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Balafouti A, Pispas S. Hyperbranched Polyelectrolyte Copolymers as Novel Candidate Delivery Systems for Bio-Relevant Compounds. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16031045. [PMID: 36770053 PMCID: PMC9921860 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is utilized in order to synthesize novel hyperbranched poly(oligoethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-co-tert-butyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) (H-[P(OEGMA-co-tBMA-co-MAA)]) copolymers in combination with selective hydrolysis reactions. The copolymers showing amphiphilicity induced by the polar OEGMA and hydrophobic tBMA monomeric units, and polyelectrolyte character due to MAA units, combined with unique macromolecular architecture were characterized by physicochemical techniques, such as size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The hyperbranched copolymers were investigated in terms of their ability to self-assemble into nanostructures when dissolved in aqueous media. Dynamic light scattering and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed multimolecular aggregates of nanoscale dimensions with low critical aggregation concentration, the size and mass of which depend on copolymer composition and solution conditions, whereas zeta potential measurements indicated pH sensitive features. In addition, aiming to evaluate their potential use as nanocarriers, the copolymers were studied in terms of their drug encapsulation and protein complexation ability utilizing curcumin and lysozyme, as a model hydrophobic drug and a model cationic protein, respectively.
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2
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Kittel Y, Kuehne AJC, De Laporte L. Translating Therapeutic Microgels into Clinical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101989. [PMID: 34826201 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microgels are crosslinked, water-swollen networks with a 10 nm to 100 µm diameter and can be modified chemically or biologically to render them biocompatible for advanced clinical applications. Depending on their intended use, microgels require different mechanical and structural properties, which can be engineered on demand by altering the biochemical composition, crosslink density of the polymer network, and the fabrication method. Here, the fundamental aspects of microgel research and development, as well as their specific applications for theranostics and therapy in the clinic, are discussed. A detailed overview of microgel fabrication techniques with regards to their intended clinical application is presented, while focusing on how microgels can be employed as local drug delivery materials, scavengers, and contrast agents. Moreover, microgels can act as scaffolds for tissue engineering and regeneration application. Finally, an overview of microgels is given, which already made it into pre-clinical and clinical trials, while future challenges and chances are discussed. This review presents an instructive guideline for chemists, material scientists, and researchers in the biomedical field to introduce them to the fundamental physicochemical properties of microgels and guide them from fabrication methods via characterization techniques and functionalization of microgels toward specific applications in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonca Kittel
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Alexander J. C. Kuehne
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Ulm University Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC) Polymeric Biomaterials RWTH University Aachen Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Laura De Laporte
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
- Max Planck School‐Matter to Life (MtL) Jahnstraße 29 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Advanced Materials for Biomedicine (AMB) Institute of Applied Medical Engineering (AME) Center for Biohybrid Medical Systems (CBMS) University Hospital RWTH 52074 Aachen Germany
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3
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Biglione C, Neumann‐Tran TMP, Kanwal S, Klinger D. Amphiphilic micro‐ and nanogels: Combining properties from internal hydrogel networks, solid particles, and micellar aggregates. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Biglione
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | | | - Sidra Kanwal
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Daniel Klinger
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
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4
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Kaven LF, Wolff HJM, Wille L, Wessling M, Mitsos A, Viell J. In-line Monitoring of Microgel Synthesis: Flow versus Batch Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luise F. Kaven
- AVT.SVT - Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hanna J. M. Wolff
- AVT.CVT - Chair of Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Wille
- AVT.SVT - Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- AVT.CVT - Chair of Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Mitsos
- AVT.SVT - Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- JARA-SOFT, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Joern Viell
- AVT.SVT - Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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5
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Heckel J, Loescher S, Mathers RT, Walther A. Chemically Fueled Volume Phase Transition of Polyacid Microgels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7117-7125. [PMID: 33340387 PMCID: PMC8048534 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microgels are soft colloids that show responsive behavior and are easy to functionalize for applications. They are considered key components for future smart colloidal material systems. However, so far microgel systems have almost exclusively been studied in classical responsive switching settings using external triggers, while internally organized, autonomous control mechanisms as found in supramolecular chemistry and DNA nanotechnology relying on fuel-driven out-of-equilibrium concepts have not been implemented into microgel systems. Here, we introduce chemically fueled transient volume phase transitions (VPTs) for poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) microgels, where the collapsed hydrophobic state can be programmed using the fuel concentration in a cyclic reaction network. We discuss details of the system behavior as a function of pH and fuel amount, unravel kinetically trapped regions and showcase transient encapsulation and time-programmed release as a first application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Heckel
- Institute for Macromolecular ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 3179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF)University of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT)University of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
| | - Sebastian Loescher
- Institute for Macromolecular ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 3179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF)University of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT)University of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
| | - Robert T. Mathers
- Department of ChemistryPennsylvania State UniversityNew KensingtonPA15068USA
| | - Andreas Walther
- ABMS LabDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
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6
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Heckel J, Loescher S, Mathers RT, Walther A. Chemically Fueled Volume Phase Transition of Polyacid Microgels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Heckel
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) University of Freiburg Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Sebastian Loescher
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) University of Freiburg Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Robert T. Mathers
- Department of Chemistry Pennsylvania State University New Kensington PA 15068 USA
| | - Andreas Walther
- A3BMS Lab Department of Chemistry University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies University of Freiburg Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
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7
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Thünemann AF, Gruber A, Klinger D. Amphiphilic Nanogels: Fuzzy Spheres with a Pseudo-Periodic Internal Structure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:10979-10988. [PMID: 32854501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic polymer nanogels (NGs) are promising drug delivery vehicles that extend the application of conventional hydrophilic NGs to hydrophobic cargoes. By randomly introducing hydrophobic groups into a hydrophilic polymer network, loading and release profiles as well as surface characteristics of these colloids can be tuned. However, very little is known about the underlying internal structure of such complex colloidal architectures. Of special interest is the question how the amphiphilic network composition influences the internal morphology and the "fuzzy" surface structure. To shine light into the influence of varying network amphiphilicity on these structural features, we investigated a small library of water-swollen amphiphilic NGs using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). It was found that overall hydrophilic NGs, consisting of pure poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (PHPMA), display a disordered internal structure as indicated by the absence of a SAXS peak. In contrast, a SAXS peak is present for amphiphilic NGs with various amounts of incorporated hydrophobic groups such as cholesteryl (CHOLA) or dodecyl (DODA). The internal composition of the NGs is considered structurally homologous to microgels. Application of the Teubner-Strey model reveals that hydrophilic PHPMA NGs have a disordered internal structure (positive amphiphilicity factor) while CHOLA and DODA samples have an ordered internal structure (negative amphiphilicity factor). From the SAXS data it can be derived that the internal structure of the amphiphilic NGs consists of regularly alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains with repeat distances of 3.45-5.83 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Thünemann
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Gruber
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Straße 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Klinger
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Straße 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Forero Ramirez LM, Boudier A, Gaucher C, Babin J, Durand A, Six JL, Nouvel C. Dextran-covered pH-sensitive oily core nanocapsules produced by interfacial Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain transfer miniemulsion polymerization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 569:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Roghmans F, Evdochenko E, Martí-Calatayud M, Garthe M, Tiwari R, Walther A, Wessling M. On the permselectivity of cation-exchange membranes bearing an ion selective coating. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Schneider S, Jung F, Mergel O, Lammertz J, Nickel AC, Caumanns T, Mhamdi A, Mayer J, Mitsos A, Plamper FA. Model-based design and synthesis of ferrocene containing microgels. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00494g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Modelling and synthesis go hand in hand to efficiently engineer copolymer microgels with various architectures: core–shell structures (with ferrocene mainly in the core or in the shell) and also microgels with homogeneous comonomer distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Falco Jung
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik
- Process Systems Engineering
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Olga Mergel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40
- University of Groningen
- University Medical Center Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Janik Lammertz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Anne C. Nickel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Tobias Caumanns
- GFE Central Facility for Electron Microscopy
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Adel Mhamdi
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik
- Process Systems Engineering
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Joachim Mayer
- GFE Central Facility for Electron Microscopy
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Alexander Mitsos
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik
- Process Systems Engineering
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Felix A. Plamper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
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11
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Dual physically and chemically cross-linked polyelectrolyte nanohydrogels: Compositional and pH-dependent behavior studies. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Bewersdorff T, Gruber A, Eravci M, Dumbani M, Klinger D, Haase A. Amphiphilic nanogels: influence of surface hydrophobicity on protein corona, biocompatibility and cellular uptake. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:7861-7878. [PMID: 31576128 PMCID: PMC6769055 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s215935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nanogels (NGs) are promising drug delivery tools but are typically limited to hydrophilic drugs. Many potential new drugs are hydrophobic. Our study systematically investigates amphiphilic NGs with varying hydrophobicity, but similar colloidal features to ensure comparability. The amphiphilic NGs used in this experiment consist of a hydrophilic polymer network with randomly distributed hydrophobic groups. For the synthesis we used a new synthetic platform approach. Their amphiphilic character allows the encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs. Importantly, the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance determines drug loading and biological interactions. In particular, protein adsorption to NG surfaces is dependent on hydrophobicity and critically determines circulation time. Our study investigates how network hydrophobicity influences protein binding, biocompatibility and cellular uptake. METHODS Biocompatibility of the NGs was examined by WST-1 assay in monocytic-like THP-1 cells. Serum protein corona formation was investigated using dynamic light scattering and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteins were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, cellular uptake was analyzed via flow cytometry. RESULTS All NGs were highly biocompatible. The protein binding patterns for the two most hydrophobic NGs were very similar to each other but clearly different from the hydrophilic ones. Overall, protein binding was increased with increasing hydrophobicity, resulting in increased cellular uptake. CONCLUSION Our study supports the establishment of structure-property relationships and contributes to the accurate balance between maximum loading capacity with low protein binding, optimal biological half-life and good biocompatibility. This is an important step to derive design principles of amphiphilic NGs to be applied as drug delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Bewersdorff
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Gruber
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), Berlin, Germany
| | - Murat Eravci
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Malti Dumbani
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Klinger
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Haase
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Lu D, Zhu M, Wang W, Wu S, Saunders BR, Adlam DJ, Hoyland JA, Hofzumahaus C, Schneider S, Landfester K. Do the properties of gels constructed by interlinking triply-responsive microgels follow from those of the building blocks? SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:527-536. [PMID: 30444236 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01510d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microgels (MGs) are swellable crosslinked polymer colloids. They can also be used as the only building block to construct nanostructured hydrogels which are denoted as doubly crosslinked microgels (DX MGs). Here, new triply responsive DX MGs comprised of interlinked MGs of oligo(ethylene glycol)methacrylate (OEGMA), 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate (MEO2MA), methacrylic acid (MAA) and a o-nitrobenzyl-based UV photocleavable crosslinker are investigated. The MGs swelled or collapsed in response to temperature and pH changes. These behaviours were rationalised with a generic model using Monte Carlo simulations. The MGs also degraded when UV irradiated due to photocleavage of nPh. DX MGs were assembled from the MGs to give injectable gels that were not cytotoxic to nucleus pulposus cells. Comparison of the responsive properties of the DX MGs and MGs showed that the temperature and pH responses of the former were mostly governed by the latter. However, two key differences were found. Firstly, whilst increasing the crosslinker mol% in the MG building blocks (x) did not change MG particle swelling, the compression modulus (E) and swelling of the DX MG gels were strongly affected by x. The E value for the gels was tuneable using x which is a potentially useful new observation for DX MGs. Secondly, UV irradiation of the DX MGs enhanced gel mechanical photostability in contrast to the behaviour of the MGs. We find that the properties of the DX MGs do not simply follow those of the parent MGs and propose mechanisms to account for the differences. The new family of multi-responsive DX MGs presented in this study have potential application for soft tissue repair as injectable gels or as gel implants which report sterilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Lu
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Mingning Zhu
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Wenkai Wang
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Shanglin Wu
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Brian R Saunders
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Daman J Adlam
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Judith A Hoyland
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK and NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Cornelius Hofzumahaus
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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14
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Gelissen APH, Scotti A, Turnhoff SK, Janssen C, Radulescu A, Pich A, Rudov AA, Potemkin II, Richtering W. An anionic shell shields a cationic core allowing for uptake and release of polyelectrolytes within core-shell responsive microgels. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:4287-4299. [PMID: 29774926 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00397a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To realize carriers for drug delivery, cationic containers are required for anionic guests. Nevertheless, the toxicity of cationic carriers limits their practical use. In this study, we investigate a model system of polyampholyte N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM)-based microgels with a cationic core and an anionic shell to study whether the presence of a negative shell allows the cationic core to be shielded while still enabling the uptake and release of the anionic guest polyelectrolytes. These microgels are loaded with polystyrene sulfonate of different molecular weights to investigate the influence of their chain length on the uptake and release process. By means of small-angle neutron scattering, we evaluate the spatial distribution of polystyrene sulfonate within the microgels. The guest molecules are located in different parts of the core-shell microgels depending on their size. By combining these scattering results with UV-vis spectroscopy, electrophoretic mobility and potentiometric titrations we gain complementary results to investigate the uptake and release process of polyelectrolytes in polyampholyte core-shell microgels. Moreover, Brownian molecular dynamic simulations are performed to compare the experimental and theoretical results of this model. Our findings demonstrate that the presence of a shell still enables efficient uptake of guest molecules into the cationic core. These anionic guest molecules can be released through an anionic shell. Furthermore, the presence of a shell enhances the stability of the microgel-polyelectrolyte complexes with respect to the cationic precursor microgel alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan P H Gelissen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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15
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Gruber A, Işık D, Fontanezi BB, Böttcher C, Schäfer-Korting M, Klinger D. A versatile synthetic platform for amphiphilic nanogels with tunable hydrophobicity. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01123k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of reactive precursor particles allows the preparation of amphiphilic nanogel libraries with tunable network hydrophobicity and comparable colloidal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gruber
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Berlin D-14195
- Germany
| | - Doğuş Işık
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Berlin D-14195
- Germany
| | - Bianca Bueno Fontanezi
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology)
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Berlin D-14195
- Germany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Research Center of Electron Microscopy and Core Facility
- BioSupraMol
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Berlin D-14195
| | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology)
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Berlin D-14195
- Germany
| | - Daniel Klinger
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Berlin D-14195
- Germany
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16
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Zhang Y, Gu W, Zhao J, Qin Z. A facile, efficient and “green” route to pH-responsive crosslinked poly(methacrylic acid) nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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18
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Milani AH, Saunders JM, Nguyen NT, Ratcliffe LPD, Adlam DJ, Freemont AJ, Hoyland JA, Armes SP, Saunders BR. Synthesis of polyacid nanogels: pH-responsive sub-100 nm particles for functionalisation and fluorescent hydrogel assembly. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:1554-1560. [PMID: 28120992 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02713j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanogels are crosslinked polymer particles with a swollen size between 1 and 100 nm. They are of major interest for advanced surface coatings, drug delivery, diagnostics and biomaterials. Synthesising polyacid nanogels that show triggered swelling using a scalable approach is a key objective of polymer colloid chemistry. Inspired by the ability of polar surfaces to enhance nanoparticle stabilisation, we report the first examples of pH-responsive polyacid nanogels containing high -COOH contents prepared by a simple, scalable, aqueous method. To demonstrate their functionalisation potential, glycidyl methacrylate was reacted with the -COOH chemical handles and the nanogels were converted to macro-crosslinkers. The concentrated (functionalised) nanogel dispersions retained their pH-responsiveness, were shear-thinning and formed physical gels at pH 7.4. The nanogels were covalently interlinked via free-radical coupling at 37 °C to form transparent, ductile, hydrogels. Mixing of the functionalised nanogels with polymer dots enabled covalent assembly of fluorescent hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H Milani
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | | | - Nam T Nguyen
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Liam P D Ratcliffe
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, UK
| | - Daman J Adlam
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anthony J Freemont
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Judith A Hoyland
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK and NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, UK
| | - Brian R Saunders
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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19
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Gelissen APH, Oppermann A, Caumanns T, Hebbeker P, Turnhoff SK, Tiwari R, Eisold S, Simon U, Lu Y, Mayer J, Richtering W, Walther A, Wöll D. 3D Structures of Responsive Nanocompartmentalized Microgels. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7295-7301. [PMID: 27701865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentalization in soft matter is important for segregating and coordinating chemical reactions, sequestering (re)active components, and integrating multifunctionality. Advances depend crucially on quantitative 3D visualization in situ with high spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we show the direct visualization of different compartments within adaptive microgels using a combination of in situ electron and super-resolved fluorescence microscopy. We unravel new levels of structural details and address the challenge of reconstructing 3D information from 2D projections for nonuniform soft matter as opposed to monodisperse proteins. Moreover, we visualize the thermally induced shrinkage of responsive core-shell microgels live in water. This strategy opens doors for systematic in situ studies of soft matter systems and their application as smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan P H Gelissen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alex Oppermann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Caumanns
- GFE Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, RWTH Aachen University , Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 59, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Pascal Hebbeker
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah K Turnhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstraße 50, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Eisold
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Simon
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yan Lu
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Mayer
- GFE Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, RWTH Aachen University , Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 59, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstraße 50, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dominik Wöll
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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20
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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy fingerprints the ion selectivity of microgel functionalized ion-exchange membranes. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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21
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Cui Z, Wang W, Obeng M, Chen M, Wu S, Kinloch I, Saunders BR. Using intra-microgel crosslinking to control the mechanical properties of doubly crosslinked microgels. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:6985-94. [PMID: 27476758 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01337f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microgels (MGs) are crosslinked polymer particles that swell when the pH approaches the pKa of the constituent polymer. Our earlier work showed that concentrated MG dispersions can be covalently interlinked to form macroscopic hydrogels, which are termed doubly crosslinked microgels (DX MGs). Here, we study for the first time the effects of intra-MG crosslinking on the swelling of the MGs and the mechanical properties of the DX MGs. The MGs were synthesised by emulsion copolymerisation of ethyl acrylate (EA) or methacrylic acid (MAA) and divinylbenzene (DVB). The latter was a crosslinking monomer. For comparison, MGs were prepared where DVB was replaced by either 1,4-butanediol diacrylate (BDDA) or a 1 : 1 mixture of both DVB and BDDA. The MG swelling behaviours were studied by dynamic light scattering; whereas, the DX MG mechanical properties were studied by dynamic rheology and uniaxial compression measurements. Inclusion of DVB within the MGs resulted in both highly swelling MGs and highly ductile DX MGs. The average strain-at-break value for the DVB-containing DX MGs was 76% which represents the highest value yet reported for a DX MG prepared using commercially available monomers. It was also shown that good tuneability of the DX MG properties could be obtained simply by controlling the DVB and BDDA contents within the MG particles. Analysis of the swelling and compression data enabled relationships between the volume-swelling ratio of the MGs and either the modulus or strain-at-break values for the DX MGs. These relationships also applied to a DVB-free system prepared with a low BDDA content. An interesting conclusion from this study is that the DX MGs can be thought of mechanically as macroscopic MG particles. The results of this study provide design tools for improving DX MG ductility and hence increasing the range of potential applications for this new class of hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxing Cui
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Wenkai Wang
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Melody Obeng
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Mu Chen
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Shanglin Wu
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Ian Kinloch
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Brian R Saunders
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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22
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Han K, Tiwari R, Heuser T, Walther A. Simple Platform Method for the Synthesis of Densely Functionalized Microgels by Modification of Active Ester Latex Particles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1323-30. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Han
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials; Forckenbeckstr. 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials; Forckenbeckstr. 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Thomas Heuser
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials; Forckenbeckstr. 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials; Forckenbeckstr. 50 52074 Aachen Germany
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23
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Zhang YW, Guan WJ, Lu YM, Zhao JX. Efficient and “green” fabrication of pH-responsive poly(methacrylic acid) nano-hydrogels in water. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07372g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PMAA nano-hydrogels are fabricated efficiently in water with the help of a hydrophobic initiator, a nonionic surfactant and nanolatex seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Wen-Juan Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Ya-Ming Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Jiong-Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
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