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Wang D, Xin C, Yang L, Wang L, Liu B, Wu H, Wang C, Pan D, Ren Z, Hu Y, Li J, Chu J, Wu D. Femtosecond Laser Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Bubble-Propelled Microrotors for Multicomponent Mechanical Transmission. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3176-3185. [PMID: 38436575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by the reverse thrust generated by fuel injection, micromachines that are self-propelled by bubble ejection are developed, such as microrods, microtubes, and microspheres. However, controlling bubble ejection sites to build micromachines with programmable actuation and further enabling mechanical transmission remain challenging. Here, bubble-propelled mechanical microsystems are constructed by proposing a multimaterial femtosecond laser processing method, consisting of direct laser writing and selective laser metal reduction. The polymer frame of the microsystems is first printed, followed by the deposition of catalytic platinum into the desired local site of the microsystems by laser reduction. With this method, a variety of designable microrotors with selective bubble ejection sites are realized, which enable excellent mechanical transmission systems composed of single and multiple mechanical components, including a coupler, a crank slider, and a crank rocker system. We believe the presented bubble-propelled mechanical microsystems could be extended to applications in microrobotics, microfluidics, and microsensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chen Xin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Liu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bingrui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chaowei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Deng Pan
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, 111 Jiu Long Road, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhongguo Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yanlei Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jiaru Chu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Dong Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Achouri K, Chung M, Kiselev A, Martin OJF. Multipolar Pseudochirality-Induced Optical Torque. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:3275-3282. [PMID: 37743946 PMCID: PMC10515695 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
It has been observed that achiral nanoparticles, such as flat helices, may be subjected to an optical torque even when illuminated by normally incident linearly polarized light. However, the origin of this fascinating phenomenon has so far remained mostly unexplained. We therefore propose an exhaustive discussion that provides a clear and rigorous explanation for the existence of such a torque. Using multipolar theory and taking into account nonlocal interactions, we find that this torque stems from multipolar pseudochiral responses that generate both spin and orbital angular momenta. We also show that the nature of these peculiar responses makes them particularly dependent on the asymmetry of the particles. By elucidating the origin of this type of torque, this work may prove instrumental for the design of high-performance nano-rotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Achouri
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mintae Chung
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrei Kiselev
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J. F. Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Voß J, Wittkowski R. Dependence of the acoustic propulsion of nano- and microcones on their orientation and aspect ratio. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12858. [PMID: 37553408 PMCID: PMC10409789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research revealed the orientation-dependent propulsion of a cone-shaped colloidal particle that is exposed to a planar traveling ultrasound wave. Here, we extend the previous research by considering nano- and microcones with different aspect ratios and studying how the propulsion of a particle depends on its orientation and aspect ratio. We also study how the orientation-averaged propulsion of a cone-shaped particle, which corresponds to an isotropic ultrasound field, depends on its aspect ratio and identify an aspect ratio of 1/2 where the orientation-averaged propulsion is particularly strong. To make our simulation results easier reusable for follow-up research, we provide a corresponding simple analytic representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Voß
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Raphael Wittkowski
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Salinas G, Kuhn A, Arnaboldi S. Self-Sustained Rotation of Lorentz Force-Driven Janus Systems. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:14704-14710. [PMID: 37554549 PMCID: PMC10405271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Rotation is an interesting type of motion that is currently involved in many technological applications. In this frame, different and sophisticated external stimuli to induce rotation have been developed. In this work, we have designed a simple and original self-propelled bimetallic Janus rotor powered by the synergy between a spontaneous electric and ionic current, produced by two coupled redox reactions, and a magnetic field, placed orthogonal to the surface of the device. Such a combination induces a magnetohydrodynamic vortex at each extremity of the rotor arm, which generates an overall driving force able to propel the rotor. Furthermore, the motion of the self-polarized object can be controlled by the direction of the spontaneous electric current or the orientation of the external magnetic field, resulting in a predictable clockwise or anticlockwise motion. In addition, these devices exhibit directional corkscrew-type displacement, when representing their displacement as a function of time, producing time-space specular behavior. The concept can be used to design alternative self-mixing systems for a variety of (micro)fluidic equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Salinas
- Université
Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33607 Pessac, France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Université
Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33607 Pessac, France
| | - Serena Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Universita degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Manoj KM, Jacob VD, Kavdia M, Tamagawa H, Jaeken L, Soman V. Questioning rotary functionality in the bacterial flagellar system and proposing a murburn model for motility. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:15691-15714. [PMID: 36970840 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2191146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial flagellar system (BFS) was the primary example of a purported 'rotary-motor' functionality in a natural assembly. This mandates the translation of a circular motion of components inside into a linear displacement of the cell body outside, which is supposedly orchestrated with the following features of the BFS: (i) A chemical/electrical differential generates proton motive force (pmf, including a trans-membrane potential, TMP), which is electro-mechanically transduced by inward movement of protons via BFS. (ii) Membrane-bound proteins of BFS serve as stators and the slender filament acts as an external propeller, culminating into a hook-rod that pierces the membrane to connect to a 'broader assembly of deterministically movable rotor'. We had disclaimed the purported pmf/TMP-based respiratory/photosynthetic physiology involving Complex V, which was also perceived as a 'rotary machine' earlier. We pointed out that the murburn redox logic was operative therein. We pursue the following similar perspectives in BFS-context: (i) Low probability for the evolutionary attainment of an ordered/synchronized teaming of about two dozen types of proteins (assembled across five-seven distinct phases) towards the singular agendum of rotary motility. (ii) Vital redox activity (not the gambit of pmf/TMP!) powers the molecular and macroscopic activities of cells, including flagella. (iii) Flagellar movement is noted even in ambiances lacking/countering the directionality mandates sought by pmf/TMP. (iv) Structural features of BFS lack component(s) capable of harnessing/achieving pmf/TMP and functional rotation. A viable murburn model for conversion of molecular/biochemical activity into macroscopic/mechanical outcomes is proposed herein for understanding BFS-assisted motility. HIGHLIGHTSThe motor-like functionalism of bacterial flagellar system (BFS) is analyzedProton/Ion-differential based powering of BFS is unviable in bacteriaUncouplers-sponsored effects were misinterpreted, resulting in a detour in BFS researchThese findings mandate new explanation for nano-bio-mechanical movements in BFSA minimalist murburn model for the bacterial flagella-aided movement is proposedCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelath Murali Manoj
- Satyamjayatu, The Science & Ethics Foundation, Palakkad District, Kerala, India
| | - Vivian David Jacob
- Satyamjayatu, The Science & Ethics Foundation, Palakkad District, Kerala, India
| | - Mahendra Kavdia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Hirohisa Tamagawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Laurent Jaeken
- Department of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Karel de Grote-Hogeschool, Antwerp University Association, Belgium
| | - Vidhu Soman
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, IIT Bombay (& DSS Imagetech Pvt. Ltd), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Wu H, Chen Y, Xu W, Xin C, Wu T, Feng W, Yu H, Chen C, Jiang S, Zhang Y, Wang X, Duan M, Zhang C, Liu S, Wang D, Hu Y, Li J, Li E, Wu H, Chu J, Wu D. High-performance Marangoni hydrogel rotors with asymmetric porosity and drag reduction profile. Nat Commun 2023; 14:20. [PMID: 36596764 PMCID: PMC9810638 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Miniaturized rotors based on Marangoni effect have attracted great attentions due to their promising applications in propulsion and power generation. Despite intensive studies, the development of Marangoni rotors with high rotation output and fuel economy remains challenging. To address this challenge, we introduce an asymmetric porosity strategy to fabricate Marangoni rotor composed of thermoresponsive hydrogel and low surface tension anesthetic metabolite. Combining enhanced Marangoni propulsion of asymmetric porosity with drag reduction of well-designed profile, our rotor precedes previous studies in rotation output (~15 times) and fuel economy (~34% higher). Utilizing thermoresponsive hydrogel, the rotor realizes rapid refueling within 33 s. Moreover, iron-powder dopant further imparts the rotors with individual-specific locomotion in group under magnetic stimuli. Significantly, diverse functionalities including kinetic energy transmission, mini-generator and environmental remediation are demonstrated, which open new perspectives for designing miniaturized rotating machineries and inspire researchers in robotics, energy, and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Yiyu Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.,Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process of Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chen Xin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Shaojun Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Minghui Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Shunli Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Yanlei Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Erqiang Li
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - HengAn Wu
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jiaru Chu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Dong Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
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7
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Zheng Y, Zhao H, Cai Y, Jurado-Sánchez B, Dong R. Recent Advances in One-Dimensional Micro/Nanomotors: Fabrication, Propulsion and Application. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 15:20. [PMID: 36580129 PMCID: PMC9800686 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to their tiny size, autonomous motion and functionalize modifications, micro/nanomotors have shown great potential for environmental remediation, biomedicine and micro/nano-engineering. One-dimensional (1D) micro/nanomotors combine the characteristics of anisotropy and large aspect ratio of 1D materials with the advantages of functionalization and autonomous motion of micro/nanomotors for revolutionary applications. In this review, we discuss current research progress on 1D micro/nanomotors, including the fabrication methods, driving mechanisms, and recent advances in environmental remediation and biomedical applications, as well as discuss current challenges and possible solutions. With continuous attention and innovation, the advancement of 1D micro/nanomotors will pave the way for the continued development of the micro/nanomotor field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zheng
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - He Zhao
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuepeng Cai
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Alcala, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
- Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. del Río", University of Alcala, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Renfeng Dong
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Mu Y, Duan W, Hsu KY, Wang Z, Xu W, Wang Y. Light-Activated Colloidal Micromotors with Synthetically Tunable Shapes and Shape-Directed Propulsion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:57113-57121. [PMID: 36512379 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the propulsion modes of colloidal micromotors, from translational to spinning and helical motion, expands the versatility of their potential applications in microrobotics and micromachinery. Engineering colloidal shapes with designed asymmetry can regulate their propulsion behaviors, yet current methods rely on complicated and costly fabrication processes such as lithography. Herein, we present a solution-based synthesis of light-activated colloidal motors adopting straight and various tunable bent geometries, which feature controlled asymmetry and allow shape-directed propulsions. The keys for our strategy are the synthesis of bent silica rods with a tailored bending position and degree, together with the site-specific installation of a photoactive engine. Upon light illumination, the resulting particles propel autonomously, whereby their shape information is translated to various propulsion modes including linear locomotion, steering, and spinning. This low-cost, scalable method for fabricating micromotors with a high degree of control of shapes could promote study in microscale actuation, in active assembly, and eventually for fabrication of colloidal functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijiang Mu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Wendi Duan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Ka Yuen Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong999077, China
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9
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Wang D, Mukhtar A, Humayun M, Wu K, Du Z, Wang S, Zhang Y. A Critical Review on Nanowire-Motors: Design, Mechanism and Applications. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200016. [PMID: 35616156 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire-motors (NW-Ms) are promoting the rapid development of emerging biomedicine and environmental governance, and are an important branch of micro-nano motors in the development of nanotechnology. In recent years, huge research breakthroughs have been made in these fields in terms of the fascinating microstructure, conversion efficiency and practical applications of NW-Ms. This review article introduces the latest milestones in NW-Ms research, from production methods, driving mechanisms, control methods to targeted drug delivery, sewage detection, sensors and cell capture. The dynamics and physics of micro-nano devices are reviewed, and finally the current challenges and future research directions in this field are discussed. This review further aims to provide certain guidance for the driving of NW-Ms to meet the urgent needs of emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashuang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Aiman Mukhtar
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Muhammad Humayun
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Kaiming Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Zhilan Du
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shushen Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
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10
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Voß J, Wittkowski R. Orientation-Dependent Propulsion of Triangular Nano- and Microparticles by a Traveling Ultrasound Wave. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3604-3612. [PMID: 35263102 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on ultrasound-propelled nano- and microparticles have considered only systems in which the particle orientation is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the ultrasound. However, in future applications of these particles, they will typically be able to attain other orientations. Therefore, using direct acoustofluidic simulations, here we study how the propulsion of triangular nano- and microparticles, which are known to have a particularly efficient acoustic propulsion and are therefore promising candidates for future applications, depends on their orientation relative to the propagation direction of a traveling ultrasound wave. Our results reveal that the propulsion of the particles depends strongly on their orientation relative to the direction of wave propagation and that the particles tend to orient perpendicularly to the wave direction. We also address the orientation-averaged translational and angular velocities of the particles, which correspond to the particles' effective propulsion for an isotropic exposure to ultrasound. Our results allow assessment of how free ultrasound-propelled colloidal particles move in three spatial dimensions and thus constitute an important step toward the realization of envisaged future applications of such particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Voß
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Raphael Wittkowski
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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11
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Voß J, Wittkowski R. Acoustically propelled nano- and microcones: fast forward and backward motion. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 4:281-293. [PMID: 36132955 PMCID: PMC9417971 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00655j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We focus on cone-shaped nano- and microparticles, which have recently been found to show particularly strong propulsion when they are exposed to a traveling ultrasound wave, and study based on direct acoustofluidic computer simulations how their propulsion depends on the cones' aspect ratio. The simulations reveal that the propulsion velocity and even its sign are very sensitive to the aspect ratio, where short particles move forward whereas elongated particles move backward. Furthermore, we identify a cone shape that allows for a particularly large propulsion speed. Our results contribute to the understanding of the propulsion of ultrasound-propelled colloidal particles, suggest a method for separation and sorting of nano- and microcones concerning their aspect ratio, and provide useful guidance for future experiments and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Voß
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Raphael Wittkowski
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster D-48149 Münster Germany
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12
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Naeem S, Naeem F, Mujtaba J, Shukla AK, Mitra S, Huang G, Gulina L, Rudakovskaya P, Cui J, Tolstoy V, Gorin D, Mei Y, Solovev AA, Dey KK. Oxygen Generation Using Catalytic Nano/Micromotors. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1251. [PMID: 34683302 PMCID: PMC8541545 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous oxygen plays a vital role in driving the metabolism of living organisms and has multiple agricultural, medical, and technological applications. Different methods have been discovered to produce oxygen, including plants, oxygen concentrators and catalytic reactions. However, many such approaches are relatively expensive, involve challenges, complexities in post-production processes or generate undesired reaction products. Catalytic oxygen generation using hydrogen peroxide is one of the simplest and cleanest methods to produce oxygen in the required quantities. Chemically powered micro/nanomotors, capable of self-propulsion in liquid media, offer convenient and economic platforms for on-the-fly generation of gaseous oxygen on demand. Micromotors have opened up opportunities for controlled oxygen generation and transport under complex conditions, critical medical diagnostics and therapy. Mobile oxygen micro-carriers help better understand the energy transduction efficiencies of micro/nanoscopic active matter by careful selection of catalytic materials, fuel compositions and concentrations, catalyst surface curvatures and catalytic particle size, which opens avenues for controllable oxygen release on the level of a single catalytic microreactor. This review discusses various micro/nanomotor systems capable of functioning as mobile oxygen generators while highlighting their features, efficiencies and application potentials in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumayyah Naeem
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.N.); (F.N.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (Y.M.)
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Farah Naeem
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.N.); (F.N.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (Y.M.)
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jawayria Mujtaba
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.N.); (F.N.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (Y.M.)
| | - Ashish Kumar Shukla
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj 382355, Gujarat, India; (A.K.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Shirsendu Mitra
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj 382355, Gujarat, India; (A.K.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.N.); (F.N.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (Y.M.)
| | - Larisa Gulina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii Prospect, Petergof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Polina Rudakovskaya
- Center of Photonics & Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya Str., 121205 Moscow, Russia; (P.R.); (D.G.)
| | - Jizhai Cui
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.N.); (F.N.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (Y.M.)
| | - Valeri Tolstoy
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii Prospect, Petergof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Dmitry Gorin
- Center of Photonics & Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya Str., 121205 Moscow, Russia; (P.R.); (D.G.)
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.N.); (F.N.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (Y.M.)
| | - Alexander A. Solovev
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.N.); (F.N.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (Y.M.)
| | - Krishna Kanti Dey
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj 382355, Gujarat, India; (A.K.S.); (S.M.)
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13
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Komarov KA, Yurchenko SO. Diagrammatics of tunable interactions in anisotropic colloids in rotating electric or magnetic fields: New kind of dipole-like interactions. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:114107. [PMID: 34551538 DOI: 10.1063/5.0060705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anisotropic particles are widely presented in nature, from colloidal to bacterial systems, and control over their interactions is of crucial importance for many applications, from self-assembly of novel materials to microfluidics. Placed in rapidly rotating external electric fields, colloidal particles attain a tunable long-range and many-body part in their interactions. For spherical colloids, this approach has been shown to offer rich capabilities to construct the tunable interactions via designing the internal structure of particles and spatial hodographs of external rotating fields, but in the case of anisotropic particles, the interactions remain poorly understood. Here, we show that tunable interactions between anisotropic rod-like and spheroidal colloidal particles in rotating electric or magnetic fields can be calculated and analyzed with the diagrammatic technique we developed in the present work. With this technique, we considered an in-plane rotating electric field, obtained the long-range asymptotics of the anisotropic interactions, calculated the tunable interactions between particles rotating synchronously, and found conditions for rotator repulsion. We compared the mechanisms providing tunable interactions to those for orientational (Keesom), induction (Debye), and dispersion (London) interactions in molecular systems and found that the tunable interactions between anisotropic particles represent a novel kind of dipole-like interaction. The method can be directly generalized for magnetically induced interactions, 3D systems, and fields with spatial hodographs. The results provide significant advance in theoretical methods for tunable interactions in colloids and, therefore, are of broad interest in condensed matter, chemical physics, physical chemistry, materials science, and soft matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill A Komarov
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya str. 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav O Yurchenko
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya str. 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia
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14
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Harsha L, Bhuyan T, Maity S, Mondal PK, Ghosh SS, Bandyopadhyay D. Multifunctional liquid marbles to stabilize and transport reactive fluids. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5084-5095. [PMID: 33942823 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00310k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The self-organized transport and delivery of reactive liquids without spillage or loss of activity have been among the most daunting challenges for a long time. In this direction, we employ the concept of forming "liquid marbles" (LMs) to encapsulate and transport reactive hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) coated with functional microparticles. For example, peroxide marbles coated with a toner ink display remote-controlled magnetotactic movement inside a fluidic medium, thus overcoming the weaknesses associated with use of the bare droplets. Interestingly, in such a scenario, the coating of the marbles could also be removed or reformed by bringing the magnet towards or away from the marble. In this way, this process could ensure an on-demand remotely guided coating on the peroxide droplet or its removal. The liquid marbles carrying peroxide solutions are found to preserve the activity of the peroxide and exhibit a low evaporation rate compared with the uncoated peroxide fuel. Interestingly, oil droplets floating on the water could be recovered by introducing the armoured LMs into water under magnetic guidance. Further, the functionalized marbles could be employed as suicide bags for the on-demand delivery of reactive materials in targeted locations. Preliminary research on the antibacterial activity of such liquid marbles has proven to be effective in bacterial killing, which may create new avenues for emerging antibacterial and antibiofilm applications. Finally, such functionalized LMs have been employed to investigate the effects of surface charge on attachment of recombinant Escherichia coli bacteria expressing green fluorescent protein and monitoring the real-time imaging of bacterial death attached to the marble surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lankipalli Harsha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam - 781039, India
| | - Tamanna Bhuyan
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam - 781039, India
| | - Surjendu Maity
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam - 781039, India
| | - Pranab K Mondal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam - 781039, India
| | - Siddhartha Sankar Ghosh
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam - 781039, India and Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam - 781039, India
| | - Dipankar Bandyopadhyay
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam - 781039, India and Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam - 781039, India.
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15
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Oravczová V, Garaiová Z, Hianik T. Nanoparticles and Nanomotors Modified by Nucleic Acids Aptamers for Targeted Drug Delivery. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Díez P, Lucena-Sánchez E, Escudero A, Llopis-Lorente A, Villalonga R, Martínez-Máñez R. Ultrafast Directional Janus Pt-Mesoporous Silica Nanomotors for Smart Drug Delivery. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4467-4480. [PMID: 33677957 PMCID: PMC8719758 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Development of bioinspired nanomachines with an efficient propulsion and cargo-towing has attracted much attention in the last years due to their potential biosensing, diagnostics, and therapeutics applications. In this context, self-propelled synthetic nanomotors are promising carriers for intelligent and controlled release of therapeutic payloads. However, the implementation of this technology in real biomedical applications is still facing several challenges. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of innovative multifunctional gated platinum-mesoporous silica nanomotors constituted of a propelling element (platinum nanodendrite face), a drug-loaded nanocontainer (mesoporous silica nanoparticle face), and a disulfide-containing oligo(ethylene glycol) chain (S-S-PEG) as a gating system. These Janus-type nanomotors present an ultrafast self-propelled motion due to the catalytic decomposition of low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Likewise, nanomotors exhibit a directional movement, which drives the engines toward biological targets, THP-1 cancer cells, as demonstrated using a microchip device that mimics penetration from capillary to postcapillary vessels. This fast and directional displacement facilitates the rapid cellular internalization and the on-demand specific release of a cytotoxic drug into the cytosol, due to the reduction of the disulfide bonds of the capping ensemble by intracellular glutathione levels. In the microchip device and in the absence of fuel, nanomotors are neither able to move directionally nor reach cancer cells and deliver their cargo, revealing that the fuel is required to get into inaccessible areas and to enhance nanoparticle internalization and drug release. Our proposed nanosystem shows many of the suitable characteristics for ideal biomedical destined nanomotors, such as rapid autonomous motion, versatility, and stimuli-responsive controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Díez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigacio′n de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnolo′gico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica
de València, Universitat de València,
Spain, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigacio′n en Mecanismos de Enfermedades
y Nanomedicina, Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Centro
de Investigacio′n Príncipe Felipe, 46012 València, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Lucena-Sánchez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigacio′n de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnolo′gico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica
de València, Universitat de València,
Spain, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigacio′n en Mecanismos de Enfermedades
y Nanomedicina, Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Centro
de Investigacio′n Príncipe Felipe, 46012 València, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Escudero
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigacio′n de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnolo′gico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica
de València, Universitat de València,
Spain, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigacio′n en Mecanismos de Enfermedades
y Nanomedicina, Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Centro
de Investigacio′n Príncipe Felipe, 46012 València, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Llopis-Lorente
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigacio′n de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnolo′gico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica
de València, Universitat de València,
Spain, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigacio′n en Mecanismos de Enfermedades
y Nanomedicina, Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Centro
de Investigacio′n Príncipe Felipe, 46012 València, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Reynaldo Villalonga
- Nanosensors
& Nanomachines Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty
of Chemistry, Complutense University of
Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigacio′n de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnolo′gico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica
de València, Universitat de València,
Spain, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigacio′n en Mecanismos de Enfermedades
y Nanomedicina, Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Centro
de Investigacio′n Príncipe Felipe, 46012 València, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Politècnica de València,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 València, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- E-mail:
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17
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Zhang X, Xie W, Wang H, Zhang Z. Magnetic matchstick micromotors with switchable motion modes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3797-3800. [PMID: 33876125 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00773d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability to in situ tune various motion modes of micromotors is challenging, yet critical for any practical applications of micromotors in complex microenvironments. Here, we designed and synthesized magnetic matchstick micromotors with two motion modes, a persistent rotational motion and a straight-line motion, that can be readily and reversibly switched in situ by an external magnetic field. Such micromotors with switchable motion modes hold considerable promise for local environment sensing and probing at the microscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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18
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Subjakova V, Oravczova V, Hianik T. Polymer Nanoparticles and Nanomotors Modified by DNA/RNA Aptamers and Antibodies in Targeted Therapy of Cancer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:341. [PMID: 33494545 PMCID: PMC7866063 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer nanoparticles and nano/micromotors are novel nanostructures that are of increased interest especially in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer. These structures are modified by antibodies or nucleic acid aptamers and can recognize the cancer markers at the membrane of the cancer cells or in the intracellular side. They can serve as a cargo for targeted transport of drugs or nucleic acids in chemo- immuno- or gene therapy. The various mechanisms, such as enzyme, ultrasound, magnetic, electrical, or light, served as a driving force for nano/micromotors, allowing their transport into the cells. This review is focused on the recent achievements in the development of polymer nanoparticles and nano/micromotors modified by antibodies and nucleic acid aptamers. The methods of preparation of polymer nanoparticles, their structure and properties are provided together with those for synthesis and the application of nano/micromotors. The various mechanisms of the driving of nano/micromotors such as chemical, light, ultrasound, electric and magnetic fields are explained. The targeting drug delivery is based on the modification of nanostructures by receptors such as nucleic acid aptamers and antibodies. Special focus is therefore on the method of selection aptamers for recognition cancer markers as well as on the comparison of the properties of nucleic acid aptamers and antibodies. The methods of immobilization of aptamers at the nanoparticles and nano/micromotors are provided. Examples of applications of polymer nanoparticles and nano/micromotors in targeted delivery and in controlled drug release are presented. The future perspectives of biomimetic nanostructures in personalized nanomedicine are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tibor Hianik
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina F1, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.S.); (V.O.)
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19
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Wang W, Zhou C. A Journey of Nanomotors for Targeted Cancer Therapy: Principles, Challenges, and a Critical Review of the State-of-the-Art. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001236. [PMID: 33111501 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A nanomotor is a miniaturized device that converts energy stored in the environment into mechanical motion. The last two decades have witnessed a surge of research interests in the biomedical applications of nanomotors, but little clinical translation. To accelerate this process, targeted cancer therapy is used as an example to describe a "survive, locate, operate, and terminate" (SLOT) mission of a nanomotor, where it must 1) survive in the unfriendly in vivo environment, 2) locate its target as well as be located by human operators, 3) carry out specific operations, and 4) terminate after the mission is completed. Along this journey, the challenges presented to a nanomotor, including to power, navigate, steer, target, release, control, image, and communicate are discussed, and how state-of-the-art nanomotors meet or fall short of these requirements is critically reviewed. These discussions are then condensed into a table for easy reference. In particular, it is argued that chemically powered nanomotors are intrinsically ill-positioned for targeted cancer therapy, while nanomotors powered by magnetic fields or ultrasound show more promises. Following this argument, a tentative nanomotor design is then presented in the end to conform to the SLOT guideline, and to inspire practical, functional nanorobots that are yet to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Chao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 China
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20
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Hu L, Wang N, Tao K, Miao J, Kim YJ. Circular steering of gold–nickel–platinum micro-vehicle using singular off-center nanoengine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT ROBOTICS AND APPLICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41315-020-00146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Voß J, Wittkowski R. On the shape-dependent propulsion of nano- and microparticles by traveling ultrasound waves. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:3890-3899. [PMID: 36132771 PMCID: PMC9417689 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00099j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We address the propulsion mechanism of ultrasound-propelled nano- and microparticles that are exposed to a traveling ultrasound wave. Based on direct computational fluid dynamics simulations, we study the effect of two important aspects of the particle shape on the propulsion: rounded vs. pointed and filled vs. hollow shapes. We also study the flow field generated around such particles. Our results reveal that pointedness leads to an increase of the propulsion speed, whereas it is not significantly affected by hollowness. Furthermore, we show that the flow field near to ultrasound-propelled particles can look similar to the flow field generated by pusher squirmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Voß
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Raphael Wittkowski
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster D-48149 Münster Germany
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22
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Tezel G, Timur SS, Kuralay F, Gürsoy RN, Ulubayram K, Öner L, Eroğlu H. Current status of micro/nanomotors in drug delivery. J Drug Target 2020; 29:29-45. [PMID: 32672079 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1797052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are novel, self-propelled nano or microscale devices that are widely used in drug transport, cell stimulation and isolation, bio-imaging, diagnostic and monitoring, sensing, photocatalysis and environmental remediation. Various preparation methods and propulsion mechanisms make MNMs "tailormade" nanosystems for the intended purpose or use. As the one of the newest members of nano carriers, MNMs open a new perspective especially for rapid drug transport and gene delivery. Although there exists limited number of in-vivo studies for drug delivery purposes, existence of in-vitro supportive data strongly encourages researchers to move on in this field and benefit from the manoeuvre capability of these novel systems. In this article, we reviewed the preparation and propulsion mechanisms of nanomotors in various fields with special attention to drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Tezel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selin Seda Timur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Filiz Kuralay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - R Neslihan Gürsoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kezban Ulubayram
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Levent Öner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Eroğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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23
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Dhar P, Narendren S, Gaur SS, Sharma S, Kumar A, Katiyar V. Self-propelled cellulose nanocrystal based catalytic nanomotors for targeted hyperthermia and pollutant remediation applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:1020-1036. [PMID: 32353506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inspired from biological motors, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are strategically modified to induce self-propulsion behavior with the capabilities to catalytically degrade pollutants along with magnetic hyperthermia to clean arterial plaques during its course of propulsion. CNCs derived from renewable biomass, are decorated with catalytically active, magneto-responsive nanomaterials (Fe2O3/Pd nanoparticles) through sustainable routes. CNC nanomotors show improved propulsion at lowered peroxide concentrations with remotely controlled trajectory through chemo-magnetic field gradients and ideal surface-wettability characteristics, overcoming the requirement of surfactants, as with traditional nanomotors. We observed that nanomotors undergo motion through heterogeneous bubble propulsion mechanism, with capability to in situ degrade pollutants and generate local heat through hyperthermia, enhancing the rate of degradation process in real time. As proof of concept, we demonstrate that the dynamics of nanomotors can be controlled in a microfluidic channel through site-directed magnetic field and induction of pH gradient, mimicking the chemotaxis in cell-like environment and as swarm of nano-surgeons removes plaques from clogged arteries. Our study shows that strategic modification of CNCs results in fabrication of nanomotors with efficient propulsion system infused with multi-functional characteristics of high catalytic activity and magnetic hyperthermia which opens up new avenues for utilization of bio-based nanomotors derived from lignocellulose for myriad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prodyut Dhar
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Soundararajan Narendren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Surendra Singh Gaur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Saksham Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Vimal Katiyar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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24
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Porfirev AP, Dubman AB, Porfiriev DP. Demonstration of a simple technique for controllable revolution of light-absorbing particles in air. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:1475-1478. [PMID: 32163995 DOI: 10.1364/ol.386907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rotation of optically trapped particles is used in many applications for the realization of different micromechanical devices, such as micropumps, microrotors, and microgyroscopes, as well as for the investigation of particle interactions. Although for transparent micro-objects in both liquid media and vacuum, the rotation can easily be realized by transfer of the spin angular or orbital angular momentum from the light to the object. In the case of light-absorbing micro-objects in gaseous media, such transfers are insignificant in comparison with the thermal effects arising from the photo- and thermo-phoresis phenomena initiating the movement of trapped particles in a laser beam. Currently, proposed methods using a single focused laser beam, tapered-ring optical traps, or single and multiple bottle beams (BBs) have various limitations-for example, the inability to control the direction of the revolution of trapped particles or the low revolution frequency and small revolution angles. Here we propose a simple method for the realization of the revolution of airborne light-absorbing particles. The method is based on a combination of a circular diaphragm and a rotating cylindrical lens, enabling the generation of linear optical BBs. Our results show the flexibility and reliability of the proposed technique, allowing such laser traps to be used in various optical systems for the manipulation of micro-objects with different dimensions and shapes.
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Du S, Wang H, Zhou C, Wang W, Zhang Z. Motor and Rotor in One: Light-Active ZnO/Au Twinned Rods of Tunable Motion Modes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2213-2217. [PMID: 31957432 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Precise control of the motion of micromachines is the key to achieving their functions for practical applications. The main challenge is that a given micromachine can typically exhibit only one motion mode, i.e., translation or rotation, while having multiple modes of motion resulting from a simple actuation is still rare. Here we designed and synthesized photochemically powered zinc oxide/gold (ZnO/Au) rods that exhibit multiple motion modes. Under homogeneous UV irradiation, these ZnO/Au rods undergo a transition from ballistic motion to persistent rotational motion upon increasing the fuel concentration or the light intensity. In addition, the rods can switch modes from a circular motion to a helical motion and then a straight-line motion by tuning the angle of incident light. We envision that such attractive colloidal micromachines with controllable motions hold considerable promise for diverse practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Du
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China.,College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Huaguang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Chao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Zexin Zhang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China.,College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
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Liu M, Wang Y, Kuai Y, Cong J, Xu Y, Piao HG, Pan L, Liu Y. Magnetically Powered Shape-Transformable Liquid Metal Micromotors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1905446. [PMID: 31782900 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Shape-transformable liquid metal (LM) micromachines have attracted the attention of the scientific community over the past 5 years, but the inconvenience of transfer routes and the use of corrosive fuels have limited their potential applications. In this work, a shape-transformable LM micromotor that is fabricated by a simple, versatile ice-assisted transfer printing method is demonstrated, in which an ice layer is employed as a "sacrificial" substrate that can enable the direct transfer of LM micromotors to arbitrary target substrates conveniently. The resulting LM microswimmers display efficient propulsion of over 60 µm s-1 (≈3 bodylength s-1 ) under elliptically polarized magnetic fields, comparable to that of the common magnetic micro/nanomotors with rigid bodies. Moreover, these LM micromotors can undergo dramatic morphological transformation in an aqueous environment under the irradiation of an alternating magnetic field. The ability to transform the shape and efficiently propel LM microswimmers holds great promise for chemical sensing, controlled cargo transport, materials science, and even artificial intelligence in ways that are not possible with rigid-bodies microrobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Weak Magnetic-Field Detection and College of Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Yongxin Wang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Weak Magnetic-Field Detection and College of Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Yanbing Kuai
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Weak Magnetic-Field Detection and College of Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Jiawei Cong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Yunli Xu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Weak Magnetic-Field Detection and College of Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Hong-Guang Piao
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Weak Magnetic-Field Detection and College of Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Liqing Pan
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Weak Magnetic-Field Detection and College of Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Yiman Liu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Weak Magnetic-Field Detection and College of Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
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Matsunaga D, Hamilton JK, Meng F, Bukin N, Martin EL, Ogrin FY, Yeomans JM, Golestanian R. Controlling collective rotational patterns of magnetic rotors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4696. [PMID: 31619673 PMCID: PMC6795886 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12665-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic actuation is widely used in engineering specific forms of controlled motion in microfluidic applications. A challenge, however, is how to extract different desired responses from different components in the system using the same external magnetic drive. Using experiments, simulations, and theoretical arguments, we present emergent rotational patterns in an array of identical magnetic rotors under an uniform, oscillating magnetic field. By changing the relative strength of the external field strength versus the dipolar interactions between the rotors, different collective modes are selected by the rotors. When the dipole interaction is dominant the rotors swing upwards or downwards in alternating stripes, reflecting the spin-ice symmetry of the static configuration. For larger spacings, when the external field dominates over the dipolar interactions, the rotors undergo full rotations, with different quarters of the array turning in different directions. Our work sheds light on how collective behaviour can be engineered in magnetic systems. A challenge of magnetically-actuated devices is to obtain different behaviours from each component under the same driving field. Here the authors tune the dipolar interactions between rotors to obtain different rotational behaviours when actuated by a magnetic field leading to complex collective dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Matsunaga
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.,Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 5608531, Japan
| | - Joshua K Hamilton
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK.,QinetiQ Ltd, Cody Technology Park, Farnborough, GU14 0LX, UK
| | - Fanlong Meng
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Nick Bukin
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Elizabeth L Martin
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Feodor Y Ogrin
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Julia M Yeomans
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK. .,Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Göttingen, 37077, Germany.
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Bhuyan T, Dutta D, Bhattacharjee M, Singh AK, Ghosh SS, Bandyopadhyay D. Acoustic Propulsion of Vitamin C Loaded Teabots for Targeted Oxidative Stress and Amyloid Therapeutics. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:4571-4582. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Bhuyan
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Deepanjalee Dutta
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Mitradip Bhattacharjee
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Siddhartha Sankar Ghosh
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Dipankar Bandyopadhyay
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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Zhang L, Xiao Z, Chen X, Chen J, Wang W. Confined 1D Propulsion of Metallodielectric Janus Micromotors on Microelectrodes under Alternating Current Electric Fields. ACS NANO 2019; 13:8842-8853. [PMID: 31265246 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
There is mounting interest in synthetic microswimmers ("micromotors") as microrobots as well as a model system for the study of active matters, and spatial navigation is critical for their success. Current navigational technologies mostly rely on magnetic steering or guiding with physical boundaries, yet limitations with these strategies are plenty. Inspired by an earlier work with magnetic domains on a garnet film as predefined tracks, we present an interdigitated microelectrodes (IDE) system where, upon the application of AC electric fields, metallodielectric (e.g., SiO2-Ti) Janus particles are hydrodynamically confined and electrokinetically propelled in one dimension along the electrode center lines with tunable speeds. In addition, comoving micromotors moved in single files, while those moving in opposite directions primarily reoriented and moved past each other. At high particle densities, turbulence-like aggregates formed as many-body interactions became complicated. Furthermore, a micromotor made U-turns when approaching an electrode closure, while it gradually slowed down at the electrode opening and was collected in large piles. Labyrinth patterns made of serpentine chains of Janus particles emerged by modifying the electrode configuration. Most of these observations can be qualitatively understood by a combination of electroosmotic flows pointing inward to the electrodes, and asymmetric electrical polarization of the Janus particles under an AC electric field. Emerging from these observations is a strategy that not only powers and confines micromotors on prefabricated tracks in a contactless, on-demand manner, but is also capable of concentrating active particles at predefined locations. These features could prove useful for designing tunable tracks that steer synthetic microrobots, as well as to enable the study of single file diffusion, active turbulence, and other collective behaviors of active matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Zuyao Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter , Institute of Basic Science , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
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Park J, Jin C, Lee S, Kim J, Choi H. Magnetically Actuated Degradable Microrobots for Actively Controlled Drug Release and Hyperthermia Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900213. [PMID: 31290597 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Microrobots facilitate targeted therapy due to their small size, minimal invasiveness, and precise wireless control. A degradable hyperthermia microrobot (DHM) with a 3D helical structure is developed, enabling actively controlled drug delivery, release, and hyperthermia therapy. The microrobot is made of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) and contains magnetic Fe3 O4 nanoparticles (MNPs) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Its locomotion is remotely and precisely controlled by a rotating magnetic field (RMF) generated by an electromagnetic actuation system. Drug-free DHMs reduce the viability of cancer cells by elevating the temperature under an alternating magnetic field (AMF), a hyperthermic effect. 5-FU is released from the proposed DHMs in normal-, high-burst-, and constant-release modes, controlled by the AMF. Finally, actively controlled drug release from the DHMs in normal- and high-burst-release mode results in a reduction in cell viability. The reduction in cell viability is of greater magnitude in high-burst- than in normal-release mode. In summary, biodegradable DHMs have potential for actively controlled drug release and hyperthermia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongeon Park
- Department of Robotics EngineeringDGIST‐ETH Microrobot Research CenterDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) 333, Techno jungang‐daero, Hyeonpung‐Myeon, Dalseong‐Gun Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Chaewon Jin
- Department of Robotics EngineeringDGIST‐ETH Microrobot Research CenterDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) 333, Techno jungang‐daero, Hyeonpung‐Myeon, Dalseong‐Gun Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Lee
- Department of Robotics EngineeringDGIST‐ETH Microrobot Research CenterDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) 333, Techno jungang‐daero, Hyeonpung‐Myeon, Dalseong‐Gun Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin‐Young Kim
- Department of Robotics EngineeringDGIST‐ETH Microrobot Research CenterDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) 333, Techno jungang‐daero, Hyeonpung‐Myeon, Dalseong‐Gun Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Hongsoo Choi
- Department of Robotics EngineeringDGIST‐ETH Microrobot Research CenterDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) 333, Techno jungang‐daero, Hyeonpung‐Myeon, Dalseong‐Gun Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
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31
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Lu J, Li Q, Qiu CW, Hong Y, Ghosh P, Qiu M. Nanoscale Lamb wave-driven motors in nonliquid environments. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau8271. [PMID: 30873431 PMCID: PMC6408156 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau8271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Achieving light-driven motions in nonliquid environments presents formidable challenges, because microsized objects experience strong dry adhesion and intend to be stuck to contact surfaces with great tenacity. Here, in air and vacuum, we show rotary locomotion of a micrometer-sized metal plate with ~30 nm thickness, revolving around a microfiber. This motor is powered by pulsed light guided into the fiber as a coordinated consequence of an optically excited Lamb wave on the plate and favorable configuration of plate-fiber geometry. The motor, actuated by designed light pulses, crawls stepwise with subnanometer locomotion resolution. Furthermore, we can control the rotation velocity and step resolution by varying the repetition rate and pulse power, respectively. A light-actuated micromirror scanning with 0.001° resolution is then demonstrated on the basis of this motor. It offers unprecedented application potential for integrated micro-opto-electromechanical systems, outer-space all-optical precision mechanics and controls, and laser scanning for miniature lidar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Yu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Pintu Ghosh
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Min Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Corresponding author. ,
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32
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Nam DY, Samardak AY, Jeon YS, Kim SH, Davydenko AV, Ognev AV, Samardak AS, Kim YK. Magnetization reversal of ferromagnetic nanosprings affected by helical shape. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:20405-20413. [PMID: 30376025 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05655b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Helicity, a natural property of macro-, micro-, and nano-objects, potentially offers a new dimension to mechanical and electromagnetic applications for creating emerging nanodevices, such as nanorobots, nanomagnets, nanosensors, and high-density magnetic memory. Helical magnetic nanosprings are unique objects with remarkable magnetic properties, including the absence of stray fields in remanence owing to the chiral geometry, which makes them promising for data storage devices, nanoelectromechanical systems, and biomedical usage. Here, we investigated Co and CoFe nanospring arrays electrodeposited in highly ordered nanoporous templates. We report helical-shape-driven magnetization reversal of the nanosprings in comparison with the behavior of dipolarly coupled nanowires. We reveal two magnetization reversal modes depending on the orientation of the external magnetic field: coherent rotation of magnetization in the longitudinal geometry and three-dimensional vortex domain wall motion in the transverse geometry. The experimental findings are supported by analytical calculations and micromagnetic simulations that help to explain the field-dependent spin configurations observed by magnetic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Yeon Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
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Li D, Liu Y, Yang Y, Shen Y. A fast and powerful swimming microrobot with a serrated tail enhanced propulsion interface. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:19673-19677. [PMID: 30209454 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04907f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of a swimming microrobot with a serrated tail in the propulsion region to enhance reaction interfaces. A 3D printed tail with multiple catalytic channels and nanointerfaces could reinforce the microrobot, allowing it to reach swimming speeds of ∼1 mm s-1 and enabling it to transport objects with a weight 6500 times that of itself. This research represents a new concept in swimming microrobot design and is expected to benefit a wide range of engineering fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Zhan H, Zhang G, Yang C, Gu Y. Breakdown of Hooke's law at the nanoscale - 2D material-based nanosprings. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:18961-18968. [PMID: 30209479 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04882g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A helical spring is one of the fundamental mechanical elements commonly used throughout human history, whose deformation characteristic is well described by Hooke's law. Based on in silico studies, this work reported a novel structural transition from a homogeneous morphology to an inhomogeneous configuration in the normal helical nanospring (NS) for the first time, which provides rigorous proof for the "breakdown of Hooke's law" at the nanoscale. Theoretical analyses and numerical results show that the transition is expected to occur in a wide range of two-dimensional (2D) material based normal helical NSs, and the driving mechanism is the interlayer van der Waals (vdW) interactions. A series spring model is established to describe this transition phenomenon by considering the elastic deformation energy and interlayer interactions, which explicitly illustrates the competition between the surface energy and the elastic constant in controlling such a structural transition. It is expected that the structural transition is strictly limited to the nanoscale system, where the interlayer interactions exert significant influence on its mechanical properties. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the non-Hookean behavior of NSs, and sheds light on their applications in micro- and nanomachines or mechanical systems, such as nanoelectromechanical systems, nanorobots or soft machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Zhan
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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Yang F, Mou F, Jiang Y, Luo M, Xu L, Ma H, Guan J. Flexible Guidance of Microengines by Dynamic Topographical Pathways in Ferrofluids. ACS NANO 2018; 12:6668-6676. [PMID: 29906098 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate a simple, versatile, and real-time motion guidance strategy for artificial microengines and motile microorganisms in a ferrofluid by dynamic topographical pathways (DTPs), which are assembled from superparamagnetic nanoparticles in response to external magnetic field ( H). In this general strategy, the DTPs can exert anisotropic resistance forces on autonomously moving microengines and thus regulate their orientation. As the DTPs with different directions and lengths can be reversibly and swiftly assembled in response to the applied H, the microengines in the ferrofluid can be guided on demand with controlled motion directions and trajectories, including circular, elliptical, straight-line, semi-sine, and sinusoidal trajectories. The as-demonstrated control strategy obviates reliance on the customized responses of micromotors and applies to autonomously propelling agents swimming both in bulk and near substrate walls. Furthermore, the microengines (or motile microorganisms) in a ferrofluid can be considered as an integrated system, and it may inspire the development of intelligent systems with cooperative functions for biomedical and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Fangzhi Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Yuzhou Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Ming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Leilei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Huiru Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , China
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Men Y, Tu Y, Li W, Peng F, Wilson DA. Poly(ionic liquid)s Based Brush Type Nanomotor. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E364. [PMID: 30424297 PMCID: PMC6082249 DOI: 10.3390/mi9070364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A brush type nanomotor was fabricated via assembly assistant polymerization of poly(ionic liquid) and surface grafting polymerization. The method for large-scale fabrication of brush nanomotors with soft surfaces is described. These soft locomotive particles are based on core-shell brush nanoparticles assembled from poly(ionic liquid) as core and thermoresponsive PNIPAM as brush shells on which platinum nanoparticle (PtNP) were grown in situ. The particles show non-Brownian motion in H₂O₂ solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Men
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wei Li
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Fei Peng
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniela A Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Emile J, Tabuteau H, Emile O. Rotation of a floating hydrophobic disk: influence of line tension. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:3829-3833. [PMID: 29718056 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00309b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The rotation of a sub-millimeter size disk over a water bath is reported. The origin of the rotation arises from the transfer of angular momentum from a plane wave diffracted by an asymmetrical picture printed on the disk. Because of its hydrophobic character, the viscous friction contribution to the rotational motion of the object floating on the air/liquid interface is weak. From the driving optical torque and the steady-state rotation, we measure the contribution of the line tension in the femto-Newton range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Emile
- UMR CNRS 6251 IPR, Université Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
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Guo J, Gallegos JJ, Tom AR, Fan D. Electric-Field-Guided Precision Manipulation of Catalytic Nanomotors for Cargo Delivery and Powering Nanoelectromechanical Devices. ACS NANO 2018; 12:1179-1187. [PMID: 29303550 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a controllable and precision approach in manipulating catalytic nanomotors by strategically applied electric (E-) fields in three dimensions (3-D). With the high controllability, the catalytic nanomotors have demonstrated versatility in capturing, delivering, and releasing of cargos to designated locations as well as in situ integration with nanomechanical devices (NEMS) to chemically power the actuation. With combined AC and DC E-fields, catalytic nanomotors can be accurately aligned by the AC E-fields and effectively change their speeds instantly by the DC E-fields. Within the 3-D orthogonal microelectrode sets, the in-plane transport of catalytic nanomotors can be swiftly turned on and off, and these catalytic nanomotors can also move in the vertical direction. The interplaying nanoforces that govern the propulsion and alignment are investigated. The modeling of catalytic nanomotors proposed in previous works has been confirmed quantitatively here. Finally, the prowess of the precision manipulation of catalytic nanomotors by E-fields is demonstrated in two applications: the capture, transport, and release of cargos to prepatterned microdocks, and the assembly of catalytic nanomotors on NEMS to power the continuous rotation. The concepts and approaches reported in this work could further advance applications of catalytic nanomotors, e.g., for assembling and powering nanomachines, nanorobots, and complex NEMS devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhe Guo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jeremie June Gallegos
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ashley Robyn Tom
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Donglei Fan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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39
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Ning H, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Ingham A, Huang G, Mei Y, Solovev AA. Geometry Design, Principles and Assembly of Micromotors. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E75. [PMID: 30393351 PMCID: PMC6187850 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of bio-inspired, self-propelled and externally-powered nano-/micro-motors, rotors and engines (micromachines) is considered a potentially revolutionary paradigm in nanoscience. Nature knows how to combine different elements together in a fluidic state for intelligent design of nano-/micro-machines, which operate by pumping, stirring, and diffusion of their internal components. Taking inspirations from nature, scientists endeavor to develop the best materials, geometries, and conditions for self-propelled motion, and to better understand their mechanisms of motion and interactions. Today, microfluidic technology offers considerable advantages for the next generation of biomimetic particles, droplets and capsules. This review summarizes recent achievements in the field of nano-/micromotors, and methods of their external control and collective behaviors, which may stimulate new ideas for a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanpo Ning
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Andreas Ingham
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 5 Ole Maaløes Vej, DK-2200, 1165 København, Denmark.
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Alexander A Solovev
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
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40
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Zhou C, Zhao L, Wei M, Wang W. Twists and Turns of Orbiting and Spinning Metallic Microparticles Powered by Megahertz Ultrasound. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12668-12676. [PMID: 29182317 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Micromotors powered by megahertz ultrasound, first reported about 5 years ago, have lately been considered a promising platform for a wide range of microscale applications, yet we are only at the early stage of understanding their operating mechanisms. Through carefully designed experiments, and by comparing the results to acoustic theories, we present here an in-depth study of the behaviors of particles activated by ultrasound, especially their in-plane orbiting and spinning dynamics. Experiments suggest that metallic microrods orbit in tight circles near the resonance ultrasound frequency, likely driven by localized acoustic streaming due to slightly bent particle shapes. On the other hand, particle spins around their long axes on nodal lines, where phase-mismatched orthogonal sound waves possibly produce a viscous torque. Intriguingly, such a torque spins metal-dielectric Janus microspheres back and forth in an unusual "rocking chair" fashion. Overall, our observations and analysis provide fresh and much needed insights on the interesting particle dynamics in resonating ultrasound and could help with developing more powerful and controllable micromachines with biocompatible energy sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Leilei Zhao
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Mengshi Wei
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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41
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Dong R, Wang C, Wang Q, Pei A, She X, Zhang Y, Cai Y. ZnO-based microrockets with light-enhanced propulsion. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:15027-15032. [PMID: 28967007 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Improving the propulsion of artificial micro-nanomotors represents an exciting nanotechnology challenge, especially considering their cargo delivery ability and fuel efficiency. In light of the excellent photocatalytic performance of zinc oxide (ZnO) and chemical catalytic properties of platinum (Pt), ZnO-Pt microrockets with light-enhanced propulsion have been developed by atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology. The velocity of such microrockets is dramatically doubled upon irradiation by 77 mW cm-2 ultraviolet (UV) light in 10% H2O2 and is almost 3 times higher than the classic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Pt microrockets (PEDOT-Pt microrockets) even in 6% H2O2 under the same UV light. In addition, such micromotors not only retain the standard approach to improve propulsion by varying the fuel concentration, but also demonstrate a simple way to enhance the movement velocity by adjusting the UV light intensity. High reversibility and controllable "weak/strong" propulsion can be easily achieved by switching the UV irradiation on or off. Finally, light-enhanced propulsion has been investigated by electrochemical measurements which further confirm the enhanced photocatalytic properties of ZnO and Pt. The successful demonstration of ZnO-based microrockets with excellent light-enhanced propulsion is significant for developing highly efficient synthetic micro-nanomotors which have strong delivery ability and economic fuel requirements for future practical applications in the micro-nanoscale world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfeng Dong
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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42
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Zhou D, Li YC, Xu P, Ren L, Zhang G, Mallouk TE, Li L. Visible-light driven Si-Au micromotors in water and organic solvents. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:11434-11438. [PMID: 28786464 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04161f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the fabrication of tadpole-shaped Si-Au micromotors using glancing angle deposition. These micromotors are activated by visible light and can move in either deionized water or organic solvents without the addition of chemical fuels. By controlling the light intensity, the velocity of the micromotors can be modulated and the motion can be switched on and off reversibly. Gas chromatographic measurements and buffered oxide etch (BOE) experiments show that the mechanism of propulsion is self-electrophoresis modulated by the photoconductivity of the amorphous silicon segment. The direction of motion of the microswimmers can also be controlled by applying an external magnetic field if a ferromagnetic Ni layer is added in the fabrication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China.
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43
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Verre R, Shao L, Odebo Länk N, Karpinski P, Yankovich AB, Antosiewicz TJ, Olsson E, Käll M. Metasurfaces and Colloidal Suspensions Composed of 3D Chiral Si Nanoresonators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701352. [PMID: 28585264 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
High-refractive-index silicon nanoresonators are promising low-loss alternatives to plasmonic particles in CMOS-compatible nanophotonics applications. However, complex 3D particle morphologies are challenging to realize in practice, thus limiting the range of achievable optical functionalities. Using 3D film structuring and a novel gradient mask transfer technique, the first intrinsically chiral dielectric metasurface is fabricated in the form of a monolayer of twisted silicon nanocrescents that can be easily detached and dissolved into colloidal suspension. The metasurfaces exhibit selective handedness and a circular dichroism as large as 160° µm-1 due to pronounced differences in induced current loops for left-handed and right-handed polarization. The detailed morphology of the detached particles is analyzed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, it is shown that the particles can be manipulated in solution using optical tweezers. The fabrication and detachment method can be extended to different nanoparticle geometries and paves the way for a wide range of novel nanophotonic experiments and applications of high-index dielectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggero Verre
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lei Shao
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Nils Odebo Länk
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Pawel Karpinski
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Andrew B Yankovich
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tomasz J Antosiewicz
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eva Olsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Käll
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
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44
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Tutu H, Ouchi K, Horita T. Performance optimization in two-dimensional Brownian rotary ratchet models. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:062103. [PMID: 28709182 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.062103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
With a model for two-dimensional (2D) Brownian rotary ratchets being capable of producing a net torque under athermal random forces, its optimization for mean angular momentum (L), mean angular velocity (ω), and efficiency (η) is considered. In the model, supposing that such a small ratchet system is placed in a thermal bath, the motion of the rotor in the stator is described by the Langevin dynamics of a particle in a 2D ratchet potential, which consists of a static and a time-dependent interaction between rotor and stator; for the latter, we examine a force [randomly directed dc field (RDDF)] for which only the direction is instantaneously updated in a sequence of events in a Poisson process. Because of the chirality of the static part of the potential, it is found that the RDDF causes net rotation while coupling with the thermal fluctuations. Then, to maximize the efficiency of the power consumption of the net rotation, we consider optimizing the static part of the ratchet potential. A crucial point is that the proposed form of ratchet potential enables us to capture the essential feature of 2D ratchet potentials with two closed curves and allows us to systematically construct an optimization strategy. In this paper, we show a method for maximizing L, ω, and η, its outcome in 2D two-tooth ratchet systems, and a direction of optimization for a three-tooth ratchet system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tutu
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - Takehiko Horita
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
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45
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Ceylan H, Giltinan J, Kozielski K, Sitti M. Mobile microrobots for bioengineering applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1705-1724. [PMID: 28480466 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00064b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Untethered micron-scale mobile robots can navigate and non-invasively perform specific tasks inside unprecedented and hard-to-reach inner human body sites and inside enclosed organ-on-a-chip microfluidic devices with live cells. They are aimed to operate robustly and safely in complex physiological environments where they will have a transforming impact in bioengineering and healthcare. Research along this line has already demonstrated significant progress, increasing attention, and high promise over the past several years. The first-generation microrobots, which could deliver therapeutics and other cargo to targeted specific body sites, have just been started to be tested inside small animals toward clinical use. Here, we review frontline advances in design, fabrication, and testing of untethered mobile microrobots for bioengineering applications. We convey the most impactful and recent strategies in actuation, mobility, sensing, and other functional capabilities of mobile microrobots, and discuss their potential advantages and drawbacks to operate inside complex, enclosed and physiologically relevant environments. We lastly draw an outlook to provide directions in the veins of more sophisticated designs and applications, considering biodegradability, immunogenicity, mobility, sensing, and possible medical interventions in complex microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Ceylan
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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46
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Rahman MM, Chowdhury MM, Alam MK. Rotating-Electric-Field-Induced Carbon-Nanotube-Based Nanomotor in Water: A Molecular Dynamics Study. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603978. [PMID: 28371324 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Using molecular dynamics simulations, it is shown that a carbon nanotube (CNT) suspended in water and subjected to a rotating electric field of proper magnitude and angular speed can be rotated with the aid of water dipole orientations. Based on this principle, a rotational nanomotor structure is designed and the system is simulated in water. Use of the fast responsiveness of electric-field-induced CNT orientation in water is employed and its operation at ultrahigh-speed (over 1011 r.p.m.) is shown. To explain the basic mechanism, the behavior of the rotational actuation, originated from the water dipole orientation, is also analyzed . The proposed nanomotor is capable of rotating an attached load (such as CNT) at a precise angle as well as nanogear-based complex structures. The findings suggest a potential way of using the electric-field-induced CNT rotation in polarizable fluids as a novel tool to operate nanodevices and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mushfiqur Rahman
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Mokter Mahmud Chowdhury
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Md Kawsar Alam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
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47
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Xu T, Gao W, Xu LP, Zhang X, Wang S. Fuel-Free Synthetic Micro-/Nanomachines. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603250. [PMID: 28026067 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the swimming of natural microorganisms, synthetic micro-/nanomachines, which convert energy into movement, are able to mimic the function of these amazing natural systems and help humanity by completing environmental and biological tasks. While offering autonomous propulsion, conventional micro-/nanomachines usually rely on the decomposition of external chemical fuels (e.g., H2 O2 ), which greatly hinders their applications in biologically relevant media. Recent developments have resulted in various micro-/nanomotors that can be powered by biocompatible fuels. Fuel-free synthetic micro-/nanomotors, which can move without external chemical fuels, represent another attractive solution for practical applications owing to their biocompatibility and sustainability. Here, recent developments on fuel-free micro-/nanomotors (powered by various external stimuli such as light, magnetic, electric, or ultrasonic fields) are summarized, ranging from fabrication to propulsion mechanisms. The applications of these fuel-free micro-/nanomotors are also discussed, including nanopatterning, targeted drug/gene delivery, cell manipulation, and precision nanosurgery. With continuous innovation, future autonomous, intelligent and multifunctional fuel-free micro-/nanomachines are expected to have a profound impact upon diverse biomedical applications, providing unlimited opportunities beyond one's imagination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tailin Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interface Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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48
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Kim K, Liang Z, Liu M, Fan DE. Biobased High-Performance Rotary Micromotors for Individually Reconfigurable Micromachine Arrays and Microfluidic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:6144-6152. [PMID: 28032745 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report an innovative type of rotary biomicromachines by using diatom frustules as integrated active components, including the assembling, operation, and performance characterization. We further investigate and demonstrate unique applications of the biomicromachines in achieving individually reconfigurable micromachine arrays and microfluidic mixing. Diatom frustules are porous cell walls of diatoms made of silica. We assembled rotary micromachines consisting of diatom frustules serving as rotors and patterned magnets serving as bearings in electric fields. Ordered arrays of micromotors can be integrated and rotated with controlled orientation and a speed up to ∼3000 rpm, one of the highest rotational speeds in biomaterial-based rotary micromachines. Moreover, by exploiting the distinct electromechanical properties of diatom frustules and metallic nanowires, we realized the first reconfigurable rotary micro/nanomachine arrays with controllability in individual motors. Finally, the diatom micromachines are successfully integrated in microfluidic channels and operated as mixers. This work demonstrated the high-performance rotary micromachines by using bioinspired diatom frustules and their applications, which are essential for low-cost bio-microelectromechanical system/nanoelectromechanical system (bio-MEMS/NEMS) devices and relevant to microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zexi Liang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Minliang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Donglei Emma Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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49
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Peng F, Tu Y, Adhikari A, Hintzen JCJ, Löwik DWPM, Wilson DA. A peptide functionalized nanomotor as an efficient cell penetrating tool. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1088-1091. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09169e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel peptide-nanomotor based hybrid system is presented for fast cell penetration and cargo delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Peng
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Ashish Adhikari
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Jordi C. J. Hintzen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
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50
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Liu J, Guo HL, Li ZY. Self-propelled round-trip motion of Janus particles in static line optical tweezers. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19894-19900. [PMID: 27878196 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07470g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Controlled propulsion of microparticles and micromachines in fluids could revolutionize many aspects of technology, such as biomedicine, microfluidics, micro-mechanics, optomechanics, and cell biology. We report the self-propelled cyclic round-trip motion of metallo-dielectric Janus particles in static line optical tweezers (LOT). The Janus particle is a 5 μm-diameter polystyrene sphere half-coated with 3 nanometer thick gold film. Both experiment and theory show that this cyclic translational and rotational motion is a consequence of the collective and fine action of the gold-face orientation dependent propulsion optical force, the gradient optical force, and the spontaneous symmetry breaking induced optical torque in different regions of the LOT. This study indicates a novel way to propel and manipulate the mechanical motion of microscopic motors and machines wirelessly in fluid, air, or vacuum environments using a static optical field with a smartly designed non-uniform intensity profile allowing fully controlled momentum and angular momentum exchange between light and the particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hong-Lian Guo
- School of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zhi-Yuan Li
- School of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China. and Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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