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A G S Silva F, Schlapp-Hackl I, Nygren N, Heimala S, Leinonen A, Dourado F, Gama M, Hummel M. Upcycling of cellulosic textile waste with bacterial cellulose via Ioncell® technology. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132194. [PMID: 38821791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Currently the textile industry relies strongly on synthetic fibres and cotton, which contribute to many environmental problems. Man-made cellulosic fibres (MMCF) can offer sustainable alternatives. Herein, the development of Lyocell-type MMCF using bacterial cellulose (BC) as alternative raw material in the Ioncell® spinning process was investigated. BC, known for its high degree of polymerization (DP), crystallinity and strength was successfully dissolved in the ionic liquid (IL) 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate [DBNH][OAc] to produce solutions with excellent spinnability. BC staple fibres displayed good mechanical properties and crystallinity (CI) and were spun into a yarn which was knitted into garments, demonstrating the potential of BC as suitable cellulose source for textile production. BC is also a valuable additive when recycling waste cellulose textiles (viscose fibres). The high DP and Cl of BC enhanced the spinnability in a viscose/BC blend, consequently improving the mechanical performance of the resulting fibres, as compared to neat viscose fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A G S Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Inge Schlapp-Hackl
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O Box 16300, 00076 Aalto Espoo, Finland
| | - Nicole Nygren
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O Box 16300, 00076 Aalto Espoo, Finland
| | - Senni Heimala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O Box 16300, 00076 Aalto Espoo, Finland
| | - Anna Leinonen
- School of Arts, Design and Architecture, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Fernando Dourado
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel Gama
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O Box 16300, 00076 Aalto Espoo, Finland.
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2
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Khoo YS, Tjong TC, Chew JW, Hu X. Techniques for recovery and recycling of ionic liquids: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171238. [PMID: 38423336 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Due to beneficial properties like non-flammability, thermal stability, low melting point and low vapor pressure, ionic liquids (ILs) have gained great interest from engineers and researchers in the past decades to replace conventional solvents. The superior characteristics of ILs make them promising for applications in fields as wide-ranging as pharmaceuticals, foods, nanoparticles synthesis, catalysis, electrochemistry and so on. To alleviate the high cost and environmental impact of ILs, various technologies have been reported to recover and purify the used ILs, as well as recycling the ILs. The aim of this article is to overview the state-of-the-art research on the recovery and recycling technologies for ILs including membrane technology, distillation, extraction, aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) and adsorption. In addition, challenges and future perspectives on ILs recovery are discussed. This review is expected to provide valuable insights for developing effective and environmentally friendly recovery methods for ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Siew Khoo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Ave, Block N4.1, 639798, Singapore; RGE-NTU Sustainable Textile Research Centre, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798, Singapore
| | - Tommy Chandra Tjong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Ave, Block N4.1, 639798, Singapore; RGE-NTU Sustainable Textile Research Centre, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798, Singapore
| | - Jia Wei Chew
- RGE-NTU Sustainable Textile Research Centre, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798, Singapore; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore; Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Xiao Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Ave, Block N4.1, 639798, Singapore; RGE-NTU Sustainable Textile Research Centre, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798, Singapore.
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3
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Tao Q, Henriquez FN, Ding K, Man WL, Lui MY. One-pot chitin pulping using recyclable superbase-based protic ionic liquid. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121680. [PMID: 38171690 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The application of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents offers a promising opportunity for a more environmentally friendly and straightforward chitin purification process from crustacean shells. Nonetheless, the insufficient recyclability of these ionic solvents poses a challenge to the long-term sustainability of such extraction methods. Thus, there is a strong imperative to focus on employing easily recyclable ionic liquids for chitin isolation, enhancing the overall sustainability of the process. In this investigation, a direct chitin purification procedure that utilized pulping liquors consisting of the superbase-based protic ionic liquid 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate and its precursor, acetic acid, was developed. It was demonstrated that these pulping liquors were capable of simultaneously deproteinate and demineralize shrimp shells to generate chitins with higher purity, degree of N-acetylation and crystallinity than commercially obtained chitin. More significantly, the pulping liquors can be recycled to their pure form in high quantity by simple distillation under reduced pressure, allowing the reuse of these mixtures, which give chitin of nearly identical purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Felipe Nunes Henriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Kang Ding
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Lun Man
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Matthew Y Lui
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
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4
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Savale N, Tarasova E, Krasnou I, Kudrjašova M, Rjabovs V, Reile I, Heinmaa I, Krumme A. Optimization and degradation studies of cellulose transesterification to palmitate esters in superbase ionic liquid. Carbohydr Res 2024; 537:109047. [PMID: 38359696 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose palmitates (CPs) were synthesized with varying degrees of substitution (DS) via a catalyst-free, homogeneous transesterification of cellulose in a novel superbase ionic liquid (SB-IL) system, specifically 5-methyl-1,5,7-triaza-bicyclo[4.3.0]non-6-enium acetate [mTBNH][OAc], combined with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a co-solvent, using vinyl palmitate as the acylating agent. We examined the influence of reaction temperature, reaction time, and the molar ratio of vinyl palmitate to anhydroglucose unit (AGU) on the DS, which ranged from 0.5 to 2.3 under the given conditions. Notably, the reaction order of the three hydroxy groups was C6-OH > C2-OH > C3-OH. To elucidate the chemical structure of CPs and confirm the transesterification process, various spectroscopic techniques including 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC), and solid-state NMR were employed. Higher reaction temperatures and extended reaction times led to a decrease in the DS of CPs, potentially due to the degradation of some of the involved chemicals during the transesterification process. We also investigated the stability of the pure ionic liquid (IL) and the IL + DMSO solvent system at elevated temperatures by heating them at 100 °C for 5 h, confirming their chemical integrity through 1H NMR analysis. Additionally, we assessed the compatibility between the solvent system and cellulose by subjecting a mixture of cellulose and the solvent system to 100 °C for 5 h. To compare the structures of untreated cellulose and regenerated cellulose, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was employed. Furthermore, we determined the molar mass of both untreated cellulose and regenerated cellulose, as well as CPs synthesized at higher reaction temperatures and longer durations, using intrinsic viscosity measurements. Lastly, we examined the solubility properties of CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Savale
- School of Engineering, Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - E Tarasova
- School of Engineering, Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - I Krasnou
- School of Engineering, Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - M Kudrjašova
- School of Science, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - V Rjabovs
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - I Reile
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - I Heinmaa
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - A Krumme
- School of Engineering, Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia
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5
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Akhlaghi Bagherjeri M, Monhemi H, Haque ANMA, Naebe M. Molecular mechanism of cellulose dissolution in N-methyl morpholine-N-oxide: A molecular dynamics simulation study. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121433. [PMID: 37940258 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl morpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) is the only commercialised solvent to dissolve cellulose and produce lyocell. However, the molecular mechanism of NMMO-induced cellulose solubilisation is unknown which limits further process development. In this work, and for the first time the complete dissolution process of a large cellulose bunch was simulated in NMMO monohydrate using long microsecond molecular dynamic simulations. The dissolution process was also simulated in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimAc) as an efficient ionic liquid in cellulose dissolution and the results were compared with the aqueous conditions. While the cellulose bunch showed a stable and insoluble structure in pure water, it was completely and efficiently dissolved in both NMMO monohydrate and EmimAc. It was shown that the dissolution time of cellulose in NMMO monohydrate is almost twice that in EmimAc, which is in agreement with the experimental observations. Although it is revealed that hydrogen bonding is the main driving force of cellulose dissolution in NMMO monohydrate, one cannot explain the complete molecular mechanism of NMMO-induced cellulose dissolution only by considering hydrogen bonds. A straightforward molecular mechanism was proposed, in which the interactions of NMMO molecules, not with cellulose, but with the other NMMO molecules play a critical role in the dissolution process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Monhemi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Neyshabur, Neyshabur, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Naebe
- Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.
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6
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Tarasova E, Savale N, Krasnou I, Kudrjašova M, Rjabovs V, Reile I, Vares L, Kallakas H, Kers J, Krumme A. Preparation of Thermoplastic Cellulose Esters in [mTBNH][OAC] Ionic Liquid by Transesterification Reaction. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3979. [PMID: 37836028 PMCID: PMC10575218 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The transesterification of cellulose with vinyl esters in ionic liquid media is suggested as a prospective environmentally friendly alternative to conventional esterification. In this study, various long-chain cellulose esters (laurate, myristate, palmitate, and stearate) with a degree of substitution (DS) up to 1.8 have been synthesized in novel distillable ionic liquid, [mTBNH][OAC]. This IL has high dissolving power towards cellulose, which can improve homogeneous transesterification. Additionally, [mTBNH][OAC] has durability towards recycling and can be regenerated and re-used again for the next cycles of esterification. DMSO is used as a co-solvent because of its ability to speed up mass transport due to lower solvent viscosity. The optimization of the reaction parameters, such as co-solvent content, temperature (20-80 °C), reaction time (1-5 h), and a molar ratio of reactants (1-5 eq. AGU) is reported. It was found that within studied reaction conditions, DS increases with increasing reaction time, temperature, and added vinyl esters. Structure analysis using FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR after acylation revealed the introduction of the alkyl chains into cellulose for all studied samples. The results also suggested that the substitution order of the OH group is C7-O6 > C7-O2 > C7-O3. Unique, complex thermal and rheological investigation of the cellulose esters shows the growth of an amorphous phase upon the degree of substitution. At the same time, the homogeneous substitution of cellulose with acyl chains increases the melt viscosity of a material. Internal plasticization in cellulose esters was found to be the mechanism for the melt processing of the material. Long-chain cellulose esters show the potential to replace commonly used externally plasticized cellulose derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Tarasova
- School of Engineering, Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (E.T.); (N.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Nutan Savale
- School of Engineering, Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (E.T.); (N.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Illia Krasnou
- School of Engineering, Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (E.T.); (N.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Marina Kudrjašova
- School of Science, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Vitalijs Rjabovs
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Indrek Reile
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Lauri Vares
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, Tartu University, Nooruse 1, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Heikko Kallakas
- School of Engineering, Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (E.T.); (N.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Jaan Kers
- School of Engineering, Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (E.T.); (N.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Andres Krumme
- School of Engineering, Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (E.T.); (N.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.)
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7
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Supporting the Relevance of Chemistry Education through Sustainable Ionic Liquids Context: A Research-Based Design Approach. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14106220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
By introducing the sustainable nature of chemistry to students—makers of the future—teachers, and teacher students we can promote their scientific literacy and increase understanding of the relevance of chemistry research and studies in sustainability. Ionic liquids are a topical example of innovation of green chemistry research offering many possibilities for sustainable chemistry education. This article describes how to develop research-based learning materials on ionic liquids using educational design research as a design strategy. The design process included two cycles and the initial design solution was iterated via a qualitative case study conducted with future chemistry teachers. The main result of this research is the designed context-based activity that engages learners with individual, vocational, and societal levels of relevance. In addition, the study produced new insights into future chemistry teachers’ perceptions of ionic liquids’ possibilities in a chemistry learning context. According to future chemistry teachers, ionic liquids are an interesting new context for laboratory learning and can increase interest in chemistry studies.
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8
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Characterization of membrane wetting phenomenon by ionic liquid via ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry (UTDR). J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Mendes ISF, Prates A, Evtuguin DV. Production of rayon fibres from cellulosic pulps: State of the art and current developments. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118466. [PMID: 34560932 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The increasing demand for cellulosic fibres is continuously driven by the growing earth population and requirements of the textile industry. The annual cotton production of ca. 25 million tons is no longer enough to meet the market demands. This market gap of cellulosic fibres is progressively filled by regenerated cellulosic fibres derived from the dissolving pulp. The conventional industrial process of viscose production is far from being environmentally friendly due to the use of hazardous reagents. Alternatively, new trends in the production of regenerated fibres are related to the direct dissolution of cellulose in appropriate environmentally sound recyclable solvents, allowing high quality rayon fibres. This article reviews the sources of dissolving pulps used for the production of viscose and its quality parameters related to the performance of viscose production. The prospective cellulose regeneration processes, both commercialized and under development, are reviewed regarding current and future developments in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês S F Mendes
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - António Prates
- CAIMA-Indústria de Celulose S.A., P-2250 Constância, Portugal.
| | - Dmitry V Evtuguin
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Sensing Techniques for Organochlorides through Intermolecular Interaction with Bicyclic Amidines. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11110413. [PMID: 34821631 PMCID: PMC8615940 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxic organochloride molecules are widely used in industry for various purposes. With their high volatility, the direct detection of organochlorides in environmental samples is challenging. Here, a new organochloride detection mechanism using 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN) is introduced to simplify a sensing method with higher detection sensitivity. Three types of organochloride compounds-trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloromethane (DCM), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)—were targeted to understand DCM conjugation chemistry by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography with a mass spectrometer (LC-MS). 13C-NMR spectra and LC-MS data indicated that DBN can be labeled on these organochloride compounds by chlorine–nitrogen interaction. Furthermore, to demonstrate the organochloride sensing capability, the labeling yield and limit of detection were determined by a colorimetric assay as well as micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). The interaction with DBN was most appreciable for TCE, among other organochlorides. TCE was detected at picomolar levels, which is two orders of magnitude lower than the maximum contaminant level set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. MEKC, in conjunction with this DBN-labeling method, enables us to develop a field-deployable sensing platform for detecting toxic organochlorides with high sensitivity.
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Elsayed S, Viard B, Guizani C, Hellsten S, Witos J, Sixta H. Limitations of Cellulose Dissolution and Fiber Spinning in the Lyocell Process Using [mTBDH][OAc] and [DBNH][OAc] Solvents. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Elsayed
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Benjamin Viard
- The International School of Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (Pagora), Grenoble Institute of Technology, BP 65, Saint Martin d’Hères Cedex F-38402, France
| | - Chamseddine Guizani
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Sanna Hellsten
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Joanna Witos
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
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12
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Gusenbauer C, Nypelö T, Jakob DS, Xu XG, Vezenov DV, Asaadi S, Sixta H, Konnerth J. Differences in surface chemistry of regenerated lignocellulose fibers determined by chemically sensitive scanning probe microscopy. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2520-2527. [PMID: 33736273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuning the composition of regenerated lignocellulosic fibers in the production process enables targeting of specific material properties. In composite materials, such properties could be manipulated by controlled heterogeneous distribution of chemical components of regenerated fibers. This attribute requires a visualization method to show their inherent chemical characteristics. We compared complementary microscopic techniques to analyze the surface chemistry of four differently tuned regenerated lignocellulosic fibers. Adhesion properties were visualized with chemical force microscopy and showed contrasts towards hydrophilic and hydrophobic atomic force microscopy tips. Fibers containing xylan showed heterogeneous adhesion properties within the fiber structure towards hydrophilic tips. Additionally, peak force infrared microscopy mapped spectroscopic contrasts with nanometer resolution and provided point infrared spectra, which were consistent to classical infrared microscopy data. With this setup, infrared signals with a spatial resolution below 20 nm reveal chemical gradients in specific fiber types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gusenbauer
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Devon S Jakob
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Dmitri V Vezenov
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Shirin Asaadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
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Abstract
In the present work, freeze crystallization studies, as a novel concentration method for aqueous 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate ([DBNH][OAc]) ionic liquid solution, were conducted. In order to find the appropriate temperature and composition range for freeze crystallization, the solid–liquid equilibrium of a binary [DBNH][OAc]–water compound system was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results of this analysis showed that the melting temperature of the pure ionic liquid was 58 ℃, whereas the eutectic temperature of the binary compound system was found to be −73 ℃. The activity coefficient of water was determined based on the freezing point depression data obtained in this study. In this study, the lowest freezing point was −1.28 ℃ for the aqueous 6 wt.% [DBNH][OAc] solution. Ice crystal yield and distribution coefficient were obtained for two types of aqueous solutions (3 wt.% and 6 wt.% [DBNH][OAc]), and two freezing times (40 min and 60 min) were used as the main parameters to compare the two melt crystallization methods: static layer freeze and suspension freeze crystallization. Single-step suspension freeze crystallization resulted in higher ice crystal yields and higher ice purities when compared with the single-step static layer freeze crystallization. The distribution coefficient values obtained showed that the impurity ratios in ice and in the initial solution for suspension freeze crystallization were between 0.11 and 0.36, whereas for static layer freeze crystallization these were between 0.28 and 0.46. Consequently, suspension freeze crystallization is a more efficient low-energy separation method than layer freeze crystallization for the aqueous-ionic liquid solutions studied and, therefore, this technique can be applied as a concentration method for aqueous-ionic liquid solutions.
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14
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Haslinger S, Hummel M, Anghelescu-Hakala A, Määttänen M, Sixta H. Upcycling of cotton polyester blended textile waste to new man-made cellulose fibers. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 97:88-96. [PMID: 31447031 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The creation of a circular economy for cellulose based textile waste is supported by the development of an upcycling method for cotton polyester blended waste garments. We present a separation procedure for cotton and polyester using [DBNH] [OAc], a superbase based ionic liquid, which allows the selective dissolution of the cellulose component. After the removal of PET, the resulting solution could be employed to dry-jet wet spin textile grade cellulose fibers down to the microfiber range (0.75-2.95 dtex) with breaking tenacities (27-48 cN/tex) and elongations (7-9%) comparable to commercial Lyocell fibers made from high-purity dissolving pulp. The treatment time in [DBNH] [OAc] was found to reduce the tensile properties (<52%) and the molar mass distribution (<51%) of PET under certain processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Haslinger
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | | | - Marjo Määttänen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
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15
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Becherini S, Mezzetta A, Chiappe C, Guazzelli L. Levulinate amidinium protic ionic liquids (PILs) as suitable media for the dissolution and levulination of cellulose. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00191c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Levulinate protic ionic liquids allow for the dissolution and the levulination of their parent polysaccharide.
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16
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Zhou J, Sui H, Jia Z, Yang Z, He L, Li X. Recovery and purification of ionic liquids from solutions: a review. RSC Adv 2018; 8:32832-32864. [PMID: 35547671 PMCID: PMC9086388 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06384b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With low melting point, extremely low vapor pressure and non-flammability, ionic liquids have been attracting much attention from academic and industrial fields. Great efforts have been made to facilitate their applications in catalytic processes, extraction, desulfurization, gas separation, hydrogenation, electronic manufacturing, etc. To reduce the cost and environmental effects, different technologies have been proposed to recover the ionic liquids from different solutions after their application. This review is mainly focused on the recent advances of the recovery and purification of ionic liquids from solutions. Several methods for recovery of ionic liquids including distillation, extraction, adsorption, membrane separation, aqueous two-phase extraction, crystallization and external force field separation, are introduced and discussed systematically. Some industrial applications of ionic liquid recovery and purification methods are selected for discussion. Additionally, considerations on the combined design of different methods and process optimization have also been touched on to provide potential insights for future development of ionic liquid recovery and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China +86-022-27404701
- National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Hong Sui
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China +86-022-27404701
- National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology 300072 Tianjin China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Zhidan Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China +86-022-27404701
- National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Ziqi Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China +86-022-27404701
- National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Lin He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China +86-022-27404701
- National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology 300072 Tianjin China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Xingang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China +86-022-27404701
- National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology 300072 Tianjin China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering 300072 Tianjin China
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17
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Asaadi S, Kakko T, King AW, Kilpeläinen I, Hummel M, Sixta H. High-Performance Acetylated Ioncell-F Fibers with Low Degree of Substitution. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2018; 6:9418-9426. [PMID: 30271692 PMCID: PMC6156107 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose acetate is one of the most important cellulose derivatives. Herein we present a method to access cellulose acetate with a low degree of substitution through a homogeneous reaction in the ionic liquid 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate ([DBNH][OAc]). This ionic liquid has also been identified as an excellent cellulose solvent for dry-jet wet fiber spinning. Cellulose was dissolved in [DBNH][OAc] and esterified in situ to be immediately spun into modified cellulose filaments with a degree of substitution (DS) value of 0.05-0.75. The structural properties of the resulting fibers, which are characterized by particularly high tensile strength values (525-750 MPa conditioned and 315-615 MPa wet) and elastic moduli between 10-26 GPa, were investigated by birefringence measurements, wide-angle X-ray scattering, and molar mass distribution techniques while their unique interactions with water have been studied through dynamic vapor sorption. Thus, an understanding of the novel process is gained, and the advantages are demonstrated for producing high-value products such as textiles, biocomposites, filters, and membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Asaadi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076, Vorimiehentie
1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tia Kakko
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alistair W.T. King
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kilpeläinen
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076, Vorimiehentie
1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076, Vorimiehentie
1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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18
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Nypelö T, Asaadi S, Kneidinger G, Sixta H, Konnerth J. Conversion of wood-biopolymers into macrofibers with tunable surface energy via dry-jet wet-spinning. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 25:5297-5307. [PMID: 30174375 PMCID: PMC6105199 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-018-1902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Surface chemistry of regenerated all-wood-biopolymer fibers that are fine-tuned by composition of cellulose, lignin and xylan is elucidated via revealing their surface energy and adhesion. Xylan additive resulted in thin fibers and decreased surface energy of the fiber outer surfaces compared to the cellulose fibers, or when lignin was used as an additive. Lignin increased the water contact angle on the fiber surface and decreased adhesion force between the fiber cross section and a hydrophilic probe, confirming that lignin reduced fiber surface affinity to water. Lignin and xylan enabled fiber decoration with charged groups that could tune the adhesion force between the fiber and an AFM probe. The fibers swelled in water: the neat cellulose fiber cross section area increased 9.2%, the fibers with lignin as the main additive 9.1%, with xylan 6.8%, and the 3-component fibers 5.5%. This indicates that dimensional stability in elevated humidity is improved in the case of 3-component fiber compared to 2-component fibers. Xylan or lignin as an additive neither improved strength nor elongation at break. However, improved deformability was achieved when all the three components were incorporated into the fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Nypelö
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shirin Asaadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Günther Kneidinger
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Kostag M, Jedvert K, Achtel C, Heinze T, El Seoud OA. Recent Advances in Solvents for the Dissolution, Shaping and Derivatization of Cellulose: Quaternary Ammonium Electrolytes and their Solutions in Water and Molecular Solvents. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030511. [PMID: 29495344 PMCID: PMC6017797 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a sustained interest in developing solvents for physically dissolving cellulose, i.e., without covalent bond formation. The use of ionic liquids, ILs, has generated much interest because of their structural versatility that results in efficiency as cellulose solvents. Despite some limitations, imidazole-based ILs have received most of the scientific community’s attention. The objective of the present review is to show the advantages of using quaternary ammonium electrolytes, QAEs, including salts of super bases, as solvents for cellulose dissolution, shaping, and derivatization, and as a result, increase the interest in further investigation of these important solvents. QAEs share with ILs structural versatility; many are liquids at room temperature or are soluble in water and molecular solvents (MSs), in particular dimethyl sulfoxide. In this review we first give a historical background on the use of QAEs in cellulose chemistry, and then discuss the common, relatively simple strategies for their synthesis. We discuss the mechanism of cellulose dissolution by QAEs, neat or as solutions in MSs and water, with emphasis on the relevance to cellulose dissolution efficiency of the charge and structure of the cation and. We then discuss the use of cellulose solutions in these solvents for its derivatization under homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions. The products of interest are cellulose esters and ethers; our emphasis is on the role of solvent and possible side reactions. The final part is concerned with the use of cellulose dopes in these solvents for its shaping as fibers, a field with potential commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kostag
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Kerstin Jedvert
- Bio-based Fibres, Swerea IVF, P.O. Box 104, SE-431 22 Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Christian Achtel
- Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Thomas Heinze
- Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Omar A El Seoud
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Bulota M, Michud A, Hummel M, Hughes M, Sixta H. The effect of hydration on the micromechanics of regenerated cellulose fibres from ionic liquid solutions of varying draw ratios. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 151:1110-1114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Ahmad W, Ostonen A, Jakobsson K, Uusi-Kyyny P, Alopaeus V, Hyväkkö U, King AW. Feasibility of thermal separation in recycling of the distillable ionic liquid [DBNH][OAc] in cellulose fiber production. Chem Eng Res Des 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Ostonen A, Bervas J, Uusi-Kyyny P, Alopaeus V, Zaitsau DH, Emel’yanenko VN, Schick C, King AWT, Helminen J, Kilpeläinen I, Khachatrian AA, Varfolomeev MA, Verevkin SP. Experimental and Theoretical Thermodynamic Study of Distillable Ionic Liquid 1,5-Diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium Acetate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Ostonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical
Technology, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, FI-00076 P.O. Box 16100, Espoo, Finland
| | - Justine Bervas
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical
Technology, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, FI-00076 P.O. Box 16100, Espoo, Finland
| | - Petri Uusi-Kyyny
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical
Technology, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, FI-00076 P.O. Box 16100, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ville Alopaeus
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical
Technology, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, FI-00076 P.O. Box 16100, Espoo, Finland
| | - Dzmitry H. Zaitsau
- Institut für Chemie, Physikalische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Vladimir N. Emel’yanenko
- Institut für Chemie, Physikalische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Schick
- Institut für Physik, Polymerphysik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1, FI-00014 P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Helminen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1, FI-00014 P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kilpeläinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1, FI-00014 P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Artashes A. Khachatrian
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Varfolomeev
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Sergey P. Verevkin
- Institut für Chemie, Physikalische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Stepan AM, Michud A, Hellstén S, Hummel M, Sixta H. IONCELL-P&F: Pulp Fractionation and Fiber Spinning with Ionic Liquids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes M. Stepan
- Department
of Forest Products
Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Anne Michud
- Department
of Forest Products
Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Sanna Hellstén
- Department
of Forest Products
Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department
of Forest Products
Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department
of Forest Products
Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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