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Wen D, Yuan R, Yang F, Chen R. Two-step construction of KPDMS/Al 2O 3 ultra-barriers for wearable sensors. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:14656-14664. [PMID: 39196276 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01893a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Wearable devices hold significant potential in healthcare and medical diagnostics. One major challenge in realizing this potential is the low barrier property of polymer substrates, which fail to withstand surrounding moisture and biofluids. In this work, a two-step strategy involving ALI followed by a UV-curing process is developed to fabricate a K48PDMS/Al2O3 ultra-barrier with high barrier property of 7.82 × 10-5 g m-2 day-1 under stretching strain, representing one of the highest values among current works. Moreover, the K48PDMS/Al2O3 barrier enables Ca-tested devices to exhibit extended operational lifetimes of up to 12 days in simulated rain. It also ensures the high sensitivity of strain sensors for real-time monitoring of health-related physiological signals, even when exposed to aggressive solutions such as PBS, KOH, and glucose. A clear "filling-cross-linking" mechanism is revealed, involving the filling of the void spaces within polymer chains followed by the cross-linking of polymer side chains to enhance the density of the hybrid layer. Adjusting porosity and functional group density ensures complete Al2O3 infiltration into the polymer. The cross-linking increases from 12.31% to 73.79% compared to the UV-curing process alone due to the presence of Al2O3, further enhancing the density of the hybrid layer and its barrier properties. The proposed strategy in our work shows great potential for providing highly reliable encapsulation for wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology of School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Ruige Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology of School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology of School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology of School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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2
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Shah YA, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Tarahi M, Almasi H, Chawla R, Ali AMM. Insights into recent innovations in barrier resistance of edible films for food packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132354. [PMID: 38750852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of biopolymer-based food packaging holds significant promise in aligning with sustainability goals and enhancing food safety by offering a renewable, biodegradable, and safer alternative to traditional synthetic polymers. However, these biopolymer-derived films often exhibit poor barrier and mechanical properties, potentially limiting their commercial viability. Desirable barrier properties, such as moisture and oxygen resistance, are critical for preserving and maintaining the quality of packaged food products. This review comprehensively explores different traditional and advance methodologies employed to access the barrier properties of edible films. Additionally, this review thoroughly examines various approaches aimed at enhancing the barrier properties of edible films, such as the fabrication of multilayer films, the selection of biopolymers for composite films, as well as the integration of plasticizers, crosslinkers, hydrophobic agents, and nanocomposites. Moreover, the influence of process conditions, such as preparation techniques, homogenization, drying conditions, and rheological behavior, on the barrier properties of edible films has been discussed. The review provides valuable insights and knowledge for researchers and industry professionals to advance the use of biopolymer-based packaging materials and contribute to a more sustainable and food-safe future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Abbas Shah
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman; School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India.
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman.
| | - Mohammad Tarahi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hadi Almasi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rekha Chawla
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Punjab, India
| | - Ali Muhammed Moula Ali
- School of Food-Industry, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
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3
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Fouda SR, Hassan SA. Impact of LaZnFe 2O 4 supported NiWO 4@D 400-MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposites as a catalytic system in remediation of dyes from wastewater. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11644. [PMID: 38773135 PMCID: PMC11109166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, a novel nanocomposite based on lanthanum zinc ferrite and nickel tungstate was created by incorporation between (MMT-jeffamine-400) nanoparticles (NPs), chloromethyl styrene as a binder and polymethyl methacrylate monomer using solution polymerization. The as-designed nanocomposites were employed to confiscate xylenol orange "X.O" as an acidic dye and rhodamine B "RhB" as "an amphoteric dye" from colored wastewater. The impact of several parameters such as solution pH, initial dye concentration, the effect of time, and the effect of temperature was explored. The consequences indicated that the pure organoclay had negligible adsorption while that composed of organoclay with PMMA@CMS-polymer incorporated with LaZnFe2O4@NiWO4 particles detached more than 90% for xylenol orange (XO) and 93% for "rhodamine B" molecules. Electrostatic interactions are the predominant factor in the adsorption of cationic and amphoteric adsorbates, as proven by zeta-potential measurement. Additionally, the adsorbent may be regenerate and utilized up to five times with good adsorption capabilities by adding sodium hydroxide. As a result, the removal can be effectively accomplished using the nanocomposite as an adsorbent. The actual and theoretical adsorption capacity values for both dyes at all doses were closely matched, which supported the adsorption kinetics data that fit the pseudo-first order rate model well. The adsorption data's correlation values (0.995 for XO and 0.98 for RhB) indicated that both dyes' Langmuir adsorption would perform well. Furthermore, the adsorption of XO and RhB dyes on the adsorbent is confirmed to be a viable reaction by the negative values of ΔGo. The enhanced adsorbent material for the removal of amphoteric and anionic dyes from waste water is the synthesized LaZnFe2O4 supported NiWO4@D400-MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposites, which exhibits a reusability affinity of up to five cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa R Fouda
- Chemical Engineering Department, Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, MNF-HEIT, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Salah A Hassan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
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4
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Zhao Z, Li H, Gao X. Microwave Encounters Ionic Liquid: Synergistic Mechanism, Synthesis and Emerging Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2651-2698. [PMID: 38157216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Progress in microwave (MW) energy application technology has stimulated remarkable advances in manufacturing and high-quality applications of ionic liquids (ILs) that are generally used as novel media in chemical engineering. This Review focuses on an emerging technology via the combination of MW energy and the usage of ILs, termed microwave-assisted ionic liquid (MAIL) technology. In comparison to conventional routes that rely on heat transfer through media, the contactless and unique MW heating exploits the electromagnetic wave-ions interactions to deliver energy to IL molecules, accelerating the process of material synthesis, catalytic reactions, and so on. In addition to the inherent advantages of ILs, including outstanding solubility, and well-tuned thermophysical properties, MAIL technology has exhibited great potential in process intensification to meet the requirement of efficient, economic chemical production. Here we start with an introduction to principles of MW heating, highlighting fundamental mechanisms of MW induced process intensification based on ILs. Next, the synergies of MW energy and ILs employed in materials synthesis, as well as their merits, are documented. The emerging applications of MAIL technologies are summarized in the next sections, involving tumor therapy, organic catalysis, separations, and bioconversions. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities of this emerging technology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xin Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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Colijn I, van der Kooij HM, Schroën K. From fundamental insights to rational (bio)polymer nanocomposite design - Connecting the nanometer to meter scale. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 324:103076. [PMID: 38301315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticle addition has the potential to make bioplastic use mainstream, as the resultant nanocomposite shows improved mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties. It is well established that the architecture and dynamics of the nanoparticle-polymer interphasial region, ∼ 1.5-9 nm from the nanoparticle surface, are crucial for nanocomposite characteristics. Yet, how these molecular phenomena translate to the bulk is still largely unknown. A multi-disciplinary and multi-scale vision is required to capture the full picture and improve materials far beyond what is currently possible. In this review, a first step in bridging the apparent gap between fundamental insights toward observed material properties is made. At the molecular scale, the polymer chain density and dynamics at the nanoparticle surface are governed by a complex interplay between enthalpy and entropy. The resultant interphasial properties can only be propagated to the macroscopic scale effectively when the nanoparticles are well-distributed. This makes the dispersion state a key parameter for which thermodynamic and kinetic insights can be used to prevent nanoparticle aggregation. These insights are linked to material properties relevant to packaging. The outlook section elaborates on the remaining challenges and the steps required to further understand and better design nanocomposite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Colijn
- Wageningen University and Research, Food Process Engineering Group, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hanne M van der Kooij
- Wageningen University and Research, Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter Group, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Karin Schroën
- Wageningen University and Research, Food Process Engineering Group, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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James A, Velayudhaperumal Chellam P. Recent Advances in the Development of Sustainable Composite Materials used as Membranes in Microbial Fuel Cells. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300227. [PMID: 37650319 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
MFC can have dual functions; they can generate electricity from industrial and domestic effluents while purifying wastewater. Most MFC designs comprise a membrane which physically separates the cathode and anode compartments while keeping them electrically connected, playing a significant role in its efficiency. Popular commercial membranes such as Nafion, Hyflon and Zifron have excellent ionic conductivity, but have several drawbacks, mainly their prohibitive cost and non-biodegradability, preventing the large-scale application of MFC. Fabrication of composite materials that can function better at a much lower cost while also being environment-friendly has been the endeavor of few researchers over the past years. The current review aims to apprise readers of the latest trends of the past decade in fabricating composite membranes (CM) for MFC. For emphasis on environmental-friendly CM, the review begins with biopolymers, moving on to the carbon-polymer, polymer-polymer, and metal-polymer CM. Lastly, critical analysis towards technology-oriented propositions and realistic future directives in terms of strengths, weakness, opportunities, challenges (SWOC analysis) of the application of CM in MFC have been discussed for their possible large-scale use. The focus of this review is the development of hybrid materials as membranes for fuel cells, while underscoring the need for environment-friendly composites and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anina James
- Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, 110078, Delhi, India
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7
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Herber M, Jiménez Amaya A, Giese N, Bangalore Rajeeva B, Zheng Y, Hill EH. Bubble Printing of Layered Silicates: Surface Chemistry Effects and Picomolar Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:55022-55029. [PMID: 37967152 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of nanoparticles on surfaces in defined patterns has long been achieved via template-assisted methods that involve long deposition and drying steps and the need for molds or masks to obtain the desired patterns. Control over deposition of materials on surfaces via laser-directed microbubbles is a nascent technique that holds promise for rapid fabrication of devices down to the micrometer scale. However, the influence of surface chemistry on the resulting assembly using such approaches has so far not been studied. Herein, the printing of layered silicate nanoclays using a laser-directed microbubble was established. Significant differences in the macroscale structure of the printed patterns were observed for hydrophilic, pristine layered silicates compared to hydrophobic, modified layered silicates, which provided the first example of how the surface chemistry of such nanoscale objects results in changes in assembly with this approach. Furthermore, the ability of layered silicates to adsorb molecules at the interface was retained, which allowed the fabrication of proof-of-concept sensors based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from quantum dots embedded in the assemblies to bound dye molecules. The detection limit for Rhodamine 800 sensing via FRET was found to be on the order of 10-12 M, suggesting signal enhancement due to favorable interactions between the dye and nanoclay. This work sets the stage for future advances in the control of hierarchical assembly of nanoparticles by modification of surface chemistry while also demonstrating a quick and versatile approach to achieve ultrasensitive molecular sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Herber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chausee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ana Jiménez Amaya
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicklas Giese
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bharath Bangalore Rajeeva
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Eric H Hill
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chausee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Fernando A, Khan D, Hoffmann MR, Çakır D. Exploring the biointerfaces: ab initio investigation of nano-montmorillonite clay, and its interaction with unnatural amino acids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29624-29632. [PMID: 37881012 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02944a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the interaction between biomimetic Fe and Mg co-doped montmorillonite nanoclay and eleven unnatural amino acids. Employing three different functionals (PBE-GGA, PBE-GGA + U, and HSE06), we examined the clay's structural, electronic, and magnetic properties. Our results revealed the necessity of using PBE-GGA + U with U ≥ 4 eV to accurately describe key clay properties. We identified amino acids that strongly interacted with the clay surface, with steric orientation playing a crucial role in facilitating binding. Our DFT calculations highlighted significant electrostatic interactions between the amino acids and the clay slab, with the amino group's predominant role in this interaction. These findings hold promise for designing amino acids for clay-amino acid systems, leading to innovative bio-material composites for various applications. Additionally, our ab-initio molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of clay-amino acid systems under ambient conditions, and the introduction of an implicit water solvent enhanced the binding energy of amino acids on the clay surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashan Fernando
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, USA.
| | - Desmond Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, USA
| | - Mark R Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, USA
| | - Deniz Çakır
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, USA.
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9
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Hill EH. Investigating Solvent-Induced Aggregation in Edge-Functionalized Layered Silicates via All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8066-8073. [PMID: 37672482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations can provide the means to visualize and understand the role of intermolecular interactions in the mechanisms involved in molecular aggregation. Along these lines, simulations can allow the study of how surface chemical modifications can influence nanomaterial assembly at the molecular level. Layered silicate clays have been of significant interest for some time, particularly with regard to their use in organic/inorganic nanocomposites. However, despite numerous reports on the covalent linkage of organic moieties via silanol condensation, the theoretical understanding of these systems has heretofore been limited to noncovalent interactions, specifically ionic interactions at the charged basal surfaces. Herein, a model for edge-functionalized layered aluminosilicate clay, based on the siloxane linkage, is presented. In addition to reproducing experimentally observed degrees of molecular aggregation of clay-linked perylene diimide derivatives with different terminal functional groups as a function of solvent composition, a molecular-level understanding of the role of van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding of the different end-groups on the aggregation state in different water/N,N-dimethylformamide mixtures is obtained. The reported model provides a means to simulate organic moieties covalently bound to the layered silicate edge, which will enable future simulations of nanocomposites and organic/inorganic hybrids based on this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Hill
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chausee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
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10
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Gulin-Sarfraz T, Grøvlen MS, Rosqvist E, Pettersen MK, Peltonen J, Sarfraz J. Optimized multilayer coatings using layer-by-layer assembly method for excellent oxygen barrier of poly(lactic acid) based film. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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11
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Yang X, Ye Y, Liu J, Liu W, Xiong X, He Z. Graphene oxide as a multi-functional additive for compatilizer, enhancer, and barrier in ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer/aramid pulp composites. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4746-4753. [PMID: 36760315 PMCID: PMC9900475 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07182g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH)/aramid pulp (AP), graphene oxide (GO) was used as a compatilizer, enhancer, and barrier to fabricate EVOH-based composites. The results showed that graphene oxide serves as an ideal compatilizer to reinforce the interfacial action between the EVOH matrix and aramid pulp. The EVOH/AP/GO composite presented the best combination of thermal stability, tensile strength, oxygen barrier, and heat deformation temperature by adding only 1 wt% graphene oxide, compared to those of pure EVOH. Moreover, both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and polarized optical microscopy (POM) photographs demonstrated that the aramid pulp dispersed homogeneously into the EVOH resin with the addition of 1 wt% graphene oxide. Our work provides a novel and facile way for producing a prominent EVOH-based composite, which can be potentially used in packaging fields in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineer, Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 P. R. China
| | - Yingying Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineer, Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 P. R. China
| | - Jiayan Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineer, Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 P. R. China
| | - Weijun Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineer, Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 P. R. China
| | - Xianqiang Xiong
- College of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineer, Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 P. R. China
| | - Zhicai He
- College of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineer, Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 P. R. China
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Salahuddin Z, Ahmed M, Farrukh S, Ali A, Javed S, Hussain A, Younas M, Shakir S, Bokhari A, Ahmad S, Hanbazazah AS. Challenges and issues with the performance of boron nitride rooted membrane for gas separation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136002. [PMID: 35973505 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Various fillers such as zeolites, metal-organic framework, carbon, metal framework, graphene, and covalent organic framework have been incorporated into the polymers. However, these materials are facing issues such as incompatibility with the polymer matrix, which leads to the formation of non-selective voids and thus, reduces the gas separation properties. Recent studies show that hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) possesses attractive characteristics such as high aspect ratio, good compatibility with polymer materials, enhanced gas barrier performance, and improved mechanical properties, which could make h-BN the potential candidate to replace conventional fillers. The synthesis of materials and membranes is the subject of this review, which focuses on recent developments and ongoing problems. Additionally, a summary of the mathematical models that were utilised to forecast how well polymer composites would perform in gas separation is provided. It was found in the previous studies that tortuosity is the governing factor for the determination of the effectiveness of a nanofiller as a gas barrier enhancer in polymer matrices. The shape of the nanofiller particles and sheets, disorientation and distribution of the nanofillers within the polymer matrix, state of aggregation and rate of reaggregation of the nanofiller particles, as well as the compatibility of the nanofiller with the polymer matrix all played a significant role in determining how well a particular nanofiller will perform in enhancing the gas barrier properties of the nanocomposites. For this purpose, this review has been focused not only on the experimentation work but also on the effect of tortuosity, exfoliation quality, compatibility, disorientation, and reaggregation of nanofillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarrar Salahuddin
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Marghoob Ahmed
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sarah Farrukh
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Abulhassan Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sofia Javed
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Hussain
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Chemical, Materials and Mining Engineering, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology (PAF-IAST), Haripur, 22621, Hazara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Younas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, University Campus, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sehar Shakir
- U.S.- Pakistan Center for Advance Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Chemical Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sher Ahmad
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Abdulkader S Hanbazazah
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Kedang YI, Priyangga A, Atmaja L, Santoso M. Characteristics and performance studies of a composite polymer electrolyte membrane based on chitosan/glycerol-sulfosuccinic acid modified montmorillonite clay. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30742-30753. [PMID: 36349150 PMCID: PMC9606734 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04560e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, chitosan (CS) doped sulphosuccinic acid (SSA)-glycerol (Gly) and modified montmorillonite clay (MMT) were successfully fabricated. The membranes were prepared using the solution casting method. Analysis of morphology and topography using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the composite membrane with 3 wt% MMT filler, namely CS/MMT-1, possessed the most adequate surface roughness compared to the other fabricated membranes. Furthermore, mechanical characterization of the CS/MMT-1 composite membrane showed that the membrane achieved satisfactory mechanical strength with a value of 39.23 MPa. Proton conductivity of the composite membranes increased as the temperature was increased. The proton conductivity of the CS/MMT-1 composite membrane increased from 1.75 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 25 °C up to 3.57 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 80 °C. The CS/MMT-1 composite membrane also exhibited a methanol permeability value that was significantly lower than that of pristine CS, namely 1.22 × 10-7 cm2 s-1 and 12.49 × 10-7 cm2 s-1, respectively. The results of this study show that the fabricated composite membrane can be used as an alternative polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) for DMFC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohana Ivana Kedang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya 60111 Indonesia
- Department of Chemistry, Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Timor Kefamenanu 85613 Indonesia
| | - Arif Priyangga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya 60111 Indonesia
| | - Lukman Atmaja
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya 60111 Indonesia
| | - Mardi Santoso
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya 60111 Indonesia
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Zhou L, Xu PP, Ni SH, Xu L, Lin H, Zhong GJ, Huang HD, Li ZM. Superior Ductile and High-barrier Poly(lactic acid) Films by Constructing Oriented Nanocrystals as Efficient Reinforcement of Chain Entanglement Network and Promising Barrier Wall. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Siddique S, Novak A, Guliyev E, Yates K, Leung PS, Njuguna J. Oil-Based Mud Waste as a Filler Material in LDPE Composites: Evaluation of Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071455. [PMID: 35406328 PMCID: PMC9003121 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the drilling waste generated in oil and gas exploration operations, including spent drilling fluid, is disposed of or treated by several methods, including burial pits, landfill sites and various thermal treatments. This study investigates drilling waste valorisation and its use as filler in polymer composites. The effect of the poor particle/polymer interfacial adhesion bonding of the suspended clay in oil-based mud (OBM) slurry and the LDPE matrix is believed to be the main reason behind the poor thermo-mechanical and mechanical properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/OBM slurry nanocomposites. The thermo-mechanical and mechanical performances of LDPE)/OBM slurry nanocomposites without the clay surface treatment and without using compatibilizer are evaluated and discussed. In our previous studies, it has been observed that adding thermally treated reclaimed clay from OBM waste in powder form improves both the thermal and mechanical properties of LDPE nanocomposites. However, incorporating OBM clay in slurry form in the LDPE matrix can decrease the thermal stability remarkably, which was reported recently, and thereby has increased the interest to identify the mechanical response of the composite material after adding this filler. The results show the severe deterioration of the tensile and flexural properties of the LDPE/OBM slurry composites compared to those properties of the LDPE/MMT nanocomposites in this study. It is hypothesised, based on the observation of the different test results in this study, that this deterioration in the mechanical properties of the materials was associated with the poor Van der Waals force between the polymer molecules/clay platelets and the applied force. The decohesion between the matrix and OBM slurry nanoparticles under stress conditions generated stress concentration through the void area between the matrix and nanoparticles, resulting in sample failure. Interfacial adhesion bonding appears to be a key factor influencing the mechanical properties of the manufactured nanocomposite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohel Siddique
- Advanced Materials Research Group, School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (A.N.); (E.G.)
| | - Adam Novak
- Advanced Materials Research Group, School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (A.N.); (E.G.)
| | - Emin Guliyev
- Advanced Materials Research Group, School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (A.N.); (E.G.)
| | - Kyari Yates
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK;
| | - Pak Sing Leung
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK;
| | - James Njuguna
- Advanced Materials Research Group, School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (A.N.); (E.G.)
- National Subsea Centre, 3 International Ave, Dyce, Aberdeen AB21 0BH, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-1224262304
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16
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Mesquita PJPD, Alves TS, Barbosa R. Development and characterization of green polyethylene/clay/antimicrobial additive nanocomposites. POLIMEROS 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.20210097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Wu H, Kruczek B, Thibault J. A generalized model for the prediction of the permeability of mixed-matrix membranes using impermeable fillers of diverse geometry. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Xiao Y, Lei X, Xue S, Lian R, Xiong G, Xin X, Wang D, Zhang Q. Mechanically Strong, Thermally Stable Gas Barrier Polyimide Membranes Derived from Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanofluids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:56530-56543. [PMID: 34758621 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gas barrier membranes with impressive moisture permeability are highly demanded in air or nature gas dehumidification. We report a novel approach using polyetheramine oligomers covalently grafted on the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to engineer liquid-like CNT nanofluids (CNT NFs), which are incorporated into a polyimide matrix to enhance the gas barrier and moisture permeation properties. Benefiting from the featured liquid-like characteristic of CNT NFs, a strong interfacial compatibility between CNTs and the polyimide matrix is achieved, and thus, the resulting membranes exhibit high heat resistance and desirable mechanical strength as well as remarkable fracture toughness, beneficially to withstanding creep, impact, and stress fatigue in separation applications. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy measurements indicate a significant decrease in fractional free volume within the resulting membranes, leading to greatly enhanced gas barrier properties while almost showing full retention of moisture permeability compared to that of the pristine membrane. For membranes with 10 wt % CNT NFs, the gas transmission rates, respectively, decrease 99.9% for CH4, 94.4% for CO2, 99.2% for N2, and 97.9% for O2 compared with that of the pristine membrane. Most importantly, with the increasing amount of CNT NFs, the hybrid membranes demonstrate a simultaneous increase of barrier performance and permselectivity for H2O/CH4, H2O/N2, H2O/CO2, and H2O/O2. All these results make these membranes potential candidates for high-pressure natural gas or hyperthermal air dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Porous Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions of Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
| | - Xingfeng Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Porous Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions of Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
| | - Shuyu Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions of Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
| | - Ruhe Lian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions of Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
| | - Guo Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions of Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
| | - Xiangze Xin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
| | - Dechao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Porous Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions of Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
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19
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Wantat A, Seraypheap K, Rojsitthisak P. Effect of chitosan coatings supplemented with chitosan-montmorillonite nanocomposites on postharvest quality of 'Hom Thong' banana fruit. Food Chem 2021; 374:131731. [PMID: 34896958 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chitosan (CTS) solutions supplemented with chitosan-montmorillonite (CTS-MMT) nanocomposites at various concentrations were prepared for free-standing films by the casting technique. Incorporating 2% CTS-MMT nanocomposites into the free-standing CTS films could improve the water-resistance and oxygen barrier of the film. For the postharvest experiment, CTS and CTS supplemented with CTS-MMT nanocomposite solutions were applied as banana fruit coating by the dipping technique. The CTS supplemented with 2% CTS-MMT showed a significant retarding in peel color change, reduced electrolyte leakage, and MDA content, while CTS coating could maintain fruit firmness and reduce plasma membrane destruction for only the first few days. In addition, the CTS supplemented with 2% CTS-MMT coating could reduce ethylene production and respiration rate of the banana fruit. Overall results suggest that the CTS supplemented with 2% CTS-MMT nanocomposites is a novel coating material for maintaining the postharvest quality of 'Hom Thong' banana fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arisa Wantat
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Environment and Plant Physiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kanogwan Seraypheap
- Center of Excellence in Environment and Plant Physiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pranee Rojsitthisak
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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20
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Shar AS, Zhang C, Song X, Weng Y, Du Q. Design of Novel PLA/OMMT Films with Improved Gas Barrier and Mechanical Properties by Intercalating OMMT Interlayer with High Gas Barrier Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3962. [PMID: 34833261 PMCID: PMC8624431 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer/clay composites are an innovative class of materials. In this study, we present a facile method for the preparation of biodegradable and robust PLA/organomodified montmorillonite (OMMT) composite films with excellent gas barrier performance. When the design of PLA/OMMT composite films, in addition to making OMMT have good intercalation effect in the matrix, the compatibility of intercalating polymer and matrix should also be considered. In this work, two polymers with high gas barrier properties, namely poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), were selected to intercalate OMMT. The morphology and microstructures of the prepared PLA/PVA/OMMT and PLA/EVOH/OMMT composites were characterized by the X-ray diffraction measurement, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. It was shown that the good dispersibility of PVA in the PLA matrix, rather than the intercalation effect, was responsible for the improved gas barrier and mechanical properties of PLA/PVA/OMMT composite. The elongation at break increases from 4.5% to 22.7% when 1 wt % PVA is added to PLA/OMMT. Moreover, gas barrier of PLA/PVA1/OMMT measured as O2 permeability is 52.8% higher than that of neat PLA. This work provides a route to intercalate OMMT interlayer with high gas barrier polymers and thus can be a useful reference to fabricate PLA/OMMT composites with improved gas barrier and mechanical properties. A comparison of oxygen permeabilities with existing commercial packaging films indicates that the biodegradable PLA/PVA/OMMT may serve as a viable substitute for packaging film applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Shakoor Shar
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Caili Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Xieqing Song
- Fenghua Research Institute of Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315500, China;
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Qiuyue Du
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
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21
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Helanto K, Talja R, Rojas OJ. Talc reinforcement of polylactide and biodegradable polyester blends via injection‐molding and pilot‐scale film extrusion. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karoliina Helanto
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University Espoo Finland
- Metsä Board Corporation Espoo Finland
| | | | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University Espoo Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Chemistry, and Wood Science The University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
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22
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Zhu Y, Cui Y, Shan Z, Dai R, Shi L, Chen H. Fabrication and characterization of a multi-functional and environmentally-friendly starch/organo-bentonite composite liquid dust suppressant. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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23
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Sellami F, Kebiche-Senhadji O, Marais S, Lanel C, Fatyeyeva K. Novel Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)/Montmorillonite Polymer Inclusion Membrane: Application to Cr(VI) Extraction from Polluted Water. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11090682. [PMID: 34564498 PMCID: PMC8468779 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11090682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel hybrid polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) (polymer matrix) and Aliquat 336 (ion carrier) and containing native sodium (Cloisite Na+ (CNa)) and organo-modified (Cloisite 30B (C30B)) Montmorillonites were elaborated and tested for the removal of toxic Cr(VI) ions from the aqueous solution. The influence of the nanoclay incorporation on the physicochemical properties of PVDF-based PIMs was studied and the resulting membrane transport properties of the Cr(VI) ions were investigated in detail. The water contact angle measurements reveal that the incorporation of the CNa nanofiller affects the membrane wettability as less hydrophilic surface is obtained in this case-~47° in the presence of CNa as compared with ~15° for PIMs with C30B. The membrane rigidity is found to be dependent on the type and size of the used Montmorillonite. The increase of Young's modulus is higher when CNa is incorporated in comparison with C30B. The stiffness of the PIM is strongly increased with CNa amount (four times higher with 30 wt %) which is not the case for C30B (only 1.5 times). Higher Cr(VI) permeation flux is obtained for PIMs containing CNa (~2.7 µmol/(m2·s)) owing to their porous structure as compared with membranes loaded with C30B and those without filler (~2 µmol/(m2·s) in both cases). The PIM with 20 wt % of native sodium Montmorillonite revealed satisfactory stability during five cycles of the Cr(VI) transport due to the high membrane rigidity and hydrophobicity. Much lower macromolecular chain mobility in this case allows limiting the carrier loss, thus increasing the membrane stability. On the contrary, a deterioration of the transport performance is recorded for the membrane filled with C30B and that without filler. The obtained results showed the possibility to extend the PIM lifetime through the incorporation of nanoparticles that diminish the carrier loss (Aliquat 336) from the membrane into the aqueous phase by limiting its mobility within the membrane by tortuosity effect and membrane stiffening without losing its permselective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferhat Sellami
- Laboratoire de Procédés Membranaires et de Technique de Séparation et de Récupération (LPMSTR), Faculté de Technologie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (F.S.); (O.K.-S.)
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces (PBS), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Ounissa Kebiche-Senhadji
- Laboratoire de Procédés Membranaires et de Technique de Séparation et de Récupération (LPMSTR), Faculté de Technologie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (F.S.); (O.K.-S.)
| | - Stéphane Marais
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces (PBS), 76000 Rouen, France
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (K.F.)
| | - Charles Lanel
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, UFR Sciences et Technique, 76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Kateryna Fatyeyeva
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces (PBS), 76000 Rouen, France
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (K.F.)
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24
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Effects of talc, kaolin and calcium carbonate as fillers in biopolymer packaging materials. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2021-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We compared the performance of bio-based and biodegradable polymers for packaging applications. Cost-effective inorganic fillers (talc, kaolin and calcium carbonate) were first melt-compounded with polylactic acid (PLA), poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(hydroxy butyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV). Following this, injection- and compression-molded specimens were produced to test the effect of filler loading (0–30 wt%) in relation to the morphological, thermal, mechanical and barrier properties of the composites. All the fillers were homogeneously dispersed in the polymer matrices and suitable polymer–filler adhesion was observed for talc and kaolin. The elastic modulus increased at the expense of a reduced tensile and elongation. The most significant improvements in water vapor and oxygen barrier properties were achieved with talc in PLA, PBAT and PHBV films. Overall, the results point to the promise of the introduced compositions for food packaging materials.
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Kuznetsov NM, Bakirov AV, Banin EP, Belousov SI, Chvalun SN. In situ X-ray analysis of montmorillonite suspensions in polydimethylsiloxane: Orientation in shear and electric field. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Franco-Urquiza EA. Clay-Based Polymer Nanocomposites: Essential Work of Fracture. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2399. [PMID: 34372002 PMCID: PMC8348371 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work details the general structure of the clays used as a reinforcement phase in polymer nanocomposites. Clays are formed by the molecular arrangement of atomic planes described through diagrams to improve their visualization. The molecular knowledge of clays can facilitate the selection of the polymer matrix and achieve a suitable process to obtain clay-based polymer nanocomposite systems. This work highlights the development of polymer nanocomposites using the melt intercalation method. The essential work of fracture (EWF) technique has been used to characterize the fracture behavior of materials that show ductility and where complete yielding of the ligament region occurs before the crack propagation. In this sense, the EWF technique characterizes the post-yielding fracture mechanics, determining two parameters: the specific essential work of fracture (we), related to the surface where the actual fracture process occurs, and the specific non-essential work of fracture (wp), related to the plastic work carried out in the outer zone of the fracture zone. The EWF technique has been used successfully in nano-reinforced polymers to study the influence of different variables on fracture behavior. In this work, the fundamentals of the EWF technique are described, and some examples of its application are compiled, presenting a summary of the most relevant contributions in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Adrian Franco-Urquiza
- National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT-CIDESI), Center for Engineering and Industrial Development, Carretera Estatal 200, km 23, Querétaro 76265, Mexico
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Issa S, Cousin F, Bonnevide M, Gigmes D, Jestin J, Phan TNT. Poly(ethylene oxide) grafted silica nanoparticles: efficient routes of synthesis with associated colloidal stability. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6552-6565. [PMID: 34151921 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00678a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, poly(ethylene oxide) monomethyl ether (MPEO) of molecular weight of 5000, 10 000, and 20 000 g mol-1 were grafted onto colloidal silica nanoparticles (NPs) of a 27.6 nm diameter using two distinct "grafting to" processes. The first method was based on the coupling reaction of epoxide-end capped MPEO with amine-functionalized silica NPs, while the second method was based on the condensation of triethoxysilane-terminated MPEO onto the unmodified silica NPs. The influence of PEO molecular weight, grafting process and grafting conditions (temperature, reactant concentration, reaction time) on the PEO grafting density was fully investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to determine the grafting density which ranged from 0.12 chains per nm2 using the first approach to 1.02 chains per nm2 when using the second approach. 29Si CP/MAS NMR characterization indirectly revealed that above a grafting density value of 0.3 PEO chains per nm2, a dendri-graft PEO network was built around the silica surface which was composed of PEO chains directly anchored to the silica surface and those grafted to silica NPs by intermediate of >CH-O-Si- bonds. The colloidal stability of the particles during different steps of the grafting process was characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). We have found that the colloidal systems are stable whatever the achieved grafting density due to the strong repulsions between the NPs, with the strength of repulsion increasing with the molecular weight of the grafted MPEO chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Issa
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273-Campus Scientifique St Jérôme, Service 542, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | - Fabrice Cousin
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR 12, Université Paris-Saclay, IRAMIS/CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Marine Bonnevide
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques MICHELIN, Site de Ladoux, 23 place des Carmes Déchaux, F-63 040 Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex 9, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273-Campus Scientifique St Jérôme, Service 542, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | - Jacques Jestin
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR 12, Université Paris-Saclay, IRAMIS/CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Trang N T Phan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273-Campus Scientifique St Jérôme, Service 542, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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Kabbej M, Guillard V, Angellier-Coussy H, Wolf C, Gontard N, Gaucel S. 3D Modelling of Mass Transfer into Bio-Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2257. [PMID: 34301015 PMCID: PMC8309300 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A three-dimensional model structure that allows considering interphase layer around permeable inclusions is developed to predict water vapor permeability in composite materials made of a matrix Poly(3-HydroxyButyrate-co-3-HydroxyValerate) (PHBV) including Wheat Straw Fiber (WSF) particles. About 500 two-phase structures corresponding to composites of different particles volume fractions (5.14-11.4-19.52 % v/v) generated using experimental particles' size distribution have permitted to capture all the variability of the experimental material. These structures have served as a basis to create three-phase structures including interphase zone of altered polymer property surrounding each particle. Finite Element Method (FEM) applied on these structures has permitted to calculate the relative permeability (ratio between composite and neat matrix permeability P/Pm). The numerical results of the two-phase model are consistent with the experimental data for volume fraction lower than 11.4 %v/v but the large upturn of the experimental relative permeability for highest volume fraction is not well represented by the two-phase model. Among hypothesis made to explain model's deviation, the presence of an interphase with its own transfer properties is numerically tested: numerical exploration made with the three-phase model proves that an interphase of 5 µm thick, with diffusivity of Di≥1×10-10 m2·s-1, would explain the large upturn of permeability at high volume fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valérie Guillard
- IATE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.K.); (H.A.-C.); (C.W.); (N.G.); (S.G.)
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Choi SE, Kim SS, Choi E, Kim JH, Choi Y, Kang J, Kwon O, Kim DW. Diamine vapor treatment of viscoelastic graphene oxide liquid crystal for gas barrier coating. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9518. [PMID: 33947901 PMCID: PMC8096969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A layered graphene oxide/ethylenediamine (GO/EDA) composite film was developed by exposing aqueous GO liquid crystal (GOLC) coating to EDA vapor and its effects on the gas barrier performance of GO film were systematically investigated. When a GO/EDA coating with a thickness of approximately 1 μm was applied to a neat polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, the resultant film was highly impermeable to gas molecules, particularly reducing the gas permeance up to 99.6% for He and 98.5% for H2 in comparison to the neat PET film. The gas barrier properties can be attributed to the long diffusion length through stacked GO nanosheets. The EDA can crosslink oxygen-containing groups of GO, enhancing the mechanical properties of the GO/EDA coating with hardness and elastic modulus values up to 1.14 and 28.7 GPa, respectively. By the synergistic effect of the viscoelastic properties of GOLC and the volatility of EDA, this coating method can be applied to complex geometries and EDA intercalation can be spontaneously achieved through the scaffold of the GOLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Eun Choi
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Carbon Composite Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 92 Chudong-ro Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55324 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Choi
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Yunkyu Choi
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeok Kang
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Ohchan Kwon
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Woo Kim
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
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30
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Roso M, Cerclé C, Patience GS, Ajji A. Experimental methods in chemical engineering: Barrier properties. CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Roso
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Claire Cerclé
- Chemical Engineering Polytechnique Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | | | - Abdellah Ajji
- Chemical Engineering Polytechnique Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
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31
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A Characteristic Study of Polylactic Acid/Organic Modified Montmorillonite (PLA/OMMT) Nanocomposite Materials after Hydrolyzing. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11040376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the montmorillonite (MMT) clay was modified with NH4Cl, and then the structures were exfoliated or intercalated in a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix by a torque rheometer in the ratio of 0.5, 3.0, 5.0 and 8.0 wt%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the organic modified-MMT(OMMT) was distributed successfully in the PLA matrix. After thermal pressing, the thermal stability of the mixed composites was measured by a TGA. The mixed composites were also blended with OMMT by a co-rotating twin screw extruder palletizing system, and then injected for the ASTM-D638 standard specimen by an injection machine for measuring the material strength by MTS. The experimental results showed that the mixture of organophilic clay and PLA would enhance the thermal stability. In the PLA mixed with 3 wt% OMMT nanocomposite, the TGA maximum decomposition temperature (Tmax) rose from 336.84 °C to 339.08 °C. In the PLA mixed with 5 wt% OMMT nanocomposite, the loss of temperature rose from 325.14 °C to 326.48 °C. In addition, the elongation rate increased from 4.46% to 10.19% with the maximum loading of 58 MPa. After the vibrating hydrolysis process, the PLA/OMMT nanocomposite was degraded through the measurement of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and its Tg, Tc, and Tm1 declined.
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32
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Straw/Nano-Additive Hybrids as Functional Fillers for Natural Rubber Biocomposites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14020321. [PMID: 33435445 PMCID: PMC7826977 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, up to 215 million metric tons of harvestable straw are available in Europe, 50% of the crops come from wheat, 25% from barley and 25% from maize. More than half of the production remains undeveloped. The overproduction of straw in the world means that the current methods of its management are insufficient. The article describes the production method and characterization of natural rubber biocomposites containing cereal straw powder modified with functional nano-additives in the form of carbon black, silica and halloysite nanotubes. The use of cereal straw in the elastomer matrix should contribute to obtaining a product with good mechanical properties while ensuring a low cost of the composite. In turn, the application of the mechanical modification process will allow the combination of specific properties of raw materials to obtain new, advanced elastomeric materials. As part of the work, hybrid fillers based on mechanically modified cereal straw were produced. The impact of hybrid fillers on mechanical, rheometric and damping properties was assessed. The flammability and susceptibility of the obtained biocomposites to aging processes were determined. The use of hybrid fillers based on mechanically modified straw allowed us to obtain a higher cross-linking density of vulcanizates (even up to 40% compared to the reference sample), and thus higher values of the rheometric moment during the vulcanization process of rubber mixtures (from approx. 10% (10 phr of filler) up to 50% (30 phr of filler) in relation to the unfilled system) and higher hardness of vulcanizates (by about 30–70%). The curing time of the blends was slightly longer, but the obtained composites were characterized by significantly higher tensile strength. The use of fillers in the elastomer matrix increased the modulus at 100, 200 and 300% and the elongation at break. Moreover, greater resistance of vulcanizates to the combustion process was confirmed.
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33
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Nanocomposites for Food Packaging Applications: An Overview. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 11:nano11010010. [PMID: 33374563 PMCID: PMC7822409 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong drive in industry for packaging solutions that contribute to sustainable development by targeting a circular economy, which pivots around the recyclability of the packaging materials. The aim is to reduce traditional plastic consumption and achieve high recycling efficiency while maintaining the desired barrier and mechanical properties. In this domain, packaging materials in the form of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) can offer the desired functionalities and can be a potential replacement for complex multilayered polymer structures. There has been an increasing interest in nanocomposites for food packaging applications, with a five-fold rise in the number of published articles during the period 2010–2019. The barrier, mechanical, and thermal properties of the polymers can be significantly improved by incorporating low concentrations of nanofillers. Furthermore, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties can be introduced, which are very relevant for food packaging applications. In this review, we will present an overview of the nanocomposite materials for food packaging applications. We will briefly discuss different nanofillers, methods to incorporate them in the polymer matrix, and surface treatments, with a special focus on the barrier, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. On the practical side migration issues, consumer acceptability, recyclability, and toxicity aspects will also be discussed.
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Blevins AK, Cox LM, Hu L, Drisko JA, Lin H, Bowman CN, Killgore JP, Ding Y. Spatially Controlled Permeability and Stiffness in Photopatterned Two-Stage Reactive Polymer Films for Enhanced CO2 Barrier and Mechanical Toughness. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne K. Blevins
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Lewis M. Cox
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59715, United States
| | - Leiqing Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | | | - Haiqing Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | | | - Yifu Ding
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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35
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Wang N, Zhang C, Weng Y. Enhancing gas barrier performance of polylactic acid/lignin composite films through cooperative effect of compatibilization and nucleation. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Caili Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
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36
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Peng T, Xiao R, Rong Z, Liu H, Hu Q, Wang S, Li X, Zhang J. Polymer Nanocomposite-based Coatings for Corrosion Protection. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3915-3941. [PMID: 32979034 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Corrosion of metals induces enormous loss of material performance and increase of cost, which has been a common and intractable issue that needs to be addressed urgently. Coating technology has been acknowledged to be the most economic and efficient approach to retard the metal corrosion. For several decades, polymers have been recognized as an effective anticorrosion coating material in both industries and scientific communities, as they demonstrate good barrier properties, ease of altering properties and massive production. Nanomaterials show distinctively different physical and chemical properties compared with their bulk counterparts, which have been considered as highly promising functional materials in various applications, impacting virtually all the fields of science and technologies. Recently, the introduction of nanomaterials with various properties into polymer matrix to form a polymer nanocomposite has been devoted to improve anticorrosive ability of polymer coatings. In this review article, we highlight the recent advances and synopsis of these high-performance polymer nanocomposites as anticorrosive coating materials. We expect that this work could be helpful for the researchers who are interested in the development of functional nanomaterials and advanced corrosion protection technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Peng
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Ruihou Xiao
- JUHUA Group Corporation Technology Centre, Quzhou, 324004, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyang Rong
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Liu
- JUHUA Group Corporation Technology Centre, Quzhou, 324004, P. R. China
| | - Qunyi Hu
- Zhejiang JUHUA Novel Materials Research Institute Co., Ltd, Lin'an, 311305, P. R. China
| | - Shuhua Wang
- Zhejiang JUHUA Novel Materials Research Institute Co., Ltd, Lin'an, 311305, P. R. China
| | - Xu Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138634, Singapore.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
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37
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Effect of LDHs and Other Clays on Polymer Composite in Adsorptive Removal of Contaminants: A Review. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10110957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the development of a unique class of layered silicate nanomaterials has attracted considerable interest for treatment of wastewater. Clean water is an essential commodity for healthier life, agriculture and a safe environment at large. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and other clay hybrids are emerging as potential nanostructured adsorbents for water purification. These LDH hybrids are referred to as hydrotalcite-based materials or anionic clays and promising multifunctional two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. They are used in many applications including photocatalysis, energy storage, nanocomposites, adsorption, diffusion and water purification. The adsorption and diffusion capacities of various toxic contaminants heavy metal ions and dyes on different unmodified and modified LDH-samples are discussed comparatively with other types of nanoclays acting as adsorbents. This review focuses on the preparation methods, comparison of adsorption and diffusion capacities of LDH-hybrids and other nanoclay materials for the treatment of various contaminants such as heavy metal ions and dyes.
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38
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Prasad K, Nikzad M, Sbarski I. Using viscoelastic modeling and molecular dynamics based simulations to characterize polymer natural fiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamurthy Prasad
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and TechnologySwinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria Australia
| | - Mostafa Nikzad
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and TechnologySwinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria Australia
| | - Igor Sbarski
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and TechnologySwinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria Australia
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39
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Li F, Zhang C, Weng Y. Improvement of the Gas Barrier Properties of PLA/OMMT Films by Regulating the Interlayer Spacing of OMMT and the Crystallinity of PLA. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:18675-18684. [PMID: 32775869 PMCID: PMC7407535 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A high gas barrier performance should be ensured in case of biodegradable packing applications. However, the gas barrier properties of the biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) are not much effective. Nanocomposites can provide innovative solutions to enhance the barrier performance. In this study, different weight percentages of organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt %)-incorporated PLA/OMMT nanocomposites were prepared by melt mixing. Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) was used to regulate the interlayer spacing of OMMT and increase the PLA crystallinity to further improve the gas barrier performance of the PLA/OMMT films. The crystallinity of PLA was significantly improved because EGDE-modified OMMT served as an efficient nucleating agent. The PLA/EGDE/OMMT films demonstrated a unique structure such that the adjacent OMMT layers were linked through the PLA crystals that serve as a bridge with respect to the spaces between the OMMT layers. The O2 permeability of the PLA/EGDE4/OMMT-6 film decreased by approximately 79% when compared with that of the neat PLA film. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry analyses denoted that the reduced oxygen permeability of the PLA/EGDE4/OMMT-6 film can be primarily attributed to the high crystallinity of the PLA matrix and the bridging effect of the PLA crystals between two adjacent layers. Based on the experimental results, the relation between the relative permeability and vol % OMMT is in good agreement with that of the predicted values obtained using the Bharadwaj model when S = 0. The added EGDE weakened the thermal stability and tensile strength, mainly because of degradation of the hydroxyl groups of EGDE formed by epoxy ring opening, and these hydroxyl groups can promote PLA matrix degradation. However, the practical application temperature of the packaging film is considerably lower than the thermal decomposition temperature; therefore, the reduction of the thermal decomposition temperature does not affect the use of the packaging film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Li
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Caili Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety
of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business
University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety
of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business
University, Beijing 100048, China
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40
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Li F, Zhang C, Weng Y, Diao X, Zhou Y, Song X. Enhancement of Gas Barrier Properties of Graphene Oxide/Poly (Lactic Acid) Films Using a Solvent-free Method. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13133024. [PMID: 32640688 PMCID: PMC7372362 DOI: 10.3390/ma13133024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide(GO)/polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposite, prepared using a solvent-free melt mixing processing, is investigated as a potential oxygen barrier packaging film in this work. In order to disperse GO homogeneously in PLA matrix, hydrophobic silane coupling agent, i.e., γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)propyltrimethoxysilane (KH560), is used to modify the graphene oxide sheets. The modified GO is able to be well bonded to the PLA due to the formation of covalent bonds between the epoxy groups of KH560 and the carboxyl and hydroxyl terminal groups of PLA. Furthermore, the thermal stability of GO is enhanced due to the long alkyl side chain of KH560, which could also increase the crystallinity of PLA. As a result, the crystallinity of PLA is significantly improved because of the linear KH560 chains, which can act as nucleating agents to improve the crystallization. The KH560-GO helps to reduce the O2 permeability of KH560-GO/PLA composite films via a dual-action mechanism: (1) providing physical barrier due to their native barrier properties, and (2) by resulting in higher degree of crystallinity. The as-prepared KH560-GO0.75/PLA is able to exhibit ca. 33% and ca. 13% decrease in the PO2 than the neat PLA and GO0.75/PLA film, respectively. Finally, the mechanical properties and impact fractured surfaces indicate that the increase in the tensile strength and elongation at break value of KH560-GO/PLA are due to the strong interfacial adhesion and the strong bonding between the epoxy group of KH560-GO and hydroxyl and carboxyl acid terminal groups of PLA matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Caili Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.D.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.D.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xiaoqian Diao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.D.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Yingxin Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.D.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Xinyu Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.D.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
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Effects of Immobilized Ionic Liquid on Properties of Biodegradable Polycaprolactone/LDH Nanocomposites Prepared by In Situ Polymerization and Melt-Blending Techniques. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050969. [PMID: 32443604 PMCID: PMC7712423 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The high capacity of calcinated layered double hydroxides (LDH) to immobilize various active molecules together with their inherent gas/vapor impermeability make these nanoparticles highly promising to be applied as nanofillers for biodegradable polyester packaging. Herein, trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium decanoate ionic liquid (IL) was immobilized on the surface of calcinated LDH. Thus, the synthesized nanoparticles were used for the preparation of polycaprolactone (PCL)/LDH nanocomposites. Two different methods of nanocomposite preparation were used and compared: microwave-assisted in situ ring opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone (εCL) and melt-blending. The in situ ROP of εCL in the presence of LDH nanoparticles with the immobilized IL led to homogenous nanofiller dispersion in the PCL matrix promoting formation of large PCL crystallites, which resulted in the improved mechanical, thermal and gas/water vapor barrier properties of the final nanocomposite. The surface-bonded IL thus acted as nanofiller surfactant, compatibilizer, as well as thermal stabilizer of the PCL/LDH nanocomposites. Contrary to that, the melt-blending caused a partial degradation of the immobilized IL and led to the production of PCL nanocomposites with a heterogenous nanofiller dispersion having inferior mechanical and gas/water vapor barrier properties.
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42
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Singha S, Hedenqvist MS. A Review on Barrier Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Clay Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1095. [PMID: 32403371 PMCID: PMC7285356 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is considered to be among the best biopolymer substitutes for the existing petroleum-based polymers in the field of food packaging owing to its renewability, biodegradability, non-toxicity and mechanical properties. However, PLA displays only moderate barrier properties to gases, vapors and organic compounds, which can limit its application as a packaging material. Hence, it becomes essential to understand the mass transport properties of PLA and address the transport challenges. Significant improvements in the barrier properties can be achieved by incorporating two-dimensional clay nanofillers, the planes of which create tortuosity to the diffusing molecules, thereby increasing the effective length of the diffusion path. This article reviews the literature on barrier properties of PLA/clay nanocomposites. The important PLA/clay nanocomposite preparation techniques, such as solution intercalation, melt processing and in situ polymerization, are outlined followed by an extensive account of barrier performance of nanocomposites drawn from the literature. Fundamentals of mass transport phenomena and the factors affecting mass transport are also presented. Furthermore, mathematical models that have been proposed/used to predict the permeability in polymer/clay nanocomposites are reviewed and the extent to which the models are validated in PLA/clay composites is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvra Singha
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael S. Hedenqvist
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Huang J, Tong X, Yang J, Wang Z, Zhang M, Wang X, Yang J. Synthesis of poly (hexamethylene terephthalamide)-co-polycaprolactam/modified montmorillonite nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties and lower water absorption rate by in-situ polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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44
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Varsakelis C, Papalexandris M. Bridging the gap between the Darcy-Brinkman equations and the Nielsen model for tortuosity in polymer-filled systems. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Polyetherimide-Montmorillonite Nano-Hybrid Composite Membranes: CO2 Permeance Study via Theoretical Models. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of aminolauric acid modified montmorillonite (f-MMT) in polyetherimide (PEI) has been implemented to develop hollow fibre nano-hybrid composite membranes (NHCMs) with improved gas separation characteristics. The aforementioned characteristics are caused by enhanced f-MMT spatial dispersion and interfacial interactions with PEI matrix. In this study, existing gas permeation models such as, Nielsen, Cussler, Yang–Cussler, Lape–Cussler and Bharadwaj were adopted to estimate the dispersion state of f-MMT and to predict the CO2 permeance in developed NHCMs. It was found out that the average aspect ratio estimated was 53, with 3 numbers of stacks per unit tactoid, which showed that the intercalation f-MMT morphology is the dominating dispersion state of filler in PEI matrix. Moreover, it was observed that Bharadwaj model showed the least average absolute relative error (%AARE) values till 3 wt. % f-MMT loading in the range of ±10 for a pressure range of 2 to 10 bar. Hence, Bharadwaj was the best fit model for the experimental data compared to other models, as it considers the platelets orientation.
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46
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Morita RY, Kloss JR, Barbosa RV, Soares BG, Silva LCOD, Silva ALND. Rheological and thermal properties of EVA-organoclay systems using an environmentally friendly clay modifiera. POLIMEROS 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.03420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bluma Guenther Soares
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Abstract
The mining industry of Poland is based mostly on coal and copper ores. Strict carbon emissions and the depletion of deposits will slowly phase out coal. Therefore, metallic ores and other mineral raw materials will dominate the extractive industry of Poland. Current measured resources of the largest deposits of halloysite and diatomaceous earth in Poland are over 0.5 Mt and 10 Mt, respectively. Halloysite and diatomaceous earth samples from halloysite Dunino deposits and Jawornik diatomaceous earth deposits (composed mostly of diatomaceous skeletons (frustules)) were subjected to mineralogical analysis, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) nanostructural, chemical, elemental, and mineral content analysis. Both these minerals have similar properties, i.e., sorption capacity and cation exchange capacity, and are used mostly for the same purposes, e.g., adsorbents, filler material, and filtration. Samples of Dunino halloysite consist of minerals such as halloysite, kaolinite, hematite, magnetite, quartz, magnesioferrite, rutile, ilmenite, geikielite, goyazite, gorceixite, and crandallite, with little impurities in the form of iron oxides. Occasionally, halloysite nanoplates (HNP) nanotubes (HNT) were found. Diatomaceous earth is composed mainly of silica-containing phases (quartz, opal) and clay minerals (illite and kaolinite). The frustules of diatoms are mostly centric (discoid) and have radius values of approximately 50–60 μm. Large resources of these minerals could be used in the future either for manufacturing composite materials or highly advanced adsorbents.
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48
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Dagmar M, Alice T, Alena K. Polyethylene/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate and Ethylene Octene Copolymer/Clay Nanocomposite Films: Different Processing Conditions and Their Effect on Properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ben Dhieb F, Tabatabaei SH, Mighri F, Ajji A. Comparison of Crosslinking Efficiency in Dip and Roll-Deposited Coatings on Their Oxygen Barrier. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:15772-15779. [PMID: 31592139 PMCID: PMC6777300 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coating techniques are key factors in determining coated film properties. In the present study, nanocomposite coatings of poly(vinyl alcohol) and a nanoclay, montmorillonite, were deposited layer-by-layer using roll (doctor blade, DB) and dip coating techniques, in an effort to compare the impact of these techniques on the crosslinking efficiency and oxygen barrier of the coated films. The barrier properties at different relative humidities were tested, and the extent of nanoclay intercalation as well as the films' morphology was investigated. Barrier was further improved by crosslinking the coating with glyoxal and glutaraldehyde. Both techniques gave similar results but with a higher impact of relative humidity in roll coated films. Better results were achieved by tailoring the composition of those coatings to favor a higher density of hydrogen bonding in the coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ben Dhieb
- 3SPack
NSERC-Industry Chair, CREPEC, Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montreal, C.P. 6079, Succursale Centre ville, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3A7
| | | | - Frej Mighri
- CREPEC,
Chemical Engineering Department, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Abdellah Ajji
- 3SPack
NSERC-Industry Chair, CREPEC, Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montreal, C.P. 6079, Succursale Centre ville, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3A7
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50
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Jablonski J, Yu L, Malik S, Sharma A, Bajaj A, Balasubramaniam SL, Bleher R, Weiner RG, Duncan TV. Migration of Quaternary Ammonium Cations from Exfoliated Clay/Low-Density Polyethylene Nanocomposites into Food Simulants. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13349-13359. [PMID: 31460463 PMCID: PMC6705235 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Clay/polymer nanocomposites (CPNs) are polymers incorporating refined clay particles that are frequently functionalized with quaternary ammonium cations (QACs) as dispersion aids. There is interest in commercializing CPNs for food contact applications because they have improved strength and barrier properties, but there are few studies on the potential for QACs in CPNs to transfer to foods under conditions of intended use. In this study, we manufactured low-density poly(ethylene) (LDPE)-based CPNs and assessed whether QACs can migrate into several food simulants under accelerated storage conditions. QACs were found to migrate to a fatty food simulant (ethanol) at levels of ∼1.1 μg mg-1 CPN mass after 10 days at 40 °C, constituting about 4% total migration (proportion of the initial QAC content in the CPN that migrated to the simulant). QAC migration into ethanol was ∼16× higher from LDPE containing approximately the same concentration of QACs but no clay, suggesting that most QACs in the CPN are tightly bound to clay particles and are immobile. Negligible QACs were found to migrate into aqueous, alcoholic, or acidic simulants from CPNs, and the amount of migrated QACs was also found to scale with the temperature and the initial clay concentration. The migration data were compared to a theoretical diffusion model, and it was found that the diffusion constant for QACs in the CPN was several orders of magnitude slower than predicted, which we attributed to the potential for QACs to migrate as dimers or other aggregates rather than as individual ions. Nevertheless, the use of the migration model resulted in a conservative estimate of the mass transfer of QAC from the CPN test specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph
E. Jablonski
- Center
for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S.
Food and Drug Administration, Bedford
Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | - Longjiao Yu
- Department
of Food Science and Nutrition, Illinois
Institute of Technology, Bedford
Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | - Sargun Malik
- Department
of Food Science and Nutrition, Illinois
Institute of Technology, Bedford
Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Department
of Food Science and Nutrition, Illinois
Institute of Technology, Bedford
Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | - Akhil Bajaj
- Department
of Food Science and Nutrition, Illinois
Institute of Technology, Bedford
Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | | | - Reiner Bleher
- Northwestern
University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE)
Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rebecca G. Weiner
- Center
for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S.
Food and Drug Administration, Bedford
Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | - Timothy V. Duncan
- Center
for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S.
Food and Drug Administration, Bedford
Park, Illinois 60501, United States
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