1
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Brands MB, Lugier OCM, Zhu K, Huijser A, Tanase S, Reek JNH. Slow hole diffusion limits the efficiency of p-type dye-sensitized solar cells based on the P1 dye. ENERGY ADVANCES 2024; 3:2035-2041. [PMID: 39131507 PMCID: PMC11308802 DOI: 10.1039/d4ya00271g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
NiO electrodes are widely applied in p-type dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and photoelectrochemical cells, but due to excessive charge recombination, the efficiencies of these devices are still too low for commercial applications. To understand which factors induce charge recombination, we studied electrodes with a varying number of NiO layers in benchmark P1 p-DSSCs. We obtained the most efficient DSSCs with four layers of NiO (0.134%), and further insights into this optimum were obtained via dye loading studies and in operando photoelectrochemical immittance spectroscopy. These results revealed that more NiO layers led to an increasing light harvesting efficiency (η LH), but a decreasing hole collection efficiency (η CC), giving rise to the maximum efficiency at four NiO layers. The decreasing η CC with more NiO layers is caused by longer hole collection times, which ultimately limits the overall efficiency. Notably, the recombination rates were independent of the number of NiO layers, and similar to those observed in the more efficient n-type DSSC analogues, but hole collection was an order of magnitude slower. Therefore, with more NiO layers, the beneficial increase in η LH can no longer counteract the decrease in η CC due to slow hole collection, resulting in the overall efficiency of the solar cells to maximize at four NiO layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Brands
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Olivier C M Lugier
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Kaijian Zhu
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente Hallenweg 23 7522 NH Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Huijser
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente Hallenweg 23 7522 NH Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Stefania Tanase
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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2
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Valenza R, Holmes-Gentle I, Bedoya-Lora FE, Haussener S. High-throughput parallel testing of ten photoelectrochemical cells for water splitting: case study on the effects of temperature in hematite photoanodes. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS 2024; 8:3583-3594. [PMID: 39114268 PMCID: PMC11302243 DOI: 10.1039/d4se00451e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
High-throughput testing of photoelectrochemical cells and materials under well-defined operating conditions can accelerate the discovery of new semiconducting materials, the characterization of the phenomena occurring at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface, or the understanding of the coupled multi-physics transport phenomena of a complete working cell. However, there have been few high-throughput systems capable of dealing with complete cells and applying variations in real-life operating conditions, like temperature or irradiance. Understanding the effects of the variations of these real-life operating conditions on the performance of photoelectrode materials requires reliable and reproducible measurements. In this work, we report on a setup that simultaneously tests ten individual, identical photoelectrochemical cells whilst controlling temperature. The effects of temperature from 26 to 65 °C were studied in tin-doped hematite photoanodes for water splitting - as a reference case - through cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The increase of surface-state-mediated charge recombination with temperature mainly penalized the energy conversion efficiency due to the reduction of the photovoltage produced. For parallel measurements in the ten individual cells, standard deviations from 20 to 60 mV for the onset potentials and less than 0.2 mA cm-2 for saturation current densities quantified the reproducibility of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Valenza
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Science and Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Isaac Holmes-Gentle
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Science and Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Franky E Bedoya-Lora
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Science and Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Sophia Haussener
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Science and Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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3
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Zabara MA, Ölmez B, Buldu‐Akturk M, Yarar Kaplan B, Kırlıoğlu AC, Alkan Gürsel S, Ozkan M, Ozkan CS, Yürüm A. Photoelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Generation: Current Advances in Materials and Operando Characterization. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2024; 8:2400011. [PMID: 39130676 PMCID: PMC11316250 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen generation is a promising technology for green hydrogen production yet faces difficulties in achieving stability and efficiency. The scientific community is pushing toward the development of new electrode materials and a better understanding of the underlying reactions and degradation mechanisms. Advances in photocatalytic materials are being pursued through the development of heterojunctions, tailored crystal nanostructures, doping, and modification of solid-solid and solid-electrolyte interfaces. Operando and in situ techniques are utilized to deconvolute the charge transfer mechanisms and degradation pathways. In this review, both materials development and Operando characterization are covered for advancing PEC technologies. The recent advances made in the PEC materials are first reviewed including the applied improvement strategies for transition metal oxides, nitrites, chalcogenides, Si, and group III-V semiconductor materials. The efficiency, stability, scalability, and electrical conductivity of the aforementioned materials along with the improvement strategies are compared. Next, the Operando characterization methods and cite selected studies applied for PEC electrodes are described. Operando studies are very successful in elucidating the reaction mechanisms, degradation pathways, and charge transfer phenomena in PEC electrodes. Finally, the standing challenges and the potential opportunities are discussed by providing recommendations for designing more efficient and electrochemically stable PEC electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Burak Ölmez
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesSabanci UniversityIstanbul34956Türkiye
| | - Merve Buldu‐Akturk
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesSabanci UniversityIstanbul34956Türkiye
| | - Begüm Yarar Kaplan
- Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research CenterIstanbul34956Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Can Kırlıoğlu
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesSabanci UniversityIstanbul34956Türkiye
| | - Selmiye Alkan Gürsel
- Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research CenterIstanbul34956Türkiye
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesSabanci UniversityIstanbul34956Türkiye
| | - Mihrimah Ozkan
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA02521USA
| | - Cengiz Sinan Ozkan
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA02521USA
| | - Alp Yürüm
- Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research CenterIstanbul34956Türkiye
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesSabanci UniversityIstanbul34956Türkiye
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4
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Kageshima Y, Takano H, Nishizawa M, Takagi F, Kumagai H, Teshima K, Domen K, Nishikiori H. Precise analyses of photoelectrochemical reactions on particulate Zn 0.25Cd 0.75Se photoanodes in nonaqueous electrolytes using Ru bipyridyl complexes as a probe. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6679-6689. [PMID: 38725509 PMCID: PMC11077565 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00511b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombination of photoexcited carriers at interface states is generally believed to strongly govern the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of semiconductors in electrolytes. Sacrificial reagents (e.g., methanol or Na2SO3) are often used to assess the ideal PEC performance of photoanodes in cases of minimised interfacial recombination kinetics as well as accelerated surface reaction kinetics. However, varying the sacrificial reagents in the electrolyte means simultaneously changing the equilibrium potential and the number of electrons required to perform the sacrificial reaction, and thus the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the PEC reactions cannot be distinguished. In the present study, we propose an alternative methodology to experimentally evaluate the energy levels of interfacial recombination centres that can reduce PEC performance. We prepare nonaqueous electrolytes containing three different Ru complexes with different bipyridyl ligands; redox reactions of Ru complexes represent one-electron processes with similar charge transfer rates and diffusion coefficients. Therefore, the Ru complexes can serve as a probe to isolate and evaluate only the thermodynamic aspects of PEC reactions. Recombination centres at the interface between a nonaqueous electrolyte and a Zn0.25Cd0.75Se particulate photoanode are elucidated using this method as a model case. The energy level at which photocorrosion proceeds is also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kageshima
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University 4-17-1 Wakasato Nagano 380-8553 Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University 4-17-1 Wakasato Nagano 380-8553 Japan
| | - Hiroto Takano
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University 4-17-1 Wakasato Nagano 380-8553 Japan
| | - Mika Nishizawa
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University 4-17-1 Wakasato Nagano 380-8553 Japan
| | - Fumiaki Takagi
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University 4-17-1 Wakasato Nagano 380-8553 Japan
| | - Hiromu Kumagai
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8904 Japan
| | - Katsuya Teshima
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University 4-17-1 Wakasato Nagano 380-8553 Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University 4-17-1 Wakasato Nagano 380-8553 Japan
| | - Kazunari Domen
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University 4-17-1 Wakasato Nagano 380-8553 Japan
- Office of University Professors, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Hiromasa Nishikiori
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University 4-17-1 Wakasato Nagano 380-8553 Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University 4-17-1 Wakasato Nagano 380-8553 Japan
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5
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Kim S, Oh D, Jang JW. Unassisted Photoelectrochemical H 2O 2 Production with In Situ Glycerol Valorization Using α-Fe 2O 3. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:5146-5153. [PMID: 38526525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c05136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) H2O2 production via two-electron O2 reduction is promising for H2O2 production without emitting CO2. For PEC H2O2 production, α-Fe2O3 is an ideal semiconductor owing to its earth abundance, superior stability in water, and an appropriate band gap for efficient solar light utilization. Moreover, its conduction band is suitable for O2 reduction to produce H2O2. However, a significant overpotential for water oxidation is required due to the poor surface properties of α-Fe2O3. Thus, unassisted solar H2O2 production is not yet possible. Herein, we demonstrate unassisted PEC H2O2 production using α-Fe2O3 for the first time by applying glycerol oxidation, which requires less bias compared with water oxidation. We obtain maximum Faradaic efficiencies of 96.89 ± 0.6% and 100% for glycerol oxidation and H2O2 production, respectively, with high stability for 25 h. Our results indicate that unassisted and stable PEC H2O2 production is feasible with in situ glycerol valorization using the α-Fe2O3 photoanode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarang Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongrak Oh
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Wook Jang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Emergent Hydrogen Technology R&D Centre, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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6
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Rokade A, Rahane GK, Živković A, Rahane SN, Tarkas HS, Hareesh K, de Leeuw NH, Sartale SD, Dzade NY, Jadkar SR, Rondiya SR. Fabrication of ZnO Scaffolded CdS Nanostructured Photoanodes with Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Activity under Visible Light. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6884-6897. [PMID: 38517367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
CdS, characterized by its comparatively narrow energy band gap (∼2.4 eV), is an appropriate material for prospective use as a photoanode in photoelectrochemical water splitting. Regrettably, it encounters several obstacles for practical and large-scale applications, including issues such as bulk carrier recombination and diminished conductivity. Here, we have tried to address these challenges by fabricating a novel photoelectrode (ZnO/CdS) composed of one-dimensional ZnO nanorods (NRs) decorated with two-dimensional CdS nanosheets (NSs). A facile two-step chemical method comprising electrodeposition along with chemical bath deposition is employed to synthesize the ZnO NRs, CdS NSs, and ZnO/CdS nanostructures. The prepared nanostructures have been investigated by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy. The fabricated ZnO/CdS nanostructures have shown enhanced photoelectrochemical properties due to the improvement of the semiconductor junction surface area and thereby enhanced visible light absorption. The incorporation of CdS NSs has been further found to promote the rate of the charge separation and transfer process. Subsequently, the fabricated ZnO/CdS photoelectrodes achieved a photocurrent conversion efficiency 3 times higher than that of a planar ZnO NR photoanode and showed excellent performance under visible light irradiation. The highest applied bias photon-to-current conversion efficiency (% ABPE) of about ∼0.63% has been obtained for the sample with thicker CdS NSs on ZnO NRs with a photocurrent density of ∼1.87 mA/cm2 under AM 1.5 G illumination. The newly synthesized nanostructures further demonstrate that the full photovoltaic capacity of nanomaterials is yet to be exhausted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Rokade
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Ganesh K Rahane
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Aleksandar Živković
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, Utrecht 3548CB, The Netherlands
| | - Swati N Rahane
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Hemant S Tarkas
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - K Hareesh
- Department of Physics, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, Utrecht 3548CB, The Netherlands
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nelson Y Dzade
- Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sandesh R Jadkar
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Sachin R Rondiya
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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7
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Lei R, Tang Y, Yan S, Qiu W, Guo Z, Tian X, Wang Q, Zhang K, Ju S, Yang S, Wang X. De-Pinning Fermi Level and Accelerating Surface Kinetics with an ALD Finish Boost the Fill Factor of BiVO 4 Photoanodes to 44. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306513. [PMID: 37803425 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of performance and long-term stability, bismuth vanadate (BiVO4 ) has emerged as the preferred photoanode in photoelectrochemical tandem devices. Although state-of-the-art BiVO4 photoanodes realize a saturated photocurrent density approaching the theoretical maximum, the fill factor (FF) is still inferior, pulling down the half-cell applied bias photon-to-current efficiency (HC-ABPE). Among the major fundamental limitations are the Fermi level pinning and sluggish surface kinetics at the low applied potentials. This work demonstrates that the plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition technique is capable of addressing these issues by seamlessly installing an angstrom-scale FeNi-layer between BiVO4 and electrolyte. Not only this ultrathin FeNi layer serves as an efficient OER cocatalyst, more importantly, it also effectively passivates the surface states of BiVO4 , de-pins the surface Fermi level, and enlarges the built-in voltage, allowing the photoanode to make optimal use of the photogenerated holes for achieving high FF up to 44% and HC-ABPE to 2.2%. This study offers a new approach for enhancing the FF of photoanodes and provides guidelines for designing efficient unassisted solar fuel devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renbo Lei
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yupu Tang
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shihan Yan
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weitao Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xu Tian
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shanshan Ju
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shihe Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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8
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Piccioni A, Vecchi P, Vecchi L, Grandi S, Caramori S, Mazzaro R, Pasquini L. Distribution of Relaxation Times Based on Lasso Regression: A Tool for High-Resolution Analysis of IMPS Data in Photoelectrochemical Systems. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:7957-7964. [PMID: 37181327 PMCID: PMC10166235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) has been largely employed in semiconductor characterization for solar energy conversion devices to probe the operando behavior with widely available facilities. However, the implementation of IMPS data analysis to complex structures, whether based on the physical rate constant model (RCM) or the assumption-free distribution of relaxation times (DRT), is generally limited to a semi-quantitative description of the charge carrier kinetics of the system. In this study, a new algorithm for the analysis of IMPS data is developed, providing unprecedented time resolution to the investigation of μs to s charge carrier dynamics in semiconductor-based systems used in photoelectrochemistry and photovoltaics. The algorithm, based on the previously developed DRT analysis, is herein modified with a Lasso regression method and available to the reader free of charge. A validation of this new algorithm is performed on a α-Fe2O3 photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting, identified as a standard platform in the field, highlighting multiple potential-dependent charge transfer paths, otherwise hidden in the conventional IMPS data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Piccioni
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Vecchi
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Vecchi
- Department
of Mathematics, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 5, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Grandi
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Raffaello Mazzaro
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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9
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Han Y, Chang M, Zhao Z, Niu F, Zhang Z, Sun Z, Zhang L, Hu K. Selective Valorization of Glycerol to Formic Acid on a BiVO 4 Photoanode through NiFe Phenolic Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11678-11690. [PMID: 36808942 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The integration of the glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR) with the hydrogen evolution reaction in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells is a desirable alternative to PEC water splitting since a large quantity of glycerol is easily accessible as the byproduct from the biodiesel industry. However, the PEC valorization of glycerol to the value-added products suffers from low Faradaic efficiency and selectivity, especially in acidic conditions, which is beneficial for hydrogen production. Herein, by loading bismuth vanadate (BVO) with a robust catalyst composed of phenolic ligands (tannic acid) coordinated with Ni and Fe ions (TANF), we demonstrate a modified BVO/TANF photoanode for the GOR with a remarkable Faradaic efficiency of over 94% to value-added molecules in a 0.1 M Na2SO4/H2SO4 (pH = 2) electrolyte. The BVO/TANF photoanode achieved a high photocurrent of 5.26 mA·cm-2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode under 100 mW/cm2 white light irradiation for formic acid production with 85% selectivity, equivalent to 573 mmol/(m2·h). Transient photocurrent and transient photovoltage techniques and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy along with intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy indicated that the TANF catalyst could accelerate hole transfer kinetics and suppress charge recombination. Comprehensive mechanistic investigations reveal that the GOR is initiated by the photogenerated holes of BVO, while the high selectivity to formic acid is attributed to the selective adsorption of primary hydroxyl groups in glycerol on TANF. This study provides a promising avenue for highly efficient and selective formic acid generation from biomass in acid media via PEC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Han
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Mingwei Chang
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zijian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Fushuang Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zehui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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10
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Lv X, Zhang G, Wang M, Li G, Deng J, Zhong J. How titanium and iron are integrated into hematite to enhance the photoelectrochemical water oxidation: a review. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1406-1420. [PMID: 36594624 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04969d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hematite has been considered as a promising photoanode candidate for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation and has attracted numerous interests in the past decades. However, intrinsic drawbacks drastically lower its photocatalytic activity. Ti-based modifications including Ti-doping, Fe2O3/Fe2TiO5 heterostructures, TiO2 passivation layers, and Ti-containing underlayers have shown great potential in enhancing the PEC conversion efficiency of hematite. Moreover, the combination of Ti-based modifications with various strategies towards more efficient hematite photoanodes has been widely investigated. Nevertheless, a corresponding comprehensive overview, especially with the most recent working mechanisms, is still lacking, limiting further improvement. In this respect, by summarizing the recent progress in Ti-modified hematite photoanodes, this review aims to demonstrate how the integration of titanium and iron atoms into hematite influences the PEC properties by tuning the carrier behaviours. It will provide more cues for the rational design of high-performance hematite photoanodes towards future practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Lv
- Institute for Energy Research, Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Gaoteng Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Menglian Wang
- Institute for Energy Research, Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Guoqing Li
- Institute for Energy Research, Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Jiujun Deng
- Institute for Energy Research, Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Jun Zhong
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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11
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Photoelectrocatalytic Properties of a Ti-Modified Nanocrystalline Hematite Film Photoanode. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12101243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of methanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthol on thin-film nanocrystalline hematite electrodes fabricated by electrochemical deposition and promoted with spin-coated titanium has been studied. It is shown that the modification of hematite transforms it into material exhibiting high activity in the photoelectrochemical process of substrate oxidation upon illumination with light in the visible region of the spectrum. The highest activity is observed in the reaction of photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol. Results of intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) suggest that the effect is due to an increased rate of charge transfer in the process of photoelectro-oxidation and efficient suppression of the recombination of generated electron-hole pairs. Therefore, thin-film photoanodes based on modified hematite are promising for practical application in the photooxidation of glycerol, a by-product of biofuel production, as well as in the photoelectrochemical degradation of other organic pollutants, including those formed during the production of pharmaceuticals.
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12
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Srivastava P, Kumar R, Ronchiya H, Bag M. Intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy to investigate hidden kinetics at hybrid perovskite–electrolyte interface. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14212. [PMID: 35987774 PMCID: PMC9392765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The numerous assorted accounts of the fundamental questions of ion migration in hybrid perovskites are making the picture further intricate. The review of photo-induced ion migration using small perturbation frequency domain techniques other than impedance spectroscopy is more crucial now. Herein, we probe into this by investigating perovskite–electrolyte (Pe–E) and polymer-aqueous electrolyte (Po–aqE) interface using intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) in addition to photoelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy (PEIS). We reported that the electronic-ionic interaction in hybrid perovskites including the low-frequency ion/charge transfer and recombination kinetics at the interface leads to the spiral feature in IMPS Nyquist plot of perovskite-based devices. This spiral trajectory for the perovskite-electrolyte interface depicts three distinct ion kinetics going on at the different time scales which can be more easily unveiled by IMPS rather than PEIS. Hence, IMPS is a promising alternative to PEIS. We used Peter’s method of interpretation of IMPS plot in photoelectrochemistry to estimate charge transfer efficiency \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${Q}_{ste}$$\end{document}Qste at low-frequency for Pe–E interface exceeds unity due to ion migration induced modified potential across the perovskite active layer. Hence, ion migration and mixed electronic-ionic conductivity of hybrid perovskites are responsible for the extraordinary properties of this material.
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Betova I, Bojinov M, Karastoyanov V. Anodic oxide films on stainless steel as prospective photo-anodes for light-assisted electrochemical water splitting. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Grinberg VA, Emets VV, Mayorova NA, Averin AA, Tsodikov MV, Maslov DA. Methanol Photoelectrooxidation on Hematite Films Modified with TiO2, Bi, and Co. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193522080055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Thangamuthu M, Ruan Q, Ohemeng PO, Luo B, Jing D, Godin R, Tang J. Polymer Photoelectrodes for Solar Fuel Production: Progress and Challenges. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11778-11829. [PMID: 35699661 PMCID: PMC9284560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Converting solar energy to fuels has attracted substantial interest over the past decades because it has the potential to sustainably meet the increasing global energy demand. However, achieving this potential requires significant technological advances. Polymer photoelectrodes are composed of earth-abundant elements, e.g. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, which promise to be more economically sustainable than their inorganic counterparts. Furthermore, the electronic structure of polymer photoelectrodes can be more easily tuned to fit the solar spectrum than inorganic counterparts, promising a feasible practical application. As a fast-moving area, in particular, over the past ten years, we have witnessed an explosion of reports on polymer materials, including photoelectrodes, cocatalysts, device architectures, and fundamental understanding experimentally and theoretically, all of which have been detailed in this review. Furthermore, the prospects of this field are discussed to highlight the future development of polymer photoelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madasamy Thangamuthu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Qiushi Ruan
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast
University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Peter Osei Ohemeng
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British
Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Bing Luo
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- International
Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of
Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Dengwei Jing
- International
Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of
Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Robert Godin
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British
Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Junwang Tang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
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Li Y, Dai X, Bu Y, Zhang H, Liu J, Yuan W, Guo X, Ao JP. Photoelectrochemical Performance Improving Mechanism: Hybridization Appearing at the Energy Band of BiVO 4 Photoanode by Doped Quantum Layers Modification. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200454. [PMID: 35363421 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface passivation of the photoelectrode by wide bandgap semiconductor quantum layer is an important strategy to improve work stability and surface state inhibition. However, an inevitable energy barrier is generated during the quantum tunneling process of the photocarriers. To overcome this shortage, a tandem photo-generated hole transfer route is fabricated on BiVO4 photoanode by doped dual-quantum layers modification, Ni-ZnO (5 nm) and Rh-SrTiO3 (≈10 nm). Modulated photoelectrochemical (PEC), Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP), and DFT calculation method results indicate that a tandem hole ohmic contact route is formed in the photoanode to reduce the quantum tunneling energy barrier, meanwhile, the photon absorption capacity of BiVO4 is improved after doped quantum layers modification. Both a phenomenal attribute to the energy band hybridization between Ni, Rh 3d orbits in quantum layers with BiVO4 photoanode. Then, the modified BiVO4 photoanode achieves the recoded photocurrent density of 6.47 and 5.18 mA cm-2 (Na2 SO3 electrolyte, VRHE = 1.23 V) under simulated sun light (100 mW cm-2 AM 1.5 G) by xenon lamp illumination without and with UV composition cutting down to ≈5%, respectively. Generally, this work will highlight a potential application in the fields of PEC water splitting and photovoltaic conversion for various semiconductor nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Xianying Dai
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Yuyu Bu
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Hanzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Wenyu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shannxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, The College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jin-Ping Ao
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
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Jin J, Hu J, Qu J, Cao G, Lei Y, Zheng Z, Yang X, Li CM. Reaction Kinetics of Photoelectrochemical CO 2 Reduction on a CuBi 2O 4-Based Photocathode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:17509-17519. [PMID: 35385644 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is an essential step in natural photosynthesis and artificial photosynthesis to provide carbohydrate foods and hydrocarbon energy in the carbon-neutral cycle. However, the current solar conversion efficiencies and/or product selectivity of the CO2RR are very sluggish due to its complicated multiple-step charge transfer reactions. Here, we systematically investigate the charge transfer reaction rate during CO2 reduction on CuBi2O4 photocathodes, where the surface is modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). We discover that the surface amine group increases the charge separation rate, significantly enhancing the surface charge transfer reaction rate. However, the surface acidity has less influence on the first-order reaction, indicating that a rate-determining step (RDS) exists in the early stage of the photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) processes. Moreover, the intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) confirms that both surface charge transfer and the recombination rate on APTES-coated CuBi2O4 are larger than bare CuBi2O4 while possessing comparable charge transfer efficiencies. Overall, the surface charge transfer reactions under the PEC condition require designing more effective nanostructured photoelectrodes and powerful characterization methods to intrinsically increase the charge separation and transfer rate while reducing the recombination rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Jin
- Institute of Advanced Cross-field Science, College of Life Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
- Institute of Materials Science and Devices, School of Material Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Jundie Hu
- Institute of Materials Science and Devices, School of Material Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Jiafu Qu
- Institute of Materials Science and Devices, School of Material Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Guangming Cao
- Institute of Materials Science and Devices, School of Material Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
- School of Physics and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Yan Lei
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Storage and Conversion Materials of Henan Province, Xuchang University, 88 Bayi Road, Xuchang, Henan 461000, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Storage and Conversion Materials of Henan Province, Xuchang University, 88 Bayi Road, Xuchang, Henan 461000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Yang
- Institute of Materials Science and Devices, School of Material Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Chang Ming Li
- Institute of Advanced Cross-field Science, College of Life Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
- Institute of Materials Science and Devices, School of Material Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
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18
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Defferriere T, Klotz D, Gonzalez-Rosillo JC, Rupp JLM, Tuller HL. Photo-enhanced ionic conductivity across grain boundaries in polycrystalline ceramics. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:438-444. [PMID: 35027718 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Grain boundary conductivity limitations are ubiquitous in material science. We show that illumination with above-bandgap light can decrease the grain boundary resistance in solid ionic conductors. Specifically, we demonstrate the increase of the grain boundary conductance of a 3 mol% Gd-doped ceria thin film by a factor of approximately 3.5 at 250 °C and the reduction of its activation energy from 1.12 to 0.68 eV under illumination, while light-induced heating and electronic conductivity could be excluded as potential sources for the observed opto-ionic effect. The presented model predicts that photo-generated electrons decrease the potential barrier heights associated with space charge zones depleted in charge carriers between adjacent grains. The discovered opto-ionic effect could pave the way for the development of new electrochemical storage and conversion technologies operating at lower temperatures and/or higher efficiencies and could be further used for fast and contactless control or diagnosis of ionic conduction in polycrystalline solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Defferriere
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Dino Klotz
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Juan Carlos Gonzalez-Rosillo
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Sant Adrià del Besòs (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Jennifer L M Rupp
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Harry L Tuller
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Zhang Z, Zhu B, Guan X. Operational Spectroelectrochemical Investigation on the Interfacial Charge Dynamics of Copper Bismuth Oxide Based Photocathode. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2356-2364. [PMID: 35254066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Copper bismuth oxide (CBO) is an emerging photocathode in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting but exhibits limited performance due to the severe recombination of photogenerated charges at the semiconductor-liquid junction (SCLJ). For the first time, a set of operational spectroelectrochemical experiments including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), transient photocurrent spectroscopy (TPS), and intensity-modulated photocurrent/voltage spectroscopy (IMVS, IMPS) are designed to investigate the charge dynamics at the SCLJ. It is indicated that there are dense surface states above the valence band of CBO, inducing the "Fermi level pinning" (FLP) effect at the SCLJ. The kinetic parameters speculated by IMVS and IMPS indicate the charge transfer efficiency of below 10% with even a bias of ∼0.7 V applied. TPS confirms the sluggish dynamics because of the charging behavior of the surface states. It is expected that this work would provide new connotations of charge dynamics at the SCLJ for the further optimization of CBO-based PEC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Zhang
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
- Suzhou Academy of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhu
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
- Suzhou Academy of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiangjiu Guan
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
- Suzhou Academy of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
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20
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Determination of photon-driven charge transfer efficiency: Drawbacks, accuracy and precision of different methods using Hematite as case of study. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Nakajima T, Tateno H, Miseki Y, Tsuchiya T, Sayama K. Solar-to-Pharmaceutical Raw Material Production: Photoelectrochemical Naphthoquinone Formation Using Stabilized BiVO 4 Photoanodes in Acid Media. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:57132-57141. [PMID: 34823359 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the quest for efficient use of solar energy to produce high-value-added chemicals, we first achieved the photoelectrochemical (PEC) diketonization of naphthalene, using a BiVO4/WO3 photoanode, to obtain naphthoquinone, an important pharmaceutical raw material with excellent efficiency by solar energy conversion. In the electrochemical (EC) reaction using F-doped SnO2 (FTO) substrates and a 0.5 M H2SO4 H2O-acetone (60 vol %) mixed solution containing 5 mM naphthalene, we produced a small amount of naphthoquinone evolution in the dark. However, naphthoquinone (ηNQ)'s Faradic efficiency and its evolution rate at 1.7 VAg/AgCl were only 28.5% and 0.48 μmol·cm-2·h-1, respectively. The PEC reaction using a WO3 photoanode had very low efficiency for naphthalene diketonization, with low ηNQ and evolution rate values at 1.1 VAg/AgCl of 0.3% and 0.039 μmol·cm-2·h-1, respectively. In contrast, the BiVO4/WO3 photoanode strongly enhanced the PEC reaction, and the ηNQ and evolution rates at 1.1 VAg/AgCl were boosted up to 37.5% and 4.7 μmol·cm-2·h-1, respectively. The evolution rate of the PEC reaction in the BiVO4/WO3 photoanode was 10 times higher than that of the EC reaction with the FTO substrate regardless of the very low bias voltage. This result suggests that the BiVO4-based photoanode was very efficient for the selective oxidation of naphthalene even in acid media because of the acetone-mixed electrolyte's anti-photocorrosion effect and the multilayering of WO3 and BiVO4. At a naphthalene concentration of 20 mM, the naphthoquinone evolution rate reached its maximum value of 7.1 μmol·cm-2·h-1. Although ηNQ tended to decrease with the increase in the electric charge, it reached 100% at a low bias voltage of 0.7 VAg/AgCl. An intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy analysis indicated the rate constant of charge transfer at the photoanode surface to the naphthalene molecules was strongly enhanced at a low bias voltage of 0.7-1.1 VAg/AgCl, resulting in the high ηNQ value. The acid-resistant BiVO4/WO3 photoanode functioned in acetone-mixed electrolytes enabled the realization of a new PEC oxidation reaction driven by solar energy to produce high-value-added pharmaceutical raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nakajima
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tateno
- Energy Process Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba West 5, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Yugo Miseki
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Tsuchiya
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sayama
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
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Levinas R, Tsyntsaru N, Murauskas T, Cesiulis H. Improved Photocatalytic Water Splitting Activity of Highly Porous WO3 Photoanodes by Electrochemical H+ Intercalation. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.760700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
WO3 photoanodes are widely used in photoelectrochemical catalysis, but typically the as-synthesized material is annealed before application. It is therefore desirable to explore less energy-intensive treatments. In this study, WO3 films of up to 3.9 μm thickness were obtained by galvanostatic anodization of tungsten foil in a neutral-pH Na2SO4 and NaF electrolyte, also containing a NaH2PO2 additive (to suppress O2 accumulation on the pore walls). Additionally, the WO3 photoanodes were modified by applying a cathodic reduction (H+ intercalation) and anodic activation treatment in-situ. XPS spectra revealed that intercalation modifies WO3 films; the amount of W5+-O and O-vacancy bonds was increased. Furthermore, subsequent activation leads to a decrease of the W5+ signal, but the amount of O-vacancy bonds remains elevated. The as-prepared and reduced (intercalated & activated) films were tested as OER photoanodes in acidic 0.1 M Na2SO4 media, under illumination with a 365 nm wavelength LED. It was observed that thinner films generated larger photocurrents. The peculiarities detected by XPS for reduced films correlate well with their improved photocatalytic activity. Photo-electrochemical impedance and intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopies were combined with steady-state measurements in order to elucidate the effects of H+ intercalation on photoelectrochemical performance. The reduction results in films with enhanced photoexcited charge carrier generation/separation, improved conductivity, and possibly even suppressed bulk recombination. Thus, the intercalation & activation adopted in this study can be reliably used to improve the overall activity of as-synthesized WO3 photoanodes, and particularly of those that are initially poorly photoactive.
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Zhang Y, Guo W, Zhang Y, Wei WD. Plasmonic Photoelectrochemistry: In View of Hot Carriers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006654. [PMID: 33977588 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing plasmon-generated hot carriers to drive chemical reactions has emerged as a popular topic in solar photocatalysis. However, a complete description of the underlying mechanism of hot-carrier transfer in photochemical processes remains elusive, particularly for those involving hot holes. Photoelectrochemistry enables to localize hot holes on photoanodes and hot electrons on photocathodes and thus offers an approach to separately explore the hole-transfer dynamics and electron-transfer dynamics. This review summarizes a comprehensive understanding of both hot-hole and hot-electron transfers from photoelectrochemical studies on plasmonic electrodes. Additionally, working principles and applications of spectroelectrochemistry are discussed for plasmonic materials. It is concluded that photoelectrochemistry provides a powerful toolbox to gain mechanistic insights into plasmonic photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Wenxiao Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yunlu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Wei David Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Alvarez AO, Ravishankar S, Fabregat-Santiago F. Combining Modulated Techniques for the Analysis of Photosensitive Devices. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100661. [PMID: 34927925 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Small-perturbation techniques such as impedance spectroscopy (IS), intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS), and intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS) are useful tools to characterize and model photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical devices. While the analysis of the impedance spectra is generally carried out using an equivalent circuit, the intensity-modulated spectroscopies are often analyzed through the measured characteristic response times. This makes the correlation between the two methods of analysis generally unclear. In this work, by taking into consideration the absorptance and separation efficiency, a unified theoretical framework and a procedure to combine the spectral analysis of the three techniques are proposed. Such a joint analysis of IS, IMPS, and IMVS spectra greatly reduces the sample space of possible equivalent circuits to model the device and allows obtaining parameters with high reliability. This theoretical approach is applied in the characterization of a silicon photodiode to demonstrate the validity of this methodology, which shows great potential to improve the quality of analysis of spectra obtained from frequency domain small-perturbation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin O Alvarez
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, 12006, Spain
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Dashtian K, Shahbazi S, Tayebi M, Masoumi Z. A review on metal-organic frameworks photoelectrochemistry: A headlight for future applications. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Li K, Miao B, Fa W, Chen R, Jin J, Bevan KH, Wang D. Evolution of Surface Oxidation on Ta 3N 5 as Probed by a Photoelectrochemical Method. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:17420-17428. [PMID: 33835772 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present an in situ method to probe the evolution of photoelectrochemically driven surface oxidation on photoanodes during active operation in aqueous solutions. A standard solution of K4Fe(CN)6-KPi was utilized to benchmark the photocurrent and assess progressive surface oxidation on Ta3N5 in various oxidizing solutions. In this manner, a proportional increase in the surface oxygen concentration was detected with respect to oxidation time and further correlated with a continuous decline in the photocurrent. To discern how surface oxidation alters the photocurrent, we experimentally and theoretically explored its impact on the surface carrier recombination and the interfacial hole transfer rates. Our results indicate that the sluggish photocurrent demonstrated by oxidized Ta3N5 arises because of changes in both rates. In particular, the results suggest that the N-O replacement present on the Ta3N5 surface primarily increases the carrier recombination rate near the surface and to a lesser degree reduces the interfacial hole transfer rate. More generally, this methodology is expected to further our understanding of surface oxidation atop other nonoxide semiconductor photoelectrodes and its impact on their operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Botong Miao
- Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Wenjun Fa
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Kirk H Bevan
- Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Dunwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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Edge JS, O'Kane S, Prosser R, Kirkaldy ND, Patel AN, Hales A, Ghosh A, Ai W, Chen J, Yang J, Li S, Pang MC, Bravo Diaz L, Tomaszewska A, Marzook MW, Radhakrishnan KN, Wang H, Patel Y, Wu B, Offer GJ. Lithium ion battery degradation: what you need to know. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8200-8221. [PMID: 33875989 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00359c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of lithium-ion batteries from consumer electronics to larger-scale transport and energy storage applications has made understanding the many mechanisms responsible for battery degradation increasingly important. The literature in this complex topic has grown considerably; this perspective aims to distil current knowledge into a succinct form, as a reference and a guide to understanding battery degradation. Unlike other reviews, this work emphasises the coupling between the different mechanisms and the different physical and chemical approaches used to trigger, identify and monitor various mechanisms, as well as the various computational models that attempt to simulate these interactions. Degradation is separated into three levels: the actual mechanisms themselves, the observable consequences at cell level called modes and the operational effects such as capacity or power fade. Five principal and thirteen secondary mechanisms were found that are generally considered to be the cause of degradation during normal operation, which all give rise to five observable modes. A flowchart illustrates the different feedback loops that couple the various forms of degradation, whilst a table is presented to highlight the experimental conditions that are most likely to trigger specific degradation mechanisms. Together, they provide a powerful guide to designing experiments or models for investigating battery degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Edge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. and The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Simon O'Kane
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. and The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Ryan Prosser
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. and The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Niall D Kirkaldy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Anisha N Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Alastair Hales
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Abir Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. and The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK and Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Weilong Ai
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK and Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jiang Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Mei-Chin Pang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. and The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Laura Bravo Diaz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Anna Tomaszewska
- Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - M Waseem Marzook
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | | | - Huizhi Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Yatish Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Billy Wu
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK and Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Gregory J Offer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. and The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
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28
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Zhou Z, Li L, Niu Y, Song H, Xing XS, Guo Z, Wu S. Understanding the varying mechanisms between the conformal interlayer and overlayer in the silicon/hematite dual-absorber photoanode for solar water splitting. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2936-2944. [PMID: 33555279 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03486j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dual-absorber photoelectrodes have been proved to have great potential in the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting application due to their broadband absorption and suitable energy-band position, while the surface/interface issues are still not clearly resolved and understood. Here, during the preparation of a silicon/hematite dual-absorber photoanode achieved via synthesizing a Sn-doped hematite film on the silicon nanowire (SiNW) substrate, we separately introduced the conformal overlayer and interlayer of an Al2O3 thin film by atomic layer deposition. With the thickness-optimized interlayer (overlayer) of the Al2O3 thin film, the photocurrent density at 1.23VRHE can be enhanced from 0.85 mA cm-2 to 1.51 mA cm-2 (1.25 mA cm-2), and the on-set potential has a cathodic shift of ∼0.32 V. Although both the overlayer and interlayer modification can substantially improve the PEC performance, the underlying mechanisms are obviously different. The overlayer can only reduce the carrier recombination on the top surface and in the bulk of the hematite film; in contrast, the interlayer not only passivates the SiNW surface and bottom surface of the hematite film, but also the top surface of the photoanode due to Al3+ thermal diffusion from the bottom to the top surface of the hematite film and the resultant Al2O3 formation. This work deepens our understanding for the roles of the surface and interface engineering in the achievement of high-performance PEC systems based on dual or more absorbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Zhou
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Nanocomposite Sensing Materials, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China
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Kranz C, Wächtler M. Characterizing photocatalysts for water splitting: from atoms to bulk and from slow to ultrafast processes. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1407-1437. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00526f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview on characterisation techniques for light-driven redox-catalysts highlighting spectroscopic, microscopic, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kranz
- Ulm University
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- Department Functional Interfaces
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
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30
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George K, Khachatrjan T, van Berkel M, Sinha V, Bieberle-Hütter A. Understanding the Impact of Different Types of Surface States on Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation: A Microkinetic Modeling Approach. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran George
- Electrochemical Materials and Interfaces, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), P.O. Box 6336, 5600 HH Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tigran Khachatrjan
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs van Berkel
- Energy Systems & Control, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), P.O. Box 6336, 5600 HH Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Vivek Sinha
- Electrochemical Materials and Interfaces, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), P.O. Box 6336, 5600 HH Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Bieberle-Hütter
- Electrochemical Materials and Interfaces, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), P.O. Box 6336, 5600 HH Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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31
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Tao SM, Chung RJ, Lin LY. Heteroatom Doping Strategy for Establishing Hematite Homojunction as Efficient Photocatalyst for Accelerating Water Splitting. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3853-3860. [PMID: 32955150 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hematite (α-Fe2 O3 ) is one of the promising photocatalysts for water oxidation, owing to its stable, abundant and visible-light responsive features. Enhancing electrical conductivity and accelerating oxidation evolution kinetics are expected to improve photocatalytic ability of hematite toward water oxidation. In this work, strategies of doping heteroatoms and developing pn homojunction are adopted to enhance the photocatalytic ability of hematite electrodes. The Ti and Mg dopants are separately incorporated in two layers of hematite electrodes via two-step hydrothermal reaction and one-step annealing process. The effect of regrowth time for synthesizing Mg-doped hematite on the photoelectrochemical performance of Mg-doped and Ti-doped hematite (Mg-Fe2 O3 /Ti-Fe2 O3 ) electrode is studied. The size of rod-like structure and gaps in-between play important roles on the photocatalytic ability of Mg-Fe2 O3 /Ti-Fe2 O3 . The optimized Mg-Fe2 O3 /Ti-Fe2 O3 electrode is prepared by using merely 10 min for synthesizing the Mg-doped hematite top layer, which shows the highest photocurrent density of 2.83 mA/cm2 at 1.60 VRHE along with the highest carrier density of 5.89×1016 cm-3 and the smallest charge-transfer resistance. This largely improved photoelectrochemical performance is attributed to the more donor generation with heteroatom-doping and more efficient charge cascade with homojunction establishment. Other p-type metals are encouraged to dope in hematite as the second layer to couple with the n-type Ti-doped hematite for developing efficient pn homojunction and improve the photocatalytic ability of hematite in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Mao Tao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Jei Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Yin Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center of Energy Conservation for New Generation of Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Sectors, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liu Y, Guijarro N, Sivula K. Understanding Surface Recombination Processes Using Intensity‐Modulated Photovoltage Spectroscopy on Hematite Photoanodes for Solar Water Splitting. Helv Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Liu
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO)École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Station 6 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Néstor Guijarro
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO)École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Station 6 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Kevin Sivula
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO)École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Station 6 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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33
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Luan P, Meng Q, Wu J, Li Q, Zhang X, Zhang Y, O'Dell LA, Raga SR, Pringle J, Griffith JC, Sun C, Bach U, Zhang J. Unique Layer-Doping-Induced Regulation of Charge Behavior in Metal-Free Carbon Nitride Photoanodes for Enhanced Performance. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:328-333. [PMID: 31777179 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced charge carrier behavior is critical in determining photoelectrocatalytic activity. In this study, a unique layer-doped metal-free polymeric carbon nitride (C3 N4 ) photoanode is fabricated by using one-pot thermal vapor deposition. With this method, a photoanode consisting of a phosphorus-doped top layer, boron-doped middle layer, and pristine C3 N4 bottom layer, was formed as a result of the difference in thermal polymerization kinetics associated with the boron-containing H3 BO3 -melamine complex and the phosphorus-containing H3 PO4 -dicyandiamide complex. This layer-doping fabrication strategy effectively contributes to the formation of dual junctions that optimizing charge carrier behavior. The ternary-layer C3 N4 photoanode exhibits significantly enhanced photoelectrochemical water oxidation activity compared to pristine C3 N4 , with a record photocurrent density of 150±10 μA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE. This layer-doping strategy provides an effective means for design and fabrication of photoelectrodes for solar water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Luan
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Qingqiang Meng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Qinye Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Luke A O'Dell
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Sonia R Raga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jennifer Pringle
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - James C Griffith
- Monash X-ray Platform, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Chenghua Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology and Center for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Udo Bach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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34
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Grinberg VA, Emets VV, Maslov DA, Tsodikov MV, Mayorova NA, Averin AA, Fedotov AS, Marinova M, Simon P. Photoelectrocatalytic activity of In( iii)-modified TiO 2 photoanodes in the visible spectrum region. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03162c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline film photoanodes of titanium dioxide modified with In(iii) ions in the concentration range from 1.0 to 10 mass% (0.23 to 2.52 at%) are manufactured using the sol–gel method.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. A. Grinberg
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - V. V. Emets
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - D. A. Maslov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - M. V. Tsodikov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - N. A. Mayorova
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - A. A. Averin
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - A. S. Fedotov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - M. Marinova
- Institut Chevreul
- FR2638 CNRS, Bât. C6 Université Lille 1
- F-9655 Villeneuve d’Ascq
- France
| | - P. Simon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS
- Centrale Lille
- ENSCL, Univ. Artois
- UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide
- F-59000 Lille
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Pang MC, Hao Y, Marinescu M, Wang H, Chen M, Offer GJ. Experimental and numerical analysis to identify the performance limiting mechanisms in solid-state lithium cells under pulse operating conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22740-22755. [PMID: 31552951 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03886h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state lithium batteries could reduce the safety concern due to thermal runaway while improving the gravimetric and volumetric energy density beyond the existing practical limits of lithium-ion batteries. The successful commercialisation of solid-state lithium batteries depends on understanding and addressing the bottlenecks limiting the cell performance under realistic operational conditions such as dynamic current profiles of different pulse amplitudes. This study focuses on experimental analysis and continuum modelling of cell behaviour under pulse operating conditions, with most model parameters estimated from experimental measurements. By using a combined impedance and distribution of relaxation times analysis, we show that charge transfer at both interfaces occurs between the microseconds and milliseconds timescale. We also demonstrate that a simplified set of governing equations, rather than the conventional Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations, are sufficient to reproduce the experimentally observed behaviour during pulse discharge, pulse charging and dynamic pulse. Our simulation results suggest that solid diffusion in bulk LiCoO2 is the performance limiting mechanism under pulse operating conditions, with increasing voltage loss for lower states of charge. If bulk electrode forms the positive electrode, improvement in the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte beyond 10-4 S cm-1 yields marginal overall performance gains due to this solid diffusion limitation. Instead of further increasing the electrode thickness or improving the ionic conductivity on their own, we propose a holistic model-based approach to cell design, in order to achieve optimum performance for known operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chin Pang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Wu F, Pathak R, Jiang L, Chen W, Chen C, Tong Y, Zhang T, Jian R, Qiao Q. Sb 2S 3 Thickness-Related Photocurrent and Optoelectronic Processes in TiO 2/Sb 2S 3/P3HT Planar Hybrid Solar Cells. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:325. [PMID: 31620919 PMCID: PMC6795671 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a comprehensive understanding of the relationship of photon absorption, internal electrical field, transport path, and relative kinetics on Sb2S3 photovoltaic performance has been investigated. The n-i-p planar structure for TiO2/Sb2S3/P3HT heterojunction hybrid solar cells was conducted, and the photon-to-electron processes including illumination depth, internal electric field, drift velocity and kinetic energy of charges, photo-generated electrons and hole concentration-related surface potential in Sb2S3, charge transport time, and interfacial charge recombination lifetime were studied to reveal the key factors that governed the device photocurrent. Dark J-V curves, Kelvin probe force microscope, and intensity-modulated photocurrent/photovoltage dynamics indicate that internal electric field is the main factors that affect the photocurrent when the Sb2S3 thickness is less than the hole diffusion length. However, when the Sb2S3 thickness is larger than the hole diffusion length, the inferior area in Sb2S3 for holes that cannot be diffused to P3HT would become a dominant factor affecting the photocurrent. The inferior area in Sb2S3 layer for hole collection could also affect the Voc of the device. The reduced collection of holes in P3HT, when the Sb2S3 thickness is larger than the hole diffusion length, would increase the difference between the quasi-Fermi levels of electrons and holes for a lower Voc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- School of Sciences and Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China.
- Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
| | - Rajesh Pathak
- Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Lan Jiang
- School of Sciences and Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Weimin Chen
- School of Sciences and Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yanhua Tong
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Tiansheng Zhang
- School of Sciences and Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Ronghua Jian
- School of Sciences and Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Qiquan Qiao
- Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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Pereyra CJ, Di Iorio Y, Berruet M, Vazquez M, Marotti RE. Carrier recombination and transport dynamics in superstrate solar cells analyzed by modeling the intensity modulated photoresponses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:20360-20371. [PMID: 31497818 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04256c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of carrier recombination and transport of two CuInS2 superstrate solar cells was studied by intensity modulated photovoltage and photocurrent spectroscopy (IMVS and IMPS respectively). For the analysis of the resulting data two different approaches were implemented. In the first approach, the typically used analysis in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) was adapted to obtain the characteristic times of the processes involved. The second approach was based on the fittings of both the IMVS and IMPS data to the solution of the continuity equation. These fittings allow the calculation of different dynamic parameters of the cells. Moreover, consistency between the obtained parameters was observed, in good agreement with the typical analysis for DSSC. The resulting dynamics was associated with the presence and distribution of defect states among the samples. Moreover, from the performed analysis, a relation between the results and the post-treatment applied to the solar cells could be established. The difference in the dynamics of the cells is mainly observed in the difference between the electron lifetimes of both solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Pereyra
- Instituto de Física, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de la República, Julio Herrera y Reissig 565, C.C. 30, 11000 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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38
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Generalized Distribution of Relaxation Times Analysis for the Characterization of Impedance Spectra. BATTERIES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/batteries5030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Impedance spectroscopy is a universal nondestructive tool for the analysis of the polarization behavior of electrochemical systems in frequency domain. As an extension and enhancement of the standard impedance spectroscopy, the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis was established, where the spectra are transferred from frequency into time domain. The DRT helps to analyze complex impedance spectra by identifying the number of polarization processes involved without prior assumptions and by separating and quantifying their single polarization contributions. The DRT analysis, as introduced in literature, claims to be a model-free approach for the characterization of resistive-capacitive systems. However, a data preprocessing step based on impedance models is often required to exclude non-resistive-capacitive components off the measured impedance spectra. The generalized distribution of relaxation times (GDRT) analysis presented in this work is dedicated to complex superposed impedance spectra that include ohmic, inductive, capacitive, resistive-capacitive, and resistive-inductive effects. The simplified work flow without preprocessing steps leads to a reliable and reproducible DRT analysis that fulfills the assumption of being model-free. The GDRT is applicable for the analysis of electrochemical, electrical, and even for non-electrical systems. Results are shown for a lithium-ion battery, a vanadium redox flow battery, and for a double-layer capacitor.
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Photoelectrochemical water oxidation at FTO|WO3@CuWO4 and FTO|WO3@CuWO4|BiVO4 heterojunction systems: An IMPS analysis. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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40
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Schlosser A, Meyer LC, Lübkemann F, Miethe JF, Bigall NC. Nanoplatelet cryoaerogels with potential application in photoelectrochemical sensing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9002-9012. [PMID: 30839040 PMCID: PMC6509881 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00281b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanoparticle based porous 3D assemblies are interesting materials for various applications in the fields of photovoltaics, catalysis, or optical sensing. For use as photoelectrodes in photoelectrochemical sensors they need to be characterised by a high porosity, a good photostability, and a high charge carrier mobility. Our work reports on the preparation of cryoaerogel photoelectrodes based on CdSe nanoplatelets and their photoelectrochemical characterisation by means of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS). The obtained open-pored cryoaerogel films were observed to produce much higher photocurrents than comparable drop-cast films. By means of IMPS, the performance differences could be linked to the occurrence of charge carrier movement, which could solely be proven for the cryoaerogels. In a proof-of-principle experiment, the potential of the prepared photoelectrodes for application in photoelectrochemical sensing was moreover demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schlosser
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
, Leibniz Universität Hannover
,
Callinstr. 3A
, 30167 Hannover
, Germany
.
; Fax: +49 511 762 19121
; Tel: +49 511 762 3185
- Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering (LNQE)
, Leibniz Universität Hannover
,
Schneiderberg 39
, 30167 Hannover
, Germany
| | - Lea C. Meyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
, Leibniz Universität Hannover
,
Callinstr. 3A
, 30167 Hannover
, Germany
.
; Fax: +49 511 762 19121
; Tel: +49 511 762 3185
- Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering (LNQE)
, Leibniz Universität Hannover
,
Schneiderberg 39
, 30167 Hannover
, Germany
| | - Franziska Lübkemann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
, Leibniz Universität Hannover
,
Callinstr. 3A
, 30167 Hannover
, Germany
.
; Fax: +49 511 762 19121
; Tel: +49 511 762 3185
- Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering (LNQE)
, Leibniz Universität Hannover
,
Schneiderberg 39
, 30167 Hannover
, Germany
| | - Jan F. Miethe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
, Leibniz Universität Hannover
,
Callinstr. 3A
, 30167 Hannover
, Germany
.
; Fax: +49 511 762 19121
; Tel: +49 511 762 3185
- Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering (LNQE)
, Leibniz Universität Hannover
,
Schneiderberg 39
, 30167 Hannover
, Germany
| | - Nadja C. Bigall
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
, Leibniz Universität Hannover
,
Callinstr. 3A
, 30167 Hannover
, Germany
.
; Fax: +49 511 762 19121
; Tel: +49 511 762 3185
- Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering (LNQE)
, Leibniz Universität Hannover
,
Schneiderberg 39
, 30167 Hannover
, Germany
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41
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Boosting solar water oxidation activity and stability of BiVO4 photoanode through the Co-catalytic effect of CuCoO2. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.02.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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42
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Urbain F, Tang P, Smirnov V, Welter K, Andreu T, Finger F, Arbiol J, Morante JR. Multilayered Hematite Nanowires with Thin-Film Silicon Photovoltaics in an All-Earth-Abundant Hybrid Tandem Device for Solar Water Splitting. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:1428-1436. [PMID: 30633450 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The concept of hybrid tandem device structures that combine metal oxides with thin-film semiconducting photoabsorbers holds great promise for large-scale, robust, and cost-effective bias-free photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC-WS). This work highlights important steps toward the efficient coupling of high-performance hematite photoanodes with multijunction thin-film silicon photocathodes providing high bias-free photocurrent density. The hybrid PEC-WS device is optimized by testing three types of multijunction silicon photocathodes with the hematite photoanode: amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) tandem: a-Si:H/a-Si:H and triple junction with microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H): a-Si:H/a-Si:H/μc-Si:H and a-Si:H/μc-Si:H/μc-Si:H. The results provide evidence that the multijunction structures offer high flexibility for hybrid tandem devices with regard to tunable photovoltages and spectral matching. Furthermore, both photoanode and photocathode are tested under various electrolyte and light concentration conditions, respectively, with respect to their photoelectrochemical performance and stability. A 27 % enhancement in the solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency is observed upon concentrating light from 100 to 300 mW cm-2 . Ultimately, bias-free water splitting is demonstrated, with a photocurrent density of 4.6 mA cm-2 (under concentrated illumination) paired with excellent operation stability for more than 24 h of the all-earth-abundant and low-cost hematite/silicon tandem PEC-WS device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Urbain
- IREC, Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930 Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pengyi Tang
- IREC, Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930 Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Vladimir Smirnov
- IEK-5 Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katharina Welter
- IEK-5 Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Teresa Andreu
- IREC, Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930 Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Friedhelm Finger
- IEK-5 Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jordi Arbiol
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Ramón Morante
- IREC, Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930 Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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43
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Sheng X, Xu T, Feng X. Rational Design of Photoelectrodes with Rapid Charge Transport for Photoelectrochemical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805132. [PMID: 30637813 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrode materials are the heart of photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells, which hold great promise to address global energy and environmental issues by converting solar energy into electricity or chemical fuels. In recent decades, significant research efforts have been devoted to the design and construction of photoelectrodes for the efficient generation and utilization of charge carriers to boost PEC performance. Herein, insights from a literature study on the relationship between the architecture and charge dynamics of photoelectrodes are presented. After briefly introducing the fundamental theories of charge dynamics in nanostructured photoelectrodes, the development of photoelectrode design in 1D polycrystalline nanotube arrays, 1D single-crystalline nanowire arrays, and hierarchical and mesoporous nanowire arrays is reviewed with a focus on the interplay between architecture and charge transport properties. For each design, commonly used synthetic approaches and the corresponding charge transport properties are discussed. Subsequently, the applications of these photoelectrodes in PEC systems are summarized. In conclusion, future challenges in the rational design of photoelectrode architecture are presented. The basic relationships between the architectures and charge dynamics of photoelectrode materials discussed here are expected to provide pertinent guidance and a reference for future advanced material design targeting improved light energy conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Sheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Xinjian Feng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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44
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Radiative and Non-Radiative Recombination Pathways in Mixed-Phase TiO2 Nanotubes for PEC Water-Splitting. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatase and rutile mixed-phase TiO2 with an ideal ratio has been proven to significantly enhance photoelectrochemical (PEC) activity in water-splitting applications due to suppressing the electron–hole recombination. However, the mechanism of this improvement has not been satisfactory described yet. The PEC water oxidation (oxygen evolution) at the interface of TiO2 photoanode and electrolyte solution is determined by the fraction of the photogenerated holes that reach the solution and it is defined as the hole transfer efficiency. The surface and bulk recombination processes in semiconductor photoanodes majorly influence the hole transfer efficiency. In this work, we study the hole transfer process involved in mixed-phase TiO2 nanotube arrays/solution junction using intensity-modulated photocurrent and photovoltage spectroscopy (IMPS and IMVS); then, we correlate the obtained hole transfer rate constants to (photo)electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (PEIS) measurements. The results suggest that the enhanced performance of the TiO2 mixed-phase is due to the improved hole transfer rate across the TiO2/liquid interface as well as to the decrease in the surface trap recombination of the holes.
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45
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Zhou Z, Wu S, Li L, Li L, Li X. Regulating the Silicon/Hematite Microwire Photoanode by the Conformal Al 2O 3 Intermediate Layer for Water Splitting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:5978-5988. [PMID: 30657304 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dual-absorber photoelectrodes have been proved to possess greater potential than the single-absorber systems in the applications of photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells (e.g., solar-driven water splitting); however, the mismatching of the energy bands and substantial carrier recombinations at the two absorber interfaces are normally subsistent. Here, we introduce an intermediate layer of conformal Al2O3 into the silicon/hematite (Si/α-Fe2O3) microwire photoanode for enriching the understanding of the interaction among the interlayer, inner absorber, and outer absorber. Our results show that the Si/Al2O3/α-Fe2O3 microwire photoanode with the thickness-optimized Al2O3 can lead to a substantial increase in the photocurrent from 0.83 to 2.08 mA/cm2 at 1.23 VRHE (under 1 sun irradiation) and an obvious decrease in the onset potential relative to the counterpart without Al2O3. By analyzing the PEC responses under various monochromatic lights, PEC impedance spectroscopy, and intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy, we ascribe the improvements to the fact that the suitable-thickness Al2O3 can passivate the Si microwire surfaces and the bottom surfaces of the α-Fe2O3 film and give rise to Al doping into the post-synthesized α-Fe2O3. These essential causes promote the carrier separation in α-Fe2O3, diminish the photoanode surface recombination rate, and then increase the surface charge-transfer efficiency.
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46
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Ulman K, Poli E, Seriani N, Piccinin S, Gebauer R. Understanding the electrochemical double layer at the hematite/water interface: A first principles molecular dynamics study. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:041707. [PMID: 30709242 DOI: 10.1063/1.5047930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Ulman
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Emiliano Poli
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicola Seriani
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Simone Piccinin
- CNR-IOM Democritos, c/o SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ralph Gebauer
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
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47
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Qin C, Matsushima T, Klotz D, Fujihara T, Adachi C. The Relation of Phase-Transition Effects and Thermal Stability of Planar Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801079. [PMID: 30643717 PMCID: PMC6325570 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A power conversion efficiency of over 20% has been achieved in CH3NH3PbI3-based perovskite solar cells (PSC), however, low thermal stability associated with the presence of a phase transition between tetragonal and cubic structures near room temperature is a major issue that must be overcome for future practical applications. Here, the influence of the phase transition on the thermal stability of PSCs is investigated in detail by comparing four kinds of perovskite films with different compositions of halogen atoms and organic components. Thermally stimulated current measurements reveal that a large number of carrier traps are generated in solar cells with the perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 as a light absorber after operation at 85 °C, which is higher than the phase-transition temperature. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements further exclude effects of a possible morphology change on the formation of carrier traps. These carrier traps are detrimental to the thermal stability. The thermogravimetric analysis does not show a decomposition for any of the materials in the temperature range relevant for operation. The perovskite alloys do not have this phase transition, resulting in effectively suppressed formation of carrier traps. PSCs with improved thermal stability under the standard thermal cycling test are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjiang Qin
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA)Kyushu University744 MotookaNishiFukuoka819‐0395Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)ERATOAdachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project744 MotookaNishiFukuoka819‐0395Japan
| | - Toshinori Matsushima
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA)Kyushu University744 MotookaNishiFukuoka819‐0395Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)ERATOAdachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project744 MotookaNishiFukuoka819‐0395Japan
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI‐I2CNER)Kyushu University744 MotookaNishiFukuoka819‐0395Japan
| | - Dino Klotz
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI‐I2CNER)Kyushu University744 MotookaNishiFukuoka819‐0395Japan
| | - Takashi Fujihara
- Innovative Organic Device LaboratoryInstitute of SystemsInformation Technologies and Nanotechnologies (ISIT)744 MotookaNishiFukuoka819‐0395Japan
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA)Kyushu University744 MotookaNishiFukuoka819‐0395Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)ERATOAdachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project744 MotookaNishiFukuoka819‐0395Japan
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI‐I2CNER)Kyushu University744 MotookaNishiFukuoka819‐0395Japan
- Innovative Organic Device LaboratoryInstitute of SystemsInformation Technologies and Nanotechnologies (ISIT)744 MotookaNishiFukuoka819‐0395Japan
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48
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Klotz D, Tumen-Ulzii G, Qin C, Matsushima T, Adachi C. Detecting and identifying reversible changes in perovskite solar cells by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2019; 9:33436-33445. [PMID: 35529110 PMCID: PMC9073281 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07048f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible changes in perovskite solar cells (PSC) are detected and analysed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Klotz
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
| | - Ganbaatar Tumen-Ulzii
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
| | - Chuanjiang Qin
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
| | - Toshinori Matsushima
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA)
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA)
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49
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Klotz D. Negative capacitance or inductive loop? – A general assessment of a common low frequency impedance feature. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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50
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Laskowski FAL, Nellist MR, Qiu J, Boettcher SW. Metal Oxide/(oxy)hydroxide Overlayers as Hole Collectors and Oxygen-Evolution Catalysts on Water-Splitting Photoanodes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:1394-1405. [PMID: 30537811 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Solar water splitting provides a mechanism to convert and store solar energy in the form of stable chemical bonds. Water-splitting systems often include semiconductor photoanodes, such as n-Fe2O3 and n-BiVO4, which use photogenerated holes to oxidize water. These photoanodes often exhibit improved performance when coated with metal-oxide/(oxy)hydroxide overlayers that are catalytic for the water-oxidation reaction. The mechanism for this improvement, however, remains a controversial topic. This is, in part, due to a lack of experimental techniques that are able to directly track the flow of photogenerated holes in such multicomponent systems. In this Perspective, we illustrate how this issue can be addressed by using a second working electrode to make direct current/voltage measurements on the catalytic overlayer during operation in a photoelectrochemical cell. We discuss examples where the second working electrode is a thin metallic film deposited on the catalyst layer, as well as where it is the tip of a conducting atomic-force-microscopy probe. In applying these techniques to multiple semiconductors (Fe2O3, BiVO4, Si) paired with various metal-(oxy)hydroxide overlayers (e.g., Ni(Fe)O xH y and CoO xH y), we found in all cases investigated that the overlayers collect photogenerated holes from the semiconductor, charging to potentials sufficient to drive water oxidation. The overlayers studied thus form charge-separating heterojunctions with the semiconductor as well as serve as water-oxidation catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest A L Laskowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
| | - Michael R Nellist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
| | - Jingjing Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
| | - Shannon W Boettcher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
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