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du Preez HN, Lin J, Maguire GEM, Aldous C, Kruger HG. COVID-19 vaccine adverse events: Evaluating the pathophysiology with an emphasis on sulfur metabolism and endotheliopathy. Eur J Clin Invest 2024:e14296. [PMID: 39118373 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
In this narrative review, we assess the pathophysiology of severe adverse events that presented after vaccination with DNA and mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. The focus is on the perspective of an undersulfated and degraded glycocalyx, considering its impact on immunomodulation, inflammatory responses, coagulation and oxidative stress. The paper explores various factors that lead to glutathione and inorganic sulfate depletion and their subsequent effect on glycocalyx sulfation and other metabolites, including hormones. Components of COVID-19 vaccines, such as DNA and mRNA material, spike protein antigen and lipid nanoparticles, are involved in possible cytotoxic effects. The common thread connecting these adverse events is endotheliopathy or glycocalyx degradation, caused by depleted glutathione and inorganic sulfate levels, shear stress from circulating nanoparticles, aggregation and formation of protein coronas; leading to imbalanced immune responses and chronic release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ultimately resulting in oxidative stress and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. By understanding the underlying pathophysiology of severe adverse events, better treatment options can be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N du Preez
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Johnson Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Glenn E M Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Colleen Aldous
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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2
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Gupta G, Wang Z, Kissling VM, Gogos A, Wick P, Buerki-Thurnherr T. Boron Nitride Nanosheets Induce Lipid Accumulation and Autophagy in Human Alveolar Lung Epithelial Cells Cultivated at Air-Liquid Interface. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308148. [PMID: 38290809 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is an emerging 2D material attracting significant attention due to its superior electrical, chemical, and therapeutic properties. However, inhalation toxicity mechanisms of hBN in human lung cells are poorly understood. Here, cellular interaction and effects of hBN nanosheets is investigated in alveolar epithelial cells cultured on porous inserts and exposed under air-liquid interface conditions for 24 h. hBN is taken up by the cells as determined in a label-free manner via RAMAN-confocal microscopy, ICP-MS, TEM, and SEM-EDX. No significant (p > 0.05) effects are observed on cell membrane integrity (LDH release), epithelial barrier integrity (TEER), interleukin-8 cytokine production or reactive oxygen production at tested dose ranges (1, 5, and 10 µg cm-2). However, it is observed that an enhanced accumulation of lipid granules in cells indicating the effect of hBN on lipid metabolism. In addition, it is observed that a significant (p < 0.05) and dose-dependent (5 and 10 µg cm-2) induction of autophagy in cells after exposure to hBN, potentially associated with the downstream processing and breakdown of excess lipid granules to maintain lipid homeostasis. Indeed, lysosomal co-localization of lipid granules supporting this argument is observed. Overall, the results suggest that the continuous presence of excess intracellular lipids may provoke adverse outcomes in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind Gupta
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Empa, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - Ziting Wang
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Empa, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - Vera M Kissling
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Empa, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Gogos
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Empa, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Empa, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Empa, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
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3
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Kan Y, Bondareva JV, Statnik ES, Cvjetinovic J, Lipovskikh S, Abdurashitov AS, Kirsanova MA, Sukhorukhov GB, Evlashin SA, Salimon AI, Korsunsky AM. Effect of Graphene Oxide and Nanosilica Modifications on Electrospun Core-Shell PVA–PEG–SiO2@PVA–GO Fiber Mats. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060998. [PMID: 35335811 PMCID: PMC8950511 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning is a well-established method for the fabrication of polymer biomaterials, including those with core-shell nanofibers. The variability of structures presents a great range of opportunities in tissue engineering and drug delivery by incorporating biologically active molecules such as drugs, proteins, and growth factors and subsequent control of their release into the target microenvironment to achieve therapeutic effect. The object of study is non-woven core-shell PVA–PEG–SiO2@PVA–GO fiber mats assembled by the technology of coaxial electrospinning. The task of the core-shell fiber development was set to regulate the degradation process under external factors. The dual structure was modified with silica nanoparticles and graphene oxide to ensure the fiber integrity and stability. The influence of the nano additives and crosslinking conditions for the composite was investigated as a function of fiber diameter, hydrolysis, and mechanical properties. Tensile mechanical tests and water degradation tests were used to reveal the fracture and dissolution behavior of the fiber mats and bundles. The obtained fibers were visualized by confocal fluorescence microscopy to confirm the continuous core-shell structure and encapsulation feasibility for biologically active components, selectively in the fiber core and shell. The results provide a firm basis to draw the conclusion that electrospun core-shell fiber mats have tremendous potential for biomedical applications as drug carriers, photocatalysts, and wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Kan
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, 143026 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.S.); (S.L.); (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Julia V. Bondareva
- Center for Materials Technologies, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (J.V.B.); (S.A.E.)
| | - Eugene S. Statnik
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, 143026 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.S.); (S.L.); (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Julijana Cvjetinovic
- Center for Photonic Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, 143026 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Svetlana Lipovskikh
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, 143026 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.S.); (S.L.); (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Arkady S. Abdurashitov
- Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, 143026 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.A.); (G.B.S.)
| | - Maria A. Kirsanova
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, 143026 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.S.); (S.L.); (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Gleb B. Sukhorukhov
- Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, 143026 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.A.); (G.B.S.)
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Stanislav A. Evlashin
- Center for Materials Technologies, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (J.V.B.); (S.A.E.)
| | - Alexey I. Salimon
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, 143026 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.S.); (S.L.); (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Alexander M. Korsunsky
- Multi-Beam Laboratory for Engineering Microscopy (MBLEM), Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK;
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Kuropka P, Dobrzynski M, Bazanow B, Stygar D, Gebarowski T, Leskow A, Tarnowska M, Szyszka K, Malecka M, Nowak N, Strek W, Wiglusz RJ. A Study of the Impact of Graphene Oxide on Viral Infection Related to A549 and TC28a2 Human Cell Lines. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247788. [PMID: 34947381 PMCID: PMC8706136 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has been one of the most tested materials since its discovery in 2004. It is known for its special properties, such as electrical conductivity, elasticity and flexibility, antimicrobial effect, and high biocompatibility with many mammal cells. In medicine, the antibacterial, antiviral, and antitumor properties of graphene have been tested as intensively as its drug carrying ability. In this study, the protective effect of graphene oxide against Rubella virus infection of human lung epithelial carcinoma cells and human chondrocyte cells was examined. Cells were incubated with graphene oxide alone and in combination with the Rubella virus. The cytopathic effect in two incubation time periods was measured using DAPI dye as a percentage value of the changed cells. It was shown that the graphene oxide alone has no cytopathic effect on any of tested cell lines, while the Rubella virus alone is highly cytopathic to the cells. However, in combination with the graphene oxide percentage of the changed cells, its cytotopathicity is significantly lower. Moreover, it can be concluded that graphene oxide has protective properties against the Rubella virus infection to cells, lowering its cytopathic changes to the human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kuropka
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kozuchowska 1, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Maciej Dobrzynski
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Barbara Bazanow
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Dominika Stygar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Gebarowski
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kozuchowska 1, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Anna Leskow
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Grunwaldzka 2, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.L.); (M.T.)
| | - Malgorzata Tarnowska
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Grunwaldzka 2, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.L.); (M.T.)
| | - Katarzyna Szyszka
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.S.); (M.M.); (N.N.); (W.S.)
| | - Malgorzata Malecka
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.S.); (M.M.); (N.N.); (W.S.)
| | - Nicole Nowak
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.S.); (M.M.); (N.N.); (W.S.)
| | - Wieslaw Strek
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.S.); (M.M.); (N.N.); (W.S.)
| | - Rafal J. Wiglusz
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.S.); (M.M.); (N.N.); (W.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-713954159
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Stygar D, Pogorzelska A, Chełmecka E, Skrzep-Poloczek B, Bażanów B, Gębarowski T, Jochem J, Henych J. Graphene Oxide Normal (GO + Mn 2+) and Ultrapure: Short-Term Impact on Selected Antioxidant Stress Markers and Cytokines in NHDF and A549 Cell Lines. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050765. [PMID: 34065001 PMCID: PMC8151183 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Since biological applications and toxicity of graphene-based materials are structure dependent, studying their interactions with the biological systems is very timely and important. We studied short-term (1, 24, and 48 h) effects of ultrapure (GO) and Mn2+-contaminated (GOS) graphene oxide on normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) using selected oxidative stress markers and cytokines: glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) activity, total antioxidative capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, levels of vascular endothelial growing factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), and eotaxin. GOS induced higher levels of oxidative stress, measured with CAT activity, TAC, and MDA concentration than GO in both cell lines when compared to control cells. GR activity decreased in time in NHDF cells but increased in A549 cells. The levels of cytokines were related to the exposure time and graphene oxide type in both analyzed cell lines and their levels comparably increased over time. We observed higher TNF-α levels in NHDF and higher levels of VEGF and eotaxin in the A549 cell line. Both types of cells showed similar susceptibility to GO and GOS. We concluded that the short-time exposure to GOS induced the stronger response of oxidative stress markers without collapsing the antioxidative systems of analysed cells. Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines after GO and GOS exposure were similar both in NHDF and A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Stygar
- Department of Physiology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15 Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (B.S.-P.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-696-222-884
| | - Aleksandra Pogorzelska
- Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31 Street, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (B.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Elżbieta Chełmecka
- Department of Statistics, Department of Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Ostrogórska 30 Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Bronisława Skrzep-Poloczek
- Department of Physiology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15 Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (B.S.-P.); (J.J.)
| | - Barbara Bażanów
- Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31 Street, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (B.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Tomasz Gębarowski
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 Street, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Jochem
- Department of Physiology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15 Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (B.S.-P.); (J.J.)
| | - Jiří Henych
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic;
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Siafaka PI, Üstündağ Okur N, Karavas E, Bikiaris DN. Surface Modified Multifunctional and Stimuli Responsive Nanoparticles for Drug Targeting: Current Status and Uses. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1440. [PMID: 27589733 PMCID: PMC5037719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocarriers, due to their unique features, are of increased interest among researchers working with pharmaceutical formulations. Polymeric nanoparticles and nanocapsules, involving non-toxic biodegradable polymers, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and inorganic-organic nanomaterials, are among the most used carriers for drugs for a broad spectrum of targeted diseases. In fact, oral, injectable, transdermal-dermal and ocular formulations mainly consist of the aforementioned nanomaterials demonstrating promising characteristics such as long circulation, specific targeting, high drug loading capacity, enhanced intracellular penetration, and so on. Over the last decade, huge advances in the development of novel, safer and less toxic nanocarriers with amended properties have been made. In addition, multifunctional nanocarriers combining chemical substances, vitamins and peptides via coupling chemistry, inorganic particles coated by biocompatible materials seem to play a key role considering that functionalization can enhance characteristics such as biocompatibility, targetability, environmental friendliness, and intracellular penetration while also have limited side effects. This review aims to summarize the "state of the art" of drug delivery carriers in nanosize, paying attention to their surface functionalization with ligands and other small or polymeric compounds so as to upgrade active and passive targeting, different release patterns as well as cell targeting and stimuli responsibility. Lastly, future aspects and potential uses of nanoparticulated drug systems are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panoraia I Siafaka
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Macedonia, Greece.
| | - Neslihan Üstündağ Okur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Medipol University, Beykoz 34810, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Macedonia, Greece.
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Wu W, Yan L, Wu Q, Li Y, Li Q, Chen S, Yang Y, Gu Z, Xu H, Yin ZQ. Evaluation of the toxicity of graphene oxide exposure to the eye. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1329-40. [PMID: 27385068 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1210692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives are the new carbon nanomaterials with the prospect for great applications in electronics, energy storage, biosensors and medicine. However, little is known about the toxicity of graphene or its derivatives in the case of occasional or repeated ocular exposure. We performed in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate the toxicity of graphene oxide (GO) exposure to the eye. Primary human corneal epithelium cells (hCorECs) and human conjunctiva epithelium cells (hConECs) were exposed to GO (12.5-100 μg/mL). Acute GO exposure (2 h) did not induce cytotoxicity to hCorECs. However, short-term GO exposure (24 h) exerted significant cytotoxicity to hCorECs and hConECs with increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Glutathione (GSH) reduced the GO-induced cytotoxicity. We further performed acute eye irritation tests in albino rabbits according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines, and the rabbits did not exhibit corneal opacity, conjunctival redness, abnormality of the iris, or chemosis at any time point after the instillation of 100 μg/mL of GO. However, 5-day repeated GO exposure (50 and 100 μg/mL) caused reversible mild corneal opacity, conjunctival redness and corneal epithelium damage to Sprague-Dawley rats, which was also alleviated by GSH. Therefore, our study suggests that GO-induced time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity to hCorECs and hConECs via oxidative stress. Occasional GO exposure did not cause acute eye irritation; short-term repeated GO exposure generally resulted in reversible damage to the eye via oxidative stress, which may be alleviated by the antioxidant GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- a Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China .,b Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing , Chongqing , China , and
| | - Liang Yan
- c Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Qian Wu
- a Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China .,b Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing , Chongqing , China , and
| | - Yijian Li
- a Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China .,b Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing , Chongqing , China , and
| | - Qiyou Li
- a Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China .,b Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing , Chongqing , China , and
| | - Siyu Chen
- a Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China .,b Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing , Chongqing , China , and
| | - Yuli Yang
- a Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China .,b Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing , Chongqing , China , and
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- c Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- a Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China .,b Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing , Chongqing , China , and
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- a Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China .,b Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing , Chongqing , China , and
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Ahlinder L, Wiklund Lindström S, Lejon C, Geladi P, Österlund L. Noise Removal with Maintained Spatial Resolution in Raman Images of Cells Exposed to Submicron Polystyrene Particles. NANOMATERIALS 2016; 6:nano6050083. [PMID: 28335211 PMCID: PMC5302504 DOI: 10.3390/nano6050083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The biodistribution of 300 nm polystyrene particles in A549 lung epithelial cells has been studied with confocal Raman spectroscopy. This is a label-free method in which particles and cells can be imaged without using dyes or fluorescent labels. The main drawback with Raman imaging is the comparatively low spatial resolution, which is aggravated in heterogeneous systems such as biological samples, which in addition often require long measurement times because of their weak Raman signal. Long measurement times may however induce laser-induced damage. In this study we use a super-resolution algorithm with Tikhonov regularization, intended to improve the image quality without demanding an increased number of collected pixels. Images of cells exposed to polystyrene particles have been acquired with two different step lengths, i.e., the distance between pixels, and compared to each other and to corresponding images treated with the super-resolution algorithm. It is shown that the resolution after application of super-resolution algorithms is not significantly improved compared to the theoretical limit for optical microscopy. However, to reduce noise and artefacts in the hyperspectral Raman images while maintaining the spatial resolution, we show that it is advantageous to use short mapping step lengths and super-resolution algorithms with appropriate regularization. The proposed methodology should be generally applicable for Raman imaging of biological samples and other photo-sensitive samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Ahlinder
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, Cementvägen 20, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Christian Lejon
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, Cementvägen 20, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Paul Geladi
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Lars Österlund
- Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
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