1
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Long Z, Wu Y, Zhong L, Lu J, Liu B. Bibliometric analysis of dendritic cell-based vaccines over the past 15 years. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2392961. [PMID: 39161160 PMCID: PMC11340764 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2392961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells, which are crucial for inducing T-cell responses, are pivotal in current immunotherapy strategies aiming to replenish depleted T cells within the tumor microenvironment to combat tumors. Consequently, dendritic cell vaccine-based cancer therapies have garnered significant attention. Through bibliometric analysis, we examined research trends in this field. We searched the Web of Science core database and identified 16,476 articles on dendritic cell-based vaccines published from January 1, 2009, to December 30, 2023. The United States leads in this research domain, with Emory University being a prominent collaborator. The Journal of Immunology is the primary publication outlet, and Banchereau, J emerges as the most influential author. Recent hot keywords include nanoparticle, delivery, cancer vaccine, and clinical trial, indicating that cancer immunotherapy research, especially dendritic cell-based vaccines, is poised to become a future trend and hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Jiangxi, China
- Hypothalamic-Pituitary Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yinghua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Jiangxi, China
- Hypothalamic-Pituitary Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liangchen Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiping Lu
- Orthopedics Department, 921 Hospital, Joint Logistics Support Force People’s Liberation Army of China, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Jiangxi, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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2
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Zhang WY, Zheng XL, Coghi PS, Chen JH, Dong BJ, Fan XX. Revolutionizing adjuvant development: harnessing AI for next-generation cancer vaccines. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1438030. [PMID: 39206192 PMCID: PMC11349682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1438030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
With the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of vaccines has been widely recognized and has led to increased research and development efforts. Vaccines also play a crucial role in cancer treatment by activating the immune system to target and destroy cancer cells. However, enhancing the efficacy of cancer vaccines remains a challenge. Adjuvants, which enhance the immune response to antigens and improve vaccine effectiveness, have faced limitations in recent years, resulting in few novel adjuvants being identified. The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in drug development has provided a foundation for adjuvant screening and application, leading to a diversification of adjuvants. This article reviews the significant role of tumor vaccines in basic research and clinical treatment and explores the use of AI technology to screen novel adjuvants from databases. The findings of this review offer valuable insights for the development of new adjuvants for next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ying Zhang
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zheng
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Paolo Saul Coghi
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jun-Hui Chen
- Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bing-Jun Dong
- Gynecology Department, Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xing-Xing Fan
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
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3
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Ou BS, Baillet J, Filsinger Interrante MV, Adamska JZ, Zhou X, Saouaf OM, Yan J, Klich JH, Jons CK, Meany EL, Valdez AS, Carter L, Pulendran B, King NP, Appel EA. Saponin nanoparticle adjuvants incorporating Toll-like receptor agonists drive distinct immune signatures and potent vaccine responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn7187. [PMID: 39110802 PMCID: PMC11305391 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn7187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the development of potent and safe immune-activating adjuvant technologies has become the heart of intensive research in the constant fight against highly mutative and immune evasive viruses such as influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Herein, we developed a highly modular saponin-based nanoparticle platform incorporating Toll-like receptor agonists (TLRas) including TLR1/2a, TLR4a, and TLR7/8a adjuvants and their mixtures. These various TLRa-saponin nanoparticle adjuvant constructs induce unique acute cytokine and immune-signaling profiles, leading to specific T helper responses that could be of interest depending on the target disease for prevention. In a murine vaccine study, the adjuvants greatly improved the potency, durability, breadth, and neutralization of both COVID-19 and HIV vaccine candidates, suggesting the potential broad application of these adjuvant constructs to a range of different antigens. Overall, this work demonstrates a modular TLRa-SNP adjuvant platform that could improve the design of vaccines and affect modern vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben S. Ou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julie Baillet
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maria V. Filsinger Interrante
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Biophysics Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia Z. Adamska
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xueting Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Olivia M. Saouaf
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jerry Yan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John H. Klich
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carolyn K. Jons
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emily L. Meany
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adian S. Valdez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics-Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA
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4
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Ou BS, Baillet J, Filsinger Interrante MV, Adamska JZ, Zhou X, Saouaf OM, Yan J, Klich JH, Jons CK, Meany EL, Valdez AS, Carter L, Pulendran B, King NP, Appel EA. Saponin Nanoparticle Adjuvants Incorporating Toll-Like Receptor Agonists Drive Distinct Immune Signatures and Potent Vaccine Responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.16.549249. [PMID: 37577608 PMCID: PMC10418080 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.16.549249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the development of potent and safe immune-activating adjuvant technologies has become the heart of intensive research in the constant fight against highly mutative and immune evasive viruses such as influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and HIV. Herein, we developed a highly modular saponin-based nanoparticle platform incorporating toll-like receptor agonists (TLRas) including TLR1/2a, TLR4a, TLR7/8a adjuvants and their mixtures. These various TLRa-SNP adjuvant constructs induce unique acute cytokine and immune-signaling profiles, leading to specific Th-responses that could be of interest depending on the target disease for prevention. In a murine vaccine study, the adjuvants greatly improved the potency, durability, breadth, and neutralization of both COVID-19 and HIV vaccine candidates, suggesting the potential broad application of these adjuvant constructs to a range of different antigens. Overall, this work demonstrates a modular TLRa-SNP adjuvant platform which could improve the design of vaccines for and dramatically impact modern vaccine development. Teaser Saponin-TLRa nanoadjuvants provide distinct immune signatures and drive potent, broad, durable COVID-19 and HIV vaccine responses.
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5
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Ahmed M, Kurungottu P, Swetha K, Atla S, Ashok N, Nagamalleswari E, Bonam SR, Sahu BD, Kurapati R. Role of NLRP3 inflammasome in nanoparticle adjuvant-mediated immune response. Biomater Sci 2024. [PMID: 38867716 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00439f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is pivotal in orchestrating the immune response induced by nanoparticle adjuvants. Understanding the intricate mechanisms underlying the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by these adjuvants is crucial for deciphering their immunomodulatory properties. This review explores the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in mediating immune responses triggered by nanoparticle adjuvants. It delves into the signaling pathways and cellular mechanisms involved in NLRP3 activation, highlighting its significance in modulating the efficacy and safety of nanoparticle-based adjuvants. A comprehensive grasp of the interplay between NLRP3 inflammasome and nanoparticle adjuvants holds promise for optimizing vaccine design and advancing immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momitul Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, India.
| | - Pavithra Kurungottu
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
| | - K Swetha
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
| | - Sandeep Atla
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Nivethitha Ashok
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
| | - Easa Nagamalleswari
- MTCC and Gene Bank, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Bidya Dhar Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, India.
| | - Rajendra Kurapati
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
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6
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Saleemi MA, Zhang Y, Zhang G. Current Progress in the Science of Novel Adjuvant Nano-Vaccine-Induced Protective Immune Responses. Pathogens 2024; 13:441. [PMID: 38921739 PMCID: PMC11206999 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccinations are vital as they protect us from various illness-causing agents. Despite all the advancements in vaccine-related research, developing improved and safer vaccines against devastating infectious diseases including Ebola, tuberculosis and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) remains a significant challenge. In addition, some of the current human vaccines can cause adverse reactions in some individuals, which limits their use for massive vaccination program. Therefore, it is necessary to design optimal vaccine candidates that can elicit appropriate immune responses but do not induce side effects. Subunit vaccines are relatively safe for the vaccination of humans, but they are unable to trigger an optimal protective immune response without an adjuvant. Although different types of adjuvants have been used for the formulation of vaccines to fight pathogens that have high antigenic diversity, due to the toxicity and safety issues associated with human-specific adjuvants, there are only a few adjuvants that have been approved for the formulation of human vaccines. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have gain specific attention and are commonly used as adjuvants for vaccine development as well as for drug delivery due to their excellent immune modulation properties. This review will focus on the current state of adjuvants in vaccine development, the mechanisms of human-compatible adjuvants and future research directions. We hope this review will provide valuable information to discovery novel adjuvants and drug delivery systems for developing novel vaccines and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guoquan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (M.A.S.); (Y.Z.)
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7
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Beach M, Nayanathara U, Gao Y, Zhang C, Xiong Y, Wang Y, Such GK. Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5505-5616. [PMID: 38626459 PMCID: PMC11086401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The recent emergence of nanomedicine has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape and necessitated the creation of more sophisticated drug delivery systems. Polymeric nanoparticles sit at the forefront of numerous promising drug delivery designs, due to their unmatched control over physiochemical properties such as size, shape, architecture, charge, and surface functionality. Furthermore, polymeric nanoparticles have the ability to navigate various biological barriers to precisely target specific sites within the body, encapsulate a diverse range of therapeutic cargo and efficiently release this cargo in response to internal and external stimuli. However, despite these remarkable advantages, the presence of polymeric nanoparticles in wider clinical application is minimal. This review will provide a comprehensive understanding of polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles. The biological barriers affecting drug delivery will be outlined first, followed by a comprehensive description of the various nanoparticle designs and preparation methods, beginning with the polymers on which they are based. The review will meticulously explore the current performance of polymeric nanoparticles against a myriad of diseases including cancer, viral and bacterial infections, before finally evaluating the advantages and crucial challenges that will determine their wider clinical potential in the decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian
A. Beach
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Umeka Nayanathara
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yanting Gao
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Changhe Zhang
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yijun Xiong
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yufu Wang
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Georgina K. Such
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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8
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Xu T, Hong A, Zhang X, Xu Y, Wang T, Zheng Q, Wei T, He Q, Ren Z, Qin T. Preparation and adjuvanticity against PCV 2 of Viola philippica polysaccharide loaded in Chitosan-Gold nanoparticle. Vaccine 2024; 42:2608-2620. [PMID: 38472066 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The present Porcine circovirus type 2 virus (PCV2) vaccine adjuvants suffer from numerous limitations, such as adverse effects, deficient cell-mediated immune responses, and inadequate antibody production. In this study, we explored the potential of a novel nanoparticle (CS-Au NPs) based on gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and chitosan (CS) that modified Viola philippica polysaccharide (VPP) as efficient adjuvants for PCV2 vaccine. The characterization demonstrated that CS-Au-VPP NPs had a mean particle size of 507.42 nm and a zeta potential value of -21.93 mV. CS-Au-VPP NPs also exhibited good dispersion and a stable structure, which did not alter the polysaccharide properties. Additionally, the CS-Au-VPP NPs showed easy absorption and utilization by the organism. To investigate their immune-enhancing potential, mice were immunized with a mixture of CS-Au-VPP NPs and PCV2 vaccine. The evaluation of relevant immunological indicators, including specific IgG antibodies and their subclasses, cytokines, and T cell subpopulations, confirmed their immune-boosting effects. The in vivo experiments revealed that the medium-dose CS-Au-VPP NPs significantly elevated the levels of specific IgG antibodies and their subclasses, cytokines, and T cell subpopulations in PCV2-immunized mice. These findings suggest that CS-Au-VPP NPs can serve as a promising vaccine adjuvant due to their stable structure and immunoenhancement capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health in Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Ancan Hong
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health in Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yizhou Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health in Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health in Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Tiantian Wei
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Qiuyue He
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health in Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health in Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
| | - Tao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health in Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
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9
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Wijesundara YH, Howlett TS, Kumari S, Gassensmith JJ. The Promise and Potential of Metal-Organic Frameworks and Covalent Organic Frameworks in Vaccine Nanotechnology. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3013-3036. [PMID: 38408451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The immune system's complexity and ongoing evolutionary struggle against deleterious pathogens underscore the value of vaccination technologies, which have been bolstering human immunity for over two centuries. Despite noteworthy advancements over these 200 years, three areas remain recalcitrant to improvement owing to the environmental instability of the biomolecules used in vaccines─the challenges of formulating them into controlled release systems, their need for constant refrigeration to avoid loss of efficacy, and the requirement that they be delivered via needle owing to gastrointestinal incompatibility. Nanotechnology, particularly metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), has emerged as a promising avenue for confronting these challenges, presenting a new frontier in vaccine development. Although these materials have been widely explored in the context of drug delivery, imaging, and cancer immunotherapy, their role in immunology and vaccine-related applications is a recent yet rapidly developing field. This review seeks to elucidate the prospective use of MOFs and COFs for biomaterial stabilization, eliminating the necessity for cold chains, enhancing antigen potency as adjuvants, and potentializing needle-free delivery of vaccines. It provides an expansive and critical viewpoint on this rapidly evolving field of research and emphasizes the vital contribution of chemists in driving further advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalini H Wijesundara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Thomas S Howlett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Sneha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Jeremiah J Gassensmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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10
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Alsaiari SK, Nadeef S, Daristotle JL, Rothwell W, Du B, Garcia J, Zhang L, Sarmadi M, Forster TA, Menon N, Lin SQ, Tostanoski LH, Hachmann N, Wang EY, Ventura JD, Barouch DH, Langer R, Jaklenec A. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks activate endosomal Toll-like receptors and potentiate immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein trimer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj6380. [PMID: 38446889 PMCID: PMC10917347 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj6380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterials offer unique opportunities to engineer immunomodulatory activity. In this work, we report the Toll-like receptor agonist activity of a nanoscale adjuvant zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8). The accumulation of ZIF-8 in endosomes and the pH-responsive release of its subunits enable selective engagement with endosomal Toll-like receptors, minimizing the risk of off-target activation. The intrinsic adjuvant properties of ZIF-8, along with the efficient delivery and biomimetic presentation of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein receptor-binding domain trimer, primed rapid humoral and cell-mediated immunity in a dose-sparing manner. Our study offers insights for next-generation adjuvants that can potentially impact future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahad K. Alsaiari
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Seba Nadeef
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John L. Daristotle
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - William Rothwell
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Bujie Du
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Johnny Garcia
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Linzixuan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Morteza Sarmadi
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy A. Forster
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nandita Menon
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stacey Qiaohui Lin
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lisa H. Tostanoski
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nicole Hachmann
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Erika Yan Wang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John D. Ventura
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ana Jaklenec
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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11
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Sun Z, Zhao H, Ma L, Shi Y, Ji M, Sun X, Ma D, Zhou W, Huang T, Zhang D. The quest for nanoparticle-powered vaccines in cancer immunotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:61. [PMID: 38355548 PMCID: PMC10865557 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advancements in cancer treatment, this disease still poses a serious threat to public health. Vaccines play an important role in preventing illness by preparing the body's adaptive and innate immune responses to combat diseases. As our understanding of malignancies and their connection to the immune system improves, there has been a growing interest in priming the immune system to fight malignancies more effectively and comprehensively. One promising approach involves utilizing nanoparticle systems for antigen delivery, which has been shown to potentiate immune responses as vaccines and/or adjuvants. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the immunological mechanisms of cancer vaccines while focusing specifically on the recent applications of various types of nanoparticles in the field of cancer immunotherapy. By exploring these recent breakthroughs, we hope to identify significant challenges and obstacles in making nanoparticle-based vaccines and adjuvants feasible for clinical application. This review serves to assess recent breakthroughs in nanoparticle-based cancer vaccinations and shed light on their prospects and potential barriers. By doing so, we aim to inspire future immunotherapies for cancer that harness the potential of nanotechnology to deliver more effective and targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, East Branch of Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yanli Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Mei Ji
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Endodontics, Gaoxin Branch of Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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12
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van Strien J, Makurat M, Zeng Y, Olsthoorn R, Schneider GF, Slütter B, MacKay JA, Jiskoot W, Kros A. Noncovalent Conjugation of OVA323 to ELP Micelles Increases Immune Response. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1027-1037. [PMID: 38166400 PMCID: PMC10865353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines would benefit from a safe particle-based adjuvant. Elastin-like polypeptide (ELP)-based micelles are interesting candidate adjuvants due to their well-defined size and easy modification with protein-based cargo. Coiled coils can facilitate noncovalent modifications, while potentially enhancing antigen delivery through interaction with cell membranes. ELP micelles comprise ELP diblock copolymers that self-assemble above a critical micelle temperature. In this study, an amphiphilic ELP was conjugated to peptide "K", which forms a heterodimeric coiled-coil complex with peptide "E". Self-assembled "covalent" micelles containing ELP-OVA323 (i.e., model antigen OVA323 conjugated to ELP), "coiled-coil" micelles containing ELP-K/E-OVA323 and "hybrid" micelles containing ELP-K and ELP-OVA323 were shown to be monodisperse and spherical. Dendritic cells (DCs) were exposed to all micelle compositions, and T-cell proliferation was investigated. The presence of ELP-K enhanced micelle uptake and subsequent DC maturation, resulting in enhanced CD4+ T-cell proliferation, which makes ELPs with coiled coil-associated antigens a promising vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolinde van Strien
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of
Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Max Makurat
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of
Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Zeng
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of
Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - René Olsthoorn
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of
Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory F. Schneider
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of
Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Slütter
- Department
of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J. Andrew MacKay
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089-9121, United States
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Department
of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kros
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of
Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Yu G, Yang W, Zhang N, Yang C, Zeng H, Xue C, Sun B. Autoclave-Induced Changes in the Physicochemical Properties and Antigen Adsorption of Aluminum Adjuvants. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:455-462. [PMID: 37813301 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum hydroxide adjuvants are widely used in human vaccines, such as diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines. The adsorption of antigens on aluminum hydroxide adjuvants determines the immune boosting effect of vaccines, but it is not clear how changes in physicochemical properties resulting from the production and formulation processes affect the adsorption of aluminum hydroxide adjuvants with antigens. In this study, the commercial aluminum hydroxide adjuvant Alhydrogel® was pretreated by commonly used processes such as autoclaving and calcination, and the changes of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant in physicochemical properties during the treatment were then comprehensively characterized. The adsorption of ovalbumin (OVA) with treated Alhydrogel®, was also investigated, it was found that the decrease in specific surface area caused by the autoclaving process reduced the adsorptive capacity of the antigen, and the adsorptive strength of antigen was decreased only when the surface hydroxyl groups and chemically bound water of adjuvant were reduced by calcination. These findings help to optimize the production and formulation process of adjuvants for the rational regulation of antigen adsorption in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Wenqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China.
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China.
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14
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Sun B, Li M, Yao Z, Yu G, Ma Y. Advances in Vaccine Adjuvants: Nanomaterials and Small Molecules. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 284:113-132. [PMID: 37059911 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants have been extensively and essentially formulated in subunits and certain inactivated vaccines for enhancing and prolonging protective immunity against infections and diseases. According to the types of infectious diseases and the required immunity, adjuvants with various acting mechanisms have been designed and applied in human vaccines. In this chapter, we introduce the advances in vaccine adjuvants based on nanomaterials and small molecules. By reviewing the immune mechanisms induced by adjuvants with different characteristics, we aim to establish structure-activity relationships between the physicochemical properties of adjuvants and their immunostimulating capability for the development of adjuvants for more effective preventative and therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhiying Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Ge Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yubin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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15
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Yu C, Yang P, Xu M, Ling J, Wu Y, Zhu Z, Chen Y, Shi A, Liu X, Zhang J, Yu P, Zhang D. Food-derived peptides as novel therapeutic strategies for NLRP3 inflammasome-related diseases: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-32. [PMID: 38153262 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2294164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3), a member of the nucleotide-binding domain (NOD) and leucine-rich repeat sequence (LRR) protein (NLR) family, plays an essential role in the inflammation initiation and inflammatory mediator secretion, and thus is also associated with many disease progressions. Food-derived bioactive peptides (FDBP) exhibit excellent anti-inflammatory activity in both in vivo and in vitro models. They are encrypted in plant, meat, and milk proteins and can be released under enzymatic hydrolysis or fermentation conditions, thereby hindering the progression of hyperuricemia, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic liver disease, neurological disorders, lung injury and periodontitis by inactivating the NLRP3. However, there is a lack of systematic review around FDBP, NLRP3, and NLRP3-related diseases. Therefore, this review summarized FDBP that exert inhibiting effects on NLRP3 inflammasome from different protein sources and detailed their preparation and purification methods. Additionally, this paper also compiled the possible inhibitory mechanisms of FDBP on NLRP3 inflammasomes and its regulatory role in NLRP3 inflammasome-related diseases. Finally, the progress of cutting-edge technologies, including nanoparticle, computer-aided screening strategy and recombinant DNA technology, in the acquisition or encapsulation of NLRP3 inhibitory FDBP was discussed. This review provides a scientific basis for understanding the anti-inflammatory mechanism of FDBP through the regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and also provides guidance for the development of therapeutic adjuvants or functional foods enriched with these FDBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Meiying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Institute for the Study of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- Branch of Nationlal Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Chenfeng Yu
- Huankui College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pingping Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Institute for the Study of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- Branch of Nationlal Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Minxuan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Institute for the Study of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- Branch of Nationlal Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Jitao Ling
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Institute for the Study of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- Branch of Nationlal Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuting Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Institute for the Study of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- Branch of Nationlal Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Zicheng Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yixuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ao Shi
- School of Medicine, St. George University of London, London, UK
| | - Xiao Liu
- Cardiology Department, The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Institute for the Study of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- Branch of Nationlal Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Deju Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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16
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Vakili B, Karami-Darehnaranji M, Mirzaei E, Hosseini F, Nezafat N. Graphene oxide as novel vaccine adjuvant. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111062. [PMID: 37866317 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
To improve antigen immunogenicity and promote long-lasting immunity, vaccine formulations have been appropriately supplemented with adjuvants. Graphene has been found to enhance the presentation of antigens to CD8+ T cells, as well as stimulating innate immune responses and inflammatory factors. Its properties, such as large surface area, water stability, and high aspect ratio, make it a suitable candidate for delivering biological substances. Graphene-based nanomaterials have recently attracted significant attention as a new type of vaccine adjuvants due to their potential role in the activation of immune responses. Due to the limited functionality of some approved human adjuvants for use, the development of new all-purpose adjuvants is urgently required. Research on the immunological and biomedical use of graphene oxide (GO) indicates that these nanocarriers possess excellent physicochemical properties, acceptable biocompatibility, and a high capacity for drug loading. Graphene-based nanocarriers also could improve the function of some immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages through specific signaling pathways. However, GO injection can lead to significant oxidative stress and inflammation. Various surface functionalization protocols have been employed to reduce possible adverse effects of GO, such as aggregation of GO in biological liquids and induce cell death. Furthermore, these modifications enhance the properties of functionalized-GO's qualities, making it an excellent carrier and adjuvant. Shedding light on different physicochemical and structural properties of GO and its derivatives has led to their application in various therapeutic and drug delivery fields. In this review, we have endeavored to elaborate on different aspects of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Vakili
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Karami-Darehnaranji
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farnaz Hosseini
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Computational Vaccine and Drug Design Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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17
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Moni SS, Abdelwahab SI, Jabeen A, Elmobark ME, Aqaili D, Ghoal G, Oraibi B, Farasani AM, Jerah AA, Alnajai MMA, Mohammad Alowayni AMH. Advancements in Vaccine Adjuvants: The Journey from Alum to Nano Formulations. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1704. [PMID: 38006036 PMCID: PMC10674458 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is a groundbreaking approach in preventing and controlling infectious diseases. However, the effectiveness of vaccines can be greatly enhanced by the inclusion of adjuvants, which are substances that potentiate and modulate the immune response. This review is based on extensive searches in reputable databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The goal of this review is to provide a thorough analysis of the advances in the field of adjuvant research, to trace the evolution, and to understand the effects of the various adjuvants. Historically, alum was the pioneer in the field of adjuvants because it was the first to be approved for use in humans. It served as the foundation for subsequent research and innovation in the field. As science progressed, research shifted to identifying and exploiting the potential of newer adjuvants. One important area of interest is nano formulations. These advanced adjuvants have special properties that can be tailored to enhance the immune response to vaccines. The transition from traditional alum-based adjuvants to nano formulations is indicative of the dynamism and potential of vaccine research. Innovations in adjuvant research, particularly the development of nano formulations, are a promising step toward improving vaccine efficacy and safety. These advances have the potential to redefine the boundaries of vaccination and potentially expand the range of diseases that can be addressed with this approach. There is an optimistic view of the future in which improved vaccine formulations will contribute significantly to improving global health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar S. Moni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.J.)
| | | | - Aamena Jabeen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.J.)
| | - Mohamed Eltaib Elmobark
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.J.)
| | - Duaa Aqaili
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gassem Ghoal
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassem Oraibi
- Medical Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia (B.O.)
| | | | - Ahmed Ali Jerah
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahdi Mohammed A. Alnajai
- General Directorate of Health Services and University Hospital, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
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18
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Lim JW, Vu TTH, Le VP, Yeom M, Song D, Jeong DG, Park SK. Advanced Strategies for Developing Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools for African Swine Fever. Viruses 2023; 15:2169. [PMID: 38005846 PMCID: PMC10674204 DOI: 10.3390/v15112169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most lethal infectious diseases affecting domestic pigs and wild boars of all ages. Over a span of 100 years, ASF has continued to spread over continents and adversely affects the global pig industry. To date, no vaccine or treatment has been approved. The complex genome structure and diverse variants facilitate the immune evasion of the ASF virus (ASFV). Recently, advanced technologies have been used to design various potential vaccine candidates and effective diagnostic tools. This review updates vaccine platforms that are currently being used worldwide, with a focus on genetically modified live attenuated vaccines, including an understanding of their potential efficacy and limitations of safety and stability. Furthermore, advanced ASFV detection technologies are presented that discuss and incorporate the challenges that remain to be addressed for conventional detection methods. We also highlight a nano-bio-based system that enhances sensitivity and specificity. A combination of prophylactic vaccines and point-of-care diagnostics can help effectively control the spread of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Woo Lim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Thi Thu Hang Vu
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
| | - Van Phan Le
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000, Vietnam;
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Kyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
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19
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Govea-Alonso DO, García-Soto MJ, Mendoza-Pérez ES, Farfán-Castro S, Fuente D, González-Ortega O, Rosales-Mendoza S. Assessing the Adjuvant Effect of Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) on BALB/c Mice. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5467. [PMID: 37570172 PMCID: PMC10419364 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and validation of new adjuvants are critical areas for vaccinology. Mineral materials (e.g., alum microparticles) have been used for a long time as adjuvants in human vaccine formulations. Nonetheless, the use of nanosized materials is a promising approach to diversify the properties of adjuvants. Nanoclays are potential adjuvants proposed by some research groups. However, their adjuvant mechanisms and safety have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we aimed at expanding the knowledge on the potential adjuvanticity of layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles by reporting a detailed method for the synthesis and characterization of LDHs and the adsorption of a model antigen (bovine serum albumin, BSA). LDHs varying in diameter (from 56 to 88 nm) were obtained, and an in vitro evaluation revealed that the LDHs are not inherently toxic. BSA was passively adsorbed onto the LDHs, and the immunogenicity in mice of the conjugates obtained was compared to that of free BSA and BSA co-administered with alum (Alum-BSA). The LDH-BSA conjugates induced a higher humoral response that lasted for a longer period compared with that of free BSA and Alum-BSA, confirming that LDH exerts adjuvant effects. The 56 nm LDH particles were deemed as the more efficient carrier since they induced a higher and more balanced Th1/Th2 response than the 88 nm particles. This study is a contribution toward expanding the characterization and use of nanoclays in vaccinology and justifies further studies with pathogen-specific antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania O. Govea-Alonso
- Departamento de Biotecnológicas y Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45129, Mexico;
| | - Mariano J. García-Soto
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (M.J.G.-S.); (E.S.M.-P.); (S.F.-C.)
| | - Emilio Sebastián Mendoza-Pérez
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (M.J.G.-S.); (E.S.M.-P.); (S.F.-C.)
| | - Susan Farfán-Castro
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (M.J.G.-S.); (E.S.M.-P.); (S.F.-C.)
| | - Diana Fuente
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (M.J.G.-S.); (E.S.M.-P.); (S.F.-C.)
| | - Omar González-Ortega
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (M.J.G.-S.); (E.S.M.-P.); (S.F.-C.)
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (M.J.G.-S.); (E.S.M.-P.); (S.F.-C.)
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20
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Hu L, Sun J, Wang Y, Tan D, Cao Z, Gao L, Guan Y, Jia X, Mao J. A Review of Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine Development in China: Focusing on Safety and Efficacy in Special Populations. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1045. [PMID: 37376434 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been widespread globally, and vaccination is critical for preventing further spread or resurgence of the outbreak. Inactivated vaccines made from whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus particles generated in Vero cells are currently the most widely used COVID-19 vaccines, with China being the largest producer of inactivated vaccines. As a result, the focus of this review is on inactivated vaccines, with a multidimensional analysis of the development process, platforms, safety, and efficacy in special populations. Overall, inactivated vaccines are a safe option, and we hope that the review will serve as a foundation for further development of COVID-19 vaccines, thus strengthening the defense against the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Jingmiao Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Danny Tan
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Zhongkai Cao
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Langping Gao
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Yuelin Guan
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Xiuwei Jia
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Jianhua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310030, China
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21
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Desai N, Hasan U, K J, Mani R, Chauhan M, Basu SM, Giri J. Biomaterial-based platforms for modulating immune components against cancer and cancer stem cells. Acta Biomater 2023; 161:1-36. [PMID: 36907233 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy involves the therapeutic alteration of the patient's immune system to identify, target, and eliminate cancer cells. Dendritic cells, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and regulatory T cells make up the tumor microenvironment. In cancer, these immune components (in association with some non-immune cell populations like cancer-associated fibroblasts) are directly altered at a cellular level. By dominating immune cells with molecular cross-talk, cancer cells can proliferate unchecked. Current clinical immunotherapy strategies are limited to conventional adoptive cell therapy or immune checkpoint blockade. Targeting and modulating key immune components presents an effective opportunity. Immunostimulatory drugs are a research hotspot, but their poor pharmacokinetics, low tumor accumulation, and non-specific systemic toxicity limit their use. This review describes the cutting-edge research undertaken in the field of nanotechnology and material science to develop biomaterials-based platforms as effective immunotherapeutics. Various biomaterial types (polymer-based, lipid-based, carbon-based, cell-derived, etc.) and functionalization methodologies for modulating tumor-associated immune/non-immune cells are explored. Additionally, emphasis has been laid on discussing how these platforms can be used against cancer stem cells, a fundamental contributor to chemoresistance, tumor relapse/metastasis, and failure of immunotherapy. Overall, this comprehensive review strives to provide up-to-date information to an audience working at the juncture of biomaterials and cancer immunotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cancer immunotherapy possesses incredible potential and has successfully transitioned into a clinically lucrative alternative to conventional anti-cancer therapies. With new immunotherapeutics getting rapid clinical approval, fundamental problems associated with the dynamic nature of the immune system (like limited clinical response rates and autoimmunity-related adverse effects) have remained unanswered. In this context, treatment approaches that focus on modulating the compromised immune components within the tumor microenvironment have garnered significant attention amongst the scientific community. This review aims to provide a critical discussion on how various biomaterials (polymer-based, lipid-based, carbon-based, cell-derived, etc.) can be employed along with immunostimulatory agents to design innovative platforms for selective immunotherapy directed against cancer and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimeet Desai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Uzma Hasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India; Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Jeyashree K
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Rajesh Mani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Meenakshi Chauhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Suparna Mercy Basu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Jyotsnendu Giri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India.
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Multiepitope Subunit Peptide-Based Nanovaccine against Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Elicited High Antibody Titers in Vaccinated Mice. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052248. [PMID: 36903494 PMCID: PMC10005372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection is one of the most serious threats to the swine industry. While the disease can be prevented, to some extent, by commercial PCV2a vaccines, the evolving nature of PCV2 necessitates the development of a novel vaccine that can compete with the mutations of the virus. Thus, we have developed novel multiepitope vaccines based on the PCV2b variant. Three PCV2b capsid protein epitopes, together with a universal T helper epitope, were synthesized and formulated with five delivery systems/adjuvants: complete Freund's adjuvant, poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA), poly(hydrophobic amino acid), liposomes and rod-shaped polymeric nanoparticles built from polystyrene-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-poly(N-dimethylacrylamide). Mice were subcutaneously immunized with the vaccine candidates three times at three-week intervals. All vaccinated mice produced high antibody titters after three immunizations as analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while mice vaccinated with PMA-adjuvanted vaccine elicited high antibody titers even after a single immunization. Thus, the multiepitope PCV2 vaccine candidates designed and examined here show strong potential for further development.
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23
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Nooraei S, Sarkar Lotfabadi A, Akbarzadehmoallemkolaei M, Rezaei N. Immunogenicity of Different Types of Adjuvants and Nano-Adjuvants in Veterinary Vaccines: A Comprehensive Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020453. [PMID: 36851331 PMCID: PMC9962389 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the best way to prevent and reduce the damage caused by infectious diseases in animals and humans. So, several vaccines are used for prophylactic purposes before the pathogen infects, while therapeutic vaccines strengthen the immune system after infection with the pathogen. Adjuvants are molecules, compounds, or macromolecules that enhance non-specific immunity and, in collaboration with antigen(s), can improve the body's immune responses and change the type of immune response. The potential and toxicity of adjuvants must be balanced to provide the safest stimulation with the fewest side effects. In order to overcome the limitations of adjuvants and the effective and controlled delivery of antigens, attention has been drawn to nano-carriers that can be a promising platform for better presenting and stimulating the immune system. Some studies show that nanoparticles have a more remarkable ability to act as adjuvants than microparticles. Because nano-adjuvants inactively target antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and change their chemical surface, nanoparticles also perform better in targeted antigen delivery because they cross biological barriers more easily. We collected and reviewed various types of nano-adjuvants with their specific roles in immunogenicity as a prominent strategy used in veterinary vaccines in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren Nooraei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 8818634141, Iran
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkar Lotfabadi
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Milad Akbarzadehmoallemkolaei
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Gharib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
- Correspondence:
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Zhang Y, Chen J, Shi L, Ma F. Polymeric nanoparticle-based nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:361-392. [PMID: 36541078 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01358d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines, which are designed to amplify tumor-specific T cell responses, have been envisioned as one of the most powerful tools for effective cancer immunotherapy. However, increasing the potency, quality and durability of the vaccine response remains a big challenge. In recent years, materials-based delivery systems focusing on the co-delivery of antigens and adjuvants to enhance cancer vaccination therapy have attracted increasing interest. Among various materials, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) with different physicochemical properties which can incorporate multiple immunological cues are of great interest. In this review, the recent progress in the design and construction of both ex vivo subunit and in situ cancer vaccines using polymeric NPs is summarized. Especially, we will focus on how these NPs improve the adjuvanticity of vaccines. The design principles of polymeric NPs for ex vivo subunit cancer vaccines and in situ cancer vaccination are also discussed. Finally, we want to briefly discuss molecular chaperones in cancer immunity and the applications of our unique self-assembly mixed shell polymeric micelle-based nanochaperones for cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China.
| | - Jiajing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China.
| | - Linqi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, P. R. China
| | - Feihe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China.
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25
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Janrao C, Khopade S, Bavaskar A, Gomte SS, Agnihotri TG, Jain A. Recent advances of polymer based nanosystems in cancer management. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2023:1-62. [PMID: 36542375 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2161780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Nanotechnology, particularly nanoparticle-based platforms, is at the leading edge of current cancer management research. Polymer-based nanosystems have piqued the interest of researchers owing to their many benefits over other conventional drug delivery systems. Polymers derived from both natural and synthetic sources have various biomedical applications due to unique qualities like porosity, mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Polymers such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) have been approved by the USFDA and are being researched for drug delivery applications. They have been reported to be potential carriers for drug loading and are used in theranostic applications. In this review, we have primarily focused on the aforementioned polymers and their conjugates. In addition, the therapeutic and diagnostic implications of polymer-based nanosystems have been briefly reviewed. Furthermore, the safety of the developed polymeric formulations is crucial, and we have discussed their biocompatibility in detail. This article also discusses recent developments in block co-polymer-based nanosystems for cancer treatment. The review ends with the challenges of clinical translation of polymer-based nanosystems in drug delivery for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Janrao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Shivani Khopade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Akshay Bavaskar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Shyam Sudhakar Gomte
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejas Girish Agnihotri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Aakanchha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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26
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Recent Advances in Cancer Vaccines: Challenges, Achievements, and Futuristic Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122011. [PMID: 36560420 PMCID: PMC9788126 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a chronic disease, and it can be lethal due to limited therapeutic options. The conventional treatment options for cancer have numerous challenges, such as a low blood circulation time as well as poor solubility of anticancer drugs. Therapeutic cancer vaccines emerged to try to improve anticancer drugs' efficiency and to deliver them to the target site. Cancer vaccines are considered a viable therapeutic technique for most solid tumors. Vaccines boost antitumor immunity by delivering tumor antigens, nucleic acids, entire cells, and peptides. Cancer vaccines are designed to induce long-term antitumor memory, causing tumor regression, eradicate minimal residual illness, and prevent non-specific or unpleasant effects. These vaccines can assist in the elimination of cancer cells from various organs or organ systems in the body, with minimal risk of tumor recurrence or metastasis. Vaccines and antigens for anticancer therapy are discussed in this review, including current vaccine adjuvants and mechanisms of action for various types of vaccines, such as DNA- or mRNA-based cancer vaccines. Potential applications of these vaccines focusing on their clinical use for better therapeutic efficacy are also discussed along with the latest research available in this field.
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Nayeri T, Sarvi S, Fasihi-Ramandi M, Valadan R, Asgarian-Omran H, Ajami A, Khalilian A, Hosseininejad Z, Dodangeh S, Javidnia J, Daryani A. Enhancement of immune responses by vaccine potential of three antigens, including ROP18, MIC4, and SAG1 against acute toxoplasmosis in mice. Exp Parasitol 2022; 244:108427. [PMID: 36379272 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) causes considerable financial losses in the livestock industry and can present serious threats to pregnant women, as well as immunocompromised patients. Therefore, it is required to design and produce an efficient vaccine for controlling toxoplasmosis. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective immunity induced by RMS protein (ROP18, MIC4, and SAG1) with Freund adjuvant, calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaPNs), and chitosan nanoparticles (CNs) in BALB/c mice. The RMS protein was expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and purified using a HisTrap HP column. Thereafter, cellular and humoral immunity was assessed by injecting RMS protein on days 0, 21, and 35 into four groups [RMS, RMS-chitosan nanoparticles (RMS-CNs), RMS-calcium phosphate nanoparticles (RMS-CaPNs), and RMS-Freund]. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), CNs, CaPNs, and Freund served as the four control groups. The results displayed that vaccination with RMS protein and adjuvants significantly elicited the levels of specific IgG antibodies and cytokines against toxoplasmosis. There were high levels of total IgG, IgG2a, and IFN-γ in vaccinated mice, compared to those in the control groups, especially in the RMS-Freund, indicating a Th-1 type response. The vaccinated and control mice were challenged intraperitoneally with 1 × 103 tachyzoites of the T. gondii RH strain four weeks after the last injection, and in RMS-Freund and RMS-CaPNs groups, the highest increase in survival time was observed (15 days). The RMS can significantly increase Th1 and Th2 responses; moreover, multi-epitope vaccines with adjuvants can be a promising strategy for the production of a vaccine against toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooran Nayeri
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fasihi-Ramandi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Valadan
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hossein Asgarian-Omran
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Ajami
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Khalilian
- Department of Biostatistics and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Zahra Hosseininejad
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Samira Dodangeh
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Javad Javidnia
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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28
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Fang X, Lan H, Jin K, Gong D, Qian J. Nanovaccines for Cancer Prevention and Immunotherapy: An Update Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3842. [PMID: 36010836 PMCID: PMC9405528 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has received more and more attention from cancer researchers over the past few decades. Various methods such as cell therapy, immune checkpoint blockers, and cancer vaccines alone or in combination therapies have achieved relatively satisfactory results in cancer therapy. Among these immunotherapy-based methods, cancer vaccines alone have not yet had the necessary efficacy in the clinic. Therefore, nanomaterials have increased the efficacy and ef-fectiveness of cancer vaccines by increasing their half-life and durability, promoting tumor mi-croenvironment (TME) reprogramming, and enhancing their anti-tumor immunity with minimal toxicity. In this review, according to the latest studies, the structure and different types of nanovaccines, the mechanisms of these vaccines in cancer treatment, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of these nanovaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingliang Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Huanrong Lan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hosptial, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Ketao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hosptial, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Daojun Gong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinchang People’s Hospital, Affiliated Xinchang Hosptial, Wenzhou Medical University, Xinchang 312500, China
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Goharshadi EK, Goharshadi K, Moghayedi M. The use of nanotechnology in the fight against viruses: A critical review. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Li M, Liang Z, Chen C, Yu G, Yao Z, Guo Y, Zhang L, Bao H, Fu D, Yang X, Wang H, Xue C, Sun B. Virus-Like Particle-Templated Silica-Adjuvanted Nanovaccines with Enhanced Humoral and Cellular Immunity. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10482-10495. [PMID: 35763693 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are self-assembled viral proteins that represent a superior form of antigens in vaccine formulations. To enhance immunogenicity, adjuvants, especially the aluminum salts (Alum), are essentially formulated in VLP vaccines. However, Alum only induce biased humoral immune responses that limits further applications of VLP-based vaccines. To stimulate more balanced immunity, we, herein, develop a one-step strategy of using VLPs as the biotemplates to synthesize raspberry-like silica-adjuvanted VLP@Silica nanovaccines. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) VLPs and human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV 18) VLPs are selected as model templates. Circular dichroism (CD) and affinity analyses demonstrate that HBsAg VLPs in the nanovaccines maintain their secondary structure and immunogenicity, respectively. VLP@Silica promote silica dissolution-induced lysosomal escape and cytosolic delivery of antigens, and enhance the secretion of both Th1 and Th2 type cytokines in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Additionally, they could improve antigen trafficking and mediate DC activation in draining lymph nodes (DLNs). Vaccination study demonstrate that both HBsAg VLP@Silica and HPV 18 VLP@Silica nanovaccines induce enhanced antigen-specific antibody productions and T-cell mediated adaptive immune responses. This design strategy can utilize VLPs derived from a diversity of viruses or their variants as templates to construct both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines with improved immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Zhihui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Ge Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Zhiying Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Yiyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Hang Bao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Duo Fu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Huiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
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31
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Liao Z, Huang J, Lo PC, Lovell JF, Jin H, Yang K. Self-adjuvanting cancer nanovaccines. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:345. [PMID: 35883176 PMCID: PMC9316869 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanovaccines, a new generation of vaccines that use nanoparticles as carriers and/or adjuvants, have been widely used in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, including cancer. Nanovaccines have sparked considerable interest in cancer therapy due to a variety of advantages, including improved access to lymph nodes (LN), optimal packing and presentation of antigens, and induction of a persistent anti-tumor immune response. As a delivery system for cancer vaccines, various types of nanoparticles have been designed to facilitate the delivery of antigens and adjuvants to lymphoid organs and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Particularly, some types of nanoparticles are able to confer an immune-enhancing capability and can themselves be utilized for adjuvant-like effect for vaccines, suggesting a direction for a better use of nanomaterials and the optimization of cancer vaccines. However, this role of nanoparticles in vaccines has not been well studied. To further elucidate the role of self-adjuvanting nanovaccines in cancer therapy, we review the mechanisms of antitumor vaccine adjuvants with respect to nanovaccines with self-adjuvanting properties, including enhancing cross-presentation, targeting signaling pathways, biomimicking of the natural invasion process of pathogens, and further unknown mechanisms. We surveyed self-adjuvanting cancer nanovaccines in clinical research and discussed their advantages and challenges. In this review, we classified self-adjuvanting cancer nanovaccines according to the underlying immunomodulatory mechanism, which may provide mechanistic insights into the design of nanovaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Liao
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jing Huang
- College of Biomedicine and Health and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pui-Chi Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Honglin Jin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,College of Biomedicine and Health and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Fan J, Jin S, Gilmartin L, Toth I, Hussein WM, Stephenson RJ. Advances in Infectious Disease Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1120. [PMID: 35891284 PMCID: PMC9316175 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most significant medical interventions in the fight against infectious diseases. Since their discovery by Edward Jenner in 1796, vaccines have reduced the worldwide transmission to eradication levels of infectious diseases, including smallpox, diphtheria, hepatitis, malaria, and influenza. However, the complexity of developing safe and effective vaccines remains a barrier for combating many more infectious diseases. Immune stimulants (or adjuvants) are an indispensable factor in vaccine development, especially for inactivated and subunit-based vaccines due to their decreased immunogenicity compared to whole pathogen vaccines. Adjuvants are widely diverse in structure; however, their overall function in vaccine constructs is the same: to enhance and/or prolong an immunological response. The potential for adverse effects as a result of adjuvant use, though, must be acknowledged and carefully managed. Understanding the specific mechanisms of adjuvant efficacy and safety is a key prerequisite for adjuvant use in vaccination. Therefore, rigorous pre-clinical and clinical research into adjuvant development is essential. Overall, the incorporation of adjuvants allows for greater opportunities in advancing vaccine development and the importance of immune stimulants drives the emergence of novel and more effective adjuvants. This article highlights recent advances in vaccine adjuvant development and provides detailed data from pre-clinical and clinical studies specific to infectious diseases. Future perspectives into vaccine adjuvant development are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Fan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
| | - Shengbin Jin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
| | - Lachlan Gilmartin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Waleed M. Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
| | - Rachel J. Stephenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.F.); (S.J.); (L.G.); (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
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Bi S, Li M, Liang Z, Li G, Yu G, Zhang J, Chen C, Yang C, Xue C, Zuo YY, Sun B. Self-assembled aluminum oxyhydroxide nanorices with superior suspension stability for vaccine adjuvant. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 627:238-246. [PMID: 35849857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The suspension stability of aluminum-based adjuvant (Alum) plays an important role in determining the Alum-antigen interaction and vaccine efficacy. Inclusion of excipients has been shown to stabilize antigens in vaccine formulations. However, there is no mechanistic study to tune the characteristics of Alum for improved suspension stability. Herein, a library of self-assembled rice-shaped aluminum oxyhydroxide nanoadjuvants i.e., nanorices (NRs), was synthesized through intrinsically controlled crystallization and atomic coupling-mediated aggregations. The NRs exhibited superior suspension stability in both water and a saline buffer. After adsorbing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) virus-like particles (VLPs), human papillomavirus virus (HPV) VLPs, or bovine serum albumin, NR-antigen complexes exhibited less sedimentation. Further mechanistic study demonstrated that the improved suspension stability was due to intraparticle aggregations that led to the reduction of the surface free energy. By using HBsAg in a murine vaccination model, NRs with higher aspect ratios elicited more potent humoral immune responses. Our study demonstrated that engineered control of particle aggregation provides a novel material design strategy to improve suspension stability for a diversity of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisheng Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Zhihui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Guangle Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States
| | - Ge Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Yi Y Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China.
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Engineering the hydroxyl content on aluminum oxyhydroxide nanorod for elucidating the antigen adsorption behavior. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:62. [PMID: 35739192 PMCID: PMC9226065 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the aluminum salt-based adjuvants and the antigen in the vaccine formulation is one of the determining factors affecting the immuno-potentiation effect of vaccines. However, it is not clear how the intrinsic properties of the adjuvants could affect this interaction, which limits to benefit the improvement of existing adjuvants and further formulation of new vaccines. Here, we engineered aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) nanorods and used a variety of antigens including hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA) to identify the key physicochemical properties of adjuvant that determine the antigen adsorption at the nano-bio interface between selected antigen and AlOOH nanorod adjuvant. By using various physicochemical and biophysical characterization methods, it was demonstrated that the surface hydroxyl contents of AlOOH nanorods affected the adsorptive strength of the antigen and their specific surface area determined the adsorptive capacity of the antigen. In addition, surface hydroxyl contents had an impact on the stability of the adsorbed antigen. By engineering the key intrinsic characteristics of aluminum-based adjuvants, the antigen adsorption behavior with the aluminum adjuvant could be regulated. This will facilitate the design of vaccine formulations to optimize the adsorption and stability of the antigen in vaccine.
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Yin W, Xuan D, Wang H, Zhou M, Deng B, Ma F, Lu Y, Zhang J. Biodegradable Imiquimod-Loaded Mesoporous Organosilica as a Nanocarrier and Adjuvant for Enhanced and Prolonged Immunity against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Mice. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3095-3106. [PMID: 35679606 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a serious, fast-spreading, and virulent disease, has led to huge economic losses to people all over the world. Vaccines are the most effective way to control FMD. However, the weak immunogenicity of inactivated FMD virus (FMDV) requires the addition of adjuvants to enhance the immune effectiveness of the vaccines. Herein, we formulated and fabricated biodegradable dendritic mesoporous tetrasulfide-doped organosilica nanoparticles SOMSN with imiquimod complex (SOMSN-IMQ) and used it as a platform for FMD vaccine delivery and as an adjuvant. SOMSN-IMQ demonstrated excellent stability for 6 months when stored in PBS, while it could be completely degraded within 42 days in SBF at room temperature. Biosafety experiments such as cell toxicity, hemolysis, and histology indicated that the as-prepared SOMSN-IMQ showed nontoxicity and good biocompatibility. Furthermore, SOMSN-IMQ exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 1000 μg/mg for inactivated FMDV antigens. Our results showed that SOMSN-IMQ can be effectively engulfed by RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. After immunization, SOMSN-IMQ@FMDV can elicit persistent higher antibody levels, higher IgG2a/IgG1 ratio, and cytokine expression, which indicated that SOMSN-IMQ@FMDV triggered superior humoral and cellular immune responses. Moreover, SOMSN-IMQ could provoke maturation and activation of dendritic cells in lymph nodes (LDCs) as well as the proliferation of lymphocytes in vivo. Thus, SOMSN-IMQ could promote effective and potent immunity and provide a promising adjuvant platform for FMDV vaccination with acceptable safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Yin
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Dechun Xuan
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China
| | - Mingxu Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China
| | - Bihua Deng
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China
| | - Fang Ma
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Jinqiu Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
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Mechanistic elucidation of freezing-induced surface decomposition of aluminum oxyhydroxide adjuvant. iScience 2022; 25:104456. [PMID: 35874920 PMCID: PMC9301878 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The freezing-induced aggregation of aluminum-based (Alum) adjuvants has been considered as the most important cause of reduced vaccine potency. However, the intrinsic properties that determine the functionality of Alum after freezing have not been elucidated. In this study, we used engineered aluminum oxyhydroxide nanoparticles (AlOOH NPs) and demonstrated that cryogenic freezing led to the mechanical pressure-mediated reduction of surface hydroxyl. The sugar-based surfactant, octyl glucoside (OG), was demonstrated to shield AlOOH NPs from the freezing-induced loss of hydroxyl content and the aggregation through the reduction of recrystallization-induced mechanical stress. As a result, the antigenic adsorption property of frozen AlOOH NPs could be effectively protected. When hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was adjuvanted with OG-protected frozen AlOOH NPs in mice, the loss of immunogenicity was inhibited. These findings provide insights into the freezing-induced surface decomposition of Alum and can be translated to design of protectants to improve the stability of vaccines. The freezing stress led to the destruction of surface hydroxyl group on AlOOH NPs Octyl glucoside protected AlOOH NPs from freezing-induced surface decomposition Octyl glucoside protected vaccines from freezing-induced loss of immunogenicity
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Danielsen M, Hempel C, Andresen TL, Urquhart AJ. Biopharmaceutical nanoclusters: Towards the self-delivery of protein and peptide therapeutics. J Control Release 2022; 347:282-307. [PMID: 35513210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein and peptide biopharmaceuticals have had a major impact on the treatment of a number of diseases. There is a growing interest in overcoming some of the challenges associated with biopharmaceuticals, such as rapid degradation in physiological fluid, using nanocarrier delivery systems. Biopharmaceutical nanoclusters (BNCs) where the therapeutic protein or peptide is clustered together to form the main constituent of the nanocarrier system have the potential to mimic the benefits of more established nanocarriers (e.g., liposomal and polymeric systems) whilst eliminating the issue of low drug loading and potential side effects from additives. These benefits would include enhanced stability, improved absorption, and increased biopharmaceutical activity. However, the successful development of BNCs is challenged by the physicochemical complexity of the protein and peptide constituents as well as the dynamics of clustering. Here, we present and discuss common methodologies for the synthesis of therapeutic protein and peptide nanoclusters, as well as review the current status of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Danielsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Casper Hempel
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrew J Urquhart
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Skwarczynski M. Editorial: Advances in Vaccine Delivery: Adjuvants, Carriers, Formulations, and Routes. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:857792. [PMID: 35222053 PMCID: PMC8864218 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.857792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Yu Y, Ding J, Zhou Y, Xiao H, Wu G. Biosafety chemistry and biosafety materials: A new perspective to solve biosafety problems. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022; 4:15-22. [PMID: 35013725 PMCID: PMC8730778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly swept around the globe since its emergence near 2020. However, people have failed to fully understand its origin or mutation. Defined as an international biosafety incident, COVID-19 has again encouraged worldwide attention to reconsider the importance of biosafety due to the adverse impact on personal well-being and social stability. Most countries have already taken measures to advocate progress in biosafety-relevant research, aiming to prevent and solve biosafety problems with more advanced techniques and products. Herein, we propose a new concept of biosafety chemistry and reiterate the notion of biosafety materials, which refer to the interdisciplinary integration of biosafety and chemistry or materials. We attempt to illustrate the exquisite association that chemistry and materials science possess with biosafety -science, and we hope to provide a pragmatic perspective on approaches to utilize the knowledge of these two subjects to handle specific biosafety issues, such as detection and disinfection of pathogenic microorganisms, personal protective equipment, vaccine adjuvants and specific drugs, etc.. In addition, we hope to promote multidisciplinary cooperation to strengthen biosafety research and facilitate the development of biosafety products to defend national security in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Eco-materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yunhao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guizhen Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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Kumai T, Yamaki H, Kono M, Hayashi R, Wakisaka R, Komatsuda H. Antitumor Peptide-Based Vaccine in the Limelight. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010070. [PMID: 35062731 PMCID: PMC8778374 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of the immune checkpoint blockade has provided a proof of concept that immune cells are capable of attacking tumors in the clinic. However, clinical benefit is only observed in less than 20% of the patients due to the non-specific activation of immune cells by the immune checkpoint blockade. Developing tumor-specific immune responses is a challenging task that can be achieved by targeting tumor antigens to generate tumor-specific T-cell responses. The recent advancements in peptide-based immunotherapy have encouraged clinicians and patients who are struggling with cancer that is otherwise non-treatable with current therapeutics. By selecting appropriate epitopes from tumor antigens with suitable adjuvants, peptides can elicit robust antitumor responses in both mice and humans. Although recent experimental data and clinical trials suggest the potency of tumor reduction by peptide-based vaccines, earlier clinical trials based on the inadequate hypothesis have misled that peptide vaccines are not efficient in eliminating tumor cells. In this review, we highlighted the recent evidence that supports the rationale of peptide-based antitumor vaccines. We also discussed the strategies to select the optimal epitope for vaccines and the mechanism of how adjuvants increase the efficacy of this promising approach to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kumai
- Department of Innovative Head & Neck Cancer Research and Treatment, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.); (R.H.); (R.W.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-166-68-2554; Fax: +81-166-68-2559
| | - Hidekiyo Yamaki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.); (R.H.); (R.W.); (H.K.)
| | - Michihisa Kono
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.); (R.H.); (R.W.); (H.K.)
| | - Ryusuke Hayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.); (R.H.); (R.W.); (H.K.)
| | - Risa Wakisaka
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.); (R.H.); (R.W.); (H.K.)
| | - Hiroki Komatsuda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.); (R.H.); (R.W.); (H.K.)
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Zhang L, Liang Z, Chen C, Yang X, Fu D, Bao H, Li M, Shi S, Yu G, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Zhang W, Xue C, Sun B. Engineered Hydroxyapatite Nanoadjuvants with Controlled Shape and Aspect Ratios Reveal Their Immunomodulatory Potentials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59662-59672. [PMID: 34894655 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been formulated as adjuvants in vaccines for human use. However, the optimal properties required for HAP nanoparticles to elicit adjuvanticity and the underlying immunopotentiation mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Herein, a library of HAP nanorods and nanospheres was synthesized to explore the effect of the particle shape and aspect ratio on the immune responses in vitro and adjuvanticity in vivo. It was demonstrated that long aspect ratio HAP nanorods induced a higher degree of cell membrane depolarization and subsequent uptake, and the internalized particles elicited cathepsin B release and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, which further led to pro-inflammatory responses. Furthermore, the physicochemical property-dependent immunostimulation capacities were correlated with their humoral responses in a murine hepatitis B surface antigen immunization model, with long aspect ratio HAP nanorods inducing higher antigen-specific antibody productions. Importantly, HAP nanorods significantly up-regulated the IFN-γ secretion and CD107α expression on CD8+ T cells in immunized mice. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that HAP nanorods with defined properties exerted immunomodulatory effects by enhanced antigen persistence and immune cell recruitments. Our study provides a rational design strategy for engineered nanomaterial-based vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Duo Fu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Hang Bao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Shuting Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ge Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Caiqiao Zhang
- NCPC Genetech Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050035, P. R. China
| | - Weiting Zhang
- NCPC Genetech Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050035, P. R. China
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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42
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Niculescu AG, Grumezescu AM. Polymer-Based Nanosystems-A Versatile Delivery Approach. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6812. [PMID: 34832213 PMCID: PMC8619478 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-based nanoparticles of tailored size, morphology, and surface properties have attracted increasing attention as carriers for drugs, biomolecules, and genes. By protecting the payload from degradation and maintaining sustained and controlled release of the drug, polymeric nanoparticles can reduce drug clearance, increase their cargo's stability and solubility, prolong its half-life, and ensure optimal concentration at the target site. The inherent immunomodulatory properties of specific polymer nanoparticles, coupled with their drug encapsulation ability, have raised particular interest in vaccine delivery. This paper aims to review current and emerging drug delivery applications of both branched and linear, natural, and synthetic polymer nanostructures, focusing on their role in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov no. 3, 50044 Bucharest, Romania
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Heterologous administration of HPV16 E7 epitope-loaded nanocomplexes inhibits tumor growth in mouse model. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108298. [PMID: 34739928 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The nanostructured complexes can result in enhanced vaccine efficacy by facilitating the distribution and uptake of antigens by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), thereby stimulating immune responses. Here, we hypothesized that either directly coating of nanoadjuvants including aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) and adenovirus (Ad) with a modified HPV16 E7 MHC-I specific epitope, RAHYNIVTF49-57, or mixing the CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) with the cationic epitope to form nanocomlexes, and their combinational therapy would enhance their anti-tumor effects in a TC-1 mouse model. The positively-charged HPV16 E7 epitope was attracted to the oppositely-charged adjuvants by electrostatic interaction to generate epitope/adjuvant nanocomplexes. We showed that coating the nanosized adjuvants with the cationic epitope increased the particles' surface charge without significant change in their size. We then tested the cellular immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy of nanocomplexes by measuring IL-10 and IFN-γ production, the expression of CD107a as a marker of CTL response, and tumor growth inhibition. The nanocomplexes were administered either in homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimens, and heterologous immunizations including Ad/Pep-CpG/Pep, CpG/Pep-Ad/Pep, Ad/Pep-Alum/Pep, and Alum/Pep-Ad/Pep induced significantly higher levels of IL-10, IFN-γ, and CD107a-expressing CD8 T cells compared with homologous administrations. Furthermore, the tumor growth was significantly suppressed in mice receiving nanostructured complexes in the heterologous immunizations. Our study highlights the potential of the heterologous prime-boost administration of the epitope-coated nanostructures as an effective immunization strategy.
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Kim E, Lim EK, Park G, Park C, Lim JW, Lee H, Na W, Yeom M, Kim J, Song D, Haam S. Advanced Nanomaterials for Preparedness Against (Re-)Emerging Viral Diseases. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005927. [PMID: 33586180 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
While the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) accounts for the current global pandemic, the emergence of other unknown pathogens, named "Disease X," remains a serious concern in the future. Emerging or re-emerging pathogens continue to pose significant challenges to global public health. In response, the scientific community has been urged to create advanced platform technologies to meet the ever-increasing needs presented by these devastating diseases with pandemic potential. This review aims to bring new insights to allow for the application of advanced nanomaterials in future diagnostics, vaccines, and antiviral therapies, thereby addressing the challenges associated with the current preparedness strategies in clinical settings against viruses. The application of nanomaterials has advanced medicine and provided cutting-edge solutions for unmet needs. Herein, an overview of the currently available nanotechnologies is presented, highlighting the significant features that enable them to control infectious diseases, and identifying the challenges that remain to be addressed for the commercial production of nano-based products is presented. Finally, to conclude, the development of a nanomaterial-based system using a "One Health" approach is suggested. This strategy would require a transdisciplinary collaboration and communication between all stakeholders throughout the entire process spanning across research and development, as well as the preclinical, clinical, and manufacturing phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Lim
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, UST, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunseon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaewon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonsung Na
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjoo Haam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Anik MI, Mahmud N, Al Masud A, Hasan M. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in biomedical and clinical applications: A review. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muzahidul I. Anik
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Rhode Island South Kingstown Rhode Island USA
| | - Niaz Mahmud
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Military Institute of Science and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Masud
- Department of Chemical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Maruf Hasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Military Institute of Science and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh
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46
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Jacob S, Nair AB, Boddu SHS, Gorain B, Sreeharsha N, Shah J. An Updated Overview of the Emerging Role of Patch and Film-Based Buccal Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1206. [PMID: 34452167 PMCID: PMC8399227 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Buccal mucosal membrane offers an attractive drug-delivery route to enhance both systemic and local therapy. This review discusses the benefits and drawbacks of buccal drug delivery, anatomical and physiological aspects of oral mucosa, and various in vitro techniques frequently used for examining buccal drug-delivery systems. The role of mucoadhesive polymers, penetration enhancers, and enzyme inhibitors to circumvent the formulation challenges particularly due to salivary renovation cycle, masticatory effect, and limited absorption area are summarized. Biocompatible mucoadhesive films and patches are favored dosage forms for buccal administration because of flexibility, comfort, lightness, acceptability, capacity to withstand mechanical stress, and customized size. Preparation methods, scale-up process and manufacturing of buccal films are briefed. Ongoing and completed clinical trials of buccal film formulations designed for systemic delivery are tabulated. Polymeric or lipid nanocarriers incorporated in buccal film to resolve potential formulation and drug-delivery issues are reviewed. Vaccine-enabled buccal films have the potential ability to produce both antibodies mediated and cell mediated immunity. Advent of novel 3D printing technologies with built-in flexibility would allow multiple drug combinations as well as compartmentalization to separate incompatible drugs. Exploring new functional excipients with potential capacity for permeation enhancement of particularly large-molecular-weight hydrophilic drugs and unstable proteins, oligonucleotides are the need of the hour for rapid advancement in the exciting field of buccal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shery Jacob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anroop B. Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.B.N.); (N.S.)
| | - Sai H. S. Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Centre for Drug Delivery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.B.N.); (N.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bangalore 560035, India
| | - Jigar Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India;
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Zeng C, Hou X, Bohmer M, Dong Y. Advances of nanomaterials-based strategies for fighting against COVID-19. VIEW 2021; 2:20200180. [PMID: 34766161 PMCID: PMC8242561 DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected over 100 million people globally due to its high infectivity. After decades of efforts on the studies of nanomaterials, researchers have applied nanomaterials-based strategies to combat the pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). First, nanomaterials facilitate the development of easy, fast, and low-cost diagnostic assays to detect SARS-CoV-2 and related biomarkers. Second, nanomaterials enable the efficient delivery of viral antigens to antigen-presenting cells or serve as adjuvants in the host, leading to vaccine development at an unprecedented pace. Lastly, nanomaterials-based treatments may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication and reduce inflammation. Overall, nanomaterials have played important roles in controlling this COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we provide a brief overview of the representative examples of nanomaterials-based diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxi Zeng
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Xucheng Hou
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | | | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Department Biomedical EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- The Center for Clinical and Translational ScienceThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- The Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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Liang Z, Yang Y, Yu G, Zhu H, Xia X, Chen C, Fu D, Li M, Cheng G, Xue C, Shi L, Zeng H, Sun B. Engineering aluminum hydroxyphosphate nanoparticles with well-controlled surface property to enhance humoral immune responses as vaccine adjuvants. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120960. [PMID: 34147722 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum phosphate adjuvants play a critical role in human inactivated and subunit prophylactic vaccines. However, a major challenge is that the underlying mechanism of immune stimulation remains poorly understood, which impedes the further optimal design and application of more effective adjuvants in vaccine formulations. To address this, a library of amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate nanoparticles (AAHPs) is engineered with defined surface properties to explore the specific mechanism of adjuvanticity at the nano-bio interface. The results demonstrate that AAHPs could induce cell membrane perturbation and downstream inflammatory responses, with positively-charged particles showing the most significantly enhanced immunostimulation potentials compared to the neutral or negatively-charged particles. In a vaccine using Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) recombinant protein as antigens, the positively-charged particles elicit long-lasting and enhanced humoral immunity, and provide protection in S. aureus sepsis mice models. In addition, when formulated with human papillomavirus type 18 virus-like particles, it is demonstrated that particles with positive charges outperform in promoting serum antigen-specific antibody productions. This study shows that engineering AAHPs with well-controlled physicochemical properties enable the establishment of a structure-activity relationship that is critical to instruct the design of suitable engineered nanomaterial-based adjuvants within vaccine formulations for the benefits of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Yun Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Ge Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Haoru Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Duo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, United States
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Li Shi
- Immune Path Biotechnology (Su Zhou) Co., Ltd., Building A, 8 Chang Ting Road, DaXin Industry Park, 215151, Su Zhou, Jiang Su, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China.
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China.
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49
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Jiang J. Cell-penetrating Peptide-mediated Nanovaccine Delivery. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:896-912. [PMID: 33538670 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210203193225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination with small antigens, such as proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids, is used to activate the immune system and trigger the protective immune responses against a pathogen. Currently, nanovaccines are undergoing development instead of conventional vaccines. The size of nanovaccines is in the range of 10-500 nm, which enables them to be readily taken up by cells and exhibit improved safety profiles. However, low-level immune responses, as the removal of redundant pathogens, trigger counter-effective activation of the immune system invalidly and present a challenging obstacle to antigen recognition and its uptake via antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In addition, toxicity can be substantial. To overcome these problems, a variety of cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-mediated vaccine delivery systems based on nanotechnology have been proposed, most of which are designed to improve the stability of antigens in vivo and their delivery into immune cells. CPPs are particularly attractive components of antigen delivery. Thus, the unique translocation property of CPPs ensures that they remain an attractive carrier with the capacity to deliver cargo in an efficient manner for the application of drugs, gene transfer, protein, and DNA/RNA vaccination delivery. CPP-mediated nanovaccines can enhance antigen uptake, processing, and presentation by APCs, which are the fundamental steps in initiating an immune response. This review describes the different types of CPP-based nanovaccines delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Jiang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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50
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Guo Z, Kubiatowicz LJ, Fang RH, Zhang L. Nanotoxoids: Biomimetic Nanoparticle Vaccines against Infections. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Guo
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Luke J. Kubiatowicz
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Ronnie H. Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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