 149:712-728. [PMID: 37755066 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01153d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes, which is the seventh leading cause of death globally, necessitates real-time blood glucose monitoring, a process that is often invasive. A promising alternative is sweat glucose monitoring, which typically uses transition metals and their oxide nanomaterials as sensors. Despite their excellent surface-to-volume ratio, these materials have some drawbacks, including poor conductivity, structural collapse, and aggregation. As a result, selecting highly electroconductive materials and optimizing their nanostructures is critical. In this work, we developed a high-performance, low-cost, nonenzymatic sensor for sweat glucose detection, using the thermally grown native oxide of copper (CuNOx). By heating Cu foil at 160, 250, and 280 °C, we grew a native oxide layer of approximately 140 nm cupric oxide (CuO), which is excellent for glucose electrocatalysis. Using cyclic voltammetry, we found that our CuNOx sensors prepared at 280 °C exhibited a sensitivity of 1795 μA mM-1 cm-2, a linear range up to the desired limit of 1.00 mM for sweat glucose with excellent linearity (R2 = 0.9844), and a lower limit of detection of 135.39 μM. For glucose sensing, the redox couple Cu(II)/Cu(III) oxidizes glucose to gluconolactone and subsequently to gluconic acid, producing an oxidation current in an alkaline environment. Our sensors showed excellent repeatability and stability (remaining stable for over a year) with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.48% and 4.17%, respectively, for 1 mM glucose. The selectivity, when tested with common interferants found in human sweat and blood, showed an RSD of 4.32%. We hope that the electrocatalytic efficacy of the thermally grown CuNOx sensors for glucose sensing can introduce new avenues in the fabrication of sweat glucose sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksud M Alam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Matiar M R Howlader
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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2
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Govindaraj M, Srivastava A, Muthukumaran MK, Tsai PC, Lin YC, Raja BK, Rajendran J, Ponnusamy VK, Arockia Selvi J. Current advancements and prospects of enzymatic and non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126680. [PMID: 37673151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the most current developments and future perspectives in enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose sensors, which have notably evolved over the preceding quadrennial period. Furthermore, a thorough exploration encompassed the sensor's intricate fabrication processes, the diverse range of materials employed, the underlying principles of detection, and an in-depth assessment of the sensors' efficacy in detecting glucose levels within essential bodily fluids such as human blood serums, urine, saliva, and interstitial fluids. It is worth noting that the accurate quantification of glucose concentrations within human blood has been effectively achieved by utilizing classical enzymatic sensors harmoniously integrated with optical and electrochemical transduction mechanisms. Monitoring glucose levels in various mediums has attracted exceptional attention from industrial to academic researchers for diabetes management, food quality control, clinical medicine, and bioprocess inspection. There has been an enormous demand for the creation of novel glucose sensors over the past ten years. Research has primarily concentrated on succeeding biocompatible and enhanced sensing abilities related to the present technologies, offering innovative avenues for more effective glucose sensors. Recent developments in wearable optical and electrochemical sensors with low cost, high stability, point-of-care testing, and online tracking of glucose concentration levels in biological fluids can aid in managing and controlling diabetes globally. New nanomaterials and biomolecules that can be used in electrochemical sensor systems to identify glucose concentration levels are developed thanks to advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Both enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensors have garnered much interest recently and have made significant strides in detecting glucose levels. In this review, we summarise several categories of non-enzymatic glucose sensor materials, including composites, non-precious transition metals and their metal oxides, hydroxides, precious metals and their alloys, carbon-based materials, conducting polymers, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based electrocatalysts, and wearable device-based glucose sensors deeply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumar Govindaraj
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Ananya Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Magesh Kumar Muthukumaran
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
| | - Yuan-Chung Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Bharathi Kannan Raja
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jerome Rajendran
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan.
| | - J Arockia Selvi
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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3
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Şen M, Azizi E, Avcı İ, Aykaç A, Ensarioğlu K, Ok İ, Yavuz GF, Güneş F. Screen printed carbon electrodes modified with 3D nanostructured materials for bioanalysis. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - İpek Avcı
- Izmir Katip Celebi Universitesi TURKEY
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4
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Liaqat I, Iqbal N, Aslam M, Nasir M, Hayat A, Han DX, Niu L, Nawaz MH. Co3O4 nanocubes decorated single-walled carbon nanotubes for efficient electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensing. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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5
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Gao Y, Yu Q, Du Y, Yang M, Gao L, Rao S, Yang Z, Lan Q, Yang Z. Synthesis of Co3O4-NiO nano-needles for amperometric sensing of glucose. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Premlatha S, Selvarani K, Ramesh Bapu GNK. Facile Electrodeposition of Hierarchical Co-Gd2
O3
Nanocomposites for Highly Selective and Sensitive Electrochemical Sensing of L-Cysteine. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Premlatha
- Research Scholar; CSIR-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Phone: +91 4565 241551, Mobile: +91 9994891833
- Electroplating and Metal Finishing Technology Division
| | - Karunagaran Selvarani
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division; CSIR- Central Electrochemical Research Institute; Karaikudi- 630 003 (Tamilnadu INDIA
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7
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High-performance non-enzymatic catalysts based on 3D hierarchical hollow porous Co3O4 nanododecahedras in situ decorated on carbon nanotubes for glucose detection and biofuel cell application. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2019-2029. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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8
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Cendrowski K, Zenderowska A, Bieganska A, Mijowska E. Graphene nanoflakes functionalized with cobalt/cobalt oxides formation during cobalt organic framework carbonization. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:7722-7732. [PMID: 28561843 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01048f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we present the synthesis and carbonization mechanism of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on cobalt and terephthalic acid, with detailed attention to the carbonization mechanism of cobalt-based organic frameworks. The evolution of the unique morphology of carbonized cobalt organic frameworks induced by temperature allows the synthesis of a hybrid of multi-layered carbon structures with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles placed between them. The formation of various phases and diameter distributions of cobalt nanoparticles resulted in the partial degradation of carbon structure and exfoliation. Presented data describe the connection between cobalt particle oxidation and carboreduction with the phenomenon of metal particle agglomeration. The presented study allows us to select carbonization conditions in order to obtain the desired cobalt crystalline structure on the graphene flakes from cobalt-based MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Cendrowski
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland.
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9
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Rajeshkhanna G, Umeshbabu E, Ranga Rao G. Charge storage, electrocatalytic and sensing activities of nest-like nanostructured Co3O4. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 487:20-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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A glassy carbon electrode modified with ordered nanoporous Co3O4 for non-enzymatic sensing of glucose. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Lin X, Wang Y, He W, Ni Y, Kokot S. Nano-composite of Co3O4 and Cu with enhanced stability and catalytic performance for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11540g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A non-enzymatic glucose sensor (Co3O4–CuNPs/Pt) was successfully constructed by a dropping method and a potentiostatic deposition technology. This sensor was used successfully for the quantitative analysis of trace glucose in serum sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Lin
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330031
- China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330031
- China
| | - Wenhui He
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330031
- China
| | - Yongnian Ni
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330031
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
| | - Serge Kokot
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane 4001
- Australia
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12
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Wang Y, Ji Z, Shen X, Zhu G, Wang J, Yue X. Facile growth of Cu2O hollow cubes on reduced graphene oxide with remarkable electrocatalytic performance for non-enzymatic glucose detection. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile and eco-friendly strategy was developed to grow highly dispersed Cu2O hollow nanocubes on RGO sheets, which exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity for glucose oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenyuan Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Guoxing Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Jiheng Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang 212003
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Yue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
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13
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Song J, Su P, Yang Y, Yang Y. Efficient immobilization of enzymes onto magnetic nanoparticles by DNA strand displacement: a stable and high-performance biocatalyst. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00284j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An efficient enzyme immobilization strategy based on toehold-mediated DNA strand displacement on modified magnetic nanoparticles was developed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
| | - Ye Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
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14
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Rao H, Ma Y, Xue Z, Du X, Zhao G, Li S. Amperometric Determination of Maltol using a Cobalt Oxide-Assembled MCM-41 Composite-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1225749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Rao
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yaya Ma
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Xue
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xinzhen Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Guohu Zhao
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shenyin Li
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
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15
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Mani S, Vediyappan V, Chen SM, Madhu R, Pitchaimani V, Chang JY, Liu SB. Hydrothermal synthesis of NiWO4 crystals for high performance non-enzymatic glucose biosensors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24128. [PMID: 27087561 PMCID: PMC4834566 DOI: 10.1038/srep24128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile hydrothermal route for the synthesis of ordered NiWO4 nanocrystals, which show promising applications as high performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor is reported. The NiWO4-modified electrodes showed excellent sensitivity (269.6 μA mM(-1 )cm(-2)) and low detection limit (0.18 μM) for detection of glucose with desirable selectivity, stability, and tolerance to interference, rendering their prospective applications as cost-effective, enzyme-free glucose sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Mani
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Veeramani Vediyappan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Rajesh Madhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | | | - Jia-Yaw Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Bin Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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16
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Sheng Q, Liu D, Zheng J. NiCo alloy nanoparticles anchored on polypyrrole/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for nonenzymatic glucose sensing. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01264g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The combination of PPy and graphene oxide was used as an effective supporting substrate for the loading of alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Sheng
- Institute of Analytical Science
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Duo Liu
- Institute of Analytical Science
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Jianbin Zheng
- Institute of Analytical Science
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- China
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17
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Niu X, Li X, Pan J, He Y, Qiu F, Yan Y. Recent advances in non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors based on non-precious transition metal materials: opportunities and challenges. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12506a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarize the latest advances of non-enzymatic glucose detection using non-noble transition metal materials, highlighting their opportunities and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangheng Niu
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Xin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Jianming Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Yanfang He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Fengxian Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Yan
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
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18
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Han S, Du T, Lai L, Jiang X, Cheng C, Jiang H, Wang X. Highly sensitive biosensor based on the synergistic effect of Fe3O4–Co3O4 bimetallic oxides and graphene. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18242a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synergistic effect of Fe3O4–Co3O4 nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide allows the sensitive electrochemical detection of dopamine and uric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanying Han
- State Key Lab of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory)
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Tianyu Du
- State Key Lab of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory)
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Lanmei Lai
- State Key Lab of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory)
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Xuerui Jiang
- State Key Lab of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory)
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Chuansheng Cheng
- State Key Lab of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory)
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Lab of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory)
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory)
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
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