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Kaya HE, Naidoo KJ. CytoCopasi: a chemical systems biology target and drug discovery visual data analytics platform. Bioinformatics 2023; 39:btad745. [PMID: 38070155 PMCID: PMC10963058 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btad745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Target discovery and drug evaluation for diseases with complex mechanisms call for a streamlined chemical systems analysis platform. Currently available tools lack the emphasis on reaction kinetics, access to relevant databases, and algorithms to visualize perturbations on a chemical scale providing quantitative details as well streamlined visual data analytics functionality. RESULTS CytoCopasi, a Maven-based application for Cytoscape that combines the chemical systems analysis features of COPASI with the visualization and database access tools of Cytoscape and its plugin applications has been developed. The diverse functionality of CytoCopasi through ab initio model construction, model construction via pathway and parameter databases KEGG and BRENDA is presented. The comparative systems biology visualization analysis toolset is illustrated through a drug competence study on the cancerous RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The COPASI files, simulation data, native libraries, and the manual are available on https://github.com/scientificomputing/CytoCopasi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmet Emre Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Scientific Computing Research Unit, PD Hahn Building, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kevin J Naidoo
- Department of Chemistry, Scientific Computing Research Unit, PD Hahn Building, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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Ghareghomi S, Atabaki V, Abdollahzadeh N, Ahmadian S, Hafez Ghoran S. Bioactive PI3-kinase/Akt/mTOR Inhibitors in Targeted Lung Cancer Therapy. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:24-35. [PMID: 36721812 PMCID: PMC9871280 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the central signaling pathways with a regulatory effect on cell proliferation and survival is Akt/mTOR. In many human cancer types, for instance, lung cancer, the overexpression of Akt/mTOR has been reported. For this reason, either targeting cancer cells by synthetic or natural products affecting the Akt/mTOR pathway down-regulation is a useful strategy in cancer therapy. Direct inhibition of the signaling pathway or modulation of each related molecule could have significant feedback on the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. A variety of secondary metabolites has been identified to directly inhibit the AKT/mTOR signaling, which is important in the field of drug discovery. Naturally occurring nitrogenous and phenolic compounds can emerge as two pivotal classes of natural products possessing anticancer abilities. Herein, we have summarized the alkaloids and flavonoids for lung cancer treatment together with all the possible mechanisms of action relying on the Akt/mTOR pathway down-regulation. This review suggested that in search of new drugs, phytochemicals could be considered as promising scaffolds to be developed into efficient drugs for the treatment of cancer. In this review, the terms "Akt/mTOR", "Alkaloid", "flavonoid", and "lung cancer" were searched without any limitation in search criteria in Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google scholar engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Ghareghomi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Atabaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Naseh Abdollahzadeh
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shahin Ahmadian
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding Authors: Salar Hafez Ghoran and Shahin Ahmadian, and
| | - Salar Hafez Ghoran
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.,Corresponding Authors: Salar Hafez Ghoran and Shahin Ahmadian, and
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Alza L, Visa A, Herreros J, Cantí C. T-type channels in cancer cells: Driving in reverse. Cell Calcium 2022; 105:102610. [PMID: 35691056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the strongly polarized membranes of excitable cells, activation of T-type Ca2+ channels (TTCCs) by weak depolarizing stimuli allows the influx of Ca2+ which further amplifies membrane depolarization, thus "recruiting" higher threshold voltage-gated channels to promote action potential firing. Nonetheless, TTCCs perform other functions in the plasma membrane of both excitable and non-excitable cells, in which they regulate a number of biochemical pathways relevant for cell cycle and cell fate. Furthermore, data obtained in the last 20 years have shown the involvement of TTCCs in tumor biology, designating them as promising chemotherapeutic targets. However, their activity in the steadily-depolarized membranes of cancer cells, in which most voltage-gated channels are in the inactivated (nonconducting) state, is counter-intuitive. Here we discuss that in cancer cells weak hyperpolarizing stimuli increase the fraction of open TTCCs which, in association with Ca2+-dependent K+ channels, may critically boost membrane hyperpolarization and driving force for Ca2+ entry through different voltage-independent Ca2+ channels. Available evidence also shows that TTCCs participate in positive feedback circuits with signaling effectors, which may warrant a switch-like activation of pro-proliferative and pro-survival pathways in spite of their low availability. Unravelling TTCC modus operandi in the context of non-excitable membranes may facilitate the development of novel anticancer approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lía Alza
- Universitat de Lleida (Dpt. Medicina Experimental), IRBLleida, Rovira Roure 80, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - Anna Visa
- Universitat de Lleida (Dpt. Medicina Experimental), IRBLleida, Rovira Roure 80, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - Judit Herreros
- Universitat de Lleida (Dpt. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques), IRBLleida
| | - Carles Cantí
- Universitat de Lleida (Dpt. Medicina Experimental), IRBLleida, Rovira Roure 80, Lleida 25198, Spain.
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Li Y, Yang X, Lu D. Knockdown of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T (UBE2T) suppresses lung adenocarcinoma progression via targeting fibulin-5 (FBLN5). Bioengineered 2022; 13:11867-11880. [PMID: 35543375 PMCID: PMC9275889 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2060162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the main histological type of lung cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Accumulating evidence has displayed that UBE2T is related to tumor progression. However, its role in LUAD has not been fully elucidated. The expression of UBE2T was detected in LUAD tissues by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. UBE2T shRNAs were transfected into LUAD cells to analyze the consequent alteration in function through CCK-8 assay, Edu assay, transwell assay, and TUNEL staining. The potential mechanism of UBE2T was analyzed through GEPIA and verified using ChIP, EMSA, and GST pull-down assays. Furthermore, a xenograft mouse model was used to assess UBE2T function in vivo. Results showed that UBE2T level was significantly elevated in LUAD tissues and high UBE2T expression was associated with poor overall survival and disease-free survival. Results from the loss-of-function experiments in vitro showed that UBE2T modulated LUAD cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. The mechanism analysis demonstrated that silence of UBE2T increased FBLN5 expression and inhibited the activation of p-ERK, p-GSK3β, and β-catenin. Moreover, following knockdown of UBE2T, the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were decreased, and sh-FBLN5 partially reverse the decrease. In in vivo experiments, it was found that UBE2T knockdown inhibits the tumor growth in LUAD. Immunohistochemically, there was a reduction in Ki67 and an increase in FBLN5 in UBE2T shRNA-treated tumor tissues. In conclusion, UBE2T might be a potential biomarker of LUAD, and targeting the UBE2T/FBLN5 axis might be a novel treatment strategy for LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Respiration Medicine, People's Hospital of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan City, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- Department of Respiration Medicine, People's Hospital of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan City, PR China
| | - Dan Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, PR China
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Yu J, Zhang L, Peng J, Ward R, Hao P, Wang J, Zhang N, Yang Y, Guo X, Xiang C, An S, Xu TR. Dictamnine, a novel c-Met inhibitor, suppresses the proliferation of lung cancer cells by downregulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 195:114864. [PMID: 34861243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dictamnine (Dic), a naturally occurring small-molecule furoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz., is reported to display anticancer properties. However, little is known about the direct target proteins and anticancer mechanisms of Dic. In the current study, Dic was found to suppress the growth of lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, and to attenuate the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways by inhibiting the phosphorylation and activation of receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met. Moreover, the binding of Dic to c-Met was confirmed by using cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay. Among all cancer cell lines tested, Dic inhibited the proliferation of c-Met-dependent EBC-1 cells with the greatest potency (IC50 = 2.811 μM). Notably, Dic was shown to synergistically improve the chemo-sensitivity of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI)-resistant lung cancer cells to gefitinib and osimertinib. These results suggest that Dic is a c-Met inhibitor that can serve as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of lung cancer, especially against EGFR TKI-resistant and c-Met-dependent lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lijing Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Richard Ward
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Peiqi Hao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaoxi Guo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Cheng Xiang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Su An
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Tian-Rui Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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Kim JW, Kim SH, Mariappan R, Moon D, Kim J, Yoon SP. Anti-cancer effects of the aqueous extract of Orostachys japonica A. Berger on 5-fluorouracil-resistant colorectal cancer via MAPK signalling pathways in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114412. [PMID: 34265383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Orostachys japonica A. Berger, also known as Wa-song in Korea, has traditionally been used as a folk medicine, but the potential anti-cancer effects of aqueous extract of Orostachys japonica (OJe) have not yet been thoroughly investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the anti-cancer effects of OJe, its possible mechanisms of action were investigated in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistant SNU-C5/5-FUR colorectal cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The functional compounds of OJe were identified with high performance liquid chromatography. The anti-cancer effects of OJe in SNU-C5/5-FUR cells were investigated by a cell viability assays, flow cytometry analysis, and a subcutaneous xenograft model employing BALB/c-nude mice. Possible signalling pathways were assayed with Western blotting. RESULTS OJe (250 μg/ml) showed anti-cancer effects in SNU-C5/5-FUR cells, that were mediated via apoptosis as well as cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. Gallic acid and (-)-epicatechin, the major functional components of OJe, induced cell cycle arrest. OJe treatment (250 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a significant anti-proliferative effect in the xenograft model via decreased β-catenin/GSK3β and increased p27 expression. OJe treatment significantly activated ERK and p38 both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that OJe has anti-proliferative effects on 5-FU-resistant colorectal cancer cells via regulation of MAPK signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Woo Kim
- KIM JUNG WOO R&D Laboratory, Namwon, Jeollabuk-do, 55790, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Creative Food Science for Health, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramesh Mariappan
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeun Moon
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinu Kim
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Pil Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Budde K, Smith J, Wilsdorf P, Haack F, Uhrmacher AM. Relating simulation studies by provenance-Developing a family of Wnt signaling models. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009227. [PMID: 34351901 PMCID: PMC8407594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For many biological systems, a variety of simulation models exist. A new simulation model is rarely developed from scratch, but rather revises and extends an existing one. A key challenge, however, is to decide which model might be an appropriate starting point for a particular problem and why. To answer this question, we need to identify entities and activities that contributed to the development of a simulation model. Therefore, we exploit the provenance data model, PROV-DM, of the World Wide Web Consortium and, building on previous work, continue developing a PROV ontology for simulation studies. Based on a case study of 19 Wnt/β-catenin signaling models, we identify crucial entities and activities as well as useful metadata to both capture the provenance information from individual simulation studies and relate these forming a family of models. The approach is implemented in WebProv, a web application for inserting and querying provenance information. Our specialization of PROV-DM contains the entities Research Question, Assumption, Requirement, Qualitative Model, Simulation Model, Simulation Experiment, Simulation Data, and Wet-lab Data as well as activities referring to building, calibrating, validating, and analyzing a simulation model. We show that most Wnt simulation models are connected to other Wnt models by using (parts of) these models. However, the overlap, especially regarding the Wet-lab Data used for calibration or validation of the models is small. Making these aspects of developing a model explicit and queryable is an important step for assessing and reusing simulation models more effectively. Exposing this information helps to integrate a new simulation model within a family of existing ones and may lead to the development of more robust and valid simulation models. We hope that our approach becomes part of a standardization effort and that modelers adopt the benefits of provenance when considering or creating simulation models. We revise a provenance ontology for simulation studies of cellular biochemical models. Provenance information is useful for understanding the creation of a simulation model because it not only contains information about the entities and activities that have led to a simulation model but also their relations, all of which can be visualized. It provides additional structure by explicitly recording research questions, assumptions, and requirements and relating them along with data, qualitative models, simulation models, and simulation experiments through a small set of predefined but extensible activities. We have applied our concept to a family of 19 Wnt signaling models and implemented a web-based tool (WebProv) to store the provenance information from these studies. The resulting provenance graph visualizes the story line of simulation studies and demonstrates the creation and calibration of simulation models, the successive attempts of validation and extension, and shows, beyond an individual simulation study, how the Wnt models are related. Thereby, the steps and sources that contributed to a simulation model are made explicit. Our approach complements other approaches aimed at facilitating the reuse and assessment of simulation products in systems biology such as model repositories as well as annotation and documentation guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Budde
- Institute for Visual and Analytic Computing, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacob Smith
- Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
| | - Pia Wilsdorf
- Institute for Visual and Analytic Computing, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Fiete Haack
- Institute for Visual and Analytic Computing, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Adelinde M. Uhrmacher
- Institute for Visual and Analytic Computing, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Zada S, Hwang JS, Ahmed M, Lai TH, Pham TM, Elashkar O, Kim DR. Cross talk between autophagy and oncogenic signaling pathways and implications for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188565. [PMID: 33992723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved metabolic process involved in the degradation of intracellular components including proteins and organelles. Consequently, it plays a critical role in recycling metabolic energy for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in response to various stressors. In cancer, autophagy either suppresses or promotes cancer progression depending on the stage and cancer type. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer metastasis are directly mediated by oncogenic signal proteins including SNAI1, SLUG, ZEB1/2, and NOTCH1, which are functionally correlated with autophagy. In this report, we discuss the crosstalk between oncogenic signaling pathways and autophagy followed by possible strategies for cancer treatment via regulation of autophagy. Although autophagy affects EMT and cancer metastasis, the overall signaling pathways connecting cancer progression and autophagy are still illusive. In general, autophagy plays a critical role in cancer cell survival by providing a minimum level of energy via self-digestion. Thus, cancer cells face nutrient limitations and challenges under stress during EMT and metastasis. Conversely, autophagy acts as a potential cancer suppressor by degrading oncogenic proteins, which are essential for cancer progression, and by removing damaged components such as mitochondria to enhance genomic stability. Therefore, autophagy activators or inhibitors represent possible cancer therapeutics. We further discuss the regulation of autophagy-dependent degradation of oncogenic proteins and its functional correlation with oncogenic signaling pathways, with potential applications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahib Zada
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahmoud Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Trang Huyen Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Trang Minh Pham
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Omar Elashkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang Y, Jia DD, Zhang YF, Cheng MD, Zhu WX, Li PF, Zhang YF. The emerging function and clinical significance of circRNAs in Thyroid Cancer and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1731-1741. [PMID: 33994857 PMCID: PMC8120456 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.55381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is one of the most common malignant tumors, with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. The incidence of TC, especially that of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC); has increased rapidly in recent decades. Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is closely related to TC and has an estimated prevalence of 5%. Thus, it is becoming increasingly important to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for TC and AITD. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with covalently bonded circular structures that lack 5'-3' polarity and polyadenylated tails. Several circRNAs play crucial roles in the development of various diseases, including TC and AITD, and could be important new biomarkers and/or targets for the diagnosis and therapy of such disorders. Although there are four subtypes of TC, research on circRNA has largely focused on its connection to PTC. Therefore, this review mainly summarizes the relationships between circRNAs and PTC and AITD, including the molecular mechanisms underlying these relationships. In particular, the functions of “miRNA sponges” and their interactions with proteins and RNA are discussed. The possible targeting of circRNAs for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of TC and AITD is also described. CircRNAs could be potential biomarkers of TC and AITD, although validation will be required before they can be implemented in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Deng Zhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Dong-Dong Jia
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Deng Zhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yi-Fei Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Deng Zhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Meng-Die Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Pei-Feng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Deng Zhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yin-Feng Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Deng Zhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
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Zhang H, Zhang LQ, Yang CC, Li J, Tian XY, Li DN, Cui J, Cai JP. The high expression of NUDT5 indicates poor prognosis of breast cancer by modulating AKT / Cyclin D signaling. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245876. [PMID: 33571243 PMCID: PMC7877577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NUDIX hydrolase type 5 (NUDT5) is a kind of ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase and nucleotide metabolizing enzyme in cell metabolism. Previous studies have shown NUDT5 expression affected chromosome remodeling, involved in cell adhesion, cancer stem cell maintenance and epithelial to mesenchyme transition in breast cancer cells. Nevertheless, the role of NUDT5 in breast cancer progression and prognosis has not yet been systematically studied. This study explored the association of NUDT5 with the tumor development and poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. Our results show that the levels of NUDT5 were upregulated in breast cancer cell lines and breast tumor tissues, and the expression of NUDT5 in breast tumor tissues increased significantly when compared with adjacent non-tumorous tissues by immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays. Breast cancer patients with high NUDT5 expression had a worse prognosis than those with low expression of NUDT5. In addition, the knockdown of NUDT5 suppressed breast cancer cell lines proliferation, migration and invasion, and dramatically inhibited the AKT phosphorylation at Thr308 and expression of Cyclin D1. The opposite effects were observed in vitro following NUDT5 rescue. Our findings indicated that the high expression of NUDT5 is probably involved in the poor prognosis of breast cancer via the activation of the AKT / Cyclin D pathways, which could be a prognostic factor and potential target in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan, Beijing, P.R China
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li-Qun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R China
| | - Jin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yuan Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Ni Li
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ju Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Cai
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan, Beijing, P.R China
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dong Dan, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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11
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Balatskyi VV, Palchevska OL, Bortnichuk L, Gan AM, Myronova A, Macewicz LL, Navrulin VO, Tumanovska LV, Olichwier A, Dobrzyn P, Piven OO. β-Catenin Regulates Cardiac Energy Metabolism in Sedentary and Trained Mice. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10120357. [PMID: 33348907 PMCID: PMC7766208 DOI: 10.3390/life10120357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of canonical Wnt signaling in metabolic regulation and development of physiological cardiac hypertrophy remains largely unknown. To explore the function of β-catenin in the regulation of cardiac metabolism and physiological cardiac hypertrophy development, we used mice heterozygous for cardiac-specific β-catenin knockout that were subjected to a swimming training model. β-Catenin haploinsufficient mice subjected to endurance training displayed a decreased β-catenin transcriptional activity, attenuated cardiomyocytes hypertrophic growth, and enhanced activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphoinositide-3-kinase-Akt (Pi3K-Akt), and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (MAPK/Erk1/2) signaling pathways compared to trained wild type mice. We further observed an increased level of proteins involved in glucose aerobic metabolism and β-oxidation along with perturbed activity of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes (OXPHOS) in trained β-catenin haploinsufficient mice. Taken together, Wnt/β-catenin signaling appears to govern metabolic regulatory programs, sustaining metabolic plasticity in adult hearts during the adaptation to endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr V. Balatskyi
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Akademika Zabolotnogo Street, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.V.B.); (O.L.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.); (L.L.M.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.-M.G.); (V.O.N.); (A.O.)
| | - Oksana L. Palchevska
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Akademika Zabolotnogo Street, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.V.B.); (O.L.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.); (L.L.M.)
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 46-580 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lina Bortnichuk
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Akademika Zabolotnogo Street, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.V.B.); (O.L.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Ana-Maria Gan
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.-M.G.); (V.O.N.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Myronova
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Akademika Zabolotnogo Street, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.V.B.); (O.L.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Larysa L. Macewicz
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Akademika Zabolotnogo Street, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.V.B.); (O.L.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Viktor O. Navrulin
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.-M.G.); (V.O.N.); (A.O.)
| | - Lesya V. Tumanovska
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 4 Bogomoletz Street, 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Adam Olichwier
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.-M.G.); (V.O.N.); (A.O.)
| | - Pawel Dobrzyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.-M.G.); (V.O.N.); (A.O.)
- Correspondence: (P.D.); (O.O.P.); Tel.: +48-022-589-24-59 (P.D.); +38-044-526-07-39 (O.O.P.); Fax: +48-022-822-53-42 (P.D.); +38-044-526-07-59 (O.O.P.)
| | - Oksana O. Piven
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Akademika Zabolotnogo Street, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.V.B.); (O.L.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.); (L.L.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.D.); (O.O.P.); Tel.: +48-022-589-24-59 (P.D.); +38-044-526-07-39 (O.O.P.); Fax: +48-022-822-53-42 (P.D.); +38-044-526-07-59 (O.O.P.)
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12
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Daniel PM, Filiz G, Brown DV, Christie M, Waring PM, Zhang Y, Haynes JM, Pouton C, Flanagan D, Vincan E, Johns TG, Montgomery K, Phillips WA, Mantamadiotis T. PI3K activation in neural stem cells drives tumorigenesis which can be ameliorated by targeting the cAMP response element binding protein. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:1344-1355. [PMID: 29718345 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperactivation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling is common in cancers, but the precise role of the pathway in glioma biology remains to be determined. Some understanding of PI3K signaling mechanisms in brain cancer comes from studies on neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), where signals transmitted via the PI3K pathway cooperate with other intracellular pathways and downstream transcription factors to regulate critical cell functions. Methods To investigate the role of the PI3K pathway in glioma initiation and development, we generated a mouse model targeting the inducible expression of a PIK3CAH1047A oncogenic mutant and deletion of the PI3K negative regulator, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), to NSPCs. Results Expression of a Pik3caH1047A was sufficient to generate tumors with oligodendroglial features, but simultaneous loss of PTEN was required for the development of invasive, high-grade glioma. Pik3caH1047A-PTEN mutant NSPCs exhibited enhanced neurosphere formation which correlated with increased Wnt signaling, while loss of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in Pik3caH1047A-Pten mutant tumors led to longer symptom-free survival in mice. Conclusion Taken together, our findings present a novel mouse model for glioma demonstrating that the PI3K pathway is important for initiation of tumorigenesis and that disruption of downstream CREB signaling attenuates tumor expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Daniel
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gulay Filiz
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel V Brown
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Christie
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul M Waring
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yi Zhang
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John M Haynes
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin Pouton
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dustin Flanagan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Terrance G Johns
- Oncogenic Signalling Laboratory, Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Karen Montgomery
- Cancer Biology and Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne A Phillips
- Cancer Biology and Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Theo Mantamadiotis
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Tian G, Chen J, Luo Y, Yang J, Gao T, Shi J. Ethanol extract of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. leaves suppressed hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:246. [PMID: 31572063 PMCID: PMC6761729 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study investigated the pharmacological activity and mechanism of ethanol extract of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. leaves (EEL) on HCC. Methods Cell viability was determined using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The effects of EEL on cellular biological activities were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM), cell wound scratch assay and transwell assay. The expression levels of related mRNA and protein were determined by performing quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blotting assay and immunocytochemistry. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was carried out to investigate the possible mechanism underlying the DNA methylation of PTEN. Results EEL showed cytotoxicity to both Bel-7402 and Huh-7 cell lines. We also found that EEL enhanced the apoptosis of Bel-7402 and Huh-7 cells by regulating the expressions of Bcl-2 associated X (Bax), B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Cytochrome-C and the activity of caspase-3 and therefore promoted cell cycle arrest. Moreover, EEL also suppressed cell migration and invasion. EEL increased the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP2) but decreased the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase2 (MMP2) and MMP9. Furthermore, EEL inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt pathway. MSP results showed that EEL promoted the demethylation of PTEN, suggesting that the inactivation of PI3K/Akt may be related to DNA de-methylation of PTEN. In addition, EEL inhibited the tumor growth of HCC in vivo. Conclusions EEL exerted anti-tumor effect on HCC in vitro and in vivo. EEL mediated by the inhibition of PI3K/Akt may be closely related to DNA de-methylation of PTEN. Thus, EEL could be used as a potential anti-cancer therapeutic agent of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Tian
- 1Department of Oncology and Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Jin Chen
- 2The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Yan Luo
- 3Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Jin Yang
- 3Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Tao Gao
- 4TCM Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Junping Shi
- 5Department of Liver Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China
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14
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Gao X, Cai Y, Wang Z, He W, Cao S, Xu R, Chen H. Estrogen receptors promote NSCLC progression by modulating the membrane receptor signaling network: a systems biology perspective. J Transl Med 2019; 17:308. [PMID: 31511014 PMCID: PMC6737693 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen receptors (ERs) are thought to play an important role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the effect of ERs in NSCLC is still controversial and needs further investigation. A new consideration is that ERs may affect NSCLC progression through complicated molecular signaling networks rather than individual targets. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effect of ERs in NSCLC from the perspective of cancer systems biology. Methods The gene expression profile of NSCLC samples in TCGA dataset was analyzed by bioinformatics method. Variations of cell behaviors and protein expression were detected in vitro. The kinetic process of molecular signaling network was illustrated by a systemic computational model. At last, immunohistochemical (IHC) and survival analysis was applied to evaluate the clinical relevance and prognostic effect of key receptors in NSCLC. Results Bioinformatics analysis revealed that ERs might affect many cancer-related molecular events and pathways in NSCLC, particularly membrane receptor activation and signal transduction, which might ultimately lead to changes in cell behaviors. Experimental results confirmed that ERs could regulate cell behaviors including cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration; ERs also regulated the expression or activation of key members in membrane receptor signaling pathways such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Notch1 and Glycogen synthase kinase-3β/β-Catenin (GSK3β/β-Catenin) pathways. Modeling results illustrated that the promotive effect of ERs in NSCLC was implemented by modulating the signaling network composed of EGFR, Notch1 and GSK3β/β-Catenin pathways; ERs maintained and enhanced the output of oncogenic signals by adding redundant and positive-feedback paths into the network. IHC results echoed that high expression of ERs, EGFR and Notch1 had a synergistic effect on poor prognosis of advanced NSCLC. Conclusions This study indicated that ERs were likely to promote NSCLC progression by modulating the integrated membrane receptor signaling network composed of EGFR, Notch1 and GSK3β/β-Catenin pathways and then affecting tumor cell behaviors. It also complemented the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of NSCLC and provided new opportunities for optimizing therapeutic scheme of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, HangKong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yue Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, HangKong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, HangKong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wenjuan He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, HangKong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Sisi Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, HangKong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, HangKong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, HangKong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China. .,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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15
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Das AB. Disease association of human tumor suppressor genes. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 294:931-940. [PMID: 30945018 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-019-01557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The multifactorial disease, cancer, frequently emerges due to perturbations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). However, a growing number of noncanonical target genes of TSGs and the highly interconnected nature of the human interactome reveal that the functions of TSGs are not limited to cancer-specific events. The various functions of TSGs lead to the assumption that cancer is linked with other human disorders. Therefore, a disease-gene association network of TSGs (TSDN) was constructed by integrating protein-protein interaction networks of TSGs (TSN) with Morbid Map in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. The TSDN revealed links between TSGs and 22 different human disorders including cancer and indicated disease-disease associations. In addition, high-density functional protein clusters in the TSN showed cohesive and overlapping disease-TSG associations, which proved the prevalent role of TSGs in various human diseases beyond cancer. The presence of overlapping disease-gene modules and disease-disease associations via the TSN demonstrated that other diseases can serve as possible roots of the life-threatening disease cancer. Therefore, a disease association map of TSGs could be a promising tool for exploring intricate relationships between cancer and other diseases for the early prediction of cancer and the understanding of disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Bikas Das
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India.
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16
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Grade-specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in breast cancer. Genomics 2019; 112:388-396. [PMID: 30851359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An integrative approach is presented to identify grade-specific biomarkers for breast cancer. Grade-specific molecular interaction networks were constructed with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of cancer grade 1, 2, and 3. We observed that the molecular network of grade3 is predominantly associated with cancer-specific processes. Among the top ten connected DEGs in the grade3, the increase in the expression of UBE2C and CCNB2 genes was statistically significant across different grades. Along with UBE2C and CCNB2 genes, the CDK1, KIF2C, NDC80, and CCNB2 genes are also profoundly expressed in different grades and reduce the patient's survival. Gene set enrichment analysis of these six genes reconfirms their role in metastatic phenotype. Moreover, the coexpression network shows a strong association of these six genes promotes cancer specific biological processes and possibly drives cancer from lower to a higher grade. Collectively the identified genes can act as potential biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Wang M, Wang X, Li Y, Xiao Q, Cui XH, Xiao GD, Wang JC, Xu CW, Ren H, Liu D. Nutlin-3-Induced Sensitization of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Stem Cells to Axitinib-Induced Apoptosis Through Repression of Akt1/Wnt Signaling. Oncol Res 2019; 27:987-995. [PMID: 30832755 PMCID: PMC7848271 DOI: 10.3727/096504018x15424918479652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential biological activities of nutlin-3 in the regulation of growth and proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) stem cells (CSCs), which may help in sensitizing to axitinib-induced apoptosis. Nutlin-3 induction of p53 expression was used to test its role in controlling the cell division pattern and apoptosis of NSCLC cells. A549 cells and H460 cells were pretreated with nutlin-3 and then treated with either an Akt1 activator or shRNA-GSK3β, to investigate the potential role of p53 sensitization in the biological effects of axitinib. We also determined the expression levels of GSK3β and p-Akt1 in patients with NSCLC and determined their potential association with survival data using Kaplan-Meier plots and CBIOTAL. Increased p53 expression stimulated the induction of apoptosis by axitinib and promoted asymmetric cell division (ACD) of NSCLC CSCs. The repression of Akt phosphorylation induced by nutlin-3 promoted the ACD of lung CSCs, decreasing the proportion of the stem cell population. In addition to the induction of apoptosis by axitinib through inhibition of Wnt signaling, nutlin-3 treatment further enhanced axitinib-induced apoptosis by inhibiting Akt1/GSK3β/Wnt signaling. The low expression of GSK3β and increased expression of p-Akt in patients with NSCLC were closely associated with the development of NSCLC. TP53 stimulates the induction of apoptosis in NSCLC by axitinib and the ACD of lung CSCs through its regulatory effects on the p53/Akt/GSK3β pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hai Cui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Dong Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Chang Wang
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Chong-Wen Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Dapeng Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
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18
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Chen K, Lai K, Zhang X, Qin Z, Fu Q, Luo C, Jin X, Hu J, Liu S, Yao K. Bromfenac Inhibits TGF-β1-Induced Fibrotic Effects in Human Pterygium and Conjunctival Fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1156-1164. [PMID: 30908581 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have shown antifibrotic effects on several diseases. The aims of the present in vitro study were to investigate the antifibrotic effects of bromfenac (a kind of NSAID) on primary human pterygium fibroblasts (HPFs) and primary human conjunctival fibroblasts (HConFs), as well as to explore the possible mechanisms of these effects. Methods The cells used in this study were primary HPFs and HConFs, and profibrotic activation was induced by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1). Western blot, quantitative real-time PCR, and immunofluorescence (IF) assays were used to detect the effects of TGF-β1 and bromfenac on the synthesis of fibronectin (FN), type III collagen (COL3), and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in HPFs and HConFs; the changes of signaling pathways were detected by Western blot; cell migration ability was detected by wound healing assay; cell proliferation ability was detected by CCK-8 assay; and pharmaceutical inhibitions of the downstream signaling pathways of TGF-β1 were used to assess their possible associations with the effects of bromfenac. Results Bromfenac suppressed the TGF-β1-induced protein expression of FN (0.59 ± 0.07 folds, P = 0.008), COL3 (0.48 ± 0.08 folds, P = 0.001), and α-SMA (0.61 ± 0.03 folds, P = 0.008) in HPFs. Bromfenac also attenuated TGF-β1-induced cell migration (0.30 ± 0.07 folds, P < 0.001), cell proliferation (0.64 ± 0.03 folds, P = 0.002) and the expression levels of p-AKT (0.66 ± 0.08 folds, P = 0.032), p-ERK1/2 (0.69 ± 0.11 folds, P = 0.003), and p-GSK-3β-S9 (0.65 ± 0.10 folds, P = 0.002) in HPFs. PI3K/AKT inhibitor (wortmannin) and MEK/ERK inhibitor (U0126) reduced the TGF-β1-induced synthesis of FN, COL3, and α-SMA in HPFs. All the results were similar in HConFs. Conclusions Bromfenac protects against TGF-β1-induced synthesis of FN, α-SMA, and COL3 in HPFs and HConFs at least in part by inactivating the AKT and ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Chen
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kairan Lai
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenwei Qin
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuli Fu
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenqi Luo
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuming Jin
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghua Hu
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Loss of MADD expression inhibits cellular growth and metastasis in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:145. [PMID: 30760700 PMCID: PMC6374448 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (ATC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited therapeutic options and dismal patient survival. We have previously shown MADD to be differentially overexpressed in multiple cancer histologies and to contribute to tumor cell growth and survival. Therefore, we targeted MADD by gene silencing, explored its effect on cellular proliferation and metastases and examined its therapeutic potential in an orthotopic ATC model in athymic nude mice. When compared to untreated control and scramble siRNA, MADD siRNA treatment inhibited the proliferative capacity of 8505C, C643 and HTH7 cells in vitro and 8505C-derived-orthotopic tumor growth in vivo. MADD ablation caused a significant reduction in cellular migration and invasion potential; clonogenic capacity; as well as, mitochondrial length and potential in vitro. This MADD siRNA-induced anti-migratory/invasive effect corresponded with inhibition of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Wnt signaling. Mechanistically, MADD siRNA inhibited TNFα induced activation of pERK, pGSK3β and β-catenin, suggesting that MADD knockdown might exert its anti-migratory/invasive effects, by blocking TNFα/ERK/GSK3β axis. MADD siRNA can inhibit β-catenin nuclear translocation and consequently, the expression of its target genes in ATC cells. In in vivo experiments, along with tumor regression, MADD siRNA treatment also decreased evidence of lung metastases. Immunohistochemically, MADD siRNA-treated tumor tissues exhibited a reduction in Ki67 and N-Cadherin expression, and an increase in E-Cadherin expression. In conclusion, we show the crucial role of MADD in ATC tumorigenesis and metastasis and its potential implications as a molecular target for ATC therapy.
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Balatskyi VV, Macewicz LL, Gan AM, Goncharov SV, Pawelec P, Portnichenko GV, Lapikova-Bryginska TY, Navrulin VO, Dosenko VE, Olichwier A, Dobrzyn P, Piven OO. Cardiospecific deletion of αE-catenin leads to heart failure and lethality in mice. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:1485-1499. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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IGF1R signaling drives antiestrogen resistance through PAK2/PIX activation in luminal breast cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:1869-1884. [PMID: 29353882 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antiestrogen resistance in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer is associated with increased expression and activity of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). Here, a kinome siRNA screen has identified 10 regulators of IGF1R-mediated antiestrogen with clinical significance. These include the tamoxifen resistance suppressors BMPR1B, CDK10, CDK5, EIF2AK1, and MAP2K5, and the tamoxifen resistance inducers CHEK1, PAK2, RPS6KC1, TTK, and TXK. The p21-activated kinase 2, PAK2, is the strongest resistance inducer. Silencing of the tamoxifen resistance inducing genes, particularly PAK2, attenuates IGF1R-mediated resistance to tamoxifen and fulvestrant. High expression of PAK2 in ER+ metastatic breast cancer patients is correlated with unfavorable outcome after first-line tamoxifen monotherapy. Phospho-proteomics has defined PAK2 and the PAK-interacting exchange factors PIXα/β as downstream targets of IGF1R signaling, which are independent from PI3K/ATK and MAPK/ERK pathways. PAK2 and PIXα/β modulate IGF1R signaling-driven cell scattering. Targeting PIXα/β entirely mimics the effect of PAK2 silencing on antiestrogen re-sensitization. These data indicate PAK2/PIX as an effector pathway in IGF1R-mediated antiestrogen resistance.
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Jia M, Chen X, Liu J, Chen J. PTEN promotes apoptosis of H2O2‑injured rat nasal epithelial cells through PI3K/Akt and other pathways. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:571-579. [PMID: 29115519 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a form of chronic inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus with multi‑causal pathogenesis, including oxidative stress. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that the phosphatase and tensin homolog gene (PTEN) can inhibit the activation of phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K) to affect phosphorylation of Akt. Importantly, the PI3K/PTEN/Akt signaling pathway is associated with various types of tumors, chronic inflammatory diseases, and autoimmune disease through its regulation of cell growth, apoptosis, proliferation, and metabolism. This in vitro study aimed to investigate the role of PTEN and the relationship between PTEN and the PI3K/Akt pathway in nasal epithelial cells under oxidative stress. H2O2 treatment was applied to induce a cell injury model of oxidative stress in rat nasal epithelial cells. Cells were divided into control, H2O2, H2O2+PTEN, and H2O2+siPTEN groups. Cell viability was measured using the CCK‑8 assay, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and apoptosis rates were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). Oxidative parameters, including ROS, catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA), were tested by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of apoptosis‑related genes and PI3K/Akt pathway was assayed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blot. In H2O2‑injured cells, oxidative stress, due to increased ROS levels and apoptosis rates, was induced, and PTEN aggravated the injury. The levels of both p‑Akt and PTEN in H2O2‑injured cells were positively correlated and higher than in control cells. Unknown regulatory protein(s) may exist in the PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway or the PTEN and PI3K/Akt pathways may be two independent signaling pathways that have cross interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Jia
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jili Liu
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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23
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Greene J, Baird AM, Brady L, Lim M, Gray SG, McDermott R, Finn SP. Circular RNAs: Biogenesis, Function and Role in Human Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2017. [PMID: 28634583 PMCID: PMC5459888 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are currently classed as non-coding RNA (ncRNA) that, unlike linear RNAs, form covalently closed continuous loops and act as gene regulators in mammals. They were originally thought to represent errors in splicing and considered to be of low abundance, however, there is now an increased appreciation of their important function in gene regulation. circRNAs are differentially generated by backsplicing of exons or from lariat introns. Unlike linear RNA, the 3' and 5' ends normally present in an RNA molecule have been joined together by covalent bonds leading to circularization. Interestingly, they have been found to be abundant, evolutionally conserved and relatively stable in the cytoplasm. These features confer numerous potential functions to circRNAs, such as acting as miRNA sponges, or binding to RNA-associated proteins to form RNA-protein complexes that regulate gene transcription. It has been proposed that circRNA regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level by interacting with miRNAs and that circRNAs may have a role in regulating miRNA function in cancer initiation and progression. circRNAs appear to be more often downregulated in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue and this may be due to (i) errors in the back-splice machinery in malignant tissues, (ii) degradation of circRNAs by deregulated miRNAs in tumor tissue, or (iii) increasing cell proliferation leading to a reduction of circRNAs. circRNAs have been identified in exosomes and more recently, chromosomal translocations in cancer have been shown to generate aberrant fusion-circRNAs associated with resistance to drug treatments. In addition, though originally thought to be non-coding, there is now increasing evidence to suggest that select circRNAs can be translated into functional proteins. Although much remains to be elucidated about circRNA biology and mechanisms of gene regulation, these ncRNAs are quickly emerging as potential disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Greene
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland.,Department of Medical Oncology, Tallaght HospitalDublin, Ireland
| | - Anne-Marie Baird
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland.,Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Trinity Translational Medical Institute, St. James's HospitalDublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland.,Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lauren Brady
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - Marvin Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. Vincent's University HospitalDublin, Ireland
| | - Steven G Gray
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Trinity Translational Medical Institute, St. James's HospitalDublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland.,HOPE Directorate, St. James's HospitalDublin, Ireland.,Labmed Directorate, St. James's HospitalDublin, Ireland
| | - Raymond McDermott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tallaght HospitalDublin, Ireland.,Department of Medical Oncology, St. Vincent's University HospitalDublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen P Finn
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland.,Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Trinity Translational Medical Institute, St. James's HospitalDublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland.,Department of Histopathology, St. James's HospitalDublin, Ireland
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