1
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Tao Y, Zhang Y, Xia T, Lin N. Melt Compounding of Poly(lactic acid)-Based Composites: Blending Strategies, Process Conditions, and Mechanical Properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400380. [PMID: 39012274 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA), derived from renewable resources, has the advantages of rigidity, thermoplasticity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, and is widely used in many fields such as packaging, agriculture, and biomedicine. The excellent processability properties allow for melt processing treatments such as extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, and thermoforming in the preparation of PLA-based materials. However, the low toughness and poor thermal stability of PLA limit its practical applications. Compared with pure PLA, conditions such as processing technology, filler, and crystallinity affect the mechanical properties of PLA-based materials, including tensile strength, Young's modulus, and elongation at break. This review systematically summarizes various technical parameters for melt processing of PLA-based materials and further discusses the mechanical properties of PLA homopolymers, filler-reinforced PLA-based composites, PLA-based multiphase composites, and reactive composite strategies for PLA-based composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Tao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xia
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ning Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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2
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Zhan W, Zhong H, Liu G, Liu X. Rheological behavior of xanthan gum suspensions with Fe-based nanoparticles: the effect of nanoparticles and the mechanism. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:7684-7690. [PMID: 37791910 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00769c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The rheological behavior of a xanthan gum (XG) suspension with Fe-based nanoparticles (Fe-NPs), e.g., nanoparticles of zerovalent iron (nZVI) and Fe3O4 (nFe3O4), needs to be understood for better injection of Fe-NPs for groundwater remediation. In this study, the rheological behavior of a XG suspension of nZVI and nFe3O4 was investigated at different particle concentrations. The Ostwald, Sisko, Williamson, and Cross models were employed to fit the rheological behavior of the suspensions for quantitatively describing the effect of the particles. The results showed that the viscosity of the XG solutions decreased with increasing particle concentrations and they maintained shear thinning properties. The Cross model was the best among the four models to describe the shear thinning behavior of the XG solution in the presence of the particles. According to Cross model analysis, increasing particle concentrations increased the degree of shear thinning behavior, as indicated by the increase of the power index (n). Also, the relaxation time (λ) decreased with increasing particle concentrations, which indicated an increase of molecule movement of XG. Compared with nFe3O4, nZVI resulted in a larger decrease in viscosity and a larger increase in the degree of shear thinning behavior. There was a good linear relation between n and λ for the suspensions (R2 = 0.85), which indicated that increasing molecule movement of XG was an important mechanism for the particles to intensify the shear thinning rheological behavior of the XG suspension of Fe-NPs. This study added insight into the knowledge of the rheological properties of the XG suspension of Fe-NPs, which is of importance for the field injection effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyong Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hua Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Eastern Institute for Advanced Study, Ningbo 315200, China
| | - Guansheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xianli Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
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3
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Song X, Zhang Q, Wu H, Guo S, Qiu J. Highly Efficient Dispersion of Individual Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes by Polylactide in High Elastic State. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hong Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shaoyun Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jianhui Qiu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 015-0055, Japan
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4
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Effect of coconut fibers chemically modified with alkoxysilanes on the crystallization, thermal, and dynamic mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-023-04740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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5
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Dehnou KH, Norouzi GS, Majidipour M. A review: studying the effect of graphene nanoparticles on mechanical, physical and thermal properties of polylactic acid polymer. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3976-4006. [PMID: 36756574 PMCID: PMC9891084 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a linear aliphatic polyester thermoplastic made from renewable sources such as sugar beet and cornstarch. Methods of preparation of polylactic acid are biological and chemical. The advantages of polylactic acid are biocompatibility, easily processing, low energy loss, transparency, high strength, resistance to water and fat penetration and low consumption of carbon dioxide during production. However, polylactic acid has disadvantages such as hydrophobicity, fragility at room temperature, low thermal resistance, slow degradation rate, permeability to gases, lack of active groups and chemical neutrality. To overcome the limitations of PLA, such as low thermal stability and inability to absorb gases, nanoparticles such as graphene are added to improve its properties. Extensive research has been done on the introduction of graphene nanoparticles in PLA, and all of these studies have been studied. In this study, we intend to study a comprehensive study of the effect of graphene nanoparticles on the mechanical, thermal, structural and rheological properties of PLA/Gr nanocomposites and also the effect of UV rays on the mechanical properties of PLA/Gr nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kianoush Hatami Dehnou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
| | - Ghazal Saki Norouzi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Razi University Iran
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6
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Influence of surface-modified cellulose nanocrystal on the rheological, thermal and mechanical properties of PLA nanocomposites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04556-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Adrar S, Ajji A. Effect of different type of organomontmorillonites on oxygen permeability of
PLA
‐based nanocomposites blown films. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salima Adrar
- CREPEC, Département de Génie Chimique Polytechnique Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Abdellah Ajji
- CREPEC, Département de Génie Chimique Polytechnique Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
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8
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Ceretti DVA, Fiorio R, Van Waeleghem T, Desmet A, Florizoone B, Cardon L, D'hooge DR. Exploiting mono‐ and hybrid nanocomposite materials for fused filament fabrication with
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
as polymer matrix. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V. A. Ceretti
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Rudinei Fiorio
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Tom Van Waeleghem
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Arne Desmet
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Bauke Florizoone
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- Centre for Textiles Science and Engineering (CTSE), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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9
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Hao Y, Tian H, Chen J, Chen Q, Zhang W, Liu W, Liu Y, Chen W, Chen W, Zuo Z, Wang F, Zhang L. Roles of physical filling and chemical crosslinking on the physico‐mechanical properties of polylactic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Hao
- Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | | | - Jun Chen
- Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | | | | | - Weikang Liu
- Qingdao Port Dongjiakou Ore Terminal Co. LTD Qingdao China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | - Wei Chen
- Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | - Wenfei Chen
- Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | - Zhenjie Zuo
- Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | - Fan Wang
- Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
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10
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Dong X, Wu Z, Wang Y, Li T, Yuan H, Zhang X, Ma P, Chen M, Huang J, Dong W. Improving the toughness and flame retardancy of poly (lactic acid) with phosphorus‐containing core‐shell particles. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Zhenggui Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Ting Li
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Hao Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Mingqing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Jing Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Weifu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
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11
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Ilyas RA, Zuhri MYM, Aisyah HA, Asyraf MRM, Hassan SA, Zainudin ES, Sapuan SM, Sharma S, Bangar SP, Jumaidin R, Nawab Y, Faudzi AAM, Abral H, Asrofi M, Syafri E, Sari NH. Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid, Polylactic Acid Blends and Their Composites for Advanced Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:202. [PMID: 35012228 PMCID: PMC8747475 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a thermoplastic polymer produced from lactic acid that has been chiefly utilized in biodegradable material and as a composite matrix material. PLA is a prominent biomaterial that is widely used to replace traditional petrochemical-based polymers in various applications owing environmental concerns. Green composites have gained greater attention as ecological consciousness has grown since they have the potential to be more appealing than conventional petroleum-based composites, which are toxic and nonbiodegradable. PLA-based composites with natural fiber have been extensively utilized in a variety of applications, from packaging to medicine, due to their biodegradable, recyclable, high mechanical strength, low toxicity, good barrier properties, friendly processing, and excellent characteristics. A summary of natural fibers, green composites, and PLA, along with their respective properties, classification, functionality, and different processing methods, are discussed to discover the natural fiber-reinforced PLA composite material development for a wide range of applications. This work also emphasizes the research and properties of PLA-based green composites, PLA blend composites, and PLA hybrid composites over the past few years. PLA's potential as a strong material in engineering applications areas is addressed. This review also covers issues, challenges, opportunities, and perspectives in developing and characterizing PLA-based green composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang 43000, Malaysia;
| | - S. A. Hassan
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - S. Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Punjab 144603, India;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Centre for Research and Development and Chandigarh Universiti, Pubjab 140413, India
| | - S. P. Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA;
| | - R. Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Jalan Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, Melaka 76100, Malaysia;
| | - Y. Nawab
- Textile Composite Materials Research Group, National Center for Composite Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan;
| | - A. A. M. Faudzi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - H. Abral
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia;
| | - M. Asrofi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Jember, Kampus Tegalboto, Jember 68121, Indonesia;
| | - E. Syafri
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Agricultural Polytechnic, Payakumbuh 26271, Indonesia;
| | - N. H. Sari
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram, Mataram 83115, Indonesia;
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12
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Farzaneh A, Rostami A, Nazockdast H. Mono‐filler and bi‐filler composites based on thermoplastic polyurethane, carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes with improved physicomechanical and engineering properties. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arman Farzaneh
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Amir Rostami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Petroleum, Gas, and Petrochemical Engineering Persian Gulf University Bushehr 75169‐13817 Iran
| | - Hossein Nazockdast
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
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13
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Urtekin G, Aytac A. The effects of multi-walled carbon nanotube additives with different functionalities on the properties of polycarbonate/poly (lactic acid) blend. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Shahnooshi M, Javadi A, Nazockdast H, Ottermann K, Altstädt V. Rheological rationalization of in situ nanofibrillar structure development: Tailoring of nanohybrid shish-kebab superstructures of poly (lactic acid) crystalline phase. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Park IH, Lee JY, Ahn SJ, Choi HJ. Melt Rheology and Mechanical Characteristics of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Alkylated Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2402. [PMID: 33086526 PMCID: PMC7603137 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposites were synthesized by a solution blending and coagulation method using alkylated graphene oxide (AGO) as a reinforcing agent. Turbiscan confirmed that the alkylation of GO led to enhanced compatibility between the matrix and the filler. The improved dispersity of the filler resulted in superior interfacial adhesion between the PLA chains and AGO basal plane, leading to enhanced mechanical and rheological properties compared to neat PLA. The tensile strength and elongation at break, i.e., ductility, increased by 38% and 42%, respectively, at the same filler content nanocomposite (PLA/AGO 1 wt %) compared to nonfiller PLA. Rheological analysis of the nanocomposites in the molten state of the samples was performed to understand the filler network formed inside the matrix. The storage modulus increased significantly from PLA/AGO 0.5 wt % (9.6 Pa) to PLA/AGO 1.0 wt % (908 Pa). This indicates a percolation threshold between the two filler contents. A steady shear test was performed to examine the melt flow characteristics of PLA/AGO nanocomposites at 170 °C, and the viscosity was predicted using the Carreau-Yasuda model.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Hye Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (I.H.P.); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Jae Yoon Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (I.H.P.); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Seung Jae Ahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea;
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (I.H.P.); (J.Y.L.)
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16
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Fabrication of Polyethersulfone/Functionalized MWCNTs Nanocomposite and Investigation its Efficiency as an Adsorbent of Pb(II) Ions. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-020-04991-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Song PN, Hong JL. Use of a Polymer Blend To Disperse Large Amounts of Carbon-Based Fillers To Result in Nanocomposites with Superior Mechanical Properties and Outstanding Conductivities. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ni Song
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 80424, ROC
| | - Jin-Long Hong
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 80424, ROC
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18
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Manafi P, Nazockdast H, Karimi M, Sadighi M, Magagnin L. Microstructural Development and Rheological Study of a Nanocomposite Gel Polymer Electrolyte Based on Functionalized Graphene for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071443. [PMID: 32605131 PMCID: PMC7408189 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
For a liquid electrolyte-based dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), long-term device instability is known to negatively affect the ionic conductivity and cell performance. These issues can be resolved by using the so called quasi-solid-state electrolytes. Despite the enhanced ionic conductivity of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), their inherent tendency toward aggregation has limited their application in quasi-solid-state electrolytes. In the present study, the GNPs were chemically modified by polyethylene glycol (PEG) through amidation reaction to obtain a dispersible nanostructure in a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoro propylene) copolymer and polyethylene oxide (PVDF–HFP/PEO) polymer-blended gel electrolyte. Maximum ionic conductivity (4.11 × 10−3 S cm−1) was obtained with the optimal nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) containing 0.75 wt% functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (FGNPs), corresponding to a power conversion efficiency of 5.45%, which was 1.42% and 0.67% higher than those of the nanoparticle-free and optimized-GPE (containing 1 wt% GNP) DSSCs, respectively. Incorporating an optimum dosage of FGNP, a homogenous particle network was fabricated that could effectively mobilize the redox-active species in the amorphous region of the matrix. Surface morphology assessments were further performed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of rheological measurements revealed the plasticizing effect of the ionic liquid (IL), offering a proper insight into the polymer–particle interactions within the polymeric nanocomposite. Based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) investigations, the decrease in the glass transition temperature (and the resultant increase in flexibility) highlighted the influence of IL and polymer–nanoparticle interactions. The obtained results shed light on the effectiveness of the FGNPs for the DSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Manafi
- Mahshahr Campus, Amirkabir University of Technology, Mahshahr P.O. Box 63517-13178, Iran;
| | - Hossein Nazockdast
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran
- Correspondence: (H.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Mohammad Karimi
- School of Materials and Advanced processes Engineering, Department of Textile Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran;
| | - Mojtaba Sadighi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran;
| | - Luca Magagnin
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (H.N.); (L.M.)
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19
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Rostami A, Moosavi MI. High‐performance thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites induced by hybrid application of functionalized graphene and carbon nanotubes. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Rostami
- Department of Chemical EngineeringFaculty of Petroleum, Gas, and Petrochemical Engineering, Persian Gulf University Bushehr 75169 Iran
| | - Mehdi I. Moosavi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color TechnologyAmirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
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20
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Zare Y, Rhee KY. Prediction of loss factor (tan δ) for polymer nanocomposites as a function of yield tress, relaxation time and the width of transition region between Newtonian and power-law behaviors. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 96:136-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Kim M, Jeong JH, Lee JY, Capasso A, Bonaccorso F, Kang SH, Lee YK, Lee GH. Electrically Conducting and Mechanically Strong Graphene-Polylactic Acid Composites for 3D Printing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:11841-11848. [PMID: 30810305 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The advent of 3D printing has had a disruptive impact in manufacturing and can potentially revolutionize industrial fields. Thermoplastic materials printable into complex structures are widely employed for 3D printing. Polylactic acid (PLA) is among the most promising polymers used for 3D printing, owing to its low cost, biodegradability, and nontoxicity. However, PLA is electrically insulating and mechanically weak; this limits its use in a variety of 3D printing applications. This study demonstrates a straightforward and environment-friendly method to fabricate conductive and mechanically reinforced PLA composites by incorporating graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). To fully utilize the superior electrical and mechanical properties of graphene, liquid-exfoliated GNPs are dispersed in isopropyl alcohol without the addition of any surfactant and combined with PLA dissolved in chloroform. The GNP-PLA composites exhibit improved mechanical properties (improvement in tensile strength by 44% and maximum strain by 57%) even at a low GNP threshold concentration of 2 wt %. The GNP-PLA composites also exhibit an electrical conductivity of over 1 mS/cm at >1.2 wt %. The GNP-PLA composites can be 3D-printed into various features with electrical conductivity and mechanical flexibility. This work presents a new direction toward advanced 3D printing technology by providing higher flexibility in designing multifunctional 3D printed features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirae Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
| | - Jong-Young Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
| | - Andrea Capasso
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory , 4715-330 Braga , Portugal
| | | | - Seok-Hyeon Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
| | - Young-Kook Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
| | - Gwan-Hyoung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
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22
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Xu C, Hu S, Zhang R, Hu H, Ying C, Zhang F, Liu Q, Fu X. Preparation and properties of flexible conductive polydimethylsiloxane composites containing hybrid fillers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Tran TH, Nguyen HL, Hao LT, Kong H, Park JM, Jung SH, Cha HG, Lee JY, Kim H, Hwang SY, Park J, Oh DX. A ball milling-based one-step transformation of chitin biomass to organo-dispersible strong nanofibers passing highly time and energy consuming processes. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 125:660-667. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Liu L, Zhang R, Liu Y, Tan W, Zhu G. Insight into hydrogen bonds and characterization of interlayer spacing of hydrated graphene oxide. J Mol Model 2018; 24:137. [PMID: 29808444 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The number of hydrogen bonds and detailed information on the interlayer spacing of graphene oxide (GO) confined water molecules were calculated through experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. Experiments play a crucial role in the modeling strategy and verification of the simulation results. The binding of GO and water molecules is essentially controlled by hydrogen bond networks involving functional groups and water molecules confined in the GO layers. With the increase in the water content, the clusters of water molecules are more evident. The water molecules bounding to GO layers are transformed to a free state, making the removal of water molecules from the system difficult at low water contents. The diffuse behaviors of the water molecules are more evident at high water contents. With an increase in the water content, the functional groups are surrounded by fewer water molecules, and the distance between the functional groups and water molecules increases. As a result, the water molecules adsorbed into the GO interlamination will enlarge the interlayer spacing. The interlayer spacing is also affected by the number of GO layers. These results were confirmed by the calculations of number of hydrogen bonds, water state, mean square displacement, radial distribution function, and interlayer spacing of hydrated GO. Graphical Abstract This work research the interaction between GO functional groups and confined water molecules. The state of water molecules and interlayer spacing of graphene oxide were proved to be related to the number of hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wei Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Guorui Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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25
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Rostami A, Vahdati M, Alimoradi Y, Karimi M, Nazockdast H. Rheology provides insight into flow induced nano-structural breakdown and its recovery effect on crystallization of single and hybrid carbon nanofiller filled poly(lactic acid). POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Zare Y, Rhee KY. A multistep methodology for calculation of the tensile modulus in polymer/carbon nanotube nanocomposites above the percolation threshold based on the modified rule of mixtures. RSC Adv 2018; 8:30986-30993. [PMID: 35548743 PMCID: PMC9085519 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04992k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A multistep model is proposed for calculating the tensile modulus values of polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites (PCNTs) based on the modified rule of mixtures, assuming a percolated network of nanoparticles. In the first step, the network of nanoparticles is considered as a new phase with a novel volume fraction and Young's modulus. Then, the volume fraction of the filler network in the PCNTs is correlated to the density of the network. Also, the percolation of the nanoparticles is related to the aspect ratio of the nanoparticles. Finally, a new model is proposed based on the modified rule of mixtures (the Riley model) of the properties of the filler network. The predictions of the proposed model are compared with experimental results and the roles of the nanoparticles and network properties in the modulus values of nanocomposites are determined. The proposed model presents acceptable predictions when compared with the experimental data. Moreover, the density and modulus of the filler network, as well as the aspect ratio and diameter of the nanoparticles was found to directly affect the moduli of the nanocomposites. A multistep model is proposed for calculating the tensile modulus values of polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites (PCNTs) based on the modified rule of mixtures, assuming a percolated network of nanoparticles.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Zare
- Young Researchers and Elites Club
- Science and Research Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin 446-701
- Republic of Korea
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27
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Liu Z, Peng W, Zare Y, Hui D, Rhee KY. Predicting the electrical conductivity in polymer carbon nanotube nanocomposites based on the volume fractions and resistances of the nanoparticle, interphase, and tunneling regions in conductive networks. RSC Adv 2018; 8:19001-19010. [PMID: 35539634 PMCID: PMC9080624 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00811f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Some limited models have been suggested to determine the conductivity of polymer carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites (PCNTs). However, earlier models (e.g., the Kovacs model) cannot properly consider the roles of the interphase regions or tunneling properties on the percolation threshold and subsequent conductivity of PCNTs. In this paper, the Kovacs model is further developed by assuming that the CNT, interphase, and tunneling regions are separate phases. Also, some simple equations are provided to calculate the percolation threshold as well as the volume fractions and resistances of the CNT, interphase, and tunneling regions in conductive networks. The experimental conductivity results for several samples are compared with the predictions of the developed model. In addition, the calculations of the developed model at different parameter levels are explained and justified. The conductivity calculations show good agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, the developed model reasonably explains the roles of the different parameters on the conductivity. For example, long, thin, and straight CNTs efficiently improve the conductivity because they form large networks in the nanocomposites. Additionally, a thick interphase enlarges the conductive networks, resulting in a desirable conductivity. The conductivity of PCNTs only depends on the tunneling resistance; this is the case because the poor resistance/significant conductivity of the CNT and interphase regions do not influence the conductivity. The developed equations can replace conventional approaches for predicting the conductivity of nanocomposites. Some limited models have been suggested to determine the conductivity of polymer carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites (PCNTs).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenling Liu
- School of Forestry
- Henan Agricultural University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Wanxi Peng
- School of Forestry
- Henan Agricultural University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Yasser Zare
- Young Researchers and Elites Club
- Science and Research Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - David Hui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of New Orleans
- USA
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin 446-701
- Republic of Korea
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28
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Chen S, Sarafbidabad M, Zare Y, Rhee KY. Estimation of the tensile modulus of polymer carbon nanotube nanocomposites containing filler networks and interphase regions by development of the Kolarik model. RSC Adv 2018; 8:23825-23834. [PMID: 35540261 PMCID: PMC9081742 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01910j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kolarik model for the tensile modulus of co-continuous blends is developed for polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites assuming continuous CNT networks and the reinforcing and percolating efficiencies of the interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenggui Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- Dongguan University of Technology
- Dongguan
- China
| | - Mohsen Sarafbidabad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Isfahan
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | - Yasser Zare
- Young Researchers and Elites Club
- Science and Research Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin 446-701
- Republic of Korea
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29
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Jia S, Yu D, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Chen L, Fu L. Morphology, Crystallization and Thermal Behaviors of PLA-Based Composites: Wonderful Effects of Hybrid GO/PEG via Dynamic Impregnating. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E528. [PMID: 30965832 PMCID: PMC6418665 DOI: 10.3390/polym9100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a dynamic impregnating device, which can generate supersonic vibration with the vacuum-adsorbing field, was used to prepare the hybrid graphene oxide (GO)/polyethylene glycol (PEG). Interestingly, the hybrid GO/PEG under dynamic impregnating and/or internal mixing was introduced into poly-(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix via melting-compounding, respectively. On one hand, compared with the internal mixing, the hybrid GO/PEG with the different component ratio using dynamic impregnation had a better dispersed morphology in the PLA matrix. On the other hand, compared with the high molecular weight (Mw) of PEG, the hybrid GO/PEG with low Mw of PEG had better an exfoliated morphology and significantly improved the heat distortion temperature (HDT) of the PLA matrix. Binding energies results indicate that low Mw of PEG with GO has excellent compatibility. Dispersed morphologies of the hybrid GO/PEG show that the dynamic impregnating had stronger blending capacity than the internal mixing and obviously improved the exfoliated morphology of GO in the PLA. Crystallization behaviors indicate that the hybrid GO/PEG with the low Mw of PEG based on dynamic impregnating effectively enhanced the crystallinity of PLA, and the cold crystallization character of PLA disappeared in the melting process. Moreover, the storage modulus and loss factor of the PLA-based composites were also investigated and their HDT was improved with the introduction of hybrid GO/PEG. Furthermore, a physical model for the dispersed morphology of the hybrid GO/PEG in the PLA matrix was established. Overall, the unique blending technique of hybrid GO/PEG via dynamic impregnating is an effective approach to enhance the property range of PLA and is suitable for many industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikui Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China.
- School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Demei Yu
- School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yan Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China.
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China.
| | - Ligui Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China.
| | - Lei Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China.
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30
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Liu Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Zhu G, Tan W. The rheological behavior of graphite oxide/cationic polyacrylamide suspensions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18527d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Steady and dynamic tests were carried out to analyze the rheological behavior of GO/CPAM suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People’s Republic China
| | - Liyan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People’s Republic China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People’s Republic China
| | - Guorui Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People’s Republic China
| | - Wei Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People’s Republic China
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31
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Xing Q, Wang Z, Li R, Dong X, Wang D. Effect of solubility of a hydrazide compound on the crystallization behavior of poly(l-lactide). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24618d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the annealing temperature on the solubility and nucleating efficiency of TMBH has been clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xing
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
| | - Zefan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Rongbo Li
- Petrochina Petrochemical Research Institute
- Beijing 102206
- PR China
| | - Xia Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Dujin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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