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Lu B, Cheng H, Qu L. Inorganic Hydrogel Based on Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2730-2749. [PMID: 38221737 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Composed of three-dimensional (3D) nanoscale inorganic bones and up to 99% water, inorganic hydrogels have attracted much attention and undergone significant growth in recent years. The basic units of inorganic hydrogels could be metal nanoparticles, metal nanowires, SiO2 nanowires, graphene nanosheets, and MXene nanosheets, which are then assembled into the special porous structures by the sol-gel process or gelation via either covalent or noncovalent interactions. The high electrical and thermal conductivity, resistance to corrosion, stability across various temperatures, and high surface area make them promising candidates for diverse applications, such as energy storage, catalysis, adsorption, sensing, and solar steam generation. Besides, some interesting derivatives, such as inorganic aerogels and xerogels, can be produced through further processing, diversifying their functionalities and application domains greatly. In this context, we primarily provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of inorganic hydrogels and their derivatives, including the structures of inorganic hydrogels with various compositions, their gelation mechanisms, and their exceptional practical performance in fields related to energy and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Huhu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Liangti Qu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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2
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Pawłowska S, Cysewska K, Ziai Y, Karczewski J, Jasiński P, Molin S. Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo 2O 4 on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 15:57-70. [PMID: 38229679 PMCID: PMC10790649 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.15.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a strategy for one-stage synthesis of polymer composites based on PNIPAAm hydrogel was presented. Both conductive particles in the form of conductive carbon black (cCB) and MnCo2O4 (MCO) spinel particles were suspended in the three-dimensional structure of the hydrogel. The MCO particles in the resulting hydrogel composite acted as an electrocatalyst in the oxygen evolution reaction. Morphological studies confirmed that the added particles were incorporated and, in the case of a higher concentration of cCB particles, also bound to the surface of the structure of the hydrogel matrix. The produced composite materials were tested in terms of their electrical properties, showing that an increase in the concentration of conductive particles in the hydrogel structure translates into a lowering of the impedance modulus and an increase in the double-layer capacitance of the electrode. This, in turn, resulted in a higher catalytic activity of the electrode in the oxygen evolution reaction. The use of a hydrogel as a matrix to suspend the catalyst particles, and thus increase their availability through the electrolyte, seems to be an interesting and promising application approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Pawłowska
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, and Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Karolina Cysewska
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, and Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Yasamin Ziai
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego St. 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Karczewski
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, and Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Jasiński
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, and Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sebastian Molin
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, and Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Nie L, Wei Q, Li J, Deng Y, He X, Gao X, Ma X, Liu S, Sun Y, Jiang G, Okoro OV, Shavandi A, Jing S. Fabrication and desired properties of conductive hydrogel dressings for wound healing. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8502-8522. [PMID: 36926300 PMCID: PMC10012873 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels are platforms recognized as constituting promising materials for tissue engineering applications. This is because such conductive hydrogels are characterized by the inherent conductivity properties while retaining favorable biocompatibility and mechanical properties. These conductive hydrogels can be particularly useful in enhancing wound healing since their favorable conductivity can promote the transport of essential ions for wound healing via the imposition of a so-called transepithelial potential. Other valuable properties of these conductive hydrogels, such as wound monitoring, stimuli-response etc., are also discussed in this study. Crucially, the properties of conductive hydrogels, such as 3D printability and monitoring properties, suggest the possibility of its use as an alternative wound dressing to traditional dressings such as bandages. This review, therefore, seeks to comprehensively explore the functionality of conductive hydrogels in wound healing, types of conductive hydrogels and their preparation strategies and crucial properties of hydrogels. This review will also assess the limitations of conductive hydrogels and future perspectives, with an emphasis on the development trend for conductive hydrogel uses in wound dressing fabrication for subsequent clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50 - CP 165/61 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Qianqian Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
| | - Jingyu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
| | - Yaling Deng
- College of Intelligent Science and Control Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing 211169 P.R. China
| | - Xiaorui He
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
| | - Xinyue Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
| | - Shuang Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Yanfang Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Guohua Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Intelligent Biomaterials and Functional Fibers, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Oseweuba Valentine Okoro
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50 - CP 165/61 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Amin Shavandi
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50 - CP 165/61 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Shengli Jing
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
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Kougkolos G, Golzio M, Laudebat L, Valdez-Nava Z, Flahaut E. Hydrogels with electrically conductive nanomaterials for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:2036-2062. [PMID: 36789648 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02019j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels, soft 3D materials of cross-linked hydrophilic polymer chains with a high water content, have found numerous applications in biomedicine because of their similarity to native tissue, biocompatibility and tuneable properties. In general, hydrogels are poor conductors of electric current, due to the insulating nature of commonly-used hydrophilic polymer chains. A number of biomedical applications require or benefit from an increased electrical conductivity. These include hydrogels used as scaffolds for tissue engineering of electroactive cells, as strain-sensitive sensors and as platforms for controlled drug delivery. The incorporation of conductive nanomaterials in hydrogels results in nanocomposite materials which combine electrical conductivity with the soft nature, flexibility and high water content of hydrogels. Here, we review the state of the art of such materials, describing the theories of current conduction in nanocomposite hydrogels, outlining their limitations and highlighting methods for improving their electrical conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kougkolos
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France. .,LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Muriel Golzio
- IPBS, Université de Toulouse, NRS UMR, UPS, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
| | - Lionel Laudebat
- LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France. .,INU Champollion, Université de Toulouse, 81012 Albi, France
| | - Zarel Valdez-Nava
- LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France.
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Song B, Fan X, Gu H. Chestnut-Tannin-Crosslinked, Antibacterial, Antifreezing, Conductive Organohydrogel as a Strain Sensor for Motion Monitoring, Flexible Keyboards, and Velocity Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2147-2162. [PMID: 36562537 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible sensing devices (FSDs) fabricated using conductive hydrogels have attracted researchers' extensive enthusiasm in recent years due to their versatility. Considering the complexity of their application environments, the integration of various functional characteristics (e.g., excellent mechanical, antibacterial, and antifreezing properties) is an important guarantee for FSDs to stably perform their applications in different environments. Herein, we developed a multifunctional conductive polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) organohydrogel PVA-CT-Ag-Al-Gly (PCAAG) by using a green, natural, and cheap biomass, chestnut tannin (CT), as a crosslinking agent, nano-silver particles (AgNPs) as an antimicrobial agent, aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) as a conducting medium, and the mixed water-glycerol as the solvent system. In this organohydrogel system, CT acted not only as the reducing and stabilizing agent for the preparation of antibacterial AgNPs but also as the crosslinking agent owing to its strong multiple hydrogen bonding interactions with PVA, realizing its multifunctional application. The PCAAG organohydrogel possessed outstanding physical and mechanical properties (350.54% of the maximum fracture strain and 1.55 MPa of the maximum tensile strength), considerable bacteriostatic effects against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and excellent freeze resistance (it could function normally at -20 °C). The motion-monitoring sensor based on the PCAAG organohydrogel exhibited excellent specificity recognition for both large-amplitude (e.g., elbow bending, wrist bending, finger bending, running and walking, etc.) and small-amplitude (frowning and swallowing) human movements. The flexible keyboard constructed by using the PCAAG organohydrogel could easily achieve the transformation between digital signals and electrical signals, and the signal output had both specificity and stability. The velocity-monitoring sensor fabricated by using the PCAAG organohydrogel could accurately measure the speed of the object movement (less than 3% of relative error). In short, the present PCAAG organohydrogel solves the problems of the single application environment and a few application scenarios of traditional conductive hydrogels and possesses remarkable application potential as a multifunctional FSD in many fields such as artificial intelligence, sport management, soft robots, and human-computer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Song
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Haibin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
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Xie Y, Lv X, Li Y, Lv A, Sui X, Tian S, Jiang L, Li R, Sun S. Carbon Nanotubes and Silica@polyaniline Core-Shell Particles Synergistically Enhance the Toughness and Electrical Conductivity in Hydrophobic Associated Hydrogels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1299-1308. [PMID: 36630713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soft, conductive, and stretchable sensors are highly desirable in many applications, including artificial skin, biomonitoring patches, and so on. Recently, a combination of good electrical and mechanical properties was regarded as the most important evaluation criterion for judging whether hydrogel sensors are suitable for practical applications. Herein, we demonstrate a novel carboxylated carbon nanotube (MWCNT-COOH)-embedded P(AM/LMA)/SiO2@PANI hydrogel. The hydrogel benefits from a double-network structure (hydrogen bond cross-linking and hydrophobic connectivity network) due to the role of MWCNT-COOH and SiO2@PANI as cross-linkers, thus resulting in tough composite hydrogels. The obtained P(AM/LMA)/SiO2@PANI/MWCNT-COOH hydrogels exhibited high tensile strength (1939 kPa), super stretchability (3948.37%), and excellent strain sensitivity (gauge factor = 11.566 at 100-1100% strain). Obviously, MWCNT-COOH not only improved the electrical conductivity but also enhanced the mechanical properties of the hydrogel. Therefore, the integration of MWCNT-COOH and SiO2@PANI-based hydrogel strain sensors will display broad application in sophisticated intelligence, soft robotics, bionic prosthetics, personal health care, and other fields using inexpensive, green, and easily available biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
| | - Xue Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
| | - Youqiang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
| | - Aowei Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
| | - Xinyi Sui
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
| | - Song Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
| | - Li'an Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
| | - Ruifeng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
| | - Shulin Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun130012, China
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Van Tran V, Wi E, Shin SY, Lee D, Kim YA, Ma BC, Chang M. Microgels based on 0D-3D carbon materials: Synthetic techniques, properties, applications, and challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135981. [PMID: 35964721 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microgels are three-dimensional (3D) colloidal hydrogel particles with outstanding features such as biocompatibility, good mechanical properties, tunable sizes from submicrometer to tens of nanometers, and large surface areas. Because of these unique qualities, microgels have been widely used in various applications. Carbon-based materials (CMs) with various dimensions (0-3D) have recently been investigated as promising candidates for the design and fabrication of microgels because of their large surface area, excellent conductivity, unique chemical stability, and low cost. Here, we provide a critical review of the specific characteristics of CMs that are being incorporated into microgels, as well as the state-of-the art applications of CM-microgels in pollutant adsorption and photodegradation, H2 evoluation, CO2 capture, soil conditioners, water retention, drug delivery, cell encapsulation, and tissue engineering. Advanced preparation techniques for CM-microgel systems are also summarized and discussed. Finally, challenges related to the low colloidal stability of CM-microgels and development strategies are examined. This review shows that CM-microgels have the potential to be widely used in various practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Van Tran
- Laser and Thermal Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, South Korea
| | - Eunsol Wi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Seo Young Shin
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Daeho Lee
- Laser and Thermal Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, South Korea
| | - Yoong Ahm Kim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea; School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea; Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Byung Chol Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
| | - Mincheol Chang
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea; School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea; Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
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Nekrasov N, Yakunina N, Nevolin V, Bobrinetskiy I, Vasilevsky P, Gerasimenko AY. Two-Photon Polymerization of Albumin Hydrogel Nanowires Strengthened with Graphene Oxide. Biomimetics (Basel) 2021; 6:66. [PMID: 34842608 PMCID: PMC8628726 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics6040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional biomaterials can pave a way to novel types of micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems providing benefits in mimicking of biological functions in implantable, wearable structures. The production of biocomposites that hold both superior electrical and mechanical properties is still a challenging task. In this study, we aim to fabricate 3D printed hydrogel from a biocomposite of bovine serum albumin with graphene oxide (BSA@GO) using femtosecond laser processing. We have developed the method for functional BSA@GO composite nanostructuring based on both two-photon polymerization of nanofilaments and direct laser writing. The atomic-force microscopy was used to probe local electrical and mechanical properties of hydrogel BSA@GO nanowires. The improved local mechanical properties demonstrate synergistic effect in interaction of femtosecond laser pulses and novel composite structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Nekrasov
- Center for Probe Microscopy and Nanotechnology, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia; (N.N.); (N.Y.); (V.N.); (I.B.)
| | - Natalya Yakunina
- Center for Probe Microscopy and Nanotechnology, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia; (N.N.); (N.Y.); (V.N.); (I.B.)
| | - Vladimir Nevolin
- Center for Probe Microscopy and Nanotechnology, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia; (N.N.); (N.Y.); (V.N.); (I.B.)
| | - Ivan Bobrinetskiy
- Center for Probe Microscopy and Nanotechnology, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia; (N.N.); (N.Y.); (V.N.); (I.B.)
- BioSense Institute-Research and Development Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Pavel Vasilevsky
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander Yu. Gerasimenko
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia;
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Adorinni S, Rozhin P, Marchesan S. Smart Hydrogels Meet Carbon Nanomaterials for New Frontiers in Medicine. Biomedicines 2021; 9:570. [PMID: 34070138 PMCID: PMC8158376 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials include diverse structures and morphologies, such as fullerenes, nano-onions, nanodots, nanodiamonds, nanohorns, nanotubes, and graphene-based materials. They have attracted great interest in medicine for their high innovative potential, owing to their unique electronic and mechanical properties. In this review, we describe the most recent advancements in their inclusion in hydrogels to yield smart systems that can respond to a variety of stimuli. In particular, we focus on graphene and carbon nanotubes, for applications that span from sensing and wearable electronics to drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Adorinni
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.A.); (P.R.)
| | - Petr Rozhin
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.A.); (P.R.)
| | - Silvia Marchesan
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.A.); (P.R.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Li C, Zhou X, Zhu L, Xu Z, Tan P, Wang H, Chen G, Zhou X. Tough hybrid microgel-reinforced hydrogels dependent on the size and modulus of the microgels. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:1566-1573. [PMID: 33346314 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01703e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microgel-reinforced (MR) hydrogels are tough hydrogels with dispersed rigid microgels embedded in a continuous soft matrix. MR gels have the great potential to provide not only mechanical toughness but also the desired functional matrix by incorporation of various functional microgels. Understanding the toughening mechanism of the MR hydrogels is critical for the rational design of the desired functionally tough MR gels. However, our current knowledge of the toughening mechanism of MR gels mainly comes from the MR hydrogels with both chemically crosslinked dispersed microgels and a continuous matrix. Little is known about the hybrid MR gels with physically crosslinked microgels embedded in a chemically crosslinked matrix. Herein, we synthesize such hybrid MR hydrogels with the ionic crosslinked calcium alginate microgels incorporated into the chemically crosslinked polyacrylamide (PAAm) matrix. The alginate microgels show strong size and modulus effects on the toughening enhancement: the larger microgels could toughen the MR gels more than the small ones, and the microgels with medium modulus could maximize the toughness of the MR gels. By comparison of the mechanical performances of the MR and the corresponding double network (DN) hydrogels, we have proposed that the hybrid MR gels may have the same toughening mechanism as the bulk DN gel. This work tries to better understand the structure-property relationships of both MR and DN gels and help in the design of more functionally tough MR gels with the desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohu Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Lifei Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Ziyao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Tan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Haifei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Guokang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
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11
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Khan A, Alamry KA. Stimuli‐Responsive Conducting Polymer Composites. ACTUATORS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119662693.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Liu K, Han L, Tang P, Yang K, Gan D, Wang X, Wang K, Ren F, Fang L, Xu Y, Lu Z, Lu X. An Anisotropic Hydrogel Based on Mussel-Inspired Conductive Ferrofluid Composed of Electromagnetic Nanohybrids. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8343-8356. [PMID: 31659907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic hydrogels with a hierarchical structure can mimic biological tissues, such as neurons or muscles that show directional functions, which are important factors for signal transduction and cell guidance. Here, we report a mussel-inspired approach to fabricate an anisotropic hydrogel based on a conductive ferrofluid. First, polydopamine (PDA) was used to mediate the formation of PDA-chelated carbon nanotube-Fe3O4 (PFeCNT) nanohybrids and also used as a dispersion medium to stabilize the nanohybrids to form a conductive ferrofluid. The ferrofluid can respond to an orientated magnetic field and be programed to form aligned structures, which were then frozen in a hydrogel network formed via in situ free-radical polymerization and gelation. The resulted hydrogel shows directional conductive and mechanical properties, mimicking an oriented biological tissue. Under external electrical stimulation, the orientated PFeCNT nanohybrids can be sensed by the myoblasts cultured on the hydrogel, resulting in the oriented growth of cells. In summary, the mussel-inspired anisotropic hydrogel with its aligned structural complexity and anisotropic properties together with the cell affinity and tissue adhesiveness is a potent multifunctional biomaterial for mimicking oriented tissues to guide cell proliferation and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhi Liu
- Key Lab of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610031 , China
| | - Lu Han
- Key Lab of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610031 , China
| | - Pengfei Tang
- Key Lab of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610031 , China
| | - Kaiming Yang
- Key Lab of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610031 , China
| | - Donglin Gan
- Key Lab of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610031 , China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Lab of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610031 , China
| | - Kefeng Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials , Research Center for Materials Genome Engineering , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , China
| | - Fuzeng Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Liming Fang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510641 , China
| | - Yonggang Xu
- Key Lab of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610031 , China
| | | | - Xiong Lu
- Key Lab of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610031 , China
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13
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Walker BW, Lara RP, Mogadam E, Yu CH, Kimball W, Annabi N. Rational Design of Microfabricated Electroconductive Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Prog Polym Sci 2019; 92:135-157. [PMID: 32831422 PMCID: PMC7441850 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Electroconductive hydrogels (ECHs) are highly hydrated 3D networks generated through the incorporation of conductive polymers, nanoparticles, and other conductive materials into polymeric hydrogels. ECHs combine several advantageous properties of inherently conductive materials with the highly tunable physical and biochemical properties of hydrogels. Recently, the development of biocompatible ECHs has been investigated for various biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, biosensors, flexible electronics, and other implantable medical devices. Several methods for the synthesis of ECHs have been reported, which include the incorporation of electrically conductive materials such as gold and silver nanoparticles, graphene, and carbon nanotubes, as well as various conductive polymers (CPs), such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxyythiophene) into hydrogel networks. Theses electroconductive composite hydrogels can be used as scaffolds with high swellability, tunable mechanical properties, and the capability to support cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, recent advancements in microfabrication techniques such as three dimensional (3D) bioprinting, micropatterning, and electrospinning have led to the development of ECHs with biomimetic microarchitectures that reproduce the characteristics of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition, smart ECHs with controlled structures and healing properties have also been engineered into devices with prolonged half-lives and increased durability. The combination of sophisticated synthesis chemistries and modern microfabrication techniques have led to engineer smart ECHs with advanced architectures, geometries, and functionalities that are being increasingly used in drug delivery systems, biosensors, tissue engineering, and soft electronics. In this review, we will summarize different strategies to synthesize conductive biomaterials. We will also discuss the advanced microfabrication techniques used to fabricate ECHs with complex 3D architectures, as well as various biomedical applications of microfabricated ECHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Walker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Roberto Portillo Lara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Zapopan, JAL, Mexico
| | - Emad Mogadam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntington Hospital, Pasadena, CA, 91105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Chu Hsiang Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - William Kimball
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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14
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Chen J, Teng N, Wen Y. Facile strategy of fabricating multifunctional hydrogel with high performance based on hybrid graphene oxide and carbon nanotube. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2019.1586437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Division of Polymer and Composite Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Zhejiang, Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Na Teng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Division of Polymer and Composite Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Zhejiang, Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North University of China, Shanxi, Taiyuan, P. R. China
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15
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16
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Islam MS, Tan JPK, Kwok CY, Tam KC. Drug release kinetics of pH-responsive microgels of different glass-transition temperatures. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Islam
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo; 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - J. P. K. Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; Agency for Science and Technology Research; 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos 138669 Singapore
| | - C. Y. Kwok
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo; 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - K. C. Tam
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo; 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
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Agrawal G, Agrawal R. Functional Microgels: Recent Advances in Their Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801724. [PMID: 30035853 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, a spotlight is shown on aqueous microgel particles which exhibit a great potential for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery, cell imaging, and tissue engineering. Herein, different synthetic methods to develop microgels with desirable functionality and properties along with degradable strategies to ensure their renal clearance are briefly presented. A special focus is given on the ability of microgels to respond to various stimuli such as temperature, pH, redox potential, magnetic field, light, etc., which helps not only to adjust their physical and chemical properties, and degradability on demand, but also the release of encapsulated bioactive molecules and thus making them suitable for drug delivery. Furthermore, recent developments in using the functional microgels for cell imaging and tissue regeneration are reviewed. The results reviewed here encourage the development of a new class of microgels which are able to intelligently perform in a complex biological environment. Finally, various challenges and possibilities are discussed in order to achieve their successful clinical use in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Agrawal
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Paper Mill Road, Saharanpur, 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Agrawal
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1500, USA
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18
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Echeverria C, Fernandes SN, Godinho MH, Borges JP, Soares PIP. Functional Stimuli-Responsive Gels: Hydrogels and Microgels. Gels 2018; 4:E54. [PMID: 30674830 PMCID: PMC6209286 DOI: 10.3390/gels4020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One strategy that has gained much attention in the last decades is the understanding and further mimicking of structures and behaviours found in nature, as inspiration to develop materials with additional functionalities. This review presents recent advances in stimuli-responsive gels with emphasis on functional hydrogels and microgels. The first part of the review highlights the high impact of stimuli-responsive hydrogels in materials science. From macro to micro scale, the review also collects the most recent studies on the preparation of hybrid polymeric microgels composed of a nanoparticle (able to respond to external stimuli), encapsulated or grown into a stimuli-responsive matrix (microgel). This combination gave rise to interesting multi-responsive functional microgels and paved a new path for the preparation of multi-stimuli "smart" systems. Finally, special attention is focused on a new generation of functional stimuli-responsive polymer hydrogels able to self-shape (shape-memory) and/or self-repair. This last functionality could be considered as the closing loop for smart polymeric gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coro Echeverria
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid 28006, Spain.
| | - Susete N Fernandes
- I3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| | - Maria H Godinho
- I3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| | - João Paulo Borges
- I3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| | - Paula I P Soares
- I3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
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19
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Luo W, Wu T, Chen B, Liang M, Zou H. Highly Stretchable Conductors Based on Expanded Graphite Macroconfined in Tubular Rubber. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:43239-43249. [PMID: 29137456 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly stretchable and durable conductors are significant to the development of wearable devices, robots, human-machine interfaces, and other artificial intelligence products. Although many respectable methods have been reported, it is still a challenge to fabricate stretchable conductors with a large elastic limit, high conductivity, and excellent reliability in rapid, effective, and economic ways. Herein, a facile method is offered to fabricate high-performance stretchable tubular conductors (TCs) based on a macroconfined structure of expanded graphite (EG) in rubber tubing by simply physical packing. The maximum original electrical conductivity of TCs reached a high value of 160.6 S/cm. Meanwhile, TCs showed more insensitive response of conductivity to increasing tensile strain compared to the TCs encapsulated with liquid metal or ionic liquid. The conductivity and effective stretchability of TCs can be adjusted by varying the packing density of EG. A low gauge factor below 3 was reached even under 400% stretching for TCs with a packing density of 1.233 g/cm3. The excellent resilience and good stability of conductivity of TCs during dynamic stretching-releasing cycles are attributed to the stable and rapid reconstruction of the percolation network of EG particles. The combination of high conductivity, tunable stretchability, and good reliability renders potential applications to TCs, such as highly stretchable interconnects or strain sensors, in human motion detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield , Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
| | - Tongfei Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield , Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
| | - Biqiong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield , Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University Belfast , Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AH, U.K
| | - Mei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Huawei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
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20
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Cui Z, Wang W, Obeng M, Chen M, Wu S, Kinloch I, Saunders BR. Using intra-microgel crosslinking to control the mechanical properties of doubly crosslinked microgels. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:6985-94. [PMID: 27476758 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01337f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microgels (MGs) are crosslinked polymer particles that swell when the pH approaches the pKa of the constituent polymer. Our earlier work showed that concentrated MG dispersions can be covalently interlinked to form macroscopic hydrogels, which are termed doubly crosslinked microgels (DX MGs). Here, we study for the first time the effects of intra-MG crosslinking on the swelling of the MGs and the mechanical properties of the DX MGs. The MGs were synthesised by emulsion copolymerisation of ethyl acrylate (EA) or methacrylic acid (MAA) and divinylbenzene (DVB). The latter was a crosslinking monomer. For comparison, MGs were prepared where DVB was replaced by either 1,4-butanediol diacrylate (BDDA) or a 1 : 1 mixture of both DVB and BDDA. The MG swelling behaviours were studied by dynamic light scattering; whereas, the DX MG mechanical properties were studied by dynamic rheology and uniaxial compression measurements. Inclusion of DVB within the MGs resulted in both highly swelling MGs and highly ductile DX MGs. The average strain-at-break value for the DVB-containing DX MGs was 76% which represents the highest value yet reported for a DX MG prepared using commercially available monomers. It was also shown that good tuneability of the DX MG properties could be obtained simply by controlling the DVB and BDDA contents within the MG particles. Analysis of the swelling and compression data enabled relationships between the volume-swelling ratio of the MGs and either the modulus or strain-at-break values for the DX MGs. These relationships also applied to a DVB-free system prepared with a low BDDA content. An interesting conclusion from this study is that the DX MGs can be thought of mechanically as macroscopic MG particles. The results of this study provide design tools for improving DX MG ductility and hence increasing the range of potential applications for this new class of hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxing Cui
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Wenkai Wang
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Melody Obeng
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Mu Chen
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Shanglin Wu
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Ian Kinloch
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Brian R Saunders
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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