1
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Zhou H, Zhang C, Gao A, Shi E, Guo Y. Patterned growth of two-dimensional atomic layer semiconductors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:943-955. [PMID: 38168791 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04866g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), which are representative of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors, have attracted tremendous attention over the last two decades. TMDCs are regarded as potential candidates in modern nano- and optoelectronic applications due to their unique crystal structures and outstanding electronic and optoelectronic properties. For practical use, 2D semiconductors need to be fabricated with diverse morphologies for integration into electronic devices and to perform different functionalities. Controlled patterning synthesis with programmable geometries is therefore highly desired. We review state-of-the-art strategies for the patterned growth of atomic layer TMDCs and their heterostructures, including additive manufacturing and subtractive manufacturing for patterning single TMDC materials and the introduction of other low-dimensional nanomaterials as growth templates or hetero-atoms for element conversion in patterning TMDC heterostructures. The optoelectronic and electronic applications of the as-grown monolayer TMDC patterns are introduced. Future challenges and the prospects for the patterned growth of 2D semiconductors are discussed based on present achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices(MOE), Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Chiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Anran Gao
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices(MOE), Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Enzheng Shi
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China.
| | - Yunfan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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2
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Sovizi S, Angizi S, Ahmad Alem SA, Goodarzi R, Taji Boyuk MRR, Ghanbari H, Szoszkiewicz R, Simchi A, Kruse P. Plasma Processing and Treatment of 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Tuning Properties and Defect Engineering. Chem Rev 2023; 123:13869-13951. [PMID: 38048483 PMCID: PMC10756211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offer fascinating opportunities for fundamental nanoscale science and various technological applications. They are a promising platform for next generation optoelectronics and energy harvesting devices due to their exceptional characteristics at the nanoscale, such as tunable bandgap and strong light-matter interactions. The performance of TMD-based devices is mainly governed by the structure, composition, size, defects, and the state of their interfaces. Many properties of TMDs are influenced by the method of synthesis so numerous studies have focused on processing high-quality TMDs with controlled physicochemical properties. Plasma-based methods are cost-effective, well controllable, and scalable techniques that have recently attracted researchers' interest in the synthesis and modification of 2D TMDs. TMDs' reactivity toward plasma offers numerous opportunities to modify the surface of TMDs, including functionalization, defect engineering, doping, oxidation, phase engineering, etching, healing, morphological changes, and altering the surface energy. Here we comprehensively review all roles of plasma in the realm of TMDs. The fundamental science behind plasma processing and modification of TMDs and their applications in different fields are presented and discussed. Future perspectives and challenges are highlighted to demonstrate the prominence of TMDs and the importance of surface engineering in next-generation optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Sovizi
- Faculty of
Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shayan Angizi
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster
University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Sayed Ali Ahmad Alem
- Chair in
Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversität
Leoben, Leoben 8700, Austria
| | - Reyhaneh Goodarzi
- School of
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran
University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hajar Ghanbari
- School of
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran
University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robert Szoszkiewicz
- Faculty of
Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Abdolreza Simchi
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Nanoscience
and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of
Technology, 14588-89694 Tehran, Iran
- Center for
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institute for Convergence Science
& Technology, Sharif University of Technology, 14588-89694 Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter Kruse
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster
University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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3
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Soares J, Mane AU, Choudhury D, Letourneau S, Hues SM, Elam JW, Graugnard E. Thermal Atomic Layer Etching of MoS 2 Using MoF 6 and H 2O. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:927-936. [PMID: 36818590 PMCID: PMC9933903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c02549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials offer unique properties that make them attractive for continued scaling in electronic and optoelectronic device applications. Successful integration of 2D materials into semiconductor manufacturing requires high-volume and high-precision processes for deposition and etching. Several promising large-scale deposition approaches have been reported for a range of 2D materials, but fewer studies have reported removal processes. Thermal atomic layer etching (ALE) is a scalable processing technique that offers precise control over isotropic material removal. In this work, we report a thermal ALE process for molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). We show that MoF6 can be used as a fluorination source, which, when combined with alternating exposures of H2O, etches both amorphous and crystalline MoS2 films deposited by atomic layer deposition. To characterize the ALE process and understand the etching reaction mechanism, in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS) experiments were performed. From temperature-dependent in situ QCM experiments, the mass change per cycle was -5.7 ng/cm2 at 150 °C and reached -270.6 ng/cm2 at 300 °C, nearly 50× greater. The temperature dependence followed Arrhenius behavior with an activation energy of 13 ± 1 kcal/mol. At 200 °C, QCM revealed a mass gain following exposure to MoF6 and a net mass loss after exposure to H2O. FTIR revealed the consumption of Mo-O species and formation of Mo-F and MoF x =O species following exposures of MoF6 and the reverse behavior following H2O exposures. QMS measurements, combined with thermodynamic calculations, supported the removal of Mo and S through the formation of volatile MoF2O2 and H2S byproducts. The proposed etching mechanism involves a two-stage oxidation of Mo through the ALE half-reactions. Etch rates of 0.5 Å/cycle for amorphous films and 0.2 Å/cycle for annealed films were measured by ex situ ellipsometry, X-ray reflectivity, and transmission electron microscopy. Precisely etching amorphous films and subsequently annealing them yielded crystalline, few-layer MoS2 thin films. This thermal MoS2 ALE process provides a new mechanism for fluorination-based ALE and offers a low-temperature approach for integrating amorphous and crystalline 2D MoS2 films into high-volume device manufacturing with tight thermal budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Soares
- Micron
School of Material Science and Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University Dr., Boise, Idaho83725, United
States
| | - Anil U. Mane
- Applied
Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Devika Choudhury
- Applied
Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Steven Letourneau
- Applied
Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Steven M. Hues
- Micron
School of Material Science and Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University Dr., Boise, Idaho83725, United
States
| | - Jeffrey W. Elam
- Applied
Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Elton Graugnard
- Micron
School of Material Science and Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University Dr., Boise, Idaho83725, United
States
- Center
for Advanced Energy Studies, Idaho
Falls, Idaho83401, United States
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4
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Liu F, Shi J, Xu J, Han N, Cheng Y, Huang W. Site-selective growth of two-dimensional materials: strategies and applications. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9946-9962. [PMID: 35802071 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02093a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, there have been major advances in two-dimensional (2D) materials on account of their excellent and unique properties. Among the various strategies for 2D material fabrication, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is considered as the most promising method to achieve large-area and high-quality 2D film growth. Furthermore, to realize the potential applications of 2D materials in different fields, the integration of 2D materials into functional devices is essential. However, the materials made by common CVD are randomly distributed on substrates, which is disadvantageous for fabricating arrays of devices. To solve this problem, a site-selective growth method was developed to meet the requirement of batch production for practical applications because it achieves control over the locations of products and benefits the subsequent direct integration. Herein, state-of-the-art methods for site-selective synthesis, including seeded growth and patterned growth, are reviewed. Then, the electronic and optoelectronic applications of the as-grown 2D materials are also reviewed. Finally, the remaining challenges and future prospects regarding site-selective methods and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Jian Shi
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Jinpeng Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Nannan Han
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Yingchun Cheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
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5
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Kang T, Tang TW, Pan B, Liu H, Zhang K, Luo Z. Strategies for Controlled Growth of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides by Chemical Vapor Deposition for Integrated Electronics. ACS MATERIALS AU 2022; 2:665-685. [PMID: 36855548 PMCID: PMC9928416 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD)-based electronics have experienced a prosperous stage of development, and some considerable applications include field-effect transistors, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), a typical bottom-up approach for preparing 2D materials, is widely used to synthesize large-area 2D TMD films and is a promising method for mass production to implement them for practical applications. In this review, we investigate recent progress in controlled CVD growth of 2D TMDs, aiming for controlled nucleation and orientation, using various CVD strategies such as choice of precursors or substrates, process optimization, and system engineering. We then survey different patterning methods, such as surface patterning, metal precursor patterning, and postgrowth sulfurization/selenization/tellurization, to mass produce heterostructures for device applications. With these strategies, various well-designed architectures, such as wafer-scale single crystals, vertical and lateral heterostructures, patterned structures, and arrays, are achieved. In addition, we further discuss various electronics made from CVD-grown TMDs to demonstrate the diverse application scenarios. Finally, perspectives regarding the current challenges of controlled CVD growth of 2D TMDs are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Kang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao
Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology,
William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong
Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue
Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong
University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Tsz Wing Tang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao
Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology,
William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong
Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue
Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong
University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Baojun Pan
- Macao
Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao
Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology,
William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong
Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue
Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong
University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao
Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology,
William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong
Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue
Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong
University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Zhengtang Luo
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao
Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology,
William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong
Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue
Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong
University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P.R. China,
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6
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Kang WT, Phan TL, Ahn KJ, Lee I, Kim YR, Won UY, Kim JE, Lee YH, Yu WJ. Selective Pattern Growth of Atomically Thin MoSe 2 Films via a Surface-Mediated Liquid-Phase Promoter. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:18056-18064. [PMID: 33827208 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offer numerous advantages over silicon-based application in terms of atomically thin geometry, excellent opto-electrical properties, layer-number dependence, band gap variability, and lack of dangling bonds. The production of high-quality and large-scale TMD films is required with consideration of practical technology. However, the performance of scalable devices is affected by problems such as contamination and patterning arising from device processing; this is followed by an etching step, which normally damages the TMD film. Herein, we report the direct growth of MoSe2 films on selective pattern areas via a surface-mediated liquid-phase promoter using a solution-based approach. Our growth process utilizes the promoter on the selective pattern area by enhancing wettability, resulting in a highly uniform MoSe2 film. Moreover, our approach can produce other TMD films such as WSe2 films as well as control various pattern shapes, sizes, and large-scale areas, thus improving their applicability in various devices in the future. Our patterned MoSe2 field-effect transistor device exhibits a p-type dominant conduction behavior with a high on/off current ratio of ∼106. Thus, our study provides general guidance for direct selective pattern growth via a solution-based approach and the future design of integrated devices for a large-scale application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Tae Kang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh Luan Phan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Ahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilmin Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Rae Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ui Yeon Won
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jong Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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7
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Yang H, Cai S, Zhang Y, Wu D, Fang X. Enhanced Electrical Properties of Lithography-Free Fabricated MoS 2 Field Effect Transistors with Chromium Contacts. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2705-2711. [PMID: 33703909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as a two-dimensional semiconductor material has been actively explored for field-effect-transistors (FETs). The current prevailing method for MoS2 FET fabrication involves multiple complex steps, including electron beam (e-beam) lithography, annealing, etc., which are time-consuming and require polymer resists. As a consequence, the MoS2 exposed to chemicals during the patterning process may be unfavorably affected by residues and the performance of the final FET could be impaired while the annealing limits materials for FETs. Therefore, there is an urgent need to free the fabrication of FETs from e-beam lithography and annealing. In this study, we introduce an e-beam lithography-free method to fabricate MoS2 FETs by employing maze-like source/drain electrodes. In addition, an ohmic contact in multilayer MoS2 FETs using chromium (Cr) as source/drain electrodes is achieved without annealing. The underlying mechanism for contact performance is studied, and the tightness of the contact and the type of metal are found to be responsible because they determine the contact resistance. Furthermore, the long-term device degradation is explored, in which the oxidation of metal dominates. The facile fabrication process and mechanism explanation in this work might provide a new platform for future electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Sa Cai
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Dongping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosheng Fang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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8
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Yao G, Zhao D, Hong Y, Wu S, Liu D, Qiu M. Direct electron-beam patterning of monolayer MoS 2 with ice. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22473-22477. [PMID: 33165481 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05948j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are considered strong competitors for next generation semiconductor materials. In this paper, we propose direct electron-beam patterning of monolayer MoS2 inspired by an emerging ice lithography technique. Compared to conventional resist-based nanofabrication, ice-assisted patterning is free of contaminations from polymer resist and allows in situ processing of MoS2. The effects of electron beam dose and energy are investigated and nanoribbons with width below 30 nm are attainable. This method is expected to be applicable also to other TMDCs, providing a promising alternative for nanofabrication of 2D material devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangnan Yao
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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9
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Beaudette CA, Held JT, Mkhoyan KA, Kortshagen UR. Nonthermal Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Disulfide. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:21853-21861. [PMID: 32905341 PMCID: PMC7469405 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is being studied for a wide range of applications including lithium-ion batteries and hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts. In this paper, we present a single-step nonthermal plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process for the production of two-dimensional MoS2. This method provides an alternative route to established CVD and plasma synthesis routes. The approach presented here synthesizes films in only a few minutes using elemental sulfur (S8) and molybdenum pentachloride (MoCl5) as precursors. Deposition utilizes a nonthermal inductively coupled plasma reactor and temperatures around 500 °C. Film growth characteristics and nucleation are studied as a function of precursor concentrations, argon flow rate, plasma power, and deposition time. Few-layer two-dimensional (MoS2) films were formed at low precursor concentrations. Films with nanoparticle-like features were formed when the precursor concentration was high. Noncontinuous nonstoichiometric films were found at low plasma power, while high plasma power led to continuous films with good stoichiometry. The vacancies and defects in these films may provide active sites for hydrogen evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A. Beaudette
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Jacob T. Held
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - K. Andre Mkhoyan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Uwe R. Kortshagen
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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10
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Ryu B, Yoon JS, Kazyak E, Chen KH, Park Y, Dasgupta NP, Liang X. Inkjet-defined site-selective (IDSS) growth for controllable production of in-plane and out-of-plane MoS 2 device arrays. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:16917-16927. [PMID: 32766658 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04012f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Along with the increasing interest in MoS2 as a promising electronic material, there is also an increasing demand for nanofabrication technologies that are compatible with this material and other relevant layered materials. In addition, the development of scalable nanofabrication approaches capable of directly producing MoS2 device arrays is an imperative task to speed up the design and commercialize various functional MoS2-based devices. The desired fabrication methods need to meet two critical requirements. First, they should minimize the involvement of resist-based lithography and plasma etching processes, which introduce unremovable contaminations to MoS2 structures. Second, they should be able to produce MoS2 structures with in-plane or out-of-plane edges in a controlled way, which is key to increase the usability of MoS2 for various device applications. Here, we introduce an inkjet-defined site-selective (IDSS) method that meets these requirements. IDSS includes two main steps: (i) inkjet printing of microscale liquid droplets that define the designated sites for MoS2 growth, and (ii) site-selective growth of MoS2 at droplet-defined sites. Moreover, IDSS is capable of generating MoS2 with different structures. Specifically, an IDSS process using deionized (DI) water droplets mainly produces in-plane MoS2 features, whereas the processes using graphene ink droplets mainly produce out-of-plane MoS2 features rich in exposed edges. Using out-of-plane MoS2 structures, we have demonstrated the fabrication of miniaturized on-chip lithium ion batteries, which exhibit reversible lithiation/delithiation capacity. This IDSS method could be further expanded as a scalable and reliable nanomanufacturing method for generating miniaturized on-chip energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghoon Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jeong Seop Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Eric Kazyak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Kuan-Hung Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Younggeun Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Neil P Dasgupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Xiaogan Liang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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11
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Kahn E, Lucking M, Zhang F, Lei Y, Granzier-Nakajima T, Grasseschi D, Beach K, Murray W, Yeh YT, Elias AL, Liu Z, Terrones H, Terrones M. Selective Synthesis of Bi 2Te 3/WS 2 Heterostructures with Strong Interlayer Coupling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020:acsami.0c03656. [PMID: 32493008 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The vertical integration of atomically thin-layered materials to create van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) has been proposed as a method to design nanostructures with emergent properties. In this work, epitaxial Bi2Te3/WS2 vdWHs are synthesized via a two-step vapor deposition process. It is calculated that the vdWH has an indirect band gap with a valence band edge that bridges the vdW gap, resulting in a quenched photoluminescence (PL) from the WS2 monolayer, reduced intensity of its resonance Raman vibrational peaks, improved vertical charge transport, and a decrease in the intensity of second harmonic generation (SHG). Furthermore, it is observed that induced defects strongly influence the nucleation and growth of vdWHs. By creating point defects in WS2 monolayers, it is shown that the growth of Bi2Te3 platelets can be patterned. This work offers important insights into the synthesis, defect engineering, and moiré engineering of an emerging class of two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Lucking
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Grasseschi
- Surface Chemistry & Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kory Beach
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Humberto Terrones
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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12
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Fan Q, Wang L, Xu D, Duo Y, Gao J, Zhang L, Wang X, Chen X, Li J, Zhang H. Solution-gated transistors of two-dimensional materials for chemical and biological sensors: status and challenges. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:11364-11394. [PMID: 32428057 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01125h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been the focus of materials research for many years due to their unique fascinating properties and large specific surface area (SSA). They are very sensitive to the analytes (ions, glucose, DNA, protein, etc.), resulting in their wide-spread development in the field of sensing. New 2D materials, as the basis of applications, are constantly being fabricated and comprehensively studied. In a variety of sensing applications, the solution-gated transistor (SGT) is a promising biochemical sensing platform because it can work at low voltage in different electrolytes, which is ideal for monitoring body fluids in wearable electronics, e-skin, or implantable devices. However, there are still some key challenges, such as device stability and reproducibility, that must be faced in order to pave the way for the development of cost-effective, flexible, and transparent SGTs with 2D materials. In this review, the device preparation, device physics, and the latest application prospects of 2D materials-based SGTs are systematically presented. Besides, a bold perspective is also provided for the future development of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Fan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Lude Wang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Duo Xu
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Yanhong Duo
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Xianbao Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Jinhua Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
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13
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Balasubramanyam S, Merkx MJM, Verheijen MA, Kessels WMM, Mackus AJM, Bol AA. Area-Selective Atomic Layer Deposition of Two-Dimensional WS 2 Nanolayers. ACS MATERIALS LETTERS 2020; 2:511-518. [PMID: 32421046 PMCID: PMC7217612 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.0c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With downscaling of device dimensions, two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) such as WS2 are being considered as promising materials for future applications in nanoelectronics. However, at these nanoscale regimes, incorporating TMD layers in the device architecture with precise control of critical features is challenging using current top-down processing techniques. In this contribution, we pioneer the combination of two key avenues in atomic-scale processing: area-selective atomic layer deposition (AS-ALD) and growth of 2D materials, and demonstrate bottom-up processing of 2D WS2 nanolayers. Area-selective deposition of WS2 nanolayers is enabled using an ABC-type plasma-enhanced ALD process involving acetylacetone (Hacac) as inhibitor (A), bis(tert-butylimido)-bis(dimethylamido)-tungsten as precursor (B), and H2S plasma as the co-reactant (C) at a low deposition temperature of 250 °C. The developed AS-ALD process results in the immediate growth of WS2 on SiO2 while effectively blocking growth on Al2O3 as confirmed by in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry and ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. As a proof of concept, the AS-ALD process is demonstrated on patterned Al2O3/SiO2 surfaces. The AS-ALD WS2 films exhibited sharp Raman (E 2g 1 and A 1g) peaks on SiO2, a fingerprint of crystalline WS2 layers, upon annealing at temperatures within the thermal budget of semiconductor back-end-of-line processing (≤450 °C). Our AS-ALD process also allows selective growth on various TMDs and transition metal oxides while blocking growth on HfO2 and TiO2. It is expected that this work will lay the foundation for area-selective ALD of other 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Balasubramanyam
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J. M. Merkx
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A. Verheijen
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Eurofins
Materials Science Netherlands B.V., High Tech Campus 11, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmus M. M. Kessels
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J. M. Mackus
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ageeth A. Bol
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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14
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Liao W, Zhao S, Li F, Wang C, Ge Y, Wang H, Wang S, Zhang H. Interface engineering of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides towards next-generation electronic devices: recent advances and challenges. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:787-807. [PMID: 32129353 DOI: 10.1039/c9nh00743a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have attracted tremendous research interest for future electronics owing to their atomically thin thickness, compelling properties and various potential applications. However, interface engineering including contact optimization and channel modulations for 2D TMDCs represents fundamental challenges in ultimate performance of ultrathin electronics. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the basic understanding of contacts and channel engineering of 2D TMDCs and emerging electronics benefiting from these varying approaches. In particular, we elucidate multifarious contact engineering approaches such as edge contact, phase engineering and metal transfer to suppress the Fermi level pinning effect at the metal/TMDC interface, various channel treatment avenues such as van der Waals heterostructures, surface charge transfer doping to modulate the device properties, and as well the novel electronics constructed by interface engineering such as diodes, circuits and memories. Finally, we conclude this review by addressing the current challenges facing 2D TMDCs towards next-generation electronics and offering our insights into future directions of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wugang Liao
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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15
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Sharma A, Mahlouji R, Wu L, Verheijen MA, Vandalon V, Balasubramanyam S, Hofmann JP, Erwin Kessels WMM, Bol AA. Large area, patterned growth of 2D MoS 2 and lateral MoS 2-WS 2 heterostructures for nano- and opto-electronic applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:255603. [PMID: 32056974 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab7593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The patterned growth of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and their lateral heterostructures is paramount for the fabrication of application-oriented electronics and optoelectronics devices. However, the large scale patterned growth of TMDs remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of patterned polycrystalline 2D MoS2 thin films on device ready SiO2/Si substrates, eliminating any etching and transfer steps using a combination of plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) and thermal sulfurization. As an inherent advantage of ALD, precise thickness control ranging from a monolayer to few-layered MoS2 has been achieved. Furthermore, uniform films with exceptional conformality over 3D structures are obtained. Finally, the approach has been leveraged to obtain in-plane lateral heterostructures of 2D MoS2 and WS2 thin films over a large area which opens up an avenue for their direct integration in future nano- and opto-electronic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Sharma
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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16
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Lin YT, Zhang XQ, Chen PH, Chi CC, Lin EC, Rong JG, Ouyang C, Chen YF, Lee YH. Selective Growth of WSe 2 with Graphene Contacts. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 15:61. [PMID: 32166402 PMCID: PMC7067944 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-020-3261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectronics of two-dimensional (2D) materials and related applications are hindered with critical contact issues with the semiconducting monolayers. To solve these issues, a fundamental challenge is selective and controllable fabrication of p-type or ambipolar transistors with a low Schottky barrier. Most p-type transistors are demonstrated with tungsten selenides (WSe2) but a high growth temperature is required. Here, we utilize seeding promoter and low pressure CVD process to enhance sequential WSe2 growth with a reduced growth temperature of 800 °C for reduced compositional fluctuations and high hetero-interface quality. Growth behavior of the sequential WSe2 growth at the edge of patterned graphene is discussed. With optimized growth conditions, high-quality interface of the laterally stitched WSe2-graphene is achieved and characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Device fabrication and electronic performances of the laterally stitched WSe2-graphene are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Lin
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Zhongli, Taoyuan, 32001 Taiwan
| | - Xin-Quan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Chong-Chi Chi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Erh-Chen Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Jian-Guo Rong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Chuenhou Ouyang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Yung-Fu Chen
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Zhongli, Taoyuan, 32001 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
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17
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Kim G, Shin HS. Spatially controlled lateral heterostructures of graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides toward atomically thin and multi-functional electronics. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:5286-5292. [PMID: 32083259 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10859a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Edge contacts between two-dimensional (2D) materials in the in-plane direction can achieve minimal contact area and low contact resistance, producing atomically thin devices with improved performance. Particularly, lateral heterojunctions of metallic graphene and semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit small Schottky barrier heights due to graphene's low work-function. However, issues exist with the fabrication of highly transparent and flexible multi-functional devices utilizing lateral heterostructures (HSs) of graphene and TMDs via spatially controlled growth. This review demonstrates the growth and electronic applications of lateral HSs of graphene and TMDs, highlighting key technologies controlling the wafer-scale growth of continuous films for practical applications. It deepens the understanding of the spatially controlled growth of lateral HSs using chemical vapor deposition methods, and also contributes to the applications that depend on the scale-up of all-2D electronics with ultra-high electrical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwangwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeon Suk Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea. and Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea and Low Dimensional Carbon Material Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea and Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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18
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Zuo P, Jiang L, Li X, Tian M, Xu C, Yuan Y, Ran P, Li B, Lu Y. Maskless Micro/Nanopatterning and Bipolar Electrical Rectification of MoS 2 Flakes Through Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:39334-39341. [PMID: 31552735 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) micro/nanostructures are desirable for tuning electronic properties, developing required functionality, and improving the existing performance of multilayer MoS2 devices. This work presents a useful method to flexibly microprocess multilayer MoS2 flakes through femtosecond laser pulse direct writing, which can directly fabricate regular MoS2 nanoribbon arrays with ribbon widths of 179, 152, 116, 98, and 77 nm, and arbitrarily pattern MoS2 flakes to form micro/nanostructures such as single nanoribbon, labyrinth array, and cross structure. This method is mask-free and simple and has high flexibility, strong controllability, and high precision. Moreover, numerous oxygen molecules are chemically and physically adsorbed on laser-processed MoS2, attributed to roughness defect sites and edges of micro/nanostructures that contain numerous unsaturated edge sites and highly active centers. In addition, electrical tests of the field-effect transistor fabricated from the prepared MoS2 nanoribbon arrays reveal new interesting features: output and transfer characteristics exhibit a strong rectification (not going through zero and bipolar conduction) of drain-source current, which is supposedly attributed to the parallel structures with many edge defects and p-type chemical doping of oxygen molecules on MoS2 nanoribbon arrays. This work demonstrates the ability of femtosecond laser pulses to directly induce micro/nanostructures, property changes, and new device properties of two-dimensional materials, which may enable new applications in electronic devices based on MoS2 such as logic circuits, complementary circuits, chemical sensors, and p-n diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zuo
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Lan Jiang
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Mengyao Tian
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Yongjiu Yuan
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Peng Ran
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Lu
- Laser Assisted Nano Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0511 , United States
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19
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Kim SY, Kwak J, Ciobanu CV, Kwon SY. Recent Developments in Controlled Vapor-Phase Growth of 2D Group 6 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1804939. [PMID: 30706541 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An overview of recent developments in controlled vapor-phase growth of 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (2D TMD) films is presented. Investigations of thin-film formation mechanisms and strategies for realizing 2D TMD films with less-defective large domains are of central importance because single-crystal-like 2D TMDs exhibit the most beneficial electronic and optoelectronic properties. The focus is on the role of the various growth parameters, including strategies for efficiently delivering the precursors, the selection and preparation of the substrate surface as a growth assistant, and the introduction of growth promoters (e.g., organic molecules and alkali metal halides) to facilitate the layered growth of (Mo, W)(S, Se, Te)2 atomic crystals on inert substrates. Critical factors governing the thermodynamic and kinetic factors related to chemical reaction pathways and the growth mechanism are reviewed. With modification of classical nucleation theory, strategies for designing and growing various vertical/lateral TMD-based heterostructures are discussed. Then, several pioneering techniques for facile observation of structural defects in TMDs, which substantially degrade the properties of macroscale TMDs, are introduced. Technical challenges to be overcome and future research directions in the vapor-phase growth of 2D TMDs for heterojunction devices are discussed in light of recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Yang Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Kwak
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Cristian V Ciobanu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science Program, Colorado School of Mines, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Soon-Yong Kwon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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20
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Guo Y, Shen PC, Su C, Lu AY, Hempel M, Han Y, Ji Q, Lin Y, Shi E, McVay E, Dou L, Muller DA, Palacios T, Li J, Ling X, Kong J. Additive manufacturing of patterned 2D semiconductor through recyclable masked growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3437-3442. [PMID: 30755527 PMCID: PMC6397508 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816197116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2D van der Waals crystals have shown great promise as potential future electronic materials due to their atomically thin and smooth nature, highly tailorable electronic structure, and mass production compatibility through chemical synthesis. Electronic devices, such as field effect transistors (FETs), from these materials require patterning and fabrication into desired structures. Specifically, the scale up and future development of "2D"-based electronics will inevitably require large numbers of fabrication steps in the patterning of 2D semiconductors, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). This is currently carried out via multiple steps of lithography, etching, and transfer. As 2D devices become more complex (e.g., numerous 2D materials, more layers, specific shapes, etc.), the patterning steps can become economically costly and time consuming. Here, we developed a method to directly synthesize a 2D semiconductor, monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), in arbitrary patterns on insulating SiO2/Si via seed-promoted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and substrate engineering. This method shows the potential of using the prepatterned substrates as a master template for the repeated growth of monolayer MoS2 patterns. Our technique currently produces arbitrary monolayer MoS2 patterns at a spatial resolution of 2 μm with excellent homogeneity and transistor performance (room temperature electron mobility of 30 cm2 V-1 s-1 and on-off current ratio of 107). Extending this patterning method to other 2D materials can provide a facile method for the repeatable direct synthesis of 2D materials for future electronics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Pin-Chun Shen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Cong Su
- Department of Nuclear and Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Ang-Yu Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Marek Hempel
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Yimo Han
- School of Applied & Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Qingqing Ji
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Yuxuan Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Enzheng Shi
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Elaine McVay
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Letian Dou
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied & Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Tomás Palacios
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear and Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Xi Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215;
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- The Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
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21
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Chee SS, Seo D, Kim H, Jang H, Lee S, Moon SP, Lee KH, Kim SW, Choi H, Ham MH. Lowering the Schottky Barrier Height by Graphene/Ag Electrodes for High-Mobility MoS 2 Field-Effect Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1804422. [PMID: 30411825 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have emerged as promising candidates for post-silicon nanoelectronics owing to their unique and outstanding semiconducting properties. However, contact engineering for these materials to create high-performance devices while adapting for large-area fabrication is still in its nascent stages. In this study, graphene/Ag contacts are introduced into MoS2 devices, for which a graphene film synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is inserted between a CVD-grown MoS2 film and a Ag electrode as an interfacial layer. The MoS2 field-effect transistors with graphene/Ag contacts show improved electrical and photoelectrical properties, achieving a field-effect mobility of 35 cm2 V-1 s-1 , an on/off current ratio of 4 × 108 , and a photoresponsivity of 2160 A W-1 , compared to those of devices with conventional Ti/Au contacts. These improvements are attributed to the low work function of Ag and the tunability of graphene Fermi level; the n-doping of Ag in graphene decreases its Fermi level, thereby reducing the Schottky barrier height and contact resistance between the MoS2 and electrodes. This demonstration of contact interface engineering with CVD-grown MoS2 and graphene is a key step toward the practical application of atomically thin TMDC-based devices with low-resistance contacts for high-performance large-area electronics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Soo Chee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongpyo Seo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanggyu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbyeol Jang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Pil Moon
- KEPCO Research Institute, Korea Electric Power Corporation, Naju, 58214, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyoung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wng Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunyong Choi
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Ho Ham
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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22
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Ryu B, Li D, Park C, Rokni H, Lu W, Liang X. Rubbing-Induced Site-Selective Growth of MoS 2 Device Patterns. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:43774-43784. [PMID: 30484317 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The superior electronic and mechanical properties of two-dimensional layered transition-metal dichalcogenides could be exploited to make a broad range of devices with attractive functionalities. However, the nanofabrication of such layered material-based devices still needs resist-based lithography and plasma etching processes for patterning layered materials into functional device features. Such patterning processes lead to unavoidable contaminations, to which the transport characteristics of atomically thin-layered materials are very sensitive. More seriously, such lithography-introduced contaminants cannot be safely eliminated by conventional semiconductor cleaning approaches. This challenge seriously retards the manufacturing of large arrays of layered material-based devices with consistent characteristics. Toward addressing this challenge, we introduce a rubbing-induced site-selective growth method capable of directly generating few-layer MoS2 device patterns without the need of any additional patterning processes. This method consists of two critical steps: (i) a damage-free mechanical rubbing process for generating microscale triboelectric charge patterns on a dielectric surface and (ii) site-selective deposition of MoS2 within rubbing-induced charge patterns. Our microscopy characterizations in combination with finite element analysis indicate that the field magnitude distribution within triboelectric charge patterns determines the morphologies of grown MoS2 patterns. In addition, the MoS2 line patterns produced by the presented method have been implemented for making arrays of working transistors and memristors. These devices exhibit a high yield and good uniformity in their electronic properties over large areas. The presented method could be further developed into a cost-efficient nanomanufacturing approach for producing functional device patterns based on various layered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghoon Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Da Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Chisang Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Hossein Rokni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Xiaogan Liang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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23
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Suenaga K, Ji HG, Lin YC, Vincent T, Maruyama M, Aji AS, Shiratsuchi Y, Ding D, Kawahara K, Okada S, Panchal V, Kazakova O, Hibino H, Suenaga K, Ago H. Surface-Mediated Aligned Growth of Monolayer MoS 2 and In-Plane Heterostructures with Graphene on Sapphire. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10032-10044. [PMID: 30232883 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aligned growth of transition metal dichalcogenides and related two-dimensional (2D) materials is essential for the synthesis of high-quality 2D films due to effective stitching of merging grains. Here, we demonstrate the controlled growth of highly aligned molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) on c-plane sapphire with two distinct orientations, which are highly controlled by tuning sulfur concentration. We found that the size of the aligned MoS2 grains is smaller and their photoluminescence is weaker as compared with those of the randomly oriented grains, signifying enhanced MoS2-substrate interaction in the aligned grains. This interaction induces strain in the aligned MoS2, which can be recognized from their high susceptibility to air oxidation. The surface-mediated MoS2 growth on sapphire was further developed to the rational synthesis of an in-plane MoS2-graphene heterostructure connected with the predefined orientation. The in-plane epitaxy was observed by low-energy electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy suggest the alignment of a zigzag edge of MoS2 parallel to a zigzag edge of the neighboring graphene. Moreover, better electrical contact to MoS2 was obtained by the monolayer graphene compared with a conventional metal electrode. Our findings deepen the understanding of the chemical vapor deposition growth of 2D materials and also contribute to the tailored synthesis as well as applications of advanced 2D heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenshiro Suenaga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences , Kyushu University , Fukuoka 816-8580 , Japan
| | - Hyun Goo Ji
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences , Kyushu University , Fukuoka 816-8580 , Japan
| | - Yung-Chang Lin
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Tom Vincent
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL) , Teddington TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
| | - Mina Maruyama
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8571 , Japan
| | - Adha Sukma Aji
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences , Kyushu University , Fukuoka 816-8580 , Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shiratsuchi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences , Kyushu University , Fukuoka 816-8580 , Japan
| | - Dong Ding
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences , Kyushu University , Fukuoka 816-8580 , Japan
| | - Kenji Kawahara
- Global Innovation Center (GIC) , Kyushu University , Fukuoka 816-8580 , Japan
| | - Susumu Okada
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8571 , Japan
| | - Vishal Panchal
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL) , Teddington TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
| | - Olga Kazakova
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL) , Teddington TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
| | - Hiroki Hibino
- School of Science and Technology , Kwansei Gakuin University , Hyogo 669-1337 , Japan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Hiroki Ago
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences , Kyushu University , Fukuoka 816-8580 , Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565 , Japan
- Global Innovation Center (GIC) , Kyushu University , Fukuoka 816-8580 , Japan
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24
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Ang YS, Yang HY, Ang LK. Universal Scaling Laws in Schottky Heterostructures Based on Two-Dimensional Materials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:056802. [PMID: 30118283 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.056802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We identify a new universality in the carrier transport of two-dimensional (2D) material-based Schottky heterostructures. We show that the reversed saturation current (J) scales universally with temperature (T) as log(J/T^{β})∝-1/T, with β=3/2 for lateral Schottky heterostructures and β=1 for vertical Schottky heterostructures, over a wide range of 2D systems including nonrelativistic electron gas, Rashba spintronic systems, single- and few-layer graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and thin films of topological solids. Such universalities originate from the strong coupling between the thermionic process and the in-plane carrier dynamics. Our model resolves some of the conflicting results from prior works and is in agreement with recent experiments. The universal scaling laws signal the breakdown of β=2 scaling in the classic diode equation widely used over the past sixty years. Our findings shall provide a simple analytical scaling for the extraction of the Schottky barrier height in 2D material-based heterostructures, thus paving the way for both a fundamental understanding of nanoscale interface physics and applied device engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Sin Ang
- SUTD-MIT International Design Center & Science and Math Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372
| | - Hui Ying Yang
- SUTD-MIT International Design Center & Science and Math Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372
| | - L K Ang
- SUTD-MIT International Design Center & Science and Math Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372
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25
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Zhao Y, Song JG, Ryu GH, Ko KY, Woo WJ, Kim Y, Kim D, Lim JH, Lee S, Lee Z, Park J, Kim H. Low-temperature synthesis of 2D MoS 2 on a plastic substrate for a flexible gas sensor. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:9338-9345. [PMID: 29737989 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00108a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The efficient synthesis of two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (2D MoS2) at low temperatures is essential for use in flexible devices. In this study, 2D MoS2 was grown directly at a low temperature of 200 °C on both hard (SiO2) and soft substrates (polyimide (PI)) using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with Mo(CO)6 and H2S. We investigated the effect of the growth temperature and Mo concentration on the layered growth by Raman spectroscopy and microscopy. 2D MoS2 was grown by using low Mo concentration at a low temperature. Through optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and transmission electron microscopy measurements, MoS2 produced by low-temperature CVD was determined to possess a layered structure with good uniformity, stoichiometry, and a controllable number of layers. Furthermore, we demonstrated the realization of a 2D MoS2-based flexible gas sensor on a PI substrate without any transfer processes, with competitive sensor performance and mechanical durability at room temperature. This fabrication process has potential for burgeoning flexible and wearable nanotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
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26
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Chen P, Zhang Z, Duan X, Duan X. Chemical synthesis of two-dimensional atomic crystals, heterostructures and superlattices. Chem Soc Rev 2018. [PMID: 29528342 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00887b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional atomic crystals (2DACs) have attracted intense recent interest. With a nearly perfect crystalline structure and dangling-bond free surface, these atomically thin materials have emerged as a new material platform for fundamental materials science and diverse technology opportunities at the limit of single atom thickness. Over the past decade, a wide range of 2DACs has been prepared by mechanically exfoliating bulk layered crystals, which has fueled the rapid progress of the entire field in terms of fundamental physics and basic device demonstrations. However, studies to date are largely limited to mechanically exfoliated flakes, which are clearly not scalable for practical applications. The chemical synthesis of these materials has been lagging far behind fundamental property investigations or novel device demonstrations, which limits further progress of the field. To explore the full potential of 2DACs requires a robust synthesis of these atomically thin materials and scalable construction of complex heterostructures with designed spatial modulation of chemical compositions and electronic structures. The extreme aspect ratio and highly delicate nature of the atomically thin crystals pose a significant synthetic challenge beyond traditional bulk crystals and have motivated considerable efforts worldwide. Here we will review the recent advances, challenges and future perspective of the chemical synthesis of 2DACs, heterostructures and superlattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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27
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Chen X, Park YJ, Kang M, Kang SK, Koo J, Shinde SM, Shin J, Jeon S, Park G, Yan Y, MacEwan MR, Ray WZ, Lee KM, Rogers JA, Ahn JH. CVD-grown monolayer MoS 2 in bioabsorbable electronics and biosensors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1690. [PMID: 29703901 PMCID: PMC5924366 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient electronics represents an emerging technology whose defining feature is an ability to dissolve, disintegrate or otherwise physically disappear in a controlled manner. Envisioned applications include resorbable/degradable biomedical implants, hardware-secure memory devices, and zero-impact environmental sensors. 2D materials may have essential roles in these systems due to their unique mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical properties. Here, we study the bioabsorption of CVD-grown monolayer MoS2, including long-term cytotoxicity and immunological biocompatibility evaluations in biofluids and tissues of live animal models. The results show that MoS2 undergoes hydrolysis slowly in aqueous solutions without adverse biological effects. We also present a class of MoS2-based bioabsorbable and multi-functional sensor for intracranial monitoring of pressure, temperature, strain, and motion in animal models. Such technology offers specific, clinically relevant roles in diagnostic/therapeutic functions during recovery from traumatic brain injury. Our findings support the broader use of 2D materials in transient electronics and qualitatively expand the design options in other areas. Transient electronics entails the capability of electronic components to dissolve or reabsorb in a controlled manner when used in biomedical implants. Here, the authors perform a systematic study of the processes of hydrolysis, bioabsorption, cytotoxicity and immunological biocompatibility of monolayer MoS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ju Park
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minpyo Kang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyun Kang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jahyun Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, IL, USA
| | - Sachin M Shinde
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Shin
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Seunghyun Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayoung Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Matthew R MacEwan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Wilson Z Ray
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, IL, USA. .,Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Simpson Querrey Institute for Nano/Biotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Solís-Fernández P, Bissett M, Ago H. Synthesis, structure and applications of graphene-based 2D heterostructures. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:4572-4613. [PMID: 28691726 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00160f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With the profuse amount of two-dimensional (2D) materials discovered and the improvements in their synthesis and handling, the field of 2D heterostructures has gained increased interest in recent years. Such heterostructures not only overcome the inherent limitations of each of the materials, but also allow the realization of novel properties by their proper combination. The physical and mechanical properties of graphene mean it has a prominent place in the area of 2D heterostructures. In this review, we will discuss the evolution and current state in the synthesis and applications of graphene-based 2D heterostructures. In addition to stacked and in-plane heterostructures with other 2D materials and their potential applications, we will also cover heterostructures realized with lower dimensionality materials, along with intercalation in few-layer graphene as a special case of a heterostructure. Finally, graphene heterostructures produced using liquid phase exfoliation techniques and their applications to energy storage will be reviewed.
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29
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Lim YF, Priyadarshi K, Bussolotti F, Gogoi PK, Cui X, Yang M, Pan J, Tong SW, Wang S, Pennycook SJ, Goh KEJ, Wee ATS, Wong SL, Chi D. Modification of Vapor Phase Concentrations in MoS 2 Growth Using a NiO Foam Barrier. ACS NANO 2018; 12:1339-1349. [PMID: 29338197 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Single-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has attracted significant attention due to its electronic and physical properties, with much effort invested toward obtaining large-area high-quality monolayer MoS2 films. In this work, we demonstrate a reactive-barrier-based approach to achieve growth of highly homogeneous single-layer MoS2 on sapphire by the use of a nickel oxide foam barrier during chemical vapor deposition. Due to the reactivity of the NiO barrier with MoO3, the concentration of precursors reaching the substrate and thus nucleation density is effectively reduced, allowing grain sizes of up to 170 μm and continuous monolayers on the centimeter length scale being obtained. The quality of the monolayer is further revealed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurement by observation of a very well resolved electronic band structure and spin-orbit splitting of the bands at room temperature with only two major domain orientations, indicating the successful growth of a highly crystalline and well-oriented MoS2 monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Fun Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Kumar Priyadarshi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008, India
| | - Fabio Bussolotti
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Pranjal Kumar Gogoi
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore , 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542
| | - Xiaoyang Cui
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Ming Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Jisheng Pan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Shi Wun Tong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Shijie Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Stephen J Pennycook
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore , 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575
| | - Kuan Eng Johnson Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore , 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore , 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542
| | - Swee Liang Wong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore , 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542
| | - Dongzhi Chi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
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30
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Souza ES, Scopel WL, Miwa RH. Probing the local interface properties at a graphene–MoSe2 in-plane lateral heterostructure: an ab initio study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:17952-17960. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report a theoretical study of the local interface properties at a graphene–MoSe2 (G–MoSe2) in-plane lateral heterostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everson S. Souza
- Departamento de Física
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
- Vitória
- Brazil
| | - Wanderlã L. Scopel
- Departamento de Física
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
- Vitória
- Brazil
| | - Roberto H. Miwa
- Instituto de Física
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
- Uberlândia
- Brazil
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31
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Kim HJ, Kim H, Yang S, Kwon JY. Grains in Selectively Grown MoS 2 Thin Films. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13. [PMID: 29057624 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have recently been studied using various synthesis methods, such as chemical vapor deposition for large-scale production. Despite the realization of large-scale production with high material quality, a range of approaches have been made to solve the patterning issue of TMDCs focusing on the application of integrated devices; however, patterning is still under study to accurately represent nanoscale-sized patterns, as well as the desired positions and shapes. Here, an insulating substrate is treated selectively with O2 plasma, and MoS2 growth is induced in the superhydrophilic area. Selectively well-grown MoS2 patterns are confirmed by atomic force microscopy and Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy. In addition, the grain size, according to the growth size, and grain boundary are analyzed by annual dark field transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and spherical aberration-corrected scanning TEM to confirm the selective growth. An analysis of the device performance and the optical properties reveals an enhancement with increasing grain size. This method presents the path of the growth technique for patterning, as well as the direction that can be applied to devices and integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Jun Kim
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojoong Kim
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Yang
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Yeon Kwon
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
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32
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Zhang X, He D, Yi L, Zhao S, He J, Wang Y, Zhao H. Electron dynamics in MoS 2-graphite heterostructures. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:14533-14539. [PMID: 28930344 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04763k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The electron dynamics in heterostructures formed by multilayer graphite and monolayer or bulk MoS2 were studied by femtosecond transient absorption measurements. Samples of monolayer MoS2-multilayer graphite and bulk MoS2-multilayer graphite were fabricated by exfoliation and dry transfer techniques. Ultrafast laser pulses were used to inject electron-hole pairs into monolayer or bulk MoS2. The transfer of these photocarriers to the adjacent multilayer graphite was time resolved by measuring the differential reflection of a probe pulse. We found that photocarriers injected into monolayer MoS2 transfer to graphite on an ultrafast time scale shorter than 400 fs. Such an efficient charge transfer is key to the development of high performance optoelectronic devices with MoS2 as the light absorbing layer and graphite as electrodes. The absorption coefficient of monolayer MoS2 can be controlled by the carriers in graphite. This process can be used for interlayer coupling and control. In a bulk MoS2-graphite heterostructure, the photocarrier transfer time is about 220 ps, due to the inefficient interlayer charge transport in bulk MoS2. These results provide useful information for developing optoelectronic devices based on MoS2-graphite heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwu Zhang
- Key laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of education, Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
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33
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Zheng C, Zhang Q, Weber B, Ilatikhameneh H, Chen F, Sahasrabudhe H, Rahman R, Li S, Chen Z, Hellerstedt J, Zhang Y, Duan WH, Bao Q, Fuhrer MS. Direct Observation of 2D Electrostatics and Ohmic Contacts in Template-Grown Graphene/WS 2 Heterostructures. ACS NANO 2017; 11:2785-2793. [PMID: 28221762 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Large-area two-dimensional (2D) heterojunctions are promising building blocks of 2D circuits. Understanding their intriguing electrostatics is pivotal but largely hindered by the lack of direct observations. Here graphene-WS2 heterojunctions are prepared over large areas using a seedless ambient-pressure chemical vapor deposition technique. Kelvin probe force microscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy characterize the doping in graphene-WS2 heterojunctions as-grown on sapphire and transferred to SiO2 with and without thermal annealing. Both p-n and n-n junctions are observed, and a flat-band condition (zero Schottky barrier height) is found for lightly n-doped WS2, promising low-resistance ohmic contacts. This indicates a more favorable band alignment for graphene-WS2 than has been predicted, likely explaining the low barriers observed in transport experiments on similar heterojunctions. Electrostatic modeling demonstrates that the large depletion width of the graphene-WS2 junction reflects the electrostatics of the one-dimensional junction between two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hesameddin Ilatikhameneh
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN), Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Fan Chen
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN), Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Harshad Sahasrabudhe
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN), Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Rajib Rahman
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN), Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Shiqiang Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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34
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Choi JH, Cui P, Chen W, Cho JH, Zhang Z. Atomistic mechanisms of van der Waals epitaxy and property optimization of layered materials. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Choi
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
- Research Institute of Mechanical Technology; Pusan National University; Pusan Korea
| | - Ping Cui
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Wei Chen
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
- Department of Physics and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge MA USA
| | - Jun-Hyung Cho
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
- Department of Physics and Research Institute for Natural Sciences; Hanyang University; Seoul Korea
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
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