1
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Behmagham F, Mustafa MA, Saraswat SK, Khalaf KA, Kaur M, Ghildiyal P, Vessally E. Recent investigations into deborylative (thio-/seleno-) cyanation of aryl boronic acids. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9184-9199. [PMID: 38505389 PMCID: PMC10949121 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00487f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we intend to summarize the most important discoveries in the deborylative (thio-/seleno-) cyanation of aryl boronic acids from 2006 to the end of 2023. Thus, the review is divided into three parts. The first section focuses exclusively on cyanation of aryl boronic acids into aryl nitriles. The second section covers the available literature on the synthesis of aryl thiocyanates through thiocyanation of respective aryl boronic acids. The third will discuss selenocyanation of aryl boronic acids into aryl selenocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Behmagham
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University Miandoab Branch Miandoab Iran
| | | | | | | | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University Bengaluru Karnataka 560069 India
- Department of Sciences, Vivekananda Global University Jaipur Rajasthan 303012 India
| | - Pallavi Ghildiyal
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University Dehradun India
| | - Esmail Vessally
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University P. O. Box 19395-3697 Tehran Iran
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2
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Dodds AC, Sansom HG, Magennis SW, Sutherland A. Synthesis of Thiazoloindole α-Amino Acids: Chromophores Amenable to One- and Two-Photon Induced Fluorescence. Org Lett 2023; 25:8942-8946. [PMID: 38055619 PMCID: PMC10729019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Thiazoloindole α-amino acids have been synthesized in four steps from tryptophan using a dual-catalytic thiolation reaction and a copper-mediated intramolecular N-arylation process. Late-stage diversification of the thiazoloindole core with electron-deficient aryl substituents produced chromophores that on one-photon excitation displayed blue-green emission, mega-Stokes shifts, and high quantum yields. The thiazoloindole amino acids could also be excited via two-photon absorption in the near-infrared, demonstrating their potential for biomedical imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Dodds
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black
Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Henry G. Sansom
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black
Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Steven W. Magennis
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black
Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black
Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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3
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Songsri S, Harkiss AH, Sutherland A. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Charge-Transfer-Based Pyrimidine-Derived α-Amino Acids. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13214-13224. [PMID: 37621156 PMCID: PMC10507667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The four-step synthesis of fluorescent pyrimidine-derived α-amino acids from an l-aspartic acid derivative is described. The key synthetic steps involved preparation of ynone intermediates via the reaction of alkynyl lithium salts with a Weinreb amide, followed by an ytterbium-catalyzed heterocyclization reaction with amidines. Variation of substituents at the C2- and C4-position of the pyrimidine ring allowed tuning of the photoluminescent properties of the α-amino acids. This revealed that a combination of highly conjugated or electron-rich aryl substituents with the π-deficient pyrimidine motif resulted in fluorophores with the highest quantum yields and overall brightness. Further analysis of the most fluorogenic α-amino acid demonstrated solvatochromism and sensitivity to pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sineenard Songsri
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander H. Harkiss
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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4
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Regni A, Bartoccini F, Piersanti G. Photoredox catalysis enabling decarboxylative radical cyclization of γ,γ-dimethylallyltryptophan (DMAT) derivatives: formal synthesis of 6,7-secoagroclavine. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:918-927. [PMID: 37404801 PMCID: PMC10315889 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An unusual photoredox-catalyzed radical decarboxylative cyclization cascade reaction of γ,γ-dimethylallyltryptophan (DMAT) derivatives containing unactivated alkene moieties has been developed, providing green and efficient access to various six-, seven-, and eight-membered ring 3,4-fused tricyclic indoles. This type of cyclization, which was hitherto very difficult to comprehend in ergot biosynthesis and to accomplish by more conventional procedures, enables the synthesis of ergot alkaloid precursors. In addition, this work describes a mild, environmentally friendly method to activate, reductively and oxidatively, natural carboxylic acids for decarboxylative C-C bond formation by exploiting the same photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Regni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
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5
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Bartolucci S, Retini M, Fanini F, Paderni D, Piersanti G. Synthesis and Fluorescence Properties of 4-Cyano and 4-Formyl Melatonin as Putative Melatoninergic Ligands. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:22190-22194. [PMID: 37360469 PMCID: PMC10286092 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent ligands are imperative to many facets of chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. Herein, we report the syntheses of two fluorescent melatonin-based derivatives as potential ligands of melatonin receptors. The two compounds, namely, 4-cyano and 4-formyl melatonin (4CN-MLT and 4CHO-MLT, respectively), which differ from melatonin by only two/three atoms that are very compact in size, were prepared using the selective C3-alkylation of indoles with N-acetyl ethanolamines involving the "borrowing hydrogen" strategy. These compounds exhibit absorption/emission spectra that are red-shifted from those of melatonin. Binding studies on two melatonin receptor subtypes showed that these derivatives have a modest affinity and selectivity ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bartolucci
- Department
of Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Pesaro and Urbino, Italy
| | - Michele Retini
- Department
of Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Pesaro and Urbino, Italy
| | - Fabiola Fanini
- Department
of Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Pesaro and Urbino, Italy
| | - Daniele Paderni
- Department
of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via della Stazione 4, 61029 Urbino, Pesaro and Urbino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department
of Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Pesaro and Urbino, Italy
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6
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Riley L, Mclay TN, Sutherland A. Synthesis and Fluorescent Properties of Alkynyl- and Alkenyl-Fused Benzotriazole-Derived α-Amino Acids. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2453-2463. [PMID: 36749161 PMCID: PMC9942204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent unnatural α-amino acids are widely used as probes in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. While a variety of structural classes have been developed, there is still a requirement for new environmentally sensitive analogues that can closely mimic proteinogenic α-amino acids. Here, we report the synthesis and fluorescent properties of highly conjugated, benzotriazole-derived α-amino acids designed to mimic l-tryptophan. Alkynyl-substituted analogues were prepared using three key steps, nucleophilic aromatic substitution with a 3-aminoalanine derivative, benzotriazole formation via a one-pot diazotization and cyclization process, and a Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction. E-Alkenyl-substituted benzotriazoles were accessed by stereoselective partial hydrogenation of the alkynes using zinc iodide and palladium catalysis. The alkynyl analogues were found to possess higher quantum yields and stronger brightness and, a solvatochromic study with the most fluorogenic α-amino acids demonstrated sensitivity to polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne
M. Riley
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Toni N. Mclay
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
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7
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Eggbauer B, Schrittwieser JH, Kerschbaumer B, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Regioselective Biocatalytic C4-Prenylation of Unprotected Tryptophan Derivatives. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200311. [PMID: 35770709 PMCID: PMC9540666 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective carbon-carbon bond formation belongs to the challenging tasks in organic synthesis. In this context, C-C bond formation catalyzed by 4-dimethylallyltryptophan synthases (4-DMATSs) represents a possible tool to regioselectively synthesize C4-prenylated indole derivatives without site-specific preactivation and circumventing the need of protection groups as used in chemical synthetic approaches. In this study, a toolbox of 4-DMATSs to produce a set of 4-dimethylallyl tryptophan and indole derivatives was identified. Using three wild-type enzymes as well as variants, various C5-substituted tryptophan derivatives as well as N-methyl tryptophan were successfully prenylated with conversions up to 90 %. Even truncated tryptophan derivatives like tryptamine and 3-indole propanoic acid were regioselectively prenylated in position C4. The acceptance of C5-substituted tryptophan derivatives was improved up to 5-fold by generating variants (e. g. T108S). The feasibility of semi-preparative prenylation of selected tryptophan derivatives was successfully demonstrated on 100 mg scale at 15 mM substrate concentration, allowing to reduce the previously published multistep chemical synthetic sequence to just a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Eggbauer
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI GrazHeinrichstraße 288010GrazAustria
| | | | - Bianca Kerschbaumer
- Institute of BiochemistryGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 10–128010GrazAustria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of BiochemistryGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 10–128010GrazAustria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI GrazHeinrichstraße 288010GrazAustria
- BioTechMed Graz8010GrazAustria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth University of Graz8010GrazAustria
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8
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Bartoccini F, Regni A, Retini M, Piersanti G. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of All Rugulovasine Stereoisomers and Preliminary Evaluation of their Biological Properties. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bartoccini
- Universita degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo Department of Biomolecular Sciences Urbino ITALY
| | - Alessio Regni
- Universita degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo Department of Biomolecular Sciences ITALY
| | - Michele Retini
- Universita degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo Department of Biomolecular Sciences ITALY
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Universita degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo Department of Biomolecular Sciences P.zza Rinascimento 6 61029 Urbino ITALY
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9
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Bartoccini F, Regni A, Retini M, Piersanti G. Concise catalytic asymmetric synthesis of (R)-4-amino Uhle's ketone. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2932-2940. [PMID: 33885552 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00353d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A practical and asymmetric synthesis of (R)-4-amino-5-oxo-1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenz[cd]indole, an enantiopure framework shared by most ergot alkaloids, was accomplished. Our method involves a Rh(i)-catalyzed 6-exo-trig intramolecular cyclization of an appropriate 4-pinacolboronic ester d-tryptophan aldehyde followed by the oxidation of the resulting secondary benzylic alcohol with a Cu(i)-ABNO catalyst and final deprotection under acidic conditions. This new procedure offers significant advantages over previous synthetic approaches, including brevity, mild reaction conditions, preservation of chiral integrity, and high overall yield and avoids the use of stoichiometric amounts of strongly basic and pyrophoric organometallic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy.
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10
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Micikas R, Acharyya A, Gai F, Smith AB. A Scalable Synthesis of the Blue Fluorescent Amino Acid 4-Cyanotryptophan and the Fmoc Derivative: Utility Demonstrated with the Influenza M2 Peptide Tetramer. Org Lett 2021; 23:1247-1250. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Micikas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Arusha Acharyya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Feng Gai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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11
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Banerjee A, Panda G. Total synthesis of selected bioactive alkaloids, their structure–function relationships and molecular target interactions: A comparative synthetic analysis of tryptophan originated chiral pool approaches vs other synthons. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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12
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Fluorescent amino acids as versatile building blocks for chemical biology. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:275-290. [PMID: 37127957 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluorophores have transformed the way we study biological systems, enabling non-invasive studies in cells and intact organisms, which increase our understanding of complex processes at the molecular level. Fluorescent amino acids have become an essential chemical tool because they can be used to construct fluorescent macromolecules, such as peptides and proteins, without disrupting their native biomolecular properties. Fluorescent and fluorogenic amino acids with unique photophysical properties have been designed for tracking protein-protein interactions in situ or imaging nanoscopic events in real time with high spatial resolution. In this Review, we discuss advances in the design and synthesis of fluorescent amino acids and how they have contributed to the field of chemical biology in the past 10 years. Important areas of research that we review include novel methodologies to synthesize building blocks with tunable spectral properties, their integration into peptide and protein scaffolds using site-specific genetic encoding and bioorthogonal approaches, and their application to design novel artificial proteins, as well as to investigate biological processes in cells by means of optical imaging.
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13
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General synthesis of unnatural 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-bromo-d-tryptophans by means of a regioselective indole alkylation. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Bartoccini F, Mari M, Retini M, Galarini R, Bartolucci S, Piersanti G. Single‐Step Synthesis of Dehydroalanine Derivatives via a Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 6 61029 Urbino, PU Italy
| | - Michele Mari
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 6 61029 Urbino, PU Italy
| | - Michele Retini
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 6 61029 Urbino, PU Italy
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Centro Sviluppo e Validazione MetodiIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” Via G. Salvemini 1 06126 Perugia, PG Italy
| | - Silvia Bartolucci
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 6 61029 Urbino, PU Italy
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 6 61029 Urbino, PU Italy
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15
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Li X, Li L, Wang W, He Q, Fan R. Synthesis of 4,7-Difunctionalized Indoles via Imino Exchange and Sulfinyl Migration. Org Lett 2020; 22:823-826. [PMID: 31971394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A process that rapidly assembles 4,7-difunctionalized indoles from 2-alkynycyclohexadienimines, sulfinamides, and nucleophiles (amines or alcohols) was developed. The process involves imino exchange, cascade cyclization/1,4-nucleophilic addition/aromatization, and 1,3-migration of the sulfinyl group. The 7-sulfinyl group is easy to convert into the sulfonyl or the thioether group through a simple oxidation and reduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Qiuqin He
- Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Renhua Fan
- Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road , Shanghai 200438 , China
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16
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Bartoccini F, Venturi S, Retini M, Mari M, Piersanti G. Total Synthesis of (−)-Clavicipitic Acid via γ,γ-Dimethylallyltryptophan (DMAT) and Chemoselective C–H Hydroxylation. J Org Chem 2019; 84:8027-8034. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Silvia Venturi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Michele Retini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Michele Mari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
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17
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Zhang K, Ahmed IA, Kratochvil HT, DeGrado WF, Gai F, Jo H. Synthesis and application of the blue fluorescent amino acid l-4-cyanotryptophan to assess peptide-membrane interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5095-5098. [PMID: 30957824 PMCID: PMC6508085 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01152h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, l-4-cyanotryptophan has been shown to be an efficient blue fluorescence emitter, with the potential to enable novel applications in biological spectroscopy and microscopy. However, lack of facile synthetic routes to this unnatural amino acid limits its wide use. Herein, we describe an expedient approach to synthesize Fmoc protected l-4-cyanotryptophan with high optical purity (>99%). Additionally, we test the utility of this blue fluorophore in imaging cell-membrane-bound peptides and in determining peptide-membrane binding constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Ismail A. Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Huong T. Kratochvil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - William F. DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Feng Gai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hyunil Jo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
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18
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Bogart JW, Bowers AA. Dehydroamino acids: chemical multi-tools for late-stage diversification. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3653-3669. [PMID: 30849157 PMCID: PMC6637761 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03155j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
α,β-Dehydroamino acids (dhAAs) are noncanonical amino acids that are found in a wide array of natural products and can be easily installed into peptides and proteins. dhAAs exhibit remarkable synthetic flexibility, readily undergoing a number of reactions, such as polar and single-electron additions, transition metal catalyzed cross-couplings, and cycloadditions. Because of the relatively mild conditions required for many of these reactions, dhAAs are increasingly being used as orthogonal chemical handles for late-stage modification of biomolecules. Still, only a fraction of the chemical reactivity of dhAAs has been exploited in such biorthogonal applications. Herein, we provide an overview of the broad spectrum of chemical reactivity of dhAAs, with special emphasis on recent efforts to adapt such transformations for biomolecules such as natural products, peptides, and proteins. We also discuss examples of enzymes from natural product biosynthetic pathways that have been found to catalyze many similar reactions; these enzymes provide mild, regio- and stereoselective, biocatalytic alternatives for future development. We anticipate that the continued investigation of the innate reactivity of dhAAs will furnish a diverse portfolio dhAA-based chemistries for use in chemical biology and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Bogart
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Eshelman School of Pharmacy, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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19
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Chalyavi F, Gilmartin PH, Schmitz AJ, Fennie MW, Tucker MJ. Synthesis of 5-Cyano-Tryptophan as a Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopic Reporter of Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7528-7532. [PMID: 29710418 PMCID: PMC6002807 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A concise synthesis of protected 5-cyano-l-tryptophan (Trp5CN ) has been developed for 2D IR spectroscopic investigations within either peptides or proteins. To assess the potential of differently substituted cyano-tryptophans, several model cyano-indole systems were characterized using IR spectroscopy. Upon assessment of their spectroscopic properties, Trp5CN was integrated into a model peptide sequence, Trp5CN -Gly-Phe4CN , to elucidate its structure. This peptide demonstrates the capability of this probe to capture structural information by 2D IR spectroscopy. The 2D IR spectrum of the peptide in water was simulated to reveal a unique spectral signature resulting from the presence of dipolar coupling. The coupling strength between cyano labels was determined to be 1.4 cm-1 by matching the slopes along the max contour for the simulated and experimental spectrum. Using transition dipole coupling, a distance between the two probes of 13 Å was calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Chalyavi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Philip H Gilmartin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Scranton, 204 Monroe Ave., Scranton, PA, 18510, USA
| | - Andrew J Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Michael W Fennie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Scranton, 204 Monroe Ave., Scranton, PA, 18510, USA
| | - Matthew J Tucker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
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20
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Synthesis of 5-Cyano-Tryptophan as a Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopic Reporter of Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Biswas A, Samanta R. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Regioselective Direct C4-Alkylation and C2-Annulation of Indoles: Straightforward Access to Indolopyridone. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Biswas
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; 721302 Kharagpur India
| | - Rajarshi Samanta
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; 721302 Kharagpur India
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22
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Matinkhoo K, Pryyma A, Todorovic M, Patrick BO, Perrin DM. Synthesis of the Death-Cap Mushroom Toxin α-Amanitin. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6513-6517. [PMID: 29561592 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
α-Amanitin is an extremely toxic bicyclic octapeptide isolated from the death-cap mushroom, Amanita phalloides. As a potent inhibitor of RNA polymerase II, α-amanitin is toxic to eukaryotic cells. Recent interest in α-amanitin arises from its promise as a payload for antibody-drug conjugates. For over 60 years, A. phalloides has been the only source of α-amanitin. Here we report a synthesis of α-amanitin, which surmounts the key challenges for installing the 6-hydroxy-tryptathionine sulfoxide bridge, enantioselective synthesis of (2 S,3 R,4 R)-4,5-dihydroxy-isoleucine, and diastereoselective sulfoxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Matinkhoo
- Chemistry Department , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T-1Z1 , Canada
| | - Alla Pryyma
- Chemistry Department , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T-1Z1 , Canada
| | - Mihajlo Todorovic
- Chemistry Department , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T-1Z1 , Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Chemistry Department , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T-1Z1 , Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Chemistry Department , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T-1Z1 , Canada
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23
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García-Pindado J, Willemse T, Goss R, Maes BUW, Giralt E, Ballet S, Teixidó M. Bromotryptophans and their incorporation in cyclic and bicyclic privileged peptides. Biopolymers 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.23112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia García-Pindado
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Tom Willemse
- Research Group of Organic, Department of Chemistry; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels 1050 Belgium
- Research Group of Organic, Department of Bioengineering Sciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels 1050 Belgium
- Organic Synthesis; University of Antwerp; Antwerp B-2020 Belgium
| | - Rebecca Goss
- School of Chemistry and BSRC; University of St Andrews; St Andrews KY16 9ST United Kingdom
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic Synthesis; University of Antwerp; Antwerp B-2020 Belgium
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Barcelona 08028 Spain
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic, Department of Chemistry; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels 1050 Belgium
- Research Group of Organic, Department of Bioengineering Sciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels 1050 Belgium
| | - Meritxell Teixidó
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Barcelona 08028 Spain
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24
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The Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling as a Versatile Tool for Peptide Diversification and Cyclization. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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25
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Maity S, Karmakar U, Samanta R. Regiocontrolled direct C4 and C2-methyl thiolation of indoles under rhodium-catalyzed mild conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12197-12200. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward and mild Rh(iii)-catalyzed remote C4 (sp2) and C2 (sp3)-methyl thiolation of an indole core was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Maity
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Ujjwal Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Rajarshi Samanta
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
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