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Hipper E, Diederichs T, Kaiser W, Lehmann F, Buske J, Hinderberger D, Garidel P. Visible light triggers the formation of reactive oxygen species in monoclonal antibody formulations. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124392. [PMID: 38942184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Most monoclonal antibody formulations require the presence of a surfactant, such as polysorbate, to ensure protein stability. The presence of high concentrations of polysorbate have been shown to enhance photooxidation of certain protein drug products when exposed to visible light. The current literature, however, suggest that photooxidation of polysorbate only occurs when exposed to visible light in combination with UVA light. This is probable as peroxides present in polysorbate solutions can be cleaved homolytically in the UVA region. In the visible region, photooxidation is not expected to occur as cleavage of peroxides is not expected at these wavelengths. This report presents findings suggesting that the presence of one or more photosensitiser(s) in polysorbate must be a cause and is required to catalyse the aerobic oxidation of polysorbate solutions upon exposure to visible light. Our investigation aimed to clarify the mechanism(s) of polysorbate photooxidation and explore the kinetics and the identity of the generated radicals and their impact on monoclonal antibody (mAb) degradation. Our study reveals that when polysorbate solutions are exposed to visible light between 400 - 800 nm in the absence of proteins, discolouration, radical formation, and oxygen depletion occur. We discuss the initial formation of reactive species, most likely occurring directly after reaction of molecular oxygen, with the presence of a triplet state photosensitiser, which is generated by intersystem crossing of the excited singlet state. When comparing the photooxidation of PS20 and PS80 in varying quality grades, we propose that singlet oxygen possesses potential for reacting with unsaturated fatty acids in PS80HP, however, PS20HP itself exhibited no measurable oxidation under the tested conditions. The study's final part delves into the photooxidation behaviour of different PS grades, examining its influence on the integrity of a mAb in the formulation. Finally, we examined the effect of photooxidation on the integrity of monoclonal antibodies. Our findings show that the exposure to visible light in polysorbate-containing mAb solutions at high PS concentrations of 4 mg·ml-1 results in increased monoclonal antibody degradation, highlighting the need for cautious evaluation of the correct PS concentration to stabilise protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hipper
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Tim Diederichs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Florian Lehmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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2
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Nakayama T, Uno B. Concerted Two-Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer from Piceatannol to Electrogenerated Superoxide in N, N-Dimethylformamide. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24889-24898. [PMID: 38882073 PMCID: PMC11171091 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of 4-[(E)-2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]benzene-1,2-diol (piceatannol) toward electrochemically generated superoxide radical anion (O2 •-) was investigated using electrochemistry and in situ controlled-potential electrolytic electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements in N,N-dimethylformamide with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The quasireversible cyclic voltammogram of dioxygen/O2 •-, modified in the presence of piceatannol, indicated that the electrogenerated O2 •- was scavenged by piceatannol via proton-coupled electron transfer. Differences in the reactivities of piceatannol and 5-[(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethen-1-yl]benzene-1,3-diol (trans-resveratrol) toward O2 •-, originating from the presence of the benzene-1,2-diol (catechol) moiety, were observed in the voltammograms and ESR measurements. The electrochemical and computational results show that the reaction mechanism is a concerted two-proton-coupled electron transfer (2PCET) via the catechol moiety of piceatannol. The stilbene moiety of piceatannol kinetically promotes 2PCET via its catechol moiety. These findings indicate that piceatannol is a better O2 •- scavenger than catechol and trans-resveratrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Nakayama
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Bunji Uno
- Gifu University of Medical Science, 4-3-3 Nijigaoka, Kani, Gifu 509-0923, Japan
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3
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Wang Y, Fu R, Li X, Zhao W, Liu M, Li Y. Potential thyroid hormone disorder risks of tire antioxidants to aquatic food chain organisms after absorbing free radicals in marine and freshwater environments. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 260:106587. [PMID: 37236119 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tire antioxidants are essential functional chemical additives in tire rubber production. Because of the characteristic easy precipitation in the water environment, the environmental pollution problem caused by tire antioxidants is concerning. To reveal the mechanism by which tire antioxidants reduce common oxidative factors (free radicals) in the environment and to control the potential biological thyroid hormone disorder risk of tire antioxidant derivatives, eight commonly used antioxidants in tire production were selected for analysis. Firstly, the ability of tire antioxidants to reduce three different free radicals was quantitatively characterized based on Gaussian calculation method and inferring the radical reduction mechanism of tire antioxidants. Moreover, using the PaDEL-Descriptor software and random forest algorithm found that the N-octanol/water partition coefficient, a structure descriptor of tire antioxidant molecules, significantly correlated with their reducing ability. Second, molecular docking and molecular dynamics methods were used to assess the thyroid hormone disorder risk to aquatic organisms of eight antioxidants after reducing three free radicals. And this is the first study to construct an assessment score list of potential thyroid hormone disorder risk of the derivatives of tire antioxidants after reducing free radicals to marine and freshwater aquatic organisms based on the risk entropy method. Through the screening of this list, it was found that the derivative of the antioxidant 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline oxidized by free radicals had the highest risk of thyroid hormone disorder. In addition, the top organism in the aquatic food chain was the most affected. This study also revealed that van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding were the main influencing factors of thyroid hormone disorder risk to aquatic organisms of the derivatives of tire antioxidants that reduce free radicals based on amino acid residue analysis. Overall, the results provide theoretical support for the selection of antioxidants and the avoidance and control of environmental risks in the tire rubber production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; College of Applied Chemistry and Materials, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519041, China
| | - Rui Fu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xinao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenjin Zhao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Miao Liu
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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4
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Liu Y, Li X, Pu Q, Fu R, Wang Z, Li Y, Li X. Innovative screening for functional improved aromatic amine derivatives: Toxicokinetics, free radical oxidation pathway and carcinogenic adverse outcome pathway. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131541. [PMID: 37146326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amines, one of the most widely used low-cost antioxidants in rubbers, have been regarded as pollutants with human health concerns. To overcome this problem, this study developed a systematic molecular design, screening, and performance evaluation method to design functionally improved, environmentally friendly and synthesizable aromatic amine alternatives for the first time. Nine of 33 designed aromatic amine derivatives have improved antioxidant property (lower bond dissociation energy of N-H), and their environmental and bladder carcinogenicity impacts were evaluated through toxicokinetic model and molecular dynamics simulation. The environmental fate of the designed AAs-11-8, AAs-11-16, and AAs-12-2 after antioxidation (i.e., peroxyl radicals (ROO·), hydroxyl radicals (HO·), superoxide anion radicals (O2·-) and ozonation reaction) was also analyzed. Results showed that the by-products of AAs-11-8 and AAs-12-2 have less toxicity after antioxidation. In addition, human bladder carcinogenicity of the screened alternatives was also evaluated through adverse outcome pathway. The carcinogenic mechanisms were analyzed and verified through amino acid residue distribution characteristics, 3D-QSAR and 2D-QSAR models. AAs-12-2, with high antioxidation property, low environmental impacts and carcinogenicity, was screened as the optimum alternative for 3,5-Dimethylbenzenamine. This study provided theoretical support for designing environmentally friendly and functionally improved aromatic amine alternatives from toxicity evaluation and mechanism analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xinao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qikun Pu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Rui Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhonghe Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
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5
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Brudzynski K. Unexpected Value of Honey Color for Prediction of a Non-Enzymatic H 2O 2 Production and Honey Antibacterial Activity: A Perspective. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040526. [PMID: 37110183 PMCID: PMC10141347 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is the principal antibacterial compound of honey and its concentration determines honey bacteriostatic (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) potencies. Levels of H2O2 produced are highly relevant to honey therapeutic potential, but they vary extensively among honey with reasons not immediately apparent. According to a traditional view, H2O2 is produced as a by-product of glucose oxidation by the honey bee enzyme, glucose oxidase; however, significant levels of H2O2 could be produced in a non-enzymatic way via polyphenol autooxidation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential for such an alternative pathway by re-examining evidence from many experimental and correlative studies in order to identify factors and compounds required for pro-oxidant activity. Unexpectedly, the color intensity was found to be the main indicator separating honey varieties based on the quantitative differences in the polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity and the content of transition metals, Fe, Cu and Mn, the main factors required for pro-oxidant effects. The color-impeding polyphenolics and their oxidation products (semiquinones and quinones) further contributed to color development through multiple chemical conjugations with proteins, phenolic oxidative polymerization, chelation or the reduction of metal ions. Moreover, quinones, as an intrinsic part of polyphenol redox activity, play an active role in the formation of higher-order structures, melanoidins and colloids in honey. The latter structures are also known to chelate metal ions, potentially contributing to H2O2 production. Thus, the color intensity appears as a major parameter that integrates polyphenol-dependent pro-oxidant reactions resulting in H2O2 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Brudzynski
- Department of Drug Discovery, Bee-Biomedicals Inc., St. Catharines, ON L2T 3T4, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Formerly, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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6
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Nakayama T, Uno B. Reactivity of trans-Resveratrol toward Electrogenerated Superoxide in N, N-Dimethylformamide. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:4382-4393. [PMID: 36852964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of 5-[(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethen-1-yl]benzene-1,3-diol (trans-resveratrol) and related compounds toward electrogenerated superoxide radical anion (O2•-) were investigated using electrochemistry, in situ electrolytic electron spin resonance, and in situ electrolytic ultraviolet-visible spectral measurements, in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The quasi-reversible cyclic voltammogram of dioxygen/O2•- was modified by the presence of trans-resveratrol, suggesting that the electrogenerated O2•- was scavenged by trans-resveratrol through proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) via three phenolic hydroxy groups (OH) on the stilbene moiety. The reactivity of trans-resveratrol toward O2•- characterized by the OHs was experimentally confirmed in comparative analyses using some related compounds, pinosylvin, pterostilbene, p-coumaric acid, and so on, in DMF. The electrochemical and DFT results suggested that a concerted PCET mechanism via 4'OH of trans-resveratrol proceeds, where the coplanarity of the two phenolic rings in the stilbene moiety linked by an ethylene bridge is essential for a successful O2•- scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Nakayama
- Department of Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Bunji Uno
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gifu University of Medical Science, 4-3-3 Nijigaoka, Kani, Gifu 509-0923, Japan
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7
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Cardona‐Galeano W, Yepes AF, Quintero‐Saumeth J, Robledo SM, Alzate F, Rojano B. A Biologically Active Chromone from
Bomarea setacea
(
alstroemeriaceae
): Leishmanicidal, Antioxidant and Multilevel Computational Studies. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Cardona‐Galeano
- Chemistry of Colombian Plants, Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences University of Antioquia-UdeA Calle 70 No. 52-21 A.A 1226 Medellín Colombia
| | - Andres F. Yepes
- Chemistry of Colombian Plants, Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences University of Antioquia-UdeA Calle 70 No. 52-21 A.A 1226 Medellín Colombia
| | - Jorge Quintero‐Saumeth
- Chemistry of Colombian Plants, Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences University of Antioquia-UdeA Calle 70 No. 52-21 A.A 1226 Medellín Colombia
| | - Sara M. Robledo
- PECET-Medical Research Institute Faculty of Medicine University of Antioquia-UdeA Calle 70 No. 52-21 A.A 1226 Medellín Colombia
| | - Fernando Alzate
- Group of Botanical Studies Institute of Biology Natural and Exact Sciencies Faculty University of Antioquia-UdeA Calle 70 No. 52-21 A.A 1226 Medellín Colombia
| | - Benjamín Rojano
- School of Chemistry Faculty of Science National University of Colombia, Sede Medellín Calle 59 A Número 63-20 A.A 0534 Medellín Colombia
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8
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Nakayama T, Uno B. Reactivities of 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-dihydroxynaphthalenes toward electrogenerated superoxide in N,N-dimethylformamide through proton-coupled electron transfer. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Reactivities of Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives Involving Caffeic Acid toward Electrogenerated Superoxide in N,N-Dimethylformamide. ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electrochem3030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivity of (2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid (caffeic acid), classified as a hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) derivative, toward electrogenerated superoxide radical anion (O2•−) was investigated through cyclic voltammetry, in situ electrolytic electron spin resonance spectrometry, and in situ electrolytic ultraviolet–visible spectrometry in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), aided by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The quasi-reversible redox of dioxygen/O2•− is modified in the presence of caffeic acid, suggesting that O2•− is scavenged by caffeic acid through proton-coupled electron transfer. The reactivities of caffeic acid toward O2•− are mediated by the ortho-diphenol (catechol) moiety rather than by the acryloyl group, as experimentally confirmed in comparative analyses with other HCAs. The electrochemical and DFT results in DMF suggested that a concerted two-proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism proceeds via the catechol moiety. This mechanism embodies the superior kinetics of O2•− scavenging by caffeic acid.
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10
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Electrochemical and Mechanistic Study of Superoxide Scavenging by Pyrogallol in N,N-Dimethylformamide through Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electrochem3010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenging of electrogenerated superoxide radical anion (O2•−) by pyrogallol (PyH3) was investigated on the basis of cyclic voltammetry and in situ electrolytic electron spin resonance spectrum in N,N-dimethylformamide with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Quasi-reversible dioxygen/O2•− redox couple was modified by the presence of PyH3, suggesting that O2•− was scavenged by PyH3 through proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) involving two proton transfer and one electron transfer. DFT calculation suggested that the pre-reactive formation of a hydrogen-bond (HB) complex and the subsequent concerted two-proton-coupled electron transfer characterized by catechol moiety in PyH3 is plausible mechanism that embodies the superior kinetics of the O2•− scavenging by PyH3 as shown in the electrochemical results. Furthermore, it was clarified that the three hydroxyl groups of PyH3 promote the formation of HB complex, in comparative analyses using related compounds, resulting in the promotion of the O2•− scavenging.
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11
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Hipper E, Blech M, Hinderberger D, Garidel P, Kaiser W. Photo-Oxidation of Therapeutic Protein Formulations: From Radical Formation to Analytical Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:72. [PMID: 35056968 PMCID: PMC8779573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UV and ambient light-induced modifications and related degradation of therapeutic proteins are observed during manufacturing and storage. Therefore, to ensure product quality, protein formulations need to be analyzed with respect to photo-degradation processes and eventually protected from light exposure. This task usually demands the application and combination of various analytical methods. This review addresses analytical aspects of investigating photo-oxidation products and related mediators such as reactive oxygen species generated via UV and ambient light with well-established and novel techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hipper
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
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12
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Electrochemical and Mechanistic Study of Reactivities of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-Tocopherol toward Electrogenerated Superoxide in N, N-Dimethylformamide through Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010009. [PMID: 35052513 PMCID: PMC8773314 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenging of superoxide radical anion (O2•−) by tocopherols (TOH) and related compounds was investigated on the basis of cyclic voltammetry and in situ electrolytic electron spin resonance spectrum in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Quasi-reversible dioxygen/O2•− redox was modified by the presence of TOH, suggesting that the electrogenerated O2•− was scavenged by α-, β-, γ-TOH through proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), but not by δ-TOH. The reactivities of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-TOH toward O2•− characterized by the methyl group on the 6-chromanol ring was experimentally confirmed, where the methyl group promotes the PCET mechanism. Furthermore, comparative analyses using some related compounds suggested that the para-oxygen-atom in the 6-chromanol ring is required for a successful electron transfer (ET) to O2•− through the PCET. The electrochemical and DFT results in dehydrated DMF suggested that the PCET mechanism involves the preceding proton transfer (PT) forming a hydroperoxyl radical, followed by a PCET (intermolecular ET–PT). The O2•− scavenging by TOH proceeds efficiently along the PCET mechanism involving one ET and two PTs.
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13
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Nakayama T, Honda R. Electrochemical and Mechanistic Study of Oxidative Degradation of Favipiravir by Electrogenerated Superoxide through Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:21730-21740. [PMID: 34471775 PMCID: PMC8388100 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical analyses aided by density functional theory calculations were used to investigate the oxidative degradation of pyrazine antiviral drugs, 3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide (T-1105) and 6-fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide (favipiravir, T-705), by the electrogenerated superoxide radical anion (O2 •-). T-1105 and T-705 are antiviral RNA nucleobase analogues that selectively inhibit the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. They are expected as a drug candidate against various viral infections, including COVID-19. The pyrazine moiety was decomposed by O2 •- through proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET). Our results show that its active form, pyrazine-ribofuranosyl-5'-triphosphate, is easily oxidized under inflamed organs by overproduced O2 •- through the PCET mechanism in the immune system. This mechanistic study implies that the oxidative degradation of pyrazine derivatives will be prevented by controlling the PCET through simple modification of the pyrazine structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Nakayama
- Gifu
Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Ryo Honda
- United
Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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14
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Antioxidant product analysis of Folium Hibisci Mutabilis. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Thermochemical behavior of sorghum procyanidin trimers with C4–C8 and C4–C6 interflavan bonds in the reaction with superoxide anion radical and H2O2-forming NADH-oxidase flavoenzyme. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Gualdrón-Reyes AF, Rodríguez-Pereira J, Amado-González E, Rueda-P J, Ospina R, Masi S, Yoon SJ, Tirado J, Jaramillo F, Agouram S, Muñoz-Sanjosé V, Giménez S, Mora-Seró I. Unravelling the Photocatalytic Behavior of All-Inorganic Mixed Halide Perovskites: The Role of Surface Chemical States. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:914-924. [PMID: 31805231 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Within the most mesmerizing materials in the world of optoelectronics, mixed halide perovskites (MHPs) have been distinguished because of the tunability of their optoelectronic properties, balancing both the light-harvesting efficiency and the charge extraction into highly efficient solar devices. This feature has drawn the attention of analogous hot topics as photocatalysis for carrying out more efficiently the degradation of organic compounds. However, the photo-oxidation ability of perovskite depends not only on its excellent light-harvesting properties but also on the surface chemical environment provided during its synthesis. Accordingly, we studied the role of surface chemical states of MHP-based nanocrystals (NCs) synthesized by hot-injection (H-I) and anion-exchange (A-E) approaches on their photocatalytic (PC) activity for the oxidation of β-naphthol as a model system. We concluded that iodide vacancies are the main surface chemical states that facilitate the formation of superoxide ions, O2●-, which are responsible for the PC activity in A-E-MHP. Conversely, the PC performance of H-I-MHP is related to the appropriate balance between band gap and a highly oxidizing valence band. This work offers new insights on the surface properties of MHP related to their catalytic activity in photochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés F Gualdrón-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Biocombustibles Lab-IBEAR, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad de Pamplona , Pamplona , Norte de Santander 543050 , Colombia
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) , Universitat Jaume I (UJI) , Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n , 12071 Castellón de la Plana , Spain
| | - Jhonatan Rodríguez-Pereira
- Centro de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica en Materiales y Nanociencias (CMN) , Universidad Industrial de Santander , Piedecuesta , Santander 681011 , Colombia
| | - Eliseo Amado-González
- Laboratorio de Biocombustibles Lab-IBEAR, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad de Pamplona , Pamplona , Norte de Santander 543050 , Colombia
| | - Jorge Rueda-P
- Grupo de Óptica Moderna, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad de Pamplona , Pamplona, Pamplona , Norte de Santander 543050 , Colombia
| | - Rogelio Ospina
- Centro de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica en Materiales y Nanociencias (CMN) , Universidad Industrial de Santander , Piedecuesta , Santander 681011 , Colombia
| | - Sofia Masi
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) , Universitat Jaume I (UJI) , Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n , 12071 Castellón de la Plana , Spain
| | - Seog Joon Yoon
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) , Universitat Jaume I (UJI) , Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n , 12071 Castellón de la Plana , Spain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science , Yeungnam University , 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan , Gyeongbuk 38541 , Republic of Korea
| | - Juan Tirado
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo de Materiales CIDEMAT , Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Calle 70 No. 52-21 , Medellín 1226 , Colombia
| | - Franklin Jaramillo
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo de Materiales CIDEMAT , Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Calle 70 No. 52-21 , Medellín 1226 , Colombia
| | - Said Agouram
- Department of Applied Physics and Electromagnetism , University of Valencia (UV) , 46100 Valencia , Spain
- Materials for Renewable Energy (MAER) , Unitat Mixta d'Investigació UV-UJI , 46010 Valencia , Spain
| | - Vicente Muñoz-Sanjosé
- Department of Applied Physics and Electromagnetism , University of Valencia (UV) , 46100 Valencia , Spain
- Materials for Renewable Energy (MAER) , Unitat Mixta d'Investigació UV-UJI , 46010 Valencia , Spain
| | - Sixto Giménez
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) , Universitat Jaume I (UJI) , Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n , 12071 Castellón de la Plana , Spain
- Materials for Renewable Energy (MAER) , Unitat Mixta d'Investigació UV-UJI , 46010 Valencia , Spain
| | - Iván Mora-Seró
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) , Universitat Jaume I (UJI) , Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n , 12071 Castellón de la Plana , Spain
- Materials for Renewable Energy (MAER) , Unitat Mixta d'Investigació UV-UJI , 46010 Valencia , Spain
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Ouyang X, Li X, Liu J, Liu Y, Xie Y, Du Z, Xie H, Chen B, Lu W, Chen D. Structure–activity relationship and mechanism of four monostilbenes with respect to ferroptosis inhibition. RSC Adv 2020; 10:31171-31179. [PMID: 35520676 PMCID: PMC9056428 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04896h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Erastin-treated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs) were prepared and used to compare the ferroptosis inhibitory bioactivities of four monostilbenes, including rhapontigenin (1a), isorhapontigenin (1b), piceatannol-3′-O-glucoside (1c), and rhapontin (1d). Their relative levels were 1c ≈ 1b > 1a ≈ 1d in 4,4-difluoro-5-(4-phenyl-1,3-butadienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-undecanoic acid (C11-BODIPY), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and flow cytometric assays. The comparison highlighted two 4′-OH-containing monostilbenes (1c and 1b) in ferroptosis inhibitory bioactivity. Similar structure–activity relationships were also observed in antioxidant assays, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazl radical (DPPH˙)-trapping, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide radical (PTIO˙)-trapping, and Fe3+-reducing assays. UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS analysis of the DPPH˙-trapping reaction of the monostilbenes revealed that they can inhibit ferroptosis in erastin-treated bmMSCs through a hydrogen donation-based antioxidant pathway. After hydrogen donation, these monostilbenes usually produce the corresponding stable dimers; additionally, the hydrogen donation potential was enhanced by the 4′-OH. The enhancement by 4′-OH can be attributed to the transannular resonance effect. This effect can be used to predict the inhibition potential of other π–π conjugative phenolics. Erastin-treated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs) were prepared and used to compare the ferroptosis inhibitory bioactivities of four monostilbenes, including rhapontigenin (1a), isorhapontigenin (1b), piceatannol-3′-O-glucoside (1c), and rhapontin (1d).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Ouyang
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Xican Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine
| | - Yangping Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine
| | - Yulu Xie
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Zhongcun Du
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Hong Xie
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Ban Chen
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Wenbiao Lu
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine
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Milovanović B, Ilić J, Stanković IM, Popara M, Petković M, Etinski M. A simulation of free radicals induced oxidation of dopamine in aqueous solution. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Comparative Analysis of Radical Adduct Formation (RAF) Products and Antioxidant Pathways between Myricetin-3- O-Galactoside and Myricetin Aglycone. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152769. [PMID: 31366105 PMCID: PMC6696482 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological process, 3-O-galactosylation, is important in plant cells. To understand the mechanism of the reduction of flavonol antioxidative activity by 3-O-galactosylation, myricetin-3-O-galactoside (M3OGa) and myricetin aglycone were each incubated with 2 mol α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) and subsequently comparatively analyzed for radical adduct formation (RAF) products using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS) technology. The analyses revealed that M3OGa afforded an M3OGa–DPPH adduct (m/z 873.1573) and an M3OGa–M3OGa dimer (m/z 958.1620). Similarly, myricetin yielded a myricetin–DPPH adduct (m/z 711.1039) and a myricetin–myricetin dimer (m/z 634.0544). Subsequently, M3OGa and myricetin were compared using three redox-dependent antioxidant analyses, including DPPH•-trapping analysis, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide radical (PTIO•)-trapping analysis, and •O2 inhibition analysis. In the three analyses, M3OGa always possessed higher IC50 values than those of myricetin. Conclusively, M3OGa and its myricetin aglycone could trap the free radical via a chain reaction comprising of a propagation step and a termination step. At the propagation step, both M3OGa and myricetin could trap radicals through redox-dependent antioxidant pathways. The 3-O-galactosylation process, however, could limit these pathways; thus, M3OGa is an inferior antioxidant compared to its myricetin aglycone. Nevertheless, 3-O-galactosylation has a negligible effect on the termination step. This 3-O-galactosylation effect has provided novel evidence that the difference in the antioxidative activities of phytophenols exists at the propagation step rather than the termination step.
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Li X. Comparative Study of 1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl Radical (DPPH•) Scavenging Capacity of the Antioxidant Xanthones Family. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xican Li
- School of Chinese Herbal MedicineGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou China
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21
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Electrochemical transformations and antiradical activity of asymmetrical RS-substituted pyrocatechols. Russ Chem Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-018-2299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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A Null B-Ring Improves the Antioxidant Levels of Flavonol: A Comparative Study between Galangin and 3,5,7-Trihydroxychromone. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123083. [PMID: 30486289 PMCID: PMC6321095 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the role of the B-ring in antioxidant flavonols, we performed a comparative study between galangin with a null B-ring and 3,5,7-trihydroxychromone without a B-ring using five spectrophotometric assays, namely, •O₂--scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•)-scavenging, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide radical-scavenging, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical-scavenging, and Fe3+-reducing activity. The DPPH•-scavenging reaction products of these assays were further analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) technology. In the five spectrophotometric assays, galangin and 3,5,7-trihydroxychromone dose-dependently increased their radical-scavenging (or Fe3+-reducing) percentages. However, galangin always gave lower IC50 values than those of 3,5,7-trihydroxychromone. In the UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis, galangin yielded galangin-DPPH adduct MS peaks (m/z 662, 434, 301, 227,196, and 151) and galangin-galangin dimer MS peaks (m/z 538, 385, 268, 239, 211, 195, and 151). 3,5,7-Trihydroxychromone, however, only generated m/z 3,5,7-trihydroxychromone-DPPH adduct MS peaks (m/z 586, 539, 227, 196, and 136). In conclusion, both galangin and 3,5,7-trihydroxychromone could similarly undergo multiple antioxidant pathways, including redox-dependent pathways (such as electron transfer (ET) and ET plus proton transfer (PT)) and a non-redox-dependent radical adduct formation (RAF) pathway; thus, the null B-ring could hardly change their antioxidant pathways. However, it did improve their antioxidant levels in these pathways. Such improvement of the B-ring toward an antioxidant flavonol is associated with its π-π conjugation, which can provide more resonance forms and bonding sites.
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Nolte TM, Peijnenburg WJGM. Use of quantum-chemical descriptors to analyse reaction rate constants between organic chemicals and superoxide/hydroperoxyl (O2•−/HO2•). Free Radic Res 2018; 52:1118-1131. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1529867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom M. Nolte
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Lin J, Li X, Chen B, Wei G, Chen D. E-Configuration Improves Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Capacities of Resveratrols. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071790. [PMID: 30036971 PMCID: PMC6100583 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant and cytoprotective capacities of E-resveratrol and Z-resveratrol were compared using chemical and cellular assays. Chemical assays revealed that the two isomers were dose-dependently active in •O₂--scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Cu2+-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide radical (PTIO•)-scavenging (pH 7.4 and pH 4.5), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH•)-scavenging assays. The cellular assay indicated that the two isomers could also increase cell viabilities. However, quantitative analyses suggested that E-resveratrol exhibited stronger effects than Z-resveratrol in all chemical and cellular assays. Finally, the conformations of E-resveratrol and Z-resveratrol were analyzed. It can be concluded that both E-resveratrol and Z-resveratrol can promote redox-related pathways to exhibit antioxidant action and consequently protect bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs) from oxidative damage. These pathways include electron transfer (ET) and H⁺-transfer, and likely include hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). The E-configuration, however, improves antioxidant and cytoprotective capacities of resveratrols. The detrimental effect of the Z-configuration may be attributed to the non-planar preferential conformation, where two dihedral angles block the extension of the conjugative system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne Victoria 3001, Australia.
| | - Xican Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Innovative Research & Development Laboratory of TCM, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ban Chen
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Innovative Research & Development Laboratory of TCM, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Gang Wei
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Innovative Research & Development Laboratory of TCM, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Effect of Double Bond Position on 2-Phenyl-benzofuran Antioxidants: A Comparative Study of Moracin C and Iso-Moracin C. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040754. [PMID: 29587376 PMCID: PMC6017532 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two 2-phenyl-benzofurans, moracin C {2-[3′,5′-dihydroxy-4′-(3-methlbut-2-enyl)phenyl]-6-hydroxybenzofuran} and its isomer iso-moracin C{2-[3′,5′-dihydroxy-4′-(3-methlbut-1-enyl)phenyl]-6-hydroxybenzofuran}, were comparatively studied using redox-related antioxidant assays and non-redox antioxidant assays. Moracin C always resulted in higher IC50 values than iso-moracin C in the redox-related antioxidant assays, including •O2−-inhibition, Cu2+-reducing power, DPPH•-inhibition, and ABTS+•-inhibition assays. In the non-redox antioxidant assay, moracin C and iso-moracin C underwent similar radical-adduct-formation (RAF), evidenced by the peaks at m/z 704 and m/z 618 in HPLC-MS spectra. In conclusion, both moracin C and iso-moracin C can act as 2-phenyl-benzofuran antioxidants; their antioxidant mechanisms may include redox-related ET and H+-transfer, and non-redox RAF. A double bond at the conjugation position can enhance the redox-related antioxidant potential, but hardly affects the RAF potential.
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Li X, Xie Y, Xie H, Yang J, Chen D. π-π Conjugation Enhances Oligostilbene's Antioxidant Capacity: Evidence from α-Viniferin and Caraphenol A. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030694. [PMID: 29562698 PMCID: PMC6017043 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Viniferin and caraphenol A, the two oligostilbenes, have the sole difference of the presence or absence of an exocyclic double bond at the π-π conjugative site. In this study, the antioxidant capacity and relevant mechanisms for α-viniferin and caraphenol A were comparatively explored using spectrophotometry, UV-visible spectral analysis, and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–ESI–Q–TOF–MS/MS) analysis. The spectrophotometric results suggested that caraphenol A always gave lower IC50 values than α-viniferin in cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity assay, ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazl radical (DPPH•)-scavenging, and 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide radical-scavenging assays. In UV-visible spectra analysis, caraphenol A was observed to show enhanced peaks at 250–350 nm when mixed with Fe2+, but α-viniferin exhibited no similar effects. UPLC–ESI–Q–TOF–MS/MS analysis revealed that α-viniferin mixed with DPPH• produced radical adduct formation (RAF) peak (m/z = 1070–1072). We conclude that the antioxidant action of α-viniferin and caraphenol A may involve both redox-mediated mechanisms (especially electron transfer and H+-transfer) and non-redox-mediated mechanisms (including Fe2+-chelating or RAF). The π-π conjugation of the exocyclic double bond in caraphenol A can greatly enhance the redox-mediated antioxidant mechanisms and partially promote the Fe2+-chelating mechanism. This makes caraphenol A far superior to α-viniferin in total antioxidant levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xican Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Innovative Research & Development Laboratory of TCM, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yulu Xie
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Innovative Research & Development Laboratory of TCM, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Hong Xie
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Innovative Research & Development Laboratory of TCM, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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