1
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Firth AJ, Nakasu PYS, Fennell PS, Hallett JP. An Ionic Liquid-Based Biorefinery Approach for Duckweed Utilization. ACS SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2024; 1:842-856. [PMID: 38807756 PMCID: PMC11129354 DOI: 10.1021/acssusresmgt.3c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
This study establishes a foundation for the ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment of duckweed biomass. An optimized IL-based process was designed to exploit the unique properties of duckweed including efficient metal removal, potential starch accumulation, and protein accumulation. Two ILs, namely, dimethylethanolammonium formate ([DMEtA][HCOO]) and N,N-dimethylbutylammonium hydrogen sulfate ([DMBA][HSO4]), were investigated for the pretreatment of two duckweed species (Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna minor). The evaluation focused on starch recovery, sugar release, protein recovery, and metal extraction capabilities. [DMEtA][HCOO] demonstrated near-quantitative starch recoveries at 120 °C, while [DMBA][HSO4] showed similar performance at 90 °C within a reaction time of 2 h. Saccharification yields for most pulps exceeded 90% after 8 h of hydrolysis, outperforming "traditional" lignocellulosic biomasses such as miscanthus or sugarcane bagasse. Approximately 50 and 80 wt % of the protein were solubilized in [DMEtA][HCOO] and [DMBA][HSO4], respectively, while the remaining protein distributed between the pulp and lignin. However, the solubilized protein in the IL could not be recovered due to its low molecular weight. Regarding metal extraction, [DMEtA][HCOO] demonstrated higher efficiency, achieving 81% removal of Ni from Lemna minor's pulps, whereas [DMBA][HSO4] extracted only 28% of Ni with slightly higher pulp concentrations. These findings indicate the need for further optimization in concurrent metal extraction using ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton
E. J. Firth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Y. S. Nakasu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S. Fennell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jason P. Hallett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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2
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Wang Y, Cai D, Jiang Y, Mei X, Ren W, Sun M, Su C, Cao H, Zhang C, Qin P. Rapid fractionation of corn stover by microwave-assisted protic ionic liquid [TEA][HSO 4] for fermentative acetone-butanol-ethanol production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:62. [PMID: 38715100 PMCID: PMC11077788 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of ionic liquids (ILs) to fractionate lignocelluloses for various bio-based chemicals productions is in the ascendant. On this basis, the protic ILs consisting of triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate ([TEA][HSO4]) possessed great promise due to the low price, low pollution, and high efficiency. In this study, the microwave-assistant [TEA][HSO4] fractionation process was established for corn stover fractionation, so as to facilitate the monomeric sugars production and supported the downstream acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation. RESULTS The assistance of microwave irradiation could obviously shorten the fractionation period of corn stover. Under the optimized condition (190 W for 3 min), high xylan removal (93.17 ± 0.63%) and delignification rate (72.90 ± 0.81%) were realized. The mechanisms for the promotion effect of the microwave to the protic ILs fractionation process were ascribed to the synergistic effect of the IL and microwaves to the depolymerization of lignocellulose through the ionic conduction, which can be clarified by the characterization of the pulps and the isolated lignin specimens. Downstream valorization of the fractionated pulps into ABE productions was also investigated. The [TEA][HSO4] free corn stover hydrolysate was capable of producing 12.58 g L-1 of ABE from overall 38.20 g L-1 of monomeric sugars without detoxification and additional nutrients supplementation. CONCLUSIONS The assistance of microwave irradiation could significantly promote the corn stover fractionation by [TEA][HSO4]. Mass balance indicated that 8.1 g of ABE and 16.61 g of technical lignin can be generated from 100 g of raw corn stover based on the novel fractionation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Wang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Cai
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Jiang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Mei
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Ren
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Mingyuan Sun
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Su
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Cao
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwei Zhang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peiyong Qin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Shikh Zahari SMSN, Liu Y, Yao P, Ideris MS, Azman HH, Hallett JP. OPEFB pretreatment using the low-cost N,N,N-dimethylbutylammonium hydrogen sulfate ionic liquid under varying conditions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22354. [PMID: 38102175 PMCID: PMC10724162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of temperature and period on the pretreatment of OPEFB using the low-cost N,N,N-dimethylbutylammonium hydrogen sulfate ionic liquid ([DMBA][HSO4] IL) with 20 wt% of water. The results demonstrate that higher pretreatment temperatures (120, 150, and 170 °C) and longer periods (0.5, 1, and 2 h) enhanced lignin recovery, resulting in increased purity of the recovered pulp and subsequently enhanced glucose released during enzymatic hydrolysis. However, at 170 °C, prolonging the period led to cellulose degradation and the formation of pseudo-lignin deposited on the pulps, resulting in a decreasing-trend in glucose released. Finally, the analysis of extracted lignin reveals that increasing pretreatment severity intensified lignin depolymerisation and condensation, leading to a decrease in number average molecular weight (Mn), weight average molecular weight (Mw) and polydispersity index (Đ) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Shahrul Nizan Shikh Zahari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW72AZ, UK.
- Industrial Chemical Technology Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Yichen Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW72AZ, UK
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Putian Yao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW72AZ, UK
| | - Mahfuzah Samirah Ideris
- Industrial Chemical Technology Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Hazeeq Hazwan Azman
- Centre for Foundation and General Studies, Universiti Selangor, Jalan Timur Tambahan, 45600, Bestari Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Jason P Hallett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW72AZ, UK.
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4
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Chandran EM, Mohan E. Sustainable biohydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass sources - metabolic pathways, production enhancement, and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:102129-102157. [PMID: 37684507 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen production from biological processes has been hailed as a promising strategy for generating sustainable energy. Fermentative hydrogen production processes such as dark and photofermentation are considered more sustainable and economical than other biological methods such as biophotolysis. However, these methods have constraints such as low hydrogen yield and conversion efficiency, so practical implementations still need to be made. The present review provides an assessment and feasibility of producing biohydrogen through dark and photofermentation techniques utilizing various lignocellulosic biomass wastes as substrates. Furthermore, this review includes information about the strategies to increase the productivity rate of biohydrogen in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner, like integration of dark and photofermentation techniques, pretreatment of biomass, genetic modification of microorganisms, and application of nanoadditives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniyan Moni Chandran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College of Engineering, Nagercoil, Anna University Constituent College, Nagercoil, India
| | - Edwin Mohan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College of Engineering, Nagercoil, Anna University Constituent College, Nagercoil, India.
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5
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Poolakkalody NJ, Ramesh K, Palliprath S, Nittoor SN, Santiago R, Kabekkodu SP, Manisseri C. Understanding triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate ([TEA][HSO]) pretreatment induced changes in Pennisetum polystachion cell wall matrix and its implications on biofuel yield. RENEWABLE ENERGY 2023; 209:420-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
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6
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Akhlaq M, Uroos M. Evaluating the Impact of Cellulose Extraction via Traditional and Ionosolv Pretreatments from Domestic Matchstick Waste on the Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:8722-8731. [PMID: 36910950 PMCID: PMC9996611 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a hydrophilic derivative of cellulose whose large volumes have been used in textile processing, protective coatings, detergents, papers, and drilling fluids, while cellulose gum, which is the purified form of CMC, has extensive applications in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, this work reflects the production of CMC by extracting cellulose with traditional and ionosolv methods from domestic matchstick waste, providing an in-depth view of the overall process where two different kinds of cellulose were obtained from two different pretreatments, and the influence of cellulose on the profile of CMC was checked. All of the procedures have been performed under optimized conditions to reduce the cost and maximize the productiveness. The results depict that cellulose extracted by the ionosolv method using a protic ionic liquid, tetramethylguanidinium hydrogen sulfate (TMG-HSO4), is more degraded than that extracted by the traditional sulfide method using sodium sulfide (Na2S) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Thus, the produced CMC-2 via ionic liquid-extracted cellulose has more yield, DS (2.3), purity (98.5%), and solubility with less salt and moisture contents than CMC-1 produced by the conventional method due to an effective substitution of the hydroxyl group by the carboxymethyl group. Further, instrumental analyses like FTIR, XRD, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and SEM emphasize the results that CMC-2 has more reduction of the hydroxyl peak in FTIR, a more amorphous structure in XRD, intense peaks in NMR, and the roughness of the surface in SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maida Akhlaq
- Centre for Research in Ionic
Liquids, School of Chemistry, University
of the Punjab, 54590 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maliha Uroos
- Centre for Research in Ionic
Liquids, School of Chemistry, University
of the Punjab, 54590 Lahore, Pakistan
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7
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Abouelela AR, Nakasu PYS, Hallett JP. Influence of Pretreatment Severity Factor and Hammett Acidity on Softwood Fractionation by an Acidic Protic Ionic Liquid. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:2404-2415. [PMID: 36817410 PMCID: PMC9930189 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c06076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The impact of pretreatment severity in the acidic protic ionic liquid (IL) N,N-dimethylbutylammonium hydrogen sulfate, [DMBA][HSO4] using pine softwood was investigated using a modified severity factor that considers the IL solution acidity based on Hammett acidity. A Box-Behnken experimental design was employed to evaluate pretreatment severity with temperature, pretreatment time, and IL concentration as factors and degree of delignification as the response variable. The optimal pretreatment conditions were found to be at 170 °C, 30 min, and 80 wt % IL, which yielded nearly 90% of delignification and 95% of glucose yield in enzymatic saccharification. The modified severity factor showed an improved correlation with the fractionation indicators relative to the classical pretreatment severity factor, indicating that it can better predict the pretreatment outcomes, particularly for delignification and hemicellulose removal. The fate of hemicellulose, its conversion to humins, and its impact on the precipitated lignin properties were also investigated and correlated to the modified pretreatment severity factor. It was found that such parameters alone cannot be used to predict the fate of dissolved hemicellulose sugars in the IL medium. Furthermore, IL acidity greatly impacts the degradation of the dissolved hemicellulose sugars and the formation of humins.
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8
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Applications of ionic liquids for the biochemical transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and biochemicals: A critical review. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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9
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Abouelela AR, Mussa AA, Talhami M, Das P, Hawari AH. Industrial sludge valorization and decontamination via lipid extraction and heavy metals removal using low-cost protic ionic liquid. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155451. [PMID: 35469861 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sludge is a heterogenous organic-rich matter that comprise of highly valuable biopolymers along with various contaminants including heavy metals. Sludge valorization as a renewable resource and inexpensive feedstock is key for sludge realization in circular economy context. This study presents the use of low-cost protic ionic liquid (PIL) as an integrated process medium to decontaminate heavy metal contaminated industrial sludge while selectively extract the lipid content. The treatment process focused on the use of 1-methylimidazole chloride for its higher heavy metal extraction performance compared to other screened ionic liquids (ILs). The treatment was also able to selectively extract lipids from industrial sludge, leaving a protein/carbohydrate rich solid product. Process temperature was shown to have a key impact on the biopolymers' fractionation. Operating at temperatures above 120 °C resulted in higher recovery of proteins in the lipid-rich fraction, compromising the quality of the lipid stream. Variation of the PIL acid/base (a/b) ratio also had a significant impact on the deconstruction of the sludge biopolymers, with a/b ratio of 1 resulting in highest recovery of all biopolymers. Optimal water concentration as co-solvent was found at 30 wt%, with lipid recovery reaching 60% and heavy metals extraction ranging between 29 and 89%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Rafat Abouelela
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Afnan A Mussa
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Talhami
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Probir Das
- Algal Technologies Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Alaa H Hawari
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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10
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Lin X, Jiang K, Liu X, Han D, Zhang Q. Review on development of ionic liquids in lignocellulosic biomass refining. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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11
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Effective pretreatment of lignin-rich coconut wastes using a low-cost ionic liquid. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6108. [PMID: 35414700 PMCID: PMC9005540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Coconut husks and shells are underutilised agricultural feedstocks in the bio-based industry. These biomass wastes have a higher lignin content than other woody biomass and have excellent potential as raw materials for the production of lignin-based materials. This work demonstrates the performance of a low-cost protic ionic liquid, N,N,N-dimethylbutylammonium hydrogen sulfate ([DMBA][HSO4]), for ionoSolv pretreatment of coconut husk and shell at 150 °C for 45-90 min and 170 °C for 15-60 min. Optimum pretreatment conditions were observed at 170 °C and 45 min for both feedstocks. At these conditions, [DMBA][HSO4] was able to remove almost 77 wt% of the lignin from the husk; leaving a cellulosic rich pulp behind, which released 82 % of the theoretical maximum glucose after enzymatic saccharification. The pretreated shell, by comparison, achieved 82 wt% lignin removal and 89 % glucose yield and these higher values could be attributed to the highly porous structure of coconut shell cell walls. The cleavage of the β-O-4 aryl ether linkages of lignin followed by extensive C-C condensation in the lignin at longer pretreatment times was shown by HSQC NMR analysis. This extensive condensation was evidenced by molecular weights > 10,000 g/mol exhibited by lignin precipitated after pretreatment at high temperature and long times. The high degree of lignin removal and high glucose release from both feedstocks demonstrate that [DMBA][HSO4] is an excellent ionic liquid for fractionation of very lignin-rich biomass.
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12
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Ovejero-Pérez A, Rigual V, Domínguez JC, Alonso MV, Oliet M, Rodriguez F. Organosolv and ionosolv processes for autohydrolyzed poplar fractionation: Lignin recovery and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 197:131-140. [PMID: 34971638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biomass fractionation plays a major role in the search for competitive biorefineries, where the isolation and recovery of the three woody fractions is key. In this sense, we have used autohydrolyzed hemicellulose-free poplar as feedstock to compare two fractionation processes, organosolv and ionosolv, oriented to lignin recovery. The recovered lignins were then characterize by different techniques (NMR, GPC, TGA). Both treatments were tested at different temperatures to analyze temperature influence on lignin recovery and properties. The highest lignin recovery was obtained with the ionosolv process at 135 °C, reaching a solid yield of ~70%. Lignin characterization showed differences between both treatments. Lignins enriched in C-O linkages and G units were recovered with the organosolv process, where increasing temperature led to highly depolymerized lignins. However, lignins with higher C-C linkages and S units contents were obtained with the ionosolv process, producing more thermically stable lignins. In addition, increasing temperature caused lignin repolymerization when employing ionic liquids as solvents. Therefore, this work outlines the most important differences between ionosolv and organosolv processes for biomass fractionation, focusing on lignin recovery and its properties, which is the first step in order to valorize all biomass fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ovejero-Pérez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Av Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Victoria Rigual
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Av Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Domínguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Av Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Virginia Alonso
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Av Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Oliet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Av Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodriguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Av Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Sas E, Hennequin LM, Frémont A, Jerbi A, Legault N, Lamontagne J, Fagoaga N, Sarrazin M, Hallett JP, Fennell PS, Barnabé S, Labrecque M, Brereton NJB, Pitre FE. Biorefinery potential of sustainable municipal wastewater treatment using fast-growing willow. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148146. [PMID: 34146806 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of willow plantations can be a sustainable approach for treating primary municipal wastewater, potentially reducing both the environmental and economic burdens associated with conventional treatment. However, the impact of wastewater irrigation upon the willow biorefinery potential has not yet been established. To investigate this effect, three-year-old field grown willows were harvested from plots kept as either controls or irrigated with primary municipal wastewater effluent at 29.5 million L ha-1 yr-1. Biomass compositional analysis, ionic liquid pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification were assessed and differential abundance of persistent extractable phytochemicals was evaluated using untargeted metabolite profiling. Glucan significantly increased by 8% in wastewater treated trees, arabinose and galactose were significantly decreased by 8 and 29%, respectively, while xylose, mannose and lignin content were unaltered. Ionic liquid pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification efficiencies did not vary significantly, releasing >95% of the cell wall glucose and recovering 35% of the lignin. From a total of 213 phytochemical features, 83 were significantly depleted and 14 were significantly enriched due to wastewater irrigation, including flavonoids and lignan derivatives. Considered alongside increased biomass yield from wastewater irrigation (+200%), lignocellulosic bioenergy yields increased to 8.87 t glucose ha-1 yr-1 and 1.89 t ha-1 yr-1 recovered lignin, while net extractives yields increased to 1.48 t ha-1 yr-1, including phytochemicals of interest. The maintenance of glucose accessibility after low-cost ionic liquid pretreatment is promising evidence that sustainable lignocellulose bioenergy production can complement wastewater treatment. Untargeted metabolite assessment revealed some of the phytochemical toolkit employed by wastewater irrigated willows, including accumulation of flooding and salinity tolerance associated flavonoids glabraoside A and glabrene. The extractable phytochemicals underpin a novel high biomass phenotype in willow and, alongside lignocellulosic yields, could help enhance the economic feasibility of this clean wastewater treatment biotechnology through integration with sustainable biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sas
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - L M Hennequin
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - A Frémont
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - A Jerbi
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - N Legault
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - J Lamontagne
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - N Fagoaga
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; Institut de recherche en économie contemporaine (IRÉC), 10555 Avenue de Bois-de-Boulogne, Montreal, QC H4N 1L4, Canada
| | - M Sarrazin
- Collège de Maisonneuve, CÉPROCQ, 6220 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1N 1C1, Canada
| | - J P Hallett
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - P S Fennell
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - S Barnabé
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - M Labrecque
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; Montreal Botanical Garden, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - N J B Brereton
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | - F E Pitre
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; Montreal Botanical Garden, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
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14
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Chambon CL, Verdía P, Fennell PS, Hallett JP. Process intensification of the ionoSolv pretreatment: effects of biomass loading, particle size and scale-up from 10 mL to 1 L. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15383. [PMID: 34321510 PMCID: PMC8319198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The ionoSolv process is one of the most promising technologies for biomass pretreatment in a biorefinery context. In order to evaluate the transition of the ionoSolv pretreatment of biomass from bench-scale experiments to commercial scale, there is a need to get better insight in process intensification. In this work, the effects of biomass loading, particle size, pulp washing protocols and 100-fold scale up for the pretreatment of the grassy biomass Miscanthus giganteus with the IL triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate, [TEA][HSO4], are presented as a necessary step in that direction. At the bench scale, increasing biomass loading from 10 to 50 wt% reduced glucose yields from 68 to 23% due to re-precipitation of lignin onto the pulp surface. Omitting the pulp air-drying step maintained saccharification yields at 66% at 50 wt% loading due to reduced fiber hornification. 100-fold scale-up (from 10 mL to 1 L) improved the efficacy of ionoSolv pretreatment and increasing loadings from 10 to 20 wt% reduced lignin reprecipitation and led to higher glucose yields due to the improved heat and mass transfer caused by efficient slurry mixing in the reactor. Pretreatment of particle sizes of 1-3 mm was more effective than fine powders (0.18-0.85 mm) giving higher glucose yields due to reduced surface area available for lignin re-precipitation while reducing grinding energy needs. Stirred ionoSolv pretreatment showed great potential for industrialization and further process intensification after optimization of the pretreatment conditions (temperature, residence time, stirring speed), particle size and biomass loading. Pulp washing protocols need further improvement to reduce the incidence of lignin precipitation and the water requirements of lignin washing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementine L Chambon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pedro Verdía
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul S Fennell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jason P Hallett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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15
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Hennequin LM, Polizzi K, Fennell PS, Hallett JP. Rhododendron and Japanese Knotweed: invasive species as innovative crops for second generation biofuels for the ionoSolv process. RSC Adv 2021; 11:18395-18403. [PMID: 35480936 PMCID: PMC9033429 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01943k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the potential of two terrestrial biomass invasive species in the United-Kingdom as lignocellulosic biofuel feedstocks: Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) and Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum). We demonstrate that a pretreatment technique using a low-cost protic ionic liquid, the ionoSolv process, can be used for such types of plant species considered as waste, to allow their integration into a biorefinery. N,N,N-Dimethylbutylammonium hydrogen sulfate ([DMBA][HSO4]) was able to fractionate the biomass into a cellulose-rich pulp and a lignin stream at high temperatures (150–170 °C) and short reaction times (15–60 minutes). More than 70–80% of the subsequent cellulose was hydrolysed into fermentable sugars, which were fermented into the renewable energy vector bioethanol. Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) and Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum), two invasive species in the UK that are an environmental threat and economic burden, can be integrated into a flexible ionic liquid based biorefinery process to produce bioenergy and chemicals.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis M Hennequin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London Exhibition Road London UK SW7 2AZ
| | - Karen Polizzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London Exhibition Road London UK SW7 2AZ
| | - Paul S Fennell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London Exhibition Road London UK SW7 2AZ
| | - Jason P Hallett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London Exhibition Road London UK SW7 2AZ
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16
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Zhang J, Zhang X, Yang M, Singh S, Cheng G. Transforming lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels enabled by ionic liquid pretreatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 322:124522. [PMID: 33340950 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Processes that can convert lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and chemicals are particularly attractive considering renewability and minimal environmental impact. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been used as novel solvents in the process development in that they can effectively deconstruct recalcitrant lignocellulosic biomass for high sugar yield and lignin recovery. From cellulose-dissolving ILs to choline-based and protic acidic ILs, extensive research in this field has been done, driven by the promising future of IL pretreatment. Meanwhile, shortcomings and technological hurdles are ascertained during research and developments. It is necessary to present a general overview of recent developments and challenges in this field. In this review paper, three aspects of advances in IL pretreatment are critically analyzed: biocompatible ILs, protic acidic ILs and combinatory pretreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mingkun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Seema Singh
- Biomass Science and Conversion Technology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Gang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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17
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Muazzam R, Asim AM, Uroos M, Muhammad N, Hallett JP. Evaluating the potential of a novel hardwood biomass using a superbase ionic liquid. RSC Adv 2021; 11:19095-19105. [PMID: 35478656 PMCID: PMC9033503 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01328a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass, being ubiquitous and easily accessible, bears a huge potential for sustainable energy and other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Muazzam
- Centre for Research in Ionic Liquids
- School of Chemistry
- University of the Punjab
- Lahore
- Pakistan
| | - Azmat Mehmood Asim
- Centre for Research in Ionic Liquids
- School of Chemistry
- University of the Punjab
- Lahore
- Pakistan
| | - Maliha Uroos
- Centre for Research in Ionic Liquids
- School of Chemistry
- University of the Punjab
- Lahore
- Pakistan
| | - Nawshad Muhammad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences
- Khyber Medical University
- Pakistan
| | - Jason P. Hallett
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
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18
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Liang X, Wang J, Bao H, Liu H. Accurately-controlled recovery and regeneration of protic ionic liquid after Ionosolv pretreatment via bipolar membrane electrodialysis with ultrafiltration. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:124255. [PMID: 33096443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Efficient recovery and regeneration of ionic liquid is significant for industrial Ionosolv pretreatment. Complicated electrolyte composition restricts the scale-up recovery and application of protic ionic liquid such as triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate [TEA][HSO4] in biomass-related research. Recovery of [TEA][HSO4] after Ionosolv pretreatment for miscanthus powder was studied using bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) assisted with ultrafiltration (UF) by the divisional recovery of TEA+ as TEA and recovery of SO42- as H2SO4 in different BMED compartments. Hence accurately-controlled regeneration of [TEA][HSO4] could be realized. Influence of current density and feed concentration of BMED module was studied in detail. In this study, the highest recovery ratio for TEA+ and SO42- reached 93.7% and 96.4%. The lowest energy consumption of specific [TEA][HSO4] recovery was about 6.2 kwh/kg. Insight gained from this study suggests a potentially industrial methodology for complicated protic ionic liquid recovery after biomass processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Liang
- Research Center of Shanxi Province for Solar Energy Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
| | - Junyu Wang
- Research Center of Shanxi Province for Solar Energy Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Haizhen Bao
- Research Center of Shanxi Province for Solar Energy Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Hantao Liu
- Research Center of Shanxi Province for Solar Energy Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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19
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Acidic depolymerization vs ionic liquid solubilization in lignin extraction from eucalyptus wood using the protic ionic liquid 1-methylimidazolium chloride. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 157:461-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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20
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Malaret F, Gschwend FJV, Lopes JM, Tu WC, Hallett JP. Eucalyptus red grandis pretreatment with protic ionic liquids: effect of severity and influence of sub/super-critical CO 2 atmosphere on pretreatment performance. RSC Adv 2020; 10:16050-16060. [PMID: 35493672 PMCID: PMC9052920 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02040k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass with low-cost ionic liquids (ILs) has proven to be a promising technology that could be implemented in a biorefinery to obtain renewable materials, fuels and chemicals. This study investigates the pretreatment efficacy of the ionoSolv pretreatment of Eucalyptus red grandis using the low-cost ionic liquid triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate ([N2220][HSO4]) in the presence of 20 wt% water at 10% solids loading. The temperatures investigated were 120 °C and 150 °C. Also, the influence of performing the pretreatment under sub-critical and supercritical CO2 was investigated. The IL used is very effective in deconstructing eucalyptus, producing cellulose-rich pulps resulting in enzymatic saccharification yields of 86% for some pretreatment conditions. It has been found that under a CO2 atmosphere, the ionoSolv process is pressure independent. The good performance of this IL in the pretreatment of eucalyptus is promising for the development of a large-scale ionoSolv pretreatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Malaret
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK http://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/j.hallett +44 (0)2075945388
| | - Florence J V Gschwend
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK http://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/j.hallett +44 (0)2075945388
| | - Joana M Lopes
- High Pressure Process Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid Spain
| | - Wei-Chien Tu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK http://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/j.hallett +44 (0)2075945388
| | - Jason P Hallett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK http://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/j.hallett +44 (0)2075945388
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21
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Bhatia SK, Jagtap SS, Bedekar AA, Bhatia RK, Patel AK, Pant D, Rajesh Banu J, Rao CV, Kim YG, Yang YH. Recent developments in pretreatment technologies on lignocellulosic biomass: Effect of key parameters, technological improvements, and challenges. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 300:122724. [PMID: 31926792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is an inexpensive renewable source that can be used to produce biofuels and bioproducts. The recalcitrance nature of biomass hampers polysaccharide accessibility for enzymes and microbes. Several pretreatment methods have been developed for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added products. However, these pretreatment methods also produce a wide range of secondary compounds, which are inhibitory to enzymes and microorganisms. The selection of an effective and efficient pretreatment method discussed in the review and its process optimization can significantly reduce the production of inhibitory compounds and may lead to enhanced production of fermentable sugars and biochemicals. Moreover, evolutionary and genetic engineering approaches are being used for the improvement of microbial tolerance towards inhibitors. Advancements in pretreatment and detoxification technologies may help to increase the productivity of lignocellulose-based biorefinery. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements in lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment technologies and strategies for the removal of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Application, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujit Sadashiv Jagtap
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ashwini Ashok Bedekar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ravi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill-171005 (H.P), India
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Deepak Pant
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, Haryana 123031, India
| | - J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India
| | - Christopher V Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yun-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, 06978 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Application, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Recent developments in modification of lignin using ionic liquids for the fabrication of advanced materials–A review. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Bukowski A, Esau D, Rafat Said AA, Brandt-Talbot A, Albert J. Combining Cost-Efficient Cellulose and Short-Chain Carboxylic Acid Production: The Polyoxometalate (POM)-Ionosolv Concept. Chempluschem 2020; 85:373-386. [PMID: 32101386 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Full cost-effective exploitation of all wood components is key to growing a commercially successful biorefining industry. An innovative process is reported that combines fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass using a low-cost ionic liquid (Ionosolv) and production of bio-derived formic acid using polyoxometalates and molecular oxygen (OxFA process). We show that the hemicellulose and part of the lignin were selectively dissolved into the ionic liquid triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate and oxidised in situ to short-chain, distillable carboxylic acids by a Keggin-type polyoxometalate with high yields and selectivities. Characterization by several techniques, including ICP-OES, FTIR, GC, HPLC and NMR spectroscopy confirmed stability of the catalyst over three consecutive POM-Ionosolv recycles and stable formic acid yields.High formic acid yields of 26 % (pine chips), 23 % (beech chips), and 18 % (Miscanthus) were obtained with respect to the initial carbon content of the biomass, with unprecedented oxidation selectivities for formic acid of 54-62 % depending on vanadium substitution in the polyoxometalate, the processing temperature and the water content in the reaction mixture.. We also demonstrate that the cellulose rich pulp is a suitable source of glucose via enzymatic saccharification. We report cellulose yields of 37% for Miscanthus (from originally 48% glucan content), 33% for pine (from originally 49%) and 31% for beech (from originally 41%) were achieved, and a saccharification yield of up to 25% without optimisation. With further optimisation, this concept has the potential to generate two chemical products directly from lignocellulose in high yields and selectivities and hence a novel avenue for full utilisation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bukowski
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Esau
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aida Abouelela Rafat Said
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Brandt-Talbot
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jakob Albert
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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24
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Zhang J, Song L, Li K, An Q, Ma H, Yang L, Wei L. Water addition enhanced thermal stability of alkylimidazolium acetate in Ionosolv treatment of lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:1055-1064. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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A two-stage pretreatment using dilute sodium hydroxide solution followed by an ionic liquid at low temperatures: Toward construction of lignin-first biomass pretreatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Asim AM, Uroos M, Naz S, Sultan M, Griffin G, Muhammad N, Khan AS. Acidic ionic liquids: Promising and cost-effective solvents for processing of lignocellulosic biomass. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.110943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Chambon CL, Chen M, Fennell PS, Hallett JP. Efficient Fractionation of Lignin- and Ash-Rich Agricultural Residues Following Treatment With a Low-Cost Protic Ionic Liquid. Front Chem 2019; 7:246. [PMID: 31058135 PMCID: PMC6478884 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural residues from rice, wheat and sugarcane production are annually available at the gigaton-scale worldwide, particularly in Asia. Due to their high sugar content and ash compositions, their conversion to bioethanol is an attractive alternative to their present disposal by open-field burning and landfilling. In this work, we demonstrate application of the low-cost protic ionic liquid triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate ([TEA][HSO4]) for pretreatment of rice straw, rice husk, wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse. The feedstocks had high ash (up to 13 wt%) and lignin content (up to 28 wt%). Pretreatment effectiveness was examined at 150 and 170°C and an optimal pretreatment time was identified and characterized by glucose release following enzymatic saccharification (i.e., hydrolysis), biomass delignification observed by compositional analysis, and lignin recovery. The isolated lignin fractions were analyzed by 2D HSQC NMR to obtain insights into the structural changes occurring following ionic liquid pretreatment. After treatment at 170°C for 30-45 min, enzymatic hydrolysis of three agroresidues gave near-quantitative glucose yields approaching 90% while rice husk gave 73% yield. Glucose release from the pulps was enhanced by saccharifying wet pulps without an air-drying step to reduce hornification. According to pulp compositional analysis, up to 82% of lignin was removed from biomass during pretreatment, producing highly digestible cellulose-rich pulps. HSQC NMR of the extracted lignins showed that delignification proceeded via extensive cleavage of β-O-4' aryl ether linkages which was accompanied by condensation reactions in the isolated lignins. The high saccharification yields obtained indicate excellent potential for valorization of low-cost agroresidues in large volumes, which is promising for commercialization of biofuels production using the ionoSolv pretreatment technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementine L Chambon
- Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meng Chen
- Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S Fennell
- Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason P Hallett
- Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Chambon CL, Mkhize TY, Reddy P, Brandt-Talbot A, Deenadayalu N, Fennell PS, Hallett JP. Pretreatment of South African sugarcane bagasse using a low-cost protic ionic liquid: a comparison of whole, depithed, fibrous and pith bagasse fractions. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:247. [PMID: 30214485 PMCID: PMC6131805 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane bagasse is an abundant and geographically widespread agro-industrial residue with high carbohydrate content, making it a strong candidate feedstock for the bio-based economy. This study examines the use of the low-cost protic ionic liquid triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate ([TEA][HSO4]) to fractionate a range of South African sugarcane bagasse preparations into a cellulose-rich pulp and lignin. The study seeks to optimize pretreatment conditions and examine the necessity of applying a depithing step on bagasse prior to pretreatment. RESULTS Pretreatment of five bagasse preparations, namely whole, industrially depithed, laboratory depithed (short and long fiber) and pith bagasse with [TEA][HSO4]:[H2O] (4:1 w/w) solutions produced highly digestible cellulose-rich pulps, as assessed by residual lignin analysis and enzymatic hydrolysis. Pretreatment under the optimized condition of 120 °C for 4 h produced a pretreated cellulose pulp with up to 90% of the lignin removed and enabled the release of up to 69% glucose contained in the bagasse via enzymatic hydrolysis. Glucose yields from whole and depithed bagasse preparations were very similar. Significant differences in lignin recovery were obtained for laboratory depithed bagasse compared with whole and industrially depithed bagasse. The silica-rich ash components of bagasse were seen to partition mainly with the pulp, from where they could be easily recovered in the post-hydrolysis solids. CONCLUSIONS The five bagasse preparations were compared but did not show substantial differences in composition or cellulose digestibility after pretreatment. Evidence was presented that a depithing step appears to be unnecessary prior to ionoSolv fractionation, potentially affording significant cost and energy savings. Instead, lignin re-deposition onto the pulp surface (and, in turn, particle size and shape) appeared to be major factors affecting the conditioning of bagasse with the applied IL. We show that pith bagasse, a common by-product of paper making, can be successfully conditioned for high glucose release while allowing recovery of lignin and silica-rich ash. The glucose yields obtained for bagasse using [TEA][HSO4]-water mixtures were ~ 75% as high as for conventional aprotic ionic liquids such as [Emim][OAc]; this result is highly promising for commercialization of ionoSolv processing given [TEA][HSO4] is 40 times less expensive, thermally stable and recyclable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementine L. Chambon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Thandeka Y. Mkhize
- Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | - Prashant Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | - Agnieszka Brandt-Talbot
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Nirmala Deenadayalu
- Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | - Paul S. Fennell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Jason P. Hallett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
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29
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Schutyser W, Renders T, Van den Bosch S, Koelewijn SF, Beckham GT, Sels BF. Chemicals from lignin: an interplay of lignocellulose fractionation, depolymerisation, and upgrading. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:852-908. [PMID: 29318245 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00566k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 846] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In pursuit of more sustainable and competitive biorefineries, the effective valorisation of lignin is key. An alluring opportunity is the exploitation of lignin as a resource for chemicals. Three technological biorefinery aspects will determine the realisation of a successful lignin-to-chemicals valorisation chain, namely (i) lignocellulose fractionation, (ii) lignin depolymerisation, and (iii) upgrading towards targeted chemicals. This review provides a summary and perspective of the extensive research that has been devoted to each of these three interconnected biorefinery aspects, ranging from industrially well-established techniques to the latest cutting edge innovations. To navigate the reader through the overwhelming collection of literature on each topic, distinct strategies/topics were delineated and summarised in comprehensive overview figures. Upon closer inspection, conceptual principles arise that rationalise the success of certain methodologies, and more importantly, can guide future research to further expand the portfolio of promising technologies. When targeting chemicals, a key objective during the fractionation and depolymerisation stage is to minimise lignin condensation (i.e. formation of resistive carbon-carbon linkages). During fractionation, this can be achieved by either (i) preserving the (native) lignin structure or (ii) by tolerating depolymerisation of the lignin polymer but preventing condensation through chemical quenching or physical removal of reactive intermediates. The latter strategy is also commonly applied in the lignin depolymerisation stage, while an alternative approach is to augment the relative rate of depolymerisation vs. condensation by enhancing the reactivity of the lignin structure towards depolymerisation. Finally, because depolymerised lignins often consist of a complex mixture of various compounds, upgrading of the raw product mixture through convergent transformations embodies a promising approach to decrease the complexity. This particular upgrading approach is termed funneling, and includes both chemocatalytic and biological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schutyser
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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Zahari SMSNS, Amin ATM, Halim NM, Rosli FA, Halim WITA, Samsukamal NA, Sasithran B, Ariffin NZ, Azman HH, Hassan NH, Othman ZS. Deconstruction of Malaysian agro-wastes with inexpensive and bifunctional triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate ionic liquid. AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 2018. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5041245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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