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Ariai J, Ziegler M, Würtele C, Gellrich U. An N-Heterocyclic Quinodimethane: A Strong Organic Lewis Base Exhibiting Diradical Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316720. [PMID: 38088219 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
We report the preparation of a new organic σ-donor with a C6H4-linker between an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and an exocyclic methylidene group, which we term N-heterocyclic quinodimethane (NHQ). The aromatization of the C6H4-linker provides a decisive driving force for the reaction of the NHQ with an electrophile and renders the NHQ significantly more basic than analogous NHCs or N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs), as shown by DFT computations and competition experiments. In solution, the NHQ undergoes an unprecedented dehydrogenative head-to-head dimerization by C-C coupling of the methylidene groups. DFT computations indicate that this reaction proceeds via an open-shell singlet pathway revealing the diradical character of the NHQ. The product of this dimerization can be described as conjugated N-heterocyclic bis-quinodimethane, which according to cyclic voltammetry is a strong organic reducing agent (E1/2=-1.71 V vs. Fc/Fc+) and exhibits a remarkable small singlet-triplet gap of ΔES→T=4.4 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jama Ariai
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Maya Ziegler
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Christian Würtele
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Urs Gellrich
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
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2
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Berg I, Schio L, Reitz J, Molteni E, Lahav L, Bolaños CG, Goldoni A, Grazioli C, Fratesi G, Hansmann MM, Floreano L, Gross E. Self-Assembled Monolayers of N-Heterocyclic Olefins on Au(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311832. [PMID: 37743324 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) have been prepared on Au(111) and their thermal stability, adsorption geometry, and molecular order were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, polarized X-ray absorption spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The strong σ-bond character of NHO anchoring to Au induced high geometrical flexibility that enabled a flat-lying adsorption geometry via coordination to a gold adatom. The flat-lying adsorption geometry was utilized to further increase the surface interaction of the NHO monolayer by backbone functionalization with methyl groups that induced high thermal stability and a large impact on work-function values, which outperformed that of N-heterocyclic carbenes. STM measurements, supported by DFT modeling, identified that the NHOs were self-assembled in dimers, trimers, and tetramers constructed of two, three, and four complexes of NHO-Au-adatom. This self-assembly pattern was correlated to strong NHO-Au interactions and steric hindrance between adsorbates, demonstrating the crucial influence of the carbon-metal σ-bond on monolayer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Luca Schio
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Justus Reitz
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Elena Molteni
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli'' Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Linoy Lahav
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | | | - Andrea Goldoni
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Cesare Grazioli
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Guido Fratesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli'' Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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3
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G M, Sharma D, Dandela R, Dhayalan V. Synthetic Strategies of N-Heterocyclic Olefin (NHOs) and Their Recent Application of Organocatalytic Reactions and Beyond. Chemistry 2023:e202302106. [PMID: 37605950 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic olefin (NHO) derivatives have an electron-rich as well as highly polarized carabon-carbon (C=C) double bond because of the electron-donating nature of nitrogen and sulphur atoms. While NHOs have been developing as novel organocatalysts and ligands for transition-metal complexes in various organic compound syntheses, different research groups are currently interested in preparing imidazole and triazolium-based chiral NHO catalysts. Some of them have been used for enantioselective organic transformations, but were still elusive. N-heterocyclic olefins, the alkylidene derivatives of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC), have shown promising results as effective promoters for numerous organic syntheses such as asymmetric catalysis, hydroborylation, hydrosilylation, reduction, CO2 sequestration, alkylation, cycloaddition, polymerization and the ring-opening reaction of aziridine and epoxides, esterification, C-F bond functionalization, amine coupling, trifluoromethyl thiolation, amination etc. NHOs catalysts with suitable structures can serve as a novel class of Lewis/Bronsted bases with strong basicity and high nucleophilicity properties.These facts strongly suggest their enormous chemical potential as sustainable catalysts for a wide variety of reactions in synthetic chemistry. The synthesis of NHOs and their properties are briefly reviewed in this article, along with a summary of the imidazole and triazole core of NHOs' most recent catalytic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahantesh G
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, Karaikal, 609609, Union Territory Puducherry, India
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian oil Odisha Campus, IIT, Kharagpur extension Centre Mouza Samantpuri, Bhubaneswar, 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian oil Odisha Campus, IIT, Kharagpur extension Centre Mouza Samantpuri, Bhubaneswar, 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Vasudevan Dhayalan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, Karaikal, 609609, Union Territory Puducherry, India
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4
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Wang S, Zhang C, Li D, Zhou Y, Su Z, Feng X, Dong S. New chiral N-heterocyclic olefin bifunctional organocatalysis in α-functionalization of β-ketoesters. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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5
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Zhou H, Li Q, Zhang X, Niu H. Controllable Fabrication of Durable, Underliquid Superlyophobic Surfaces Based on the Lyophilic-Lyophobic Balance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11962-11971. [PMID: 36137259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Surfaces possessing desirable underliquid special wettability, particularly underliquid dual superlyophobicity, have a high potential for extensive applications. However, there is still a lack of controllable preparation strategies to regulate the underliquid wettability via balancing the underliquid lyophilicity-lyophobicity. Herein, we develop a nanocomposite coating system comprising silica nanoparticles (NPs), glycerol propoxylate triglycidyl ether (GPTE), and fluorinated alkyl silane (FAS) to obtain controllable underliquid special wettability surfaces. FAS is the vital factor in guiding the preparation of the surface coating with expected underliquid superwettability. Increasing the FAS content results in a tendency toward underwater superoleophobicity/underoil hydrophilicity to underwater oleophilicity/underoil superhydrophobicity. Significantly, the underliquid dual superlyophobic surface can be achieved when an appropriate FAS content is located. After the coating treatment, the fabric exhibits superamphiphilicity in air and superlyophobicity in liquid (i.e., exhibiting both underwater superoleophobicity and underoil superhydrophobicity). The coating also exhibits an adaptable antioil fouling ability and high durability against harsh environments. Furthermore, oil/water separation based on the underliquid dual superlyophobicity of coated fabrics is successfully demonstrated. Our work proposes a new fabrication principle for the design of underliquid special wettability surfaces and offers broad applications, such as switchable oil/water separation, antibiofouling, liquid manipulation, and smart textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University/State Key Laboratory for Biofibers and Eco-textiles/Collaborative Innovation Centre for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
- Jiangsu New Vision Advanced Functional Fiber Innovation Center, Wujiang District, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215228, China
| | - Qingshuo Li
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University/State Key Laboratory for Biofibers and Eco-textiles/Collaborative Innovation Centre for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University/State Key Laboratory for Biofibers and Eco-textiles/Collaborative Innovation Centre for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Haitao Niu
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University/State Key Laboratory for Biofibers and Eco-textiles/Collaborative Innovation Centre for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
- Jiangsu New Vision Advanced Functional Fiber Innovation Center, Wujiang District, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215228, China
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Son H. Doan
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nhan N. H. Ton
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 15260, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Thanh Vinh Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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Pirouzi F, Eshghi H, Sabet-Sarvestani H. A theoretical approach to investigating the mechanism of action and efficiency of N-heterocyclic olefins as organic catalysts for transesterification reactions. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05589e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, it is theoretically proved that carbonyl ester reactions with alcohols can be facilitated by activation of fully-planar NHOs via zwitterionic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pirouzi
- Computational Chemistry Research Lab., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Eshghi
- Computational Chemistry Research Lab., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Sabet-Sarvestani
- Computational Chemistry Research Lab., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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8
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Sánchez-Roa D, Mosquera MEG, Cámpora J. NHC-CDI Betaine Adducts and Their Cationic Derivatives as Catalyst Precursors for Dichloromethane Valorization. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16725-16735. [PMID: 34724613 PMCID: PMC8650018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Zwitterionic adducts
of N-heterocyclic carbene and carbodiimide
(NHC-CDI) are an emerging class of organic compounds with promising
properties for applications in various fields. Herein, we report the
use of the ICyCDI(p-Tol) betaine adduct (1a) and its cationic derivatives 2a and 3a as catalyst precursors for the dichloromethane valorization via
transformation into high added value products CH2Z2 (Z = OR, SR or NR2). This process implies selective
chloride substitution of dichloromethane by a range of nucleophiles
Na+Z– (preformed or generated in situ from HZ and an inorganic base) to yield formaldehyde-derived
acetals, dithioacetals, or aminals with full selectivity. The reactions
are conducted in a multigram-scale under very mild conditions, using
dichloromethane both as a reagent and solvent, and very low catalyst
loading (0.01 mol %). The CH2Z2 derivatives
were isolated in quantitative yields after filtration and evaporation,
which facilitates recycling the dichloromethane excess. Mechanistic
studies for the synthesis of methylal CH2(OMe)2 rule out organocatalysis as being responsible for the CH2 transfer, and a phase-transfer catalysis mechanism is proposed instead.
Furthermore, we observed that 1a and 2a react
with NaOMe to form unusual isoureate ethers, which are the actual
phase-transfer catalysts, with a strong preference for sodium over
other alkali metal nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sánchez-Roa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación en Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR) Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcala de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain
| | - Marta E G Mosquera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación en Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR) Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcala de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain
| | - Juan Cámpora
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, C/Américo Vespucio, 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain
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9
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Greco R, Lloret V, Rivero-Crespo MÁ, Hirsch A, Doménech-Carbó A, Abellán G, Leyva-Pérez A. Acid Catalysis with Alkane/Water Microdroplets in Ionic Liquids. JACS AU 2021; 1:786-794. [PMID: 34240079 PMCID: PMC8243323 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are composed of an organic cation and a highly delocalized perfluorinated anion, which remain tight to each other and neutral across the extended liquid framework. Here we show that n-alkanes in millimolar amounts enable a sufficient ion charge separation to release the innate acidity of the ionic liquid and catalyze the industrially relevant alkylation of phenol, after generating homogeneous, self-stabilized, and surfactant-free microdroplets (1-5 μm). This extremely mild and simple protocol circumvents any external additive or potential ionic liquid degradation and can be extended to water, which spontaneously generates microdroplets (ca. 3 μm) and catalyzes Brönsted rather than Lewis acid reactions. These results open new avenues not only in the use of ionic liquids as acid catalysts/solvents but also in the preparation of surfactant-free, well-defined ionic liquid microemulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Greco
- Instituto
de Tecnología Química, Universidad
Politècnica de València−Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas, Avda.
de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Lloret
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich−Alexander−Universität
Erlangen−Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Joint
Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich−Alexander−Universität Erlangen−Nürnberg
(FAU), Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Miguel Ángel Rivero-Crespo
- Instituto
de Tecnología Química, Universidad
Politècnica de València−Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas, Avda.
de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich−Alexander−Universität
Erlangen−Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Joint
Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich−Alexander−Universität Erlangen−Nürnberg
(FAU), Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Antonio Doménech-Carbó
- Departament
de Química Analítica, Universitat
de València, Dr.
Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- . Phone: +34963544074. Fax: +34963543273
| | - Antonio Leyva-Pérez
- Instituto
de Tecnología Química, Universidad
Politècnica de València−Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas, Avda.
de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- . Phone: +34963877800. Fax: +349638 77809
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10
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Liang Q, Hayashi K, Zeng Y, Jimenez-Santiago JL, Song D. Constructing fused N-heterocycles from unprotected mesoionic N-heterocyclic olefins and organic azides via diazo transfer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6137-6140. [PMID: 34042131 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesoionic N-heterocyclic olefins (mNHOs) were first reported last year and their reactivity remains largely unexplored. Herein we report the reaction of unprotected mNHOs and organic azides as a novel synthetic route to a variety of pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazoles, an important structural motif in drug candidates and energetic materials. The only byproduct aniline can be easily recycled and converted back to the starting organic azide, in compliance with the green chemistry principle. The reaction mechanism has been explored through experimental and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming Liang
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Kasumi Hayashi
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Yimin Zeng
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Jose L Jimenez-Santiago
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Datong Song
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
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11
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Vollgraff T, Sundermeyer J. Highly Selective Ortho-Directed Dicarboxylation of Cyclopentadiene by Methylcarbonates and CO 2 or COS - First Insight into Co-ordination Chemistry of New Ambident Ligands. Chemistry 2021; 27:8517-8527. [PMID: 33851453 PMCID: PMC8252773 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This research presents the highly regioselective syntheses of 1,2-dicarboxylated cyclopentadienide salts [Cat]2 [C5 H3 (CO2 )2 H] by reaction of a variety of organic cation methylcarbonate salts [Cat]OCO2 Me (Cat=NR4 + , PR4 + , Im+ ) with cyclopentadiene (CpH) or by simply reacting organic cation cyclopentadienides Cat[Cp] (Cat=NR4 + , PR4 + , Im+ ) with CO2 . One characteristic feature of these dianionic ligands is the acidic proton delocalized in an intramolecular hydrogen bridge (IHB) between the two carboxyl groups, as studied by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and XRD analyses. The reaction cannot be stopped after the first carboxylation. Therefore, we propose a Kolbe-Schmitt phenol-carboxylation related mechanism where the acidic proton of the monocarboxylic acid intermediate plays an ortho-directing and CO2 activating role for the second kinetically accelerated CO2 addition step exclusively in ortho position. The same and related thiocarboxylates [Cat]2 [C5 H3 (COS)2 H] are obtained by reaction of COS with Cat[Cp] (Cat=NR4 + , PR4 + , Im+ ). A preliminary study on [Cat]2 [C5 H3 (CO2 )2 H] reveals, that its soft and hard coordination sites can selectively be addressed by soft Lewis acids (Mo0 , Ru2+ ) and hard Lewis acids (Al3+ , La3+ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Vollgraff
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)Philipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435043MarburgGermany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)Philipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435043MarburgGermany
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12
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Li Z, Ji P, Cheng JP. Brönsted Basicities and Nucleophilicities of N-Heterocyclic Olefins in Solution: N-Heterocyclic Carbene versus N-Heterocyclic Olefin. Which Is More Basic, and Which Is More Nucleophilic? J Org Chem 2021; 86:2974-2985. [PMID: 33464082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A Brönsted basicity scale comprising nine representative N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) was established by measuring the equilibrium acidities of their corresponding precursors in DMSO using an ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic method. The basicities (pKaHs) of the investigated NHOs cover a range from 14.7 to 24.1. The basicities of unsaturated NHOs are stronger than those of their N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) analogues; however, the basicities for the saturated ones are much weaker than those of their NHC analogues, which is largely due to the aromatization effect that intrinsically influences the acidic dissociations of NHC and NHO precursors. The nucleophilicities of four NHOs were measured photometrically by monitoring the kinetics of reactions of these NHOs with common reference electrophiles for quantifying nucleophilic reactivities. In general, the nucleophilicity of the NHOs is much stronger than that of commonly used Lewis bases such as Ph3P or DMAP [4-(dimethylamino)pyridine] but weaker than that of their NHC analogues; however, caution should be taken when generalizing this conclusion to a wide range of electrophiles with distinctively electronic and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pengju Ji
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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13
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Banerjee B, Kaur G, Kaur N. p-Sulfonic Acid Calix[n]arene Catalyzed Synthesis of Bioactive Heterocycles: A Review. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999201019162655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metal-free organocatalysts are becoming an important tool for the sustainable development
of various bioactive heterocycles. On the other hand, during the last two decades,
calix[n]arenes have been gaining considerable attention due to their wide range of applicability
in the field of supramolecular chemistry. Recently, sulfonic acid functionalized calix[n]
arenes are being employed as an efficient alternative catalyst for the synthesis of various bioactive
scaffolds. In this review, we have summarized the catalytic efficiency of p-sulfonic
acid calix[n]arenes for the synthesis of diverse, biologically promising scaffolds under various
reaction conditions. There is no such review available in the literature showing the catalytic
applicability of p-sulfonic acid calix[n]arenes. Therefore, it is strongly believed that this
review will surely attract those researchers who are interested in this fascinating organocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bubun Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, V.P.O. Bathu, Distt. Una, Himachal Pradesh-174301, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, V.P.O. Bathu, Distt. Una, Himachal Pradesh-174301, India
| | - Navdeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, V.P.O. Bathu, Distt. Una, Himachal Pradesh-174301, India
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming Liang
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kasumi Hayashi
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Datong Song
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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15
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Abstract
Novel access to oxaspiro[n,3,3]propellanes has been developed from bicyclic lactones directly prepared by a photochemical hydroxymethylation or alternatively by a three-step sequence. Thanks to the presence of additional hydroxy- and propargylic groups, a second cyclization catalyzed by silver or bismuth salts, led to the propellane structure which was finally transformed into spiranic derivatives by a Simmons-Smith reaction or condensation with α-ketoesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Nassar
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), 43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France.
| | - Olivier Piva
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), 43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France.
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16
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Synthesis of new hetero-arylidene-9(10H)-anthrone derivatives and their biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Shaikh AC, Veleta JM, Bloch J, Goodman HJ, Gianetti TL. Syntheses of Phosphonium Salts from Phosphines and Carbenium: Efficient CO2
Fixation and Phase-Transfer Catalysts. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aslam C. Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Arizona; 1306 E. University Blvd. 85719 Tucson AZ USA
| | - José M. Veleta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Arizona; 1306 E. University Blvd. 85719 Tucson AZ USA
| | - Jan Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Hannah J. Goodman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Arizona; 1306 E. University Blvd. 85719 Tucson AZ USA
| | - Thomas L. Gianetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Arizona; 1306 E. University Blvd. 85719 Tucson AZ USA
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18
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Hansmann MM, Antoni PW, Pesch H. Stable Mesoionic N-Heterocyclic Olefins (mNHOs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5782-5787. [PMID: 31863704 PMCID: PMC7154647 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a new class of stable mesoionic N-heterocyclic olefins, featuring a highly polarized (strongly ylidic) double bond. The ground-state structure cannot be described through an uncharged mesomeric Lewis-structure, thereby structurally distinguishing them from traditional N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs). mNHOs can easily be obtained through deprotonation of the corresponding methylated N,N'-diaryl-1,2,3-triazolium and N,N'-diaryl-imidazolium salts, respectively. In their reactivity, they represent strong σ-donor ligands as shown by their coordination complexes of rhodium and boron. Their calculated proton affinities, their experimentally derived basicities (competition experiments), as well as donor abilities (Tolman electronic parameter; TEP) exceed the so far reported class of NHOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M. Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieTechnische Universität DortmundOtto-Hahn-Str. 644227DortmundGermany
- Georg-August Universität GöttingenInstitut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieTammannstr. 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Patrick W. Antoni
- Georg-August Universität GöttingenInstitut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieTammannstr. 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Henner Pesch
- Georg-August Universität GöttingenInstitut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieTammannstr. 237077GöttingenGermany
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19
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Hansmann MM, Antoni PW, Pesch H. Stable Mesoionic N‐Heterocyclic Olefins (mNHOs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Max M. Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Patrick W. Antoni
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Henner Pesch
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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20
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Tyszka-Gumkowska A, Jurczak J. A General Method for High-Pressure-Promoted Postfunctionalization of Unclosed Cryptands: Potential Phase-Transfer Catalysts. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1308-1314. [PMID: 31825217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a high-pressure approach to facile late-stage functionalization of unclosed cryptands (UCs) (11 examples, yield up to 99%). Direct comparison of classic and high-pressure conditions of the quaternization reaction in a sterically crowded intraannular position is investigated, and differences in the reactivity of tertiary amine substrates are discussed. Finally, we demonstrated the application of UCs as catalysts for synthetically important alkylation reactions under phase-transfer conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Tyszka-Gumkowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Janusz Jurczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
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21
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Naumann S. Synthesis, properties & applications of N-heterocyclic olefins in catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11658-11670. [PMID: 31517349 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06316a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic olefins (NHOs), a recently (re-)discovered type of electron-rich, polar alkene, are comprehensively presented. Along with synthetic aspects and chemical properties, special emphasis is put on the multi-faceted impact NHOs already have had on catalysis. This is discussed along the lines of small molecule organocatalysis, organo- and metal-assisted polymerization and of the understanding and application of NHO-ligated organometallic complexes. Highlighted are the strong basicity of NHOs ("superbases"), their high nucleophilicity and the design principles to tailor NHO (organo-)catalysts. It is demonstrated that NHOs can complement, and in many cases out-perform, the much better established N-heterocyclic carbene-based systems. Examples include among others CO2-sequestration, the polymerization of lactones and epoxides or the transfer hydrogenation of carbonyls. Further, the unique ability to selectively address basic or nucleophilic reaction pathways via NHO-mediation is detailed, as is the bonding situation in NHO-metal complexes and the ability of the olefin to act as an electronically flexible ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Naumann
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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22
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Zhang X, Wang L, Wang Q, Ge F, Wang X. Synthesis, Characterization of Pyridyl Heterocyclic Olefins (PHOs) and Activation of Heterocumulenes. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased MaterialsQingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences 189 Songling Road Qingdao 266101 China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 10049 China
| | - Liang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased MaterialsQingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences 189 Songling Road Qingdao 266101 China
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased MaterialsQingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences 189 Songling Road Qingdao 266101 China
| | - Fang Ge
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQingdao University Shandong 266071 China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased MaterialsQingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences 189 Songling Road Qingdao 266101 China
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23
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Schuldt R, Kästner J, Naumann S. Proton Affinities of N-Heterocyclic Olefins and Their Implications for Organocatalyst Design. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2209-2218. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schuldt
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Naumann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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24
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Hussein MA, Nguyen TV. Promotion of Appel-type reactions by N-heterocyclic carbenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7962-7965. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes are found to mediate the Appel-type dehydrative halogenation reaction.
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25
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Rufh SA, Goudreault AY, Foscato M, Jensen VR, Fogg DE. Rapid Decomposition of Olefin Metathesis Catalysts by a Truncated N-Heterocyclic Carbene: Efficient Catalyst Quenching and N-Heterocyclic Carbene Vinylation. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Rufh
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Alexandre Y. Goudreault
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Marco Foscato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar R. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Oss
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
| | - Junming Ho
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
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27
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Li W, Huang D, Lyu Y. A comparative computational study of N-heterocyclic olefin and N-heterocyclic carbene mediated carboxylative cyclization of propargyl alcohols with CO 2. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:10875-10885. [PMID: 27812589 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01901c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The carboxylative cyclization of a propargyl alcohol with CO2 mediated by a N-heterocyclic olefin (NHO) or N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) has been comparatively studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The calculations show that the advantageous catalytic performance of the NHO in the title reaction can be attributed to two aspects: (i) the active site of the NHO extends outside the imidazolium ring, which enhances the reactivity and stability of the [NHOH]+[carbonate]- ionic pair intermediate. Thus, the turnover frequency (TOF)-determining intramolecular cyclization step is kinetically more favorable in the NHO system. (ii) As the basicity of the NHO is weaker than the NHC, deprotonation of the propargyl alcohol by the NHO is relatively more difficult. Consequently, the side reaction of ring-opening transesterification of the α-alkylidene cyclic carbonate with the nucleophilic [NHOH]+[alkoxide]- ionic pair intermediate can be inhibited using the NHO system. The present mechanistic study provides a basis for further application of these promising organocatalysts in more organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Li
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, Sichuan, P. R. China.
| | - Dongfeng Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, P. R. China
| | - Yajing Lyu
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, Sichuan, P. R. China.
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28
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Li X, Chen C, Wu J. Lewis Pair Catalysts in the Polymerization of Lactide and Related Cyclic Esters. Molecules 2018; 23:E189. [PMID: 29342082 PMCID: PMC6017239 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyesters, especially poly(lactide) (PLA), are used widely as biodegradable and biocompatible materials, yet their controllable synthesis, especially the stereoselective synthesis of polyesters, is still a challenge. Recently some excellent Lewis pair catalysts for ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide and related cyclic esters have emerged. This review article will highlight the key advances in the ROP catalyzed by Lewis pair compounds with the aim of encouraging the wider application of Lewis pair catalysts in the polymerization of lactide and related cyclic esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Changjuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Jincai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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29
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Hussein MA, Huynh VT, Hommelsheim R, Koenigs RM, Nguyen TV. An efficient method for retro-Claisen-type C–C bond cleavage of diketones with tropylium catalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12970-12973. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07329e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report a new convenient and efficient method utilizing the tropylium ion as a mild and environmentally friendly organocatalyst to mediate retro-Claisen-type reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Hussein
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - V. T. Huynh
- School of Chemistry
- University of Sydney
- Australia
| | - R. Hommelsheim
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Germany
| | - R. M. Koenigs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Germany
| | - T. V. Nguyen
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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30
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Feroci M, Chiarotto I, Orsini M, Pandolfi F, Zane D, Inesi A. Electrogenerated N-Heterocyclic Olefins: Stability and Catalytic Ability. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Feroci
- Dept. Fundamental and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI); Sapienza University of Rome; via Castro Laurenziano, 7 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Isabella Chiarotto
- Dept. Fundamental and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI); Sapienza University of Rome; via Castro Laurenziano, 7 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Monica Orsini
- Dept. of Engineering; Università RomaTre; via V. Volterra, 62 00146 Rome Italy
| | - Fabiana Pandolfi
- Dept. Fundamental and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI); Sapienza University of Rome; via Castro Laurenziano, 7 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Daniela Zane
- CNR SMN Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati UOS Sapienza; Via del Castro Laurenziano 7 00161 Roma Italy
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31
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Roy MMD, Rivard E. Pushing Chemical Boundaries with N-Heterocyclic Olefins (NHOs): From Catalysis to Main Group Element Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2017-2025. [PMID: 28777537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) have gone from the topic of a few scattered (but important) reports in the early 1990s to very recently being a ligand/reagent of choice in the far-reaching research fields of organocatalysis, olefin and heterocycle polymerization, and low oxidation state main group element chemistry. NHOs are formally derived by appending an alkylidene (CR2) unit onto an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), and their pronounced ylidic character leads to high nucleophilicity and soft Lewis basic character at the ligating carbon atom. These olefinic donors can also be structurally derived from imidazole, triazole, and thiazole-based heterocyclic carbenes and, as a result, have highly tunable electronic and steric properties. In this Account, we will focus on various synthetic routes to imidazole-2-ylidene derived NHOs (sometimes referred to as deoxy-Breslow intermediates) followed by a discussion of the electron-donor ability of this structurally tunable ligand group. It should be mentioned that NHOs have a close structural analogy with Breslow-type intermediates, N-heterocyclic ketene aminals, and β-azolium ylides; while these latter species play important roles in advancing synthetic organic chemistry, discussion in this Account will be confined mostly to imidazole-2-ylidene derived NHOs. In addition, we will cover selected examples from the literature where NHOs and their anionic counterparts, N-heterocyclic vinylenes, are used to access reactive main group species not attainable using traditional ligands. Added motivation for these studies comes from the emerging number of low coordinate main group element based compounds that display reactivity once reserved for precious metal complexes (such as H-H and C-H bond activation). Moreover, NHOs are versatile precursors to new mixed element (P/C and N/C), and potentially bidentate, ligand constructs of great potential in catalysis, where various metal oxidation states and coordination environments need to be stabilized during a catalytic cycle. The most active area of recent growth for NHOs is their use as nucleophiles to promote efficient organocatalytic transformations, including transesterification, carbonyl reduction, and the conversion of CO2 into value added products. Polyesters have also been generated through the NHO-promoted ring-opening polymerization of lactones, and the highly tunable nature of NHO organocatalysts allows for the rapid screening and enhancement of catalytic performance. Therefore, the growing utility of NHOs in the realm of organic and polymer chemistry can be viewed as evidence of the widespread impact of N-heterocyclic olefins on the chemical community. It is hoped that through this Account others will join this flourishing research domain and that the rapid recent growth of NHO chemistry is sustained for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. D. Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta Canada, T6G 2G2
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta Canada, T6G 2G2
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32
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Hock KJ, Hommelsheim R, Mertens L, Ho J, Nguyen TV, Koenigs RM. Corey–Chaykovsky Reactions of Nitro Styrenes Enable cis-Configured Trifluoromethyl Cyclopropanes. J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina J. Hock
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Renè Hommelsheim
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lucas Mertens
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Junming Ho
- School
of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Thanh V. Nguyen
- School
of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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33
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de Lima Batista AP, de Oliveira-Filho AGS, Galembeck SE. CO2
Sequestration by Triazolylidene-Derived N-Heterocyclic Olefins: A Computational Study. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. de Lima Batista
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto - SP Brazil
| | - Antonio G. S. de Oliveira-Filho
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto - SP Brazil
| | - Sérgio E. Galembeck
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto - SP Brazil
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34
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Kaya U, Tran UPN, Enders D, Ho J, Nguyen TV. N-Heterocyclic Olefin Catalyzed Silylation and Hydrosilylation Reactions of Hydroxyl and Carbonyl Compounds. Org Lett 2017; 19:1398-1401. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uǧur Kaya
- School
of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Uyen P. N. Tran
- School
of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dieter Enders
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Junming Ho
- Institute
of High
Performance Computing, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16
Connexis North, Singapore 138632
| | - Thanh V. Nguyen
- School
of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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35
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de Lima Batista AP, de Oliveira-Filho AGS, Galembeck SE. Computationally Designed 1,2,4-Triazolylidene-Derived N-Heterocyclic Olefins for CO 2 Capture, Activation, and Storage. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:299-307. [PMID: 31457230 PMCID: PMC6641026 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this article, triazolylidene-derived N-heterocyclic olefins (trNHOs) are designed using computational quantum tools, and their potential to promote CO2 sequestration is tested and discussed in detail. The low barrier heights related to the trNHO-mediated process indicate that the tailored compounds are very promising for fast CO2 sequestration. The systematic analysis of the presence of distinct substitutes at different N positions of the trNHO ring allows us to rationalize their effect on the carboxylation process and reveal the best N-substituted trNHO systems for CO2 sequestration and improved trNHO carboxylates for faster CO2 capture/release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Lima Batista
- Departamento de Química,
Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão
Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão
Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio G. S. de Oliveira-Filho
- Departamento de Química,
Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão
Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão
Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Emanuel Galembeck
- Departamento de Química,
Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão
Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão
Preto, SP, Brazil
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36
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Naumann S, Mundsinger K, Cavallo L, Falivene L. N-Heterocyclic olefins as initiators for the polymerization of (meth)acrylic monomers: a combined experimental and theoretical approach. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01226h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The scope and mechanism of N-heterocyclic olefin-initiated polymerizations of acrylic monomers is investigated, including deactivation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Naumann
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Kai Mundsinger
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Research Center
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- KAUST Catalysis Research Center
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
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37
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Lyons DJM, Crocker RD, Blümel M, Nguyen TV. Promotion of Organic Reactions by Non‐Benzenoid Carbocyclic Aromatic Ions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:1466-1484. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reece D. Crocker
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
| | - Marcus Blümel
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Thanh V. Nguyen
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
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38
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Lyons DJM, Crocker RD, Blümel M, Nguyen TV. Vermittlung organischer Reaktionen durch nichtbenzoide carbocyclische aromatische Ionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reece D. Crocker
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney Australien
| | - Marcus Blümel
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney Australien
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Thanh V. Nguyen
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney Australien
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39
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Naumann S, Wang D. Dual Catalysis Based on N-Heterocyclic Olefins for the Copolymerization of Lactones: High Performance and Tunable Selectivity. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Naumann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dongren Wang
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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40
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Finger LH, Guschlbauer J, Harms K, Sundermeyer J. N-Heterocyclic Olefin-Carbon Dioxide and -Sulfur Dioxide Adducts: Structures and Interesting Reactivity Patterns. Chemistry 2016; 22:16292-16303. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars H. Finger
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Centre; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Jannick Guschlbauer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Centre; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Centre; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Centre; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
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