First-Principles Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations for Single-Cluster Catalysis: Study of CO2 and CH4 Conversion on Pt/HfC

The deposition of small transition metal (TM) clusters on transition metal carbides (TMC) gives rise to bifunctional catalysts with multiple active sites. This family of single-cluster catalysts (SCCs) offers exciting opportunities for enabling a wider range of chemical reactions owing to their strong metal-support interactions, which drastically modify the catalytic properties of the supported metal atoms. In this work, we use first-principles Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations to investigate the conversion of CO2 and CH4 on Pt/HfC, which was identified as the most promising TM/TMC combination in a previous DFT-based high-throughput screening study. We analyze the interplay between the Pt clusters and the HfC support, evaluating the catalytic activity, selectivity, and adlayer composition across a broad range of operating conditions (p A , p B , and T) and Pt loadings. This study evaluates five different industrial processes, including the dry reforming (DRM), steam reforming (SRM), and partial oxidation (POM) of methane, as well as the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction and its reverse (RWGS). Our results demonstrate that the deposition of Pt clusters on HfC systematically enhances the catalytic performance, even at a Pt loading as low as ∼0.02 ML. This work illustrates the extensive catalytic benefits of SCCs and highlights the importance of considering diffusion steps and lateral interactions in kinetic modeling.

Ni-Co Bimetallic Catalysts Supported on Mixed Oxides (Sc-Ce-Zr) for Enhanced Methane Dry Reforming

Dry methane reforming (DRM) presents a viable pathway for converting greenhouse gases into useful syngas. Nevertheless, the procedure requires robust and reasonably priced catalysts. This study explored using cost-effective cobalt and nickel combined into a single catalyst with different metal ratios. The reaction was conducted in a fixed reactor at 700 °C. The findings indicate that the incorporation of cobalt significantly enhances catalyst performance by preventing metal sintering, improving metal dispersion, and promoting beneficial metal-support interactions. The best-performing catalyst (3.75Ni+1.25Co-ScCeZr) achieved a good conversion rate of CH4 and CO2 at 46.8 %, and 60 % respectively after 330 minutes while maintaining good stability. The TGA and CO2-TPD analysis results show that the addition of Co to Ni reduces carbon formation, and increases the amount of strong basic sites and isolated O2- species, and the total amount of CO2 desorbed. These results collectively highlight the potential of cobalt-nickel catalysts for practical DRM applications and contribute to developing sustainable energy technologies.

Syngas Production via Oxidative Reforming of Propane Using a CO2- and O2-Permeating Membrane

Recently, ceramic-carbonate membrane reactors have been proposed to selectively separate CO2 at elevated temperatures and to valorize this pollutant gas by coupling a catalyzed reaction. This work explores using a membrane reactor to perform the oxidative reforming of propane by taking advantage of the CO2- and O2-permeating properties of a LiAlO2/Ag-carbonate membrane. The fabricated membrane showed excellent permeation properties, such as CO2/N2 and O2/N2 selectivity, when operating in the 725-850 °C temperature range. The membrane exhibited remarkable stability during the long-term permeation test under operating conditions, exhibiting minor microstructural and permeation changes. Then, by packing a Ni/CeO2 catalyst, the membrane reactor arrangement showed efficient syngas production, especially at temperatures above 800 °C. A hydrogen-rich syngas mixture was obtained by the contributions of the oxidative reforming and cracking reactions. Specific issues observed regarding the membrane reactor's performance are attributed to the catalyst that was used, which experienced significant poisoning by carbon deposition during the reaction, affecting syngas production during the long-term test. Thermodynamic calculations were performed to support the experimental results.

Surface Carbon Formation and its Impact on Methane Dry Reforming Kinetics on Rhodium-Based Catalysts by Operando Raman Spectroscopy

A mechanism for carbon deposition and its impact on the reaction kinetics of Methane Dry Reforming (MDR) using Rhodium-based catalysts is presented. By integrating Raman spectroscopy with kinetic analysis in an operando-annular chemical reactor under strict chemical conditions, we discovered that carbon deposition on a Rh/α-Al2O3 catalyst follows a nucleation-growth mechanism. The dynamics of carbon aggregates at the surface is found to be ruled by the CO2/CH4 ratio and the inlet CH4 concentration. The findings elucidate the spatiotemporal development of carbon aggregates on the catalyst surface and their effects on catalytic performance. Furthermore, the proposed mechanism for carbon formation shows that the influence of CO2 on MDR kinetics is an indirect result of carbon accumulation over time frames exceeding the turnover frequency, thus reconciling conflicting reports in the literature regarding CO2's kinetic role in MDR.

Enhanced Stability of Iridium Nanocatalysts via Exsolution for the CO2 Reforming of Methane

The reforming reactions of greenhouse gases require catalysts with high reactivity, coking resistance, and structural stability for efficient and durable use. Among the possible strategies, exsolution has been shown to demonstrate the requirements needed to produce appropriate catalysts for the dry reforming of methane, the conversion of which strongly depends on the choice of active species, its interaction with the support, and the catalyst size and dispersion properties. Here, we exploit the exsolution approach, known to produce stable and highly active nanoparticle-supported catalysts, to develop iridium-nanoparticle-decorated perovskites and apply them as catalysts for the dry reforming of methane. By studying the effect of several parameters, we tune the degree of exsolution, and consequently the catalytic activity, thereby identifying the most efficient sample, 0.5 atomic % Ir-BaTiO3, which showed 82% and 86% conversion of CO2 and CH4, respectively. By comparison with standard impregnated catalysts (e.g., Ir/Al2O3), we benchmark the activity and stability of our exsolved systems. We find almost identical conversion and syngas rates of formation but observe no carbon deposition for the exsolved samples after catalytic testing; such deposition was significant for the traditionally prepared impregnated Ir/Al2O3, with almost 30 mgC/gsample measured, compared to 0 mgC/gsample detected for the exsolved system. These findings highlight the possibility of achieving in a single step the mutual interaction of the parameters enhancing the catalytic efficiency, leading to a promising pathway for the design of catalysts for reforming reactions.

Photo-Thermal Dry Reforming of Methane with PGM-Free and PGM-Based Catalysts: A Review

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is considered one of the most promising technologies for efficient greenhouse gas management thanks to the fact that through this reaction, it is possible to reduce CO2 and CH4 to obtain syngas, a mixture of H2 and CO, with a suitable ratio for the Fischer-Tropsch production of long-chain hydrocarbons. Two other main processes can yield H2 from CH4, i.e., Steam Reforming of Methane (SRM) and Partial Oxidation of Methane (POM), even though, not having CO2 as a reagent, they are considered less green. Recently, scientists' challenge is to overcome the many drawbacks of DRM reactions, i.e., the use of precious metal-based catalysts, the high temperatures of the process, metal particle sintering and carbon deposition on the catalysts' surfaces. To overcome these issues, one proposed solution is to implement photo-thermal dry reforming of methane in which irradiation with light is used in combination with heating to improve the efficiency of the process. In this paper, we review the work of several groups aiming to investigate the pivotal promoting role of light radiation in DRM. Focus is also placed on the catalysts' design and the progress needed for bringing DRM to an industrial scale.

Enhancement of Ni-NiO-CeO2 Interaction on Ni-CeO2/Al2O3-MgO Catalyst by Ammonia Vapor Diffusion Impregnation for CO2 Reforming of CH4

Ni-based catalysts have been widely used for the CO2 reforming of methane (CRM) process, but deactivation is their main problem. This study created an alternative electronic Ni-NiO-CeO2 interaction on the surface of 5 wt% Ni-5 wt% CeO2/Al2O3-MgO (5Ni5Ce(xh)/MA) catalysts to enhance catalytic potential simultaneously with coke resistance for the CRM process. The Ni-NiO-CeO2 network was developed on Al2O3-MgO through layered double hydroxide synthesis via our ammonia vapor diffusion impregnation method. The physical properties of the fresh catalysts were analyzed employing FESEM, N2 physisorption, and XRD. The chemical properties on the catalyst surface were analyzed employing H2-TPR, XPS, H2-TPD, CO2-TPD, and O2-TPD. The CRM performances of reduced catalysts were evaluated at 600 °C under ambient pressure. Carbon deposits on spent catalysts were determined quantitatively and qualitatively by TPO, FESEM, and XRD. Compared to 5 wt% Ni-5 wt% CeO2/Al2O3-MgO prepared by the traditional impregnation method, the electronic interaction of the Ni-NiO-CeO2 network with the Al2O3-MgO support was constructed along the time of ammonia diffusion treatment. The electronic interaction in the Ni-NiO-CeO2 nanostructure of the treated catalyst develops surface hydroxyl sites with an efficient pathway of OH* and O* transfer that improves catalytic activities and coke oxidation.

Performance of NiO doped on alkaline sludge from waste photovoltaic industries for catalytic dry reforming of methane

Alkali sludge (AS) is waste abundantly generated from solar photovoltaic (PV) solar cell industries. Since this potential basic material is still underutilized, a combination with NiO catalyst might greatly influence coke resentence, especially in high-temperature thermochemical reactions (Arora and Prasad, RSC Adv. 6:108,668-108688, 2016). This paper investigated alkaline sludge containing 3CaO-2SiO2 doped with well-known NiO to enhance the dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction. The wet-impregnation method was used to prepare the xNiO/AS (x = 5-15%) catalysts. Subsequently, all catalysts were tested by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BET), temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H2-TPR), temperature-programmed desorption of carbon dioxide (TPD-CO2), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM-EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The spent catalysts were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO). The catalytic performance of xNiO/AS catalysts was investigated in a fixed bed reactor connected with gas chromatography thermal conductivity detector (GC-TCD) at a CH4:CO2 flow rate of 30 mL-1 during a 10-h reaction by following (Shamsuddin et al., Int. J. Energy Res. 45:15,463-15,480, 2021d). For optimization parameters, the effects of NiO concentration (5, 10, and 15%), reaction temperature (700, 750, 800, 850, and 900 °C), catalyst loading (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 g), and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) range from 3000, 6000, 9000, 12,000, and 15,000 h-1 were evaluated. The results showed that physical characteristics such as BET surface area and porosity do not significantly impact NiO percentages of dispersion, whereas chemical characteristics like reducibility are crucial for the catalysts' efficient catalytic activity. Due to the active sites on the catalyst surface being more accessible, increased NiO dispersion resulted in higher reactant conversion. The catalytic performance on various parameters that showed 15%NiO/AS exhibited high reactant conversion up to 98% and 40-60% product selectivity in 700 °C, 0.2 g catalyst loading, and 12,000 h-1 GHSV. According to spent catalyst analyses, the catalyst was stable even after the DRM reaction. Meanwhile, increased reducibility resulted in more and better active site formation on the catalyst. Synergetic effect of efficient NiO as active metal and medium basic sites from AS enhanced DRM catalytic activity and stability with low coke formation.

Interfacial Metal-Support Interaction and Catalytic Performance of Perovskite LaCrO3-Supported Ru Catalyst

Interfacial metal-support interaction (MSI) significantly affects the dispersion of active metals on the surface of the catalyst support and impacts catalyst performance. Understanding MSI is crucial for developing highly active and stable catalysts with a low metal loading, particularly for noble metal catalysts. In this work, we synthesized LaRuxCr1-xO3 catalysts with low Ru loading (x = 0.005, 0.01, and 0.02) using the sol-gel self-combustion method. We found that all of the Ru atoms immediately above or below the metal-support interface are closely bonded to the perovskite LaCrO3 surface lattice through Ru-O bonds, enhancing the MSI via interfacial reaction and charge transfer mechanisms. We identified a variety of Ru species, including small 3D Ru nanoparticles, 2D dispersed Ru surface atoms, and even 0D Ru single atoms. These highly dispersed Ru species exhibit high activity and stability under dry reforming of methane (DRM) conditions. The LaRu0.01Cr0.99O3 catalyst with very low Ru loading (0.42 wt %) was stable over a 50 h DRM test and the carbon deposition was negligible. The CH4 and CO2 conversions at 750 °C reached 83 and 86%, respectively, approaching the theoretical thermodynamic equilibrium values.

Photocatalytic non-oxidative conversion of methane

The direct conversion of methane to hydrogen and high-value hydrocarbons under mild conditions is an ideal, carbon-neutral method for utilizing natural gas resources. Compared with traditional high-temperature thermal catalytic methods, using clean light energy to activate inert C-H bonds in methane can not only significantly reduce the reaction temperature and avoid catalyst deactivation, but also surpass the limitations of thermodynamic equilibrium and provide new reaction pathways. This paper provides a comprehensive review of developments in the field of photocatalytic non-oxidative conversion of methane (PNOCM), while also highlighting our contributions, particularly focusing on catalyst design, product selectivity, and the underlying photophysical and chemical mechanisms. The challenges and potential solutions are also evaluated. The goal of this feature article is to establish a foundational understanding and stimulate further research in this emerging area.

Photodriven Methane Conversion on Transition Metal Oxide Catalyst: Recent Progress and Prospects

Methane as the main component in natural gas is a promising chemical raw material for synthesizing value-added chemicals, but its harsh chemical conversion process often causes severe energy and environment concerns. Photocatalysis provides an attractive path to active and convert methane into various products under mild conditions with clean and sustainable solar energy, although many challenges remain at present. In this review, recent advances in photocatalytic methane conversion are systematically summarized. As the basis of methane conversion, the activation of methane is first elucidated from the structural basis and activation path of methane molecules. The study is committed to categorizing and elucidating the research progress and the laws of the intricate methane conversion reactions according to the target products, including photocatalytic methane partial oxidation, reforming, coupling, combustion, and functionalization. Advanced photocatalytic reactor designs are also designed to enrich the options and reliability of photocatalytic methane conversion performance evaluation. The challenges and prospects of photocatalytic methane conversion are also discussed, which in turn offers guidelines for methane-conversion-related photocatalyst exploration, reaction mechanism investigation, and advanced photoreactor design.

Influence of NiO into the CO2 capture of Li4SiO4 and its catalytic performance on dry reforming of methane

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology offer promising solution to mitigate the threatening consequences of large-scale anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Within this context, this report investigates the influence of NiO deposition on the Li4SiO4 surface during the CO2 capture process and its catalytic behavior in hydrogen production via dry methane reforming. Results demonstrate that the NiO impregnation method modifies microstructural features of Li4SiO4, which positively impact the CO2 capture properties of the material. In particular, the NiO-Li4SiO4 sample captured twice as much CO2 as the pristine Li4SiO4 material, 6.8 and 3.4 mmol of CO2 per gram of ceramic at 675 and 650 °C, respectively. Additionally, the catalytic results reveal that NiO-Li4SiO4 yields a substantial hydrogen production (up to 55 %) when tested in the dry methane reforming reaction. Importantly, this conversion remains stable after 2.5 h of reaction and is selective for hydrogen production. This study highlights the potential of Li4SiO4 both a support and a captor for a sorption-enhanced dry reforming of methane. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showcasing the effectiveness of Li4SiO4 as an active support for Ni-based catalysis in the dry reforming of methane. These findings provide valuable insights into the development of this composite as a dual-functional material for carbon dioxide capture and conversion.

Phase-Controlled Cobalt Catalyst Boosting Hydrogenation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Dimethylfuran

The search for non-noble metal catalysts for chemical transformations is of paramount importance. In this study, an efficient non-noble metal catalyst for hydrogenation, hexagonal close-packed cobalt (HCP-Co), was synthesized through a simple one-step reduction of β-Co(OH)₂ nanosheets via a temperature-induced phase transition. The obtained HCP-Co exhibited several-times-higher catalytic efficiency than its face-centered cubic cobalt (FCC-Co) counterpart in the hydrogenation of the C=C/C=O group, especially for the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) hydrogenation (8.5-fold enhancement). Density functional theory calculations demonstrated that HMF molecules were adsorbed more firmly on the (112_0) facet of HCP-Co than that on the (111) facet of FCC-Co, favoring the activation of the C=O group in the HMF molecule. The stronger adsorption on the (112_0) facet of HCP-Co also led to lower activation energy than that on the (111) facet of FCC-Co, thereby resulting in high activity and selectivity. Moreover, HCP-Co exhibited outstanding catalytic stability during the hydrogenation of HMF. These results highlight the possibility of fabricating hydrogenation catalysts with satisfactory catalytic properties by precisely tuning their active crystal phase.

Development of Photothermal Catalyst from Biomass Ash (Bagasse) for Hydrogen Production via Dry Reforming of Methane (DRM): An Experimental Study

Conventional hydrogen production, as an alternative energy resource, has relied on fossil fuels to produce hydrogen, releasing CO₂ into the atmosphere. Hydrogen production via the dry forming of methane (DRM) process is a lucrative solution to utilize greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, by using them as raw materials in the DRM process. However, there are a few DRM processing issues, with one being the need to operate at a high temperature to gain high conversion of hydrogen, which is energy intensive. In this study, bagasse ash, which contains a high percentage of silicon dioxide, was designed and modified for catalytic support. Modification of silicon dioxide from bagasse ash was utilized as a waste material, and the performance of bagasse ash-derived catalysts interacting with light irradiation and reducing the amount of energy used in the DRM process was explored. The results showed that the performance of 3%Ni/SiO₂ bagasse ash WI was higher than that of 3%Ni/SiO₂ commercial SiO₂ in terms of the hydrogen product yield, with hydrogen generation initiated in the reaction at 300 °C. Using the same synthesis method, the current results suggested that bagasse ash-derived catalysts had better performance than commercial SiO₂-derived catalysts when exposed to an Hg-Xe lamp. This indicated that silicon dioxide from bagasse ash as a catalyst support could help improve the hydrogen yield while lowering the temperature in the DRM reaction, resulting in less energy consumption in hydrogen production.

Effect of CaO, Al2O3, and MgO Supports of Ni Catalysts on the Formation of Graphite-like Carbon Species during the Boudouard Reaction and Methane Cracking

The investigation of the course of the Boudouard reaction and methane cracking was performed over nickel catalysts based on oxides of calcium, aluminum, and magnesium. The catalytic samples were synthesized by the impregnation method. The physicochemical characteristics of the catalysts were determined using atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method analysis (BET), temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia and carbon dioxide (NH₃- and CO₂-TPD), and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). Qualitative and quantitative identification of formed carbon deposits after the processes were carried out using total organic carbon analysis (TOC), temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The selected temperatures for the Boudouard reaction and methane cracking (450 and 700 °C, respectively) were found to be optimal for the successful formation of graphite-like carbon species over these catalysts. It was revealed that the activity of catalytic systems during each reaction is directly related to the number of weakly interacted nickel particles with catalyst support. Results of the given research provide insight into the mechanism of carbon deposit formation and the role of the catalyst support in this process, as well as the mechanism of the Boudouard reaction.

Gold and Ceria Modified NiAl Hydrotalcite Materials as Catalyst Precursors for Dry Reforming of Methane

Structured hydrotalcite NiAl-HT material with Ni/Al atomic ratio of 2.5 was prepared by co-precipitation of Ni and Al nitrate precursors and then modified by the addition of 1 wt% Ce and/or 3 wt% Au species. The obtained materials, after calcination at 600 °C, were characterized by XRD, XPS and TPR. Their catalytic performance was tested through dry reforming of methane (DRM) and by the temperature-programmed surface reaction of methane (TPSR-CH4). Thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA) of the spent catalysts was performed to determine the amount of carbon accumulated during the reaction. The effects of the addition of cerium as a support promoter and gold as nickel promoter and the sequential addition of cerium and gold on the structural properties and on the catalytic efficiency were investigated. Under the severe condition of high space velocity (600,000 mL g−1 h−1), all the catalysts were quite active, with values of CH4 conversion between 67% and 74% at 700 °C. In particular, the combination of cerium and gold enhanced the CH4 conversion up to 74%. Both additives, individually and simultaneously, enhanced the nickel dispersion with respect to the unpromoted NiAl and favored the reducibility of the nickel. During DRM all the catalysts formed graphitic carbon, contributing to their deactivation. The lower carbon gasification temperature of the promoted catalysts confirmed a positive effect played by Ce and Au in assisting the formation of an easier-to-remove carbon. The positive effect was testified by the better stability of the Ce/NiAl with respect to the other catalysts. In the gold-containing samples, this effect was neutralized by Au diffusing towards the catalyst surface during DRM, masking the nickel active sites. TPSR-CH4 test highlighted different CH4 activation capability of the catalysts. Furthermore, the comparison of the deposited carbon features (amount and removal temperature) of the DRM and TPSR spent catalysts indicated a superior activation of CO2 by the Au/Ce/NiAl, to be related to the close interaction of gold and ceria enhancing the oxygen mobility in the catalyst lattice.

Ni, Co and Ni-Co-Modified Tungsten Carbides Obtained by an Electric Arc Method as Dry Reforming Catalysts

Dry reforming of methane (DRM), to produce synthesis gas, is one of the most important chemical reactions used for the industrial production of hydrogen and leads to the synthesis of hydrocarbons (liquid fuels) and other valuable products. A cost-effective alternative to active and stable noble metal DRM catalysts, with comparable catalytic performance, can be composite materials based on nickel, cobalt and transition metal carbides. In this line, the present work proposes a non-standard way to obtain dry reforming catalysts of Ni, Co and Ni-Co-modified tungsten carbide (WC) produced by an electric arc method. Different amounts of nickel, cobalt and their mixtures were deposited on tungsten carbide by deposition-precipitation with NaOH (DP) and incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) methods. The resulting materials were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and their performance was evaluated in DRM. The composition and preparation method of catalysts predetermined their structural, textural and electronic properties, playing a decisive role in their activity for DRM. DP-prepared 20%Ni/WC material remained resistant to oxidation, both that of the active metal (nickel) and of the tungsten carbide, as well as to coking during DRM. This sample proved to be the most active and stable among all studied materials. Possibly, the resistance to oxidation and coking was due to a more efficient implementation of the oxidation/(re)carbonization cycle on the surface of this catalyst.

Application of iron and steel slags in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions: A review

The comprehensive consideration of climate warming and by-product management in the iron and steel industry, has a significant impact on the realization of environmental protection and green production. Blast furnace slag (BFS) and steel slag (SS), collectively called iron and steel slags, are the main by-products of steelmaking. The economical and efficient use of iron and steel slags to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is an urgent problem to be solved. This paper reviewed the carbonization and waste heat recovery of iron and steel slags, and the utilization of iron and steel slags as soil amendments, discussed their application status and limitations in GHG reduction. Iron and steel slags are rich in CaO, which can be used as CO₂ adsorbents to achieve a maximum concentration of 0.4-0.5 kg CO₂/kg SS. Blast furnace molten slag contains a considerable amount of waste heat, and thermal methods can recover more than 60 % of the heat energy. Chemical methods can use waste heat in the reaction to generate gas fuel, and iron in slags can be used as a catalytic component to promote chemical reaction. Waste heat recovery saves fuel and reduces the CO₂ emissions caused by combustion. When iron and steel slags are used as soil amendments, the iron oxides, alkaline substances, and SiO₂ in iron and steel slags can affect the emission of CH₄, N₂O, and CO₂ from soil, microorganisms, and crops, and achieve a maximum reduction of more than 60 % of the overall GHG of paddy fields. Finally, This paper provided valuable suggestions for future GHG reduction studies of iron and steel slags in energy, industry, and agriculture.

Synergistic effects of Ni-Fe alloy catalysts on dry reforming of methane at low temperatures in an electric field

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is a promising reaction able to convert greenhouse gases (CO₂ and CH₄) into syngas: an important chemical feedstock. Several difficulties limit the applicability of DRM in conventional thermal catalytic reactions; it is an endothermic reaction that requires high temperatures, resulting in high carbon deposition and a low H₂/CO ratio. Catalysis with the application of an electric field (EF) at low temperatures can resolve these difficulties. Synergistic effects with alloys have also been reported for reactions promoted by the application of EF. Therefore, the synergistic effects of low-temperature DRM and Ni-Fe bimetallic catalysts were investigated using various methods and several characterisations (XRD, XPS, FE-STEM, etc.), which revealed that Ni-Fe binary catalysts show high performance in low-temperature DRM. In particular, the Ni_0.8Fe_0.2 catalyst supported on CeO₂ was found to carry out DRM in EF effectively and selectively by virtue of its bimetallic characteristics.

Influences of Ni Content on the Microstructural and Catalytic Properties of Perovskite LaNixCr1−xO3 for Dry Reforming of Methane

Perovskite oxides were widely used as precursors for developing metal-support type catalysts. It is attractive to explore the catalytic properties of the oxides themselves for dry reforming of methane (DRM). We synthesized LaNixCr1−xO3 (x = 0.05–0.5) samples in powder form using the sol-gel self-combustion method. Ni atoms are successfully doped into the LaCrO3 perovskite lattice. The perovskite grains are polycrystalline, and the crystallite size decreases with increasing Ni content. We demonstrated that the LaNixCr1−xO3 perovskites show intrinsically catalytic activity for DRM reactions. Reducing the Ni content is helpful to reduce carbon deposition resulting from the metal Ni nanoparticles that usually coexist with the highly active perovskite oxides. The CH4 conversion over the LaNi0.1Cr0.9O3 sample reaches approximately 84% at 750 °C, and the carbon deposition is negligible.

A Review on the Different Aspects and Challenges of the Dry Reforming of Methane (DRM) Reaction

The dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction is among the most popular catalytic reactions for the production of syngas (H2/CO) with a H2:CO ratio favorable for the Fischer-Tropsch reaction; this makes the DRM reaction important from an industrial perspective, as unlimited possibilities for production of valuable products are presented by the FT process. At the same time, simultaneously tackling two major contributors to the greenhouse effect (CH4 and CO2) is an additional contribution of the DRM reaction. The main players in the DRM arena-Ni-supported catalysts-suffer from both coking and sintering, while the activation of the two reactants (CO2 and CH4) through different approaches merits further exploration, opening new pathways for innovation. In this review, different families of materials are explored and discussed, ranging from metal-supported catalysts, to layered materials, to organic frameworks. DRM catalyst design criteria-such as support basicity and surface area, bimetallic active sites and promoters, and metal-support interaction-are all discussed. To evaluate the reactivity of the surface and understand the energetics of the process, density-functional theory calculations are used as a unique tool.

In Situ Control of the Eluted Ni Nanoparticles from Highly Doped Perovskite for Effective Methane Dry Reforming

To design metal nanoparticles (NPs) on a perovskite surface, the exsolution method has been extensively used for efficient catalytic reactions. However, there are still the challenges of finding a combination and optimization for the NPs' control. Thus, we report in situ control of the exsolved Ni NPs from perovskite to apply as a catalyst for dry reforming of methane (DRM). The La_0.8Ce_0.1Ti_0.6Ni_0.4O₃ (LCTN) is designed by Ce doping to incorporate high amounts of Ni in the perovskite lattice and also facilitate the exsolution phenomenon. By control of the eluted Ni NPs through exsolution, the morphological properties of exsolved Ni NPs are observed to have a size range of 10~49 nm, while the reduction temperatures are changed. At the same time, the chemical structure of the eluted Ni NPs is also changed by an increased reduction temperature to a highly metallic Ni phase with an increased oxygen vacancy at the perovskite oxide surface. The optimized composite nanomaterial displays outstanding catalytic performance of 85.5% CH₄ conversion to produce H₂ with a value of 15.5 × 10¹¹ mol/s·gcat at 60.2% CO conversion, which shows the importance of the control of the exsolution mechanism for catalytic applications.

Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage in Methanol Production Using a Dry Reforming-Based Chemical Looping Technology

This further investigates the concept of gas switching dry reforming (GSDR) that efficiently converts the two major greenhouse gases (CO₂ and CH₄) into a valuable product (syngas) for gas-to-liquid (GTL) syntheses. The proposed GSDR is based on chemical looping technology but avoids external circulation of solids (metal oxides) by alternating the supply of reducing and oxidizing gas into a single fluidized bed reactor to achieve redox cycles. Each cycle consists of three steps where a metal oxide/catalyst is first reduced using GTL off-gases to produce CO₂ (and steam) that is supplied to the next reforming step to produce syngas for GTL processes. The metal oxide is then reoxidized in the third step associated with heat generation (through the exothermic oxidation reaction of the metal oxide and air) to provide the heat needed for the endothermic dry methane reforming step. Experimental demonstrations have shown that a syngas H₂/CO molar ratio between 1 and 2 suitable for methanol production could be achieved. A further demonstration shows that pressure has negative effects on gas conversion. Following the successful experimental campaign, process simulations were completed using ASPEN to show how the GSDR process can be integrated into a methanol (MeOH) production plant.

Improving Anti-Coking Properties of Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts via Synergistic Effect of Metallic Nickel and Nickel Phosphides in Dry Methane Reforming

A series of NiP-x/Al₂O₃ catalysts containing different ratio of metallic nickel to nickel phosphides, prepared by varying Ni/P molar ratio of 4, 3, 2 through a co-impregnation method, were employed to investigate the synergistic effect of metallic nickel-nickel phosphides in dry methane reforming reaction. The Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst indicates good activity along with severe carbon deposition. The presence of phosphorus increases nickel dispersion as well as the interaction between nickel and alumina support, which results in smaller nickel particles. The co-existence of metallic nickel and nickel phosphides species is confirmed at all the P contained catalysts. Due to the relative stronger CO₂ dissociation ability, the NiP-x/Al₂O₃ catalysts indicate obvious higher resistance of carbon deposition. Furthermore, because of good balance between CH₄ dissociation and CO₂ dissociation, NiP-2/Al₂O₃ catalyst exhibits best resistance of carbon deposition, few carbon depositions were formed after 50 h of dry methane reforming.

CeO2-Based Heterogeneous Catalysts in Dry Reforming Methane and Steam Reforming Methane: A Short Review

Transitioning to lower carbon energy and environment sustainability requires a reduction in greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) that contribute to global warming. One of the most actively studied rare earth metal catalysts is cerium oxide (CeO2) which produces remarkable improvements in catalysts in dry reforming methane. This paper reviews the management of CO2 emissions and the recent advent and trends in bimetallic catalyst development utilizing CeO2 in dry reforming methane (DRM) and steam reforming methane (SRM) from 2015 to 2021 as a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper focus on the identification of key trends in catalyst preparation using CeO2 and the effectiveness of the catalysts formulated.

The Ni Catalyst Supported on the FSP-made Transition Metal (Co, Mn, Cu or Zn) Doped La2O3 Material for the Dry Reforming of Methane

The transition metal (Co, Mn, Cu or Zn) doped La2O3 material was prepared by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) technique. The 2 wt.% Ni catalyst supported on this material was characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, TPR, H2 chemisorption and TGA, and evaluated by the dry reforming of methane (DRM). The perovskite structure was certainly formed when either Co or Mn was introduced. The Cu can generate the La2CuO4 spinel phase while the Zn showed a mixed phase of La2O3, ZnO and La(OH)3. The Ni/Co-La2O3 catalyst was more active for the DRM because of high amount of active dual sites of Ni and Co metals dispersed on the catalyst surface. The formation of La2O2CO3 during the reaction can inhibit the coke formation. The cooperation of La2O2CO3 and MnO phases in the Ni/Mn-La2O3 catalyst was promotional effect to decrease carbon deposits on the catalyst surface. The partial substitution of Co for Mn with a small content of Mn can enhance the catalytic activity and the product yield. The Ni/Mn0.05Co0.95-La2O3 catalyst showed the highest CH4 conversion, H2 yield and H2/CO ratio. The Mn inserted into the perovskite structure of LaCoO3 was an important player to change oxygen mobility within the crystal lattice to maintain a high performance of the catalyst. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

Prospects and Technical Challenges in Hydrogen Production through Dry Reforming of Methane

Environmental issues related to greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions have pushed the development of new technologies that will allow the economic production of low-carbon energy vectors, such as hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4) and liquid fuels. Dry reforming of methane (DRM) has gained increased attention since it uses CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2), which are two main greenhouse gases (GHG), as feedstock for the production of syngas, which is a mixture of H2 and carbon monoxide (CO) and can be used as a building block for the production of fuels. Since H2 has been identified as a key enabler of the energy transition, a lot of studies have aimed to benefit from the environmental advantages of DRM and to use it as a pathway for a sustainable H2 production. However, there are several challenges related to this process and to its use for H2 production, such as catalyst deactivation and the low H2/CO ratio of the syngas produced, which is usually below 1.0. This paper presents the recent advances in the catalyst development for H2 production via DRM, the processes that could be combined with DRM to overcome these challenges and the current industrial processes using DRM. The objective is to assess in which conditions DRM could be used for H2 production and the gaps in literature data preventing better evaluation of the environmental and economic potential of this process.