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Cao H, Liu Q, Liu Y, Zhao J, Qiao W, Wang Y, Liu Y, Chen L. Progress in triacylglycerol isomer detection in milk lipids. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101433. [PMID: 38764784 PMCID: PMC11101684 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In triacylglycerols (TAGs), position differences of fatty acids on the glycerol skeleton produce various TAG isomers. These TAG isomers have different pathways of digestion, absorption, and utilization in infants, thereby affecting TAG nutritional properties of TAGs. Here, we review the progress of research on methods for detecting TAG isomers, and identify direction and thought for improving these methods, including novel chromatographic combinations, perfect algorithm, and improved equipment. The ensuing optimization of these methods is expected to provide robust guarantee for the gradual improvement of milk-derived TAG isomer detection, and is an important prerequisite for infant formula to mimic the structured lipids of human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiru Cao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yuru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
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2
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Borewicz K, Brück WM. Supplemented Infant Formula and Human Breast Milk Show Similar Patterns in Modulating Infant Microbiota Composition and Function In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1806. [PMID: 38339084 PMCID: PMC10855883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota of healthy breastfed infants is often dominated by bifidobacteria. In an effort to mimic the microbiota of breastfed infants, modern formulas are fortified with bioactive and bifidogenic ingredients. These ingredients promote the optimal health and development of infants as well as the development of the infant microbiota. Here, we used INFOGEST and an in vitro batch fermentation model to investigate the gut health-promoting effects of a commercial infant formula supplemented with a blend containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (20 mg/100 kcal), polydextrose and galactooligosaccharides (PDX/GOS) (4 g/L, 1:1 ratio), milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) (5 g/L), lactoferrin (0.6 g/L), and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, BB-12 (BB-12) (106 CFU/g). Using fecal inoculates from three healthy infants, we assessed microbiota changes, the bifidogenic effect, and the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production of the supplemented test formula and compared those with data obtained from an unsupplemented base formula and from the breast milk control. Our results show that even after INFOGEST digestion of the formula, the supplemented formula can still maintain its bioactivity and modulate infants' microbiota composition, promote faster bifidobacterial growth, and stimulate production of SCFAs. Thus, it may be concluded that the test formula containing a bioactive blend promotes infant gut microbiota and SCFA profile to something similar, but not identical to those of breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudyna Borewicz
- Mead Johnson B.V., Middenkampweg 2, 6545 CJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Wolfram Manuel Brück
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, 1950 Sion, Switzerland
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3
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Liu Q, Qiao W, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhao J, Fan X, Li Z, Hou J, Liu Y, Chen J, Yang K, Yu X, Lin L, Jin Y, Chen L. Effects of lipids from multiple sources on glyceride composition, concentration, and structure of infant formulas benchmarked to human milk. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21611. [PMID: 38027638 PMCID: PMC10654232 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The important parameters affecting the nutritional properties of lipids were analyzed and compared between human milk (HM), infant formulas (IFs), mammalian milk, and substitute fat, including molecular species, fatty acid composition, glyceride content, and important structural triacylglycerols (TAGs). The molecular species of triacylglycerols with functional fatty acids were significantly different between HM and IFs, and their contents in HM were significantly higher than those in IFs. Accordingly, the evaluation scores of fatty acid composition and glyceride content in IFs were less than 50 compared to HM. Although the introduction of vegetable oils effectively improved the unsaturation of IF lipid, the excessive addition of TAGs rich in oleic and linoleic acid resulted in an imbalance of TAG composition and structure. Only 36.84 % of IFs were supplemented with structured lipids, but those still lacked sn-2 palmitate TAGs. The adoption of multiple lipids and novel processing technologies is required for novel IFs to match the composition, content, positional structure and spherical membrane structure of HM as closely as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Xiaofei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Ziqi Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Juncai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yanpin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Jingyao Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Kai Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Li Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yue Jin
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
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4
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Wu D, Zhang L, Tan CP, Zheng Z, Liu Y. Comparative Lipidomic Analysis Reveals the Lactational Changes in the Lipid Profiles of Chinese Human Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5403-5416. [PMID: 36951298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Human milk (HM) lipid plays a crucial role in infant development, whereas its complex lipid profiles and its dynamic changes during prolonged lactation have not been investigated yet. Comparative lipidomic analyses were employed in investigating the lipid profiles of breast milk covering all lactation stages herein. Results revealed significant differences between colostrum and the remaining lactations. A total of 237 species of glycerolipids (GLs) and 231 phospholipids (PLs) were identified. Colostrum had the most abundant lipid species and was enriched with triacylglycerols (TGs) with a high molecular weight. TG(17:1/18:1/24:1), TG(24:1/24:1/26:1), TG(24:0/24:1/26:1), and SM(d20:1/14:1) were characteristic lipids of colostrum. Differential lipid species which were responsible for distinguishing the adjacent lactations were also indicated. Our findings can help deepen the overall understanding of HM lipid profiles and its dynamic changes, which will facilitate the development of infant formulas suitable for Chinese babies in diverse age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, China
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Zhaojun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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5
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Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Diaz J, Morales J, Álvarez-Calatayud G, Climent E, Silva Á, Martinez-Blanch JF, Enrique M, Tortajada M, Ramon D, Alvarez B, Chenoll E, Gil Á. Effects of a Novel Infant Formula on the Fecal Microbiota in the First Six Months of Life: The INNOVA 2020 Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3034. [PMID: 36769356 PMCID: PMC9917896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Exclusive breastfeeding is highly recommended for infants for at least the first six months of life. However, for some mothers, it may be difficult or even impossible to do so. This can lead to disturbances in the gut microbiota, which in turn may be related to a higher incidence of acute infectious diseases. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether a novel starting formula versus a standard formula provides a gut microbiota composition more similar to that of breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life. Two hundred and ten infants (70/group) were enrolled in the study and completed the intervention until 12 months of age. For the intervention period, infants were divided into three groups: Group 1 received formula 1 (INN) with a lower amount of protein, a proportion of casein to whey protein ratio of about 70/30 by increasing the content of α-lactalbumin, and with double the amount of docosahexaenoic acid/arachidonic acid than the standard formula; INN also contained a thermally inactivated postbiotic (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis). Group 2 received the standard formula (STD) and the third group was exclusively breastfed (BF) for exploratory analysis. During the study, visits were made at 21 days, 2, 4, and 6 months of age, with ±3 days for the visit at 21 days of age, ±1 week for the visit at 2 months, and ±2 weeks for the others. Here, we reveal how consuming the INN formula promotes a similar gut microbiota composition to those infants that were breastfed in terms of richness and diversity, genera, such as Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, and Lactobacillus, and calprotectin and short-chain fatty acid levels at 21 days, 2 and 6 months. Furthermore, we observed that the major bacteria metabolic pathways were more alike between the INN formula and BF groups compared to the STD formula group. Therefore, we assume that consumption of the novel INN formula might improve gut microbiota composition, promoting a healthier intestinal microbiota more similar to that of an infant who receives exclusively human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Centre of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n., 18016 Armilla, Spain
| | - Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Javier Morales
- Product Development Department, Alter Farmacia SA, 28880 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Eric Climent
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Ángela Silva
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | | | - María Enrique
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Marta Tortajada
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Daniel Ramon
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Empar Chenoll
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Ángel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Centre of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n., 18016 Armilla, Spain
- CIBEROBN, CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Liu Y, Qiao W, Liu Y, Zhao J, Liu Q, Yang K, Zhang M, Wang Y, Liu Y, Chen L. Quantification of phospholipids and glycerides in human milk using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Front Chem 2023; 10:1101557. [PMID: 36700070 PMCID: PMC9868747 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk lipids, which are an important source of energy and affect growth and development of infants, require a comprehensive method for its qualitative and quantitative analysis. This work describes a method for the analysis of phospholipids, glycerides, free fatty acids and gangliosides in human milk by ultra-performance liquid chromatography using a C18 column with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS). The lipids were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction and phospholipids were separated by solid phase extraction (SPE). The chromatographic columns with two different specifications (4.6 mm × 150 mm, and 3 mm × 50 mm) were used to detect phospholipids and glycerides in human milk, respectively. The sphingolipids and glycerides were analyzed in positive ion mode, and the glycerophospholipids and free fatty acids were analyzed in negative ion mode. Both internal and external standards were used for absolute quantification in this experiment. 483 species of lipids, including phospholipids, glycerides, free fatty acids and gangliosides, in human milk were analyzed using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS with high sensitivity and good linearity, with coefficient of correlation above 0.99, the relative standard deviation of accuracy and precision less than 10%. The results in a large number of human milk samples showed that this method was suitable for qualitative and quantitative analysis of lipids in human milk, even for other mammalian milk and infant formulae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yanpin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Kai Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Lijun Chen,
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7
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Xi M, Na X, Ma X, Lan H, Sun T, Liu WH, Hung W, Zhao A. Maternal diet associated with infants' intestinal microbiota mediated by predominant long-chain fatty acid in breast milk. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1004175. [PMID: 36687649 PMCID: PMC9852834 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1004175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Long-chain fatty acids in breast milk are affected by the mother's diet and play an important role in the growth, development, and immune construction of infants. This study aims to explore the correlation between maternal diet, breast milk fatty acids (FAs), and the infant intestinal flora. Methods We enrolled 56 paired mothers and their infants; both breast milk samples and infants' fecal samples were collected to determine the long-chain FA content of breast milk by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), and metagenomic technology was applied to determine the microbial composition of infant feces. The maternal diet was also investigated using a 24-h dietary recall. Results The results indicated that the fat contribution rates of edible oils in the maternal diet are significantly positively correlated with the contents of certain long-chain fatty acids (C16:0, C18:1, C16:1, and C22:4) in breast milk, which mainly regulate the abundance of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Lacticaseibacillus fermentum, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei in the infant gut. Through KEGG pathway analysis, our data revealed that the long-chain FAs in different groups of breast milk were significantly correlated with the pathways of biotin metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism. Discussion The results of this study suggest a pathway in which the diets of lactating mothers may affect the composition of the infant intestinal microbiota by influencing breast milk FAs and then further regulating infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Xi
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaona Na
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Ma
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China,Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Hanglian Lan
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China,Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China,Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Wei-Hsien Liu
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China,Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Weilian Hung
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China,Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China,*Correspondence: Weilian Hung,
| | - Ai Zhao
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Ai Zhao,
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8
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Yang R, Chen D, Wang H, Xu X. Experiences of mothers of NICU preterm infants in milk management out of the hospital: a qualitative study. Int Breastfeed J 2022; 17:95. [PMID: 36587203 PMCID: PMC9805215 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-022-00540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk is important for the health and development of preterm infants. China's neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) have adopted the management system of maternal-infant separation. Human milk received and used by NICUs is managed by the infants' families in the out-of-hospital environment. There is scant publication on mothers' opinions on out-of-hospital human milk management. This study aimed to explore the experiences of Chinese mothers providing their infants in the NICUs with human milk expressed outside of the hospital. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 participants recruited from June 2020 to November 2020, who transported their human milk to the human milk bank of Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University during the hospitalization of their preterm infants. This study adopted a qualitative research approach with thematic analysis. RESULTS Three main themes were identified: 1) awareness of human milk management and a willingness to adopt it; 2) lack of standardization regarding expressing, storing, and transporting expressed human milk; and 3) the need for more external support. Theme 2 additionally has three sub-themes: I) differentiation of preparations before human milk expression; II) differentiation of devices for human milk expression; and III) insufficient knowledge and understanding. CONCLUSIONS In this study, all participants who received health education showed enthusiasm for participating in out-of-hospital human milk management. However, most participants had questions during the implementation process. Medical staff should provide professional and continuous external support to support mothers in implementing human milk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XSchool of Nursing, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Danqi Chen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XWomen’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou China
| | - Hua Wang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XWomen’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou China
| | - Xinfen Xu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XWomen’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XHaining Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Branch of Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Qiao W, Chen J, Zhang M, Wang Y, Yang B, Zhao J, Jiang T, Chen L. A cohort study of vitamins contents in human milk from maternal-infant factors. Front Nutr 2022; 9:993066. [PMID: 36147300 PMCID: PMC9486404 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.993066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk vitamin content is an important indicator to evaluate the nutritional composition of human milk. This paper investigates the influence of maternal and infant factors on the dynamics of human milk vitamin content. A total of 147 mother-infant pairs from 3 different cities (north-south distribution) in China were selected and 9 major vitamins were measured in 332 human milk samples. The three vitamins (vitamin A, β-carotene, and pantothenic acid) showed significant downward trends with lactation period (| r | > 0.3, p < 0.05). The lactation period factor could explain the negative variation of vitamin A (21.2%) and pantothenic acid (9.5%). The factors of lactation period and oils intake could jointly explain variations of β-carotene (11.8%). (Registration number: NCT02658500).
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jingyao Chen
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Baoyu Yang
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Tiemin Jiang
- South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- *Correspondence: Lijun Chen
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10
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Ni M, Wang Y, Yang Z, Xu X, Zhang H, Yang Y, Zhang L, Chen J. Profiles of total and sn-2 fatty acid of human mature milk and their correlated factors: A cross-sectional study in China. Front Nutr 2022; 9:926429. [PMID: 36071934 PMCID: PMC9441907 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.926429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) in breast milk is beneficial to the growth and neurodevelopment of infants. However, the structure profiles of breast milk FAs and the influencing factors which are crucial for normal function have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to characterize the profiles of total and sn-2 FAs in human mature milk based on two representative urban areas in China and explore potential sociodemographic determinants. Mothers (n = 70) at 40–100 d postpartum from Beijing and Danyang were recruited according to unified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Total and sn-2 FA compositions were examined by gas chromatography and quantified. Using the Spearman correlation and multiple regression model, we found that the location and maternal education level were the most conspicuous correlated factor. The milk of mothers from Beijing had higher levels of the n-6 series of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) (C20:2, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA, LA/ALA, and ARA/DHA) than that of Danyang, while the opposite was observed in the n-3 series of LCPUFA (C18:3n-3 and Total n-3PUFA). Compared to the milk of mothers with a high school degree or below, those with a bachelor's degree or above had lower SFAs (C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, and Total SFA), n-3 series of LCPUFA (C18:3n-3 and Total n-3PUFA), C18:1n-9t, and higher n-6 series of LCPUFA (C18:2n-6c, C20:2, C20:4n-6, Total n-6PUFA, and n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA). Maternal age, infant gender, pre-conception body mass index (BMI), parity, delivery mode, and gestational weight gain were also associated with total FAs. However, fewer associations were found between the above factors and sn-2 FAs. This study will promote an understanding of human breast milk's lipid profile and help develop a formula more suitable for infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Ni
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingyao Wang
- Chinese Nutrition Society, Beijing, China
- CNS Academy of Nutrition and Health (Beijing Zhongyinghui Nutrition and Health Research Institute) Beijing Zhongyinghui Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhirui Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuebing Xu
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yuexin Yang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuexin Yang
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Lishi Zhang
| | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Jinyao Chen
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11
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Litos A, Intze E, Pavlidis P, Lagkouvardos I. Cronos: A Machine Learning Pipeline for Description and Predictive Modeling of Microbial Communities Over Time. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 2:866902. [PMID: 36304308 PMCID: PMC9580867 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2022.866902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial time-series analysis, typically, examines the abundances of individual taxa over time and attempts to assign etiology to observed patterns. This approach assumes homogeneous groups in terms of profiles and response to external effectors. These assumptions are not always fulfilled, especially in complex natural systems, like the microbiome of the human gut. It is actually established that humans with otherwise the same demographic or dietary backgrounds can have distinct microbial profiles. We suggest an alternative approach to the analysis of microbial time-series, based on the following premises: 1) microbial communities are organized in distinct clusters of similar composition at any time point, 2) these intrinsic subsets of communities could have different responses to the same external effects, and 3) the fate of the communities is largely deterministic given the same external conditions. Therefore, tracking the transition of communities, rather than individual taxa, across these states, can enhance our understanding of the ecological processes and allow the prediction of future states, by incorporating applied effects. We implement these ideas into Cronos, an analytical pipeline written in R. Cronos’ inputs are a microbial composition table (e.g., OTU table), their phylogenetic relations as a tree, and the associated metadata. Cronos detects the intrinsic microbial profile clusters on all time points, describes them in terms of composition, and records the transitions between them. Cluster assignments, combined with the provided metadata, are used to model the transitions and predict samples’ fate under various effects. We applied Cronos to available data from growing infants’ gut microbiomes, and we observe two distinct trajectories corresponding to breastfed and formula-fed infants that eventually converge to profiles resembling those of mature individuals. Cronos is freely available at https://github.com/Lagkouvardos/Cronos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis Litos
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation of Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Evangelia Intze
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece
| | - Pavlos Pavlidis
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation of Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ilias Lagkouvardos
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation of Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece
- Core Facility Microbiome—ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ilias Lagkouvardos,
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12
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Liu Q, Zhao J, Liu Y, Qiao W, Jiang T, Liu Y, Yu X, Chen L. Advances in analysis, metabolism and mimicking of human milk lipids. Food Chem 2022; 393:133332. [PMID: 35661604 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human milk lipids differ from the milk lipids of other mammals in composition and positional distribution of fatty acids. Analysis and detection technology of lipids is key to understanding milk lipids, and thus the concentrations, compositions and distribution characteristics of milk lipids are discussed. Differences between human milk lipids and their substitutes in form, composition and structure affect their digestion, absorption and function in infants. Characteristics and mimicking of human milk lipids have been intensively studied with the objective of narrowing the gap between human milk and infant formulae. Based on the existing achievements, further progress may be made by improving detection techniques, deepening knowledge of metabolic pathways and perfecting fat substitutes. This review detailed the characteristics of human milk lipids and related detection technologies with a view towards providing a clear direction for research on mimicking human milk lipids in formulae to further improve infant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Tiemin Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China.
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13
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Wilms JN, Hare KS, Fischer-Tlustos AJ, Vahmani P, Dugan MER, Leal LN, Steele MA. Fatty acid profile characterization in colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk of primi- and multiparous cows during the first week of lactation. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4692-4710. [PMID: 35473965 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-20880a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The specific fatty acid (FA) profile of colostrum may indicate a biological requirement for neonatal calves. The objective of this study was to characterize the FA profile and yields in colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk in primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) cows. Colostrum was milked from 10 PP and 10 MP Holstein cows fed the same pre- and postpartum rations. Milkings (M) 2 to 5 and 12 were respectively termed transition and mature milk. Overall, short-chain FA (C4:0 and C6:0) were 61 and 50% lower in colostrum than mature milk, respectively. A parity by milking interaction was also present, with higher C4:0 for PP cows at M2 and for MP cows at M12. Additionally, higher concentrations of C6:0 were present for PP cows at M2 through M4 and for MP cows at M12. Palmitic (C16:0) and myristic (C14:0) acids were 38% and 19% higher in colostrum than mature milk, respectively. However, total saturated FA remained relatively stable. Branched-chain FA were 13% lower in colostrum than mature milk and higher in PP than MP cows throughout the milking period. The proportion of trans-monounsaturated FA (MUFA) was 72% higher in PP cows throughout the milking period, as well as 13% lower in colostrum than mature milk. In contrast, cis-MUFA and total MUFA were not affected by milking nor parity. Linoleic acid (LA) was 25% higher in colostrum than transition and mature milks, but α-linolenic acid (ALA) did not differ. Consequently, the ratio of LA to ALA was 29% higher in colostrum than mature milk and 33% higher in MP cows. Linoleic acid was also 15% higher in MP cows, whereas ALA was 15% higher in PP cows. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, cis-9,trans-11) was 2.7-fold higher in PP cows, and no differences between colostrum and mature milk were detected. Overall, polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) from the n-6 and n-3 series were over 40% higher in colostrum compared with transition and mature milk. Milking by parity interactions were present for arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total n-3 PUFA, translating to higher proportions in PP cows in M1 to M3, whereas proportions remained relatively stable throughout the milking period in MP cows. Despite increasing milk yields throughout the subsequent milkings, higher yields of EPA, ARA, DPA, and DHA were present in colostrum than in mature milk. Greater proportions and yields of n-3 and n-6 FA in colostrum may translate to specific requirements for newborn calves. Differences were also observed between PP and MP cows and may reflect different nutrient requirements and partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Wilms
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Trouw Nutrition R&D, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - K S Hare
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A J Fischer-Tlustos
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - P Vahmani
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - M E R Dugan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L 1V7, Canada
| | - L N Leal
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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14
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Yadav M, Kapoor A, Verma A, Ambatipudi K. Functional Significance of Different Milk Constituents in Modulating the Gut Microbiome and Infant Health. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3929-3947. [PMID: 35324181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human milk, the gold standard for optimal nourishment, controls the microbial composition of infants by either enhancing or limiting bacterial growth. The milk fat globule membrane has gained interest in gut-related functions and cognitive development. The membrane proteins can directly interact with probiotic bacteria, influencing their survival and adhesion through gastrointestinal transit, whereas membrane phospholipids increase the residence time of probiotic bacteria in the gut. The commensal bacteria in milk act as the initial inoculum in building up the gut colonization of an infant, whereas oligosaccharides promote proliferation of beneficial microorganisms. Interestingly, milk extracellular vesicles are also involved in influencing the microbiota composition but are not well-explored. This review highlights the contribution of different milk components in modulating the infant gut microbiota, particularly the fat globule membrane, and the complex interplay between host- and brain-gut microbiota signaling affecting infant and adult health positively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Ayushi Kapoor
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Aparna Verma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Kiran Ambatipudi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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15
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Wilms JN, Hare KS, Fischer-Tlustos AJ, Vahmani P, Dugan MER, Leal LN, Steele MA. Fatty acid profile characterization in colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk of primi- and multiparous cows during the first week of lactation. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2612-2630. [PMID: 35033345 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The specific fatty acid (FA) profile of colostrum may indicate a biological requirement for neonatal calves. The objective of this study was to characterize the FA profile and yields in colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk in primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) cows. Colostrum was milked from 10 PP and 10 MP Holstein cows fed the same pre- and postpartum rations. Milkings (M) 2 to 5 and 12 were respectively termed transition and mature milk. Overall, short-chain FA (C4:0 and C6:0) were 61 and 50% lower in colostrum than mature milk, respectively. A parity by milking interaction was also present, with higher C4:0 for PP cows at M2 and for MP cows at M12. Additionally, higher concentrations of C6:0 were present for PP cows at M2 through M4 and for MP cows at M12. Palmitic (C16:0) and myristic (C14:0) acids were 16% and 27% higher in colostrum than mature milk, respectively. However, total saturated FA remained relatively stable. Branched-chain FA were 13% lower in colostrum than mature milk and higher in PP than MP cows throughout the milking period. The proportion of trans-monounsaturated FA (MUFA) was 42% higher in PP cows throughout the milking period, as well as 15% lower in colostrum than mature milk. In contrast, cis-MUFA and total MUFA were not affected by milking nor parity. Linoleic acid (LA) was 13% higher in colostrum than transition and mature milks, but α-linolenic acid (ALA) did not differ. Consequently, the ratio of LA to ALA was 23% higher in colostrum than mature milk and 25% higher in MP cows. Linoleic acid was also 13% higher in MP cows, whereas ALA was 15% higher in PP cows. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, cis-9,trans-11) was 63% higher in PP cows, and no differences between colostrum and mature milk were detected. Overall, polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) from the n-6 and n-3 series were over 25% higher in colostrum compared with transition and mature milk. Milking by parity interactions were present for arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total n-3 PUFA, translating to higher proportions in PP cows in M1 to M3, whereas proportions remained relatively stable throughout the milking period in MP cows. Despite increasing milk yields throughout the subsequent milkings, higher yields of EPA, ARA, DPA, and DHA were present in colostrum than in mature milk. Greater proportions and yields of n-3 and n-6 FA in colostrum may translate to specific requirements for newborn calves. Differences were also observed between PP and MP cows and may reflect different nutrient requirements and partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Wilms
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Trouw Nutrition R&D, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - K S Hare
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A J Fischer-Tlustos
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - P Vahmani
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - M E R Dugan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L 1V7, Canada
| | - L N Leal
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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16
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Alshaikh BN, Reyes Loredo A, Knauff M, Momin S, Moossavi S. The Role of Dietary Fats in the Development and Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Nutrients 2021; 14:145. [PMID: 35011027 PMCID: PMC8746672 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. The pathogenesis of NEC is not completely understood; however, intestinal immaturity and excessive immunoreactivity of intestinal mucosa to intraluminal microbes and nutrients appear to have critical roles. Dietary fats are not only the main source of energy for preterm infants, but also exert potent effects on intestinal development, intestinal microbial colonization, immune function, and inflammatory response. Preterm infants have a relatively low capacity to digest and absorb triglyceride fat. Fat may thereby accumulate in the ileum and contribute to the development of NEC by inducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Some fat components, such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), also exert immunomodulatory roles during the early postnatal period when the immune system is rapidly developing. LC-PUFAs may have the ability to modulate the inflammatory process of NEC, particularly when the balance between n3 and n6 LC-PUFAs derivatives is maintained. Supplementation with n3 LC-PUFAs alone may have limited effect on NEC prevention. In this review, we describe how various fatty acids play different roles in the pathogenesis of NEC in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal N Alshaikh
- Neonatal Nutrition and Gastroenterology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Adriana Reyes Loredo
- Neonatal Nutrition and Gastroenterology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Megan Knauff
- Nutrition Services, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Sarfaraz Momin
- Neonatal Nutrition and Gastroenterology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Shirin Moossavi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
- International Microbiome Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
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17
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Zeinali LI, Giuliano S, Lakshminrusimha S, Underwood MA. Intestinal Dysbiosis in the Infant and the Future of Lacto-Engineering to Shape the Developing Intestinal Microbiome. Clin Ther 2021; 44:193-214.e1. [PMID: 34922744 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to review the role of human milk in shaping the infant intestinal microbiota and the potential of human milk bioactive molecules to reverse trends of increasing intestinal dysbiosis and dysbiosis-associated diseases. METHODS This narrative review was based on recent and historic literature. FINDINGS Human milk immunoglobulins, oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, lysozyme, milk fat globule membranes, and bile salt-stimulating lipase are complex multifunctional bioactive molecules that, among other important functions, shape the composition of the infant intestinal microbiota. IMPLICATIONS The co-evolution of human milk components and human milk-consuming commensal anaerobes many thousands of years ago resulted in a stable low-diversity infant microbiota. Over the past century, the introduction of antibiotics and modern hygiene practices plus changes in the care of newborns have led to significant alterations in the intestinal microbiota, with associated increases in risk of dysbiosis-associated disease. A better understanding of mechanisms by which human milk shapes the intestinal microbiota of the infant during a vulnerable period of development of the immune system is needed to alter the current trajectory and decrease intestinal dysbiosis and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida I Zeinali
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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18
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He G, Li G, Jiang Y, Hua J, Chu X, Xiong L, Gong J, Xiao G, Ye X. Macronutrient content and fatty acid composition and their positional distribution in human breast milk from Zhejiang Province, China in different lactation periods. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:6746-6761. [PMID: 34925804 PMCID: PMC8645764 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactational changes in macronutrient content, lipid profile, fatty acid composition, and positional distribution of human breast milk were investigated in this study. A total of 378 milk samples of six different lactation periods, including 0‒5, 6‒14, 15‒30, 31‒90, 91‒180, and 181‒360 days, were collected cross-sectionally from healthy lactating women in Zhejiang, China. As lactation progressed from 0‒5 to 15‒30 days, the lipid content and the percentages of C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C18:2n-6, and C18:3n-3 increased significantly, while the protein concentration and the proportions of phospholipids, cholesterols, C16:0, C18:1n-9, C24:1n-9, C20:4n-6, C22:4n-6, C22:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 decreased notably. When lactation was further extended to 181‒360 days, the protein content continued to decrease, and the percentages of C12:0 and C14:0 continued to increase, whereas the levels of other tested nutrients remained stable. Although the triacylglycerol positional distributions of some fatty acids underwent significant lactational variations, C14:0, C16:0, C24:1n-9, C22:4n-6, C22:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 were located mainly at the sn-2 position, while C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6, and C18:3n-3 were primarily distributed at the sn-1,3 positions. Compared with human breast milk reported in Western countries, samples in our study demonstrated higher percentages of C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, C20:4n-6, and C22:6n-3, but lower proportions of C12:0, C14:0, and C18:1n-9. The results from this study indicated a nutritional composition different from that of the Western countries and may provide useful data for the development of infant formulas closer to Chinese breast milk in terms of the fatty acid composition and its specified positional distribution on triglyceride structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua He
- Department of Food Science and NutritionZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- School of Biological and Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University of Science and TechnologyHangzhouChina
| | - Guipu Li
- Beingmate (Hangzhou) Food Research Institute Co., LtdHangzhouChina
| | - Yanxi Jiang
- Beingmate (Hangzhou) Food Research Institute Co., LtdHangzhouChina
| | - Jiacai Hua
- Beingmate (Hangzhou) Food Research Institute Co., LtdHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaojun Chu
- Beingmate (Hangzhou) Food Research Institute Co., LtdHangzhouChina
| | - Lina Xiong
- Beingmate (Hangzhou) Food Research Institute Co., LtdHangzhouChina
| | - Jinyan Gong
- School of Biological and Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University of Science and TechnologyHangzhouChina
| | - Gongnian Xiao
- School of Biological and Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University of Science and TechnologyHangzhouChina
| | - Xingqian Ye
- Department of Food Science and NutritionZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Li M, Zhu M, Chai W, Wang Y, Song Y, Liu B, Cai C, Song Y, Sun X, Xue P, Wang C. Determination of the Heterogeneity of Intramuscular Fat and Visceral Adipose Tissue From Dezhou Donkey by Lipidomics and Transcriptomics Profiling. Front Nutr 2021; 8:746684. [PMID: 34651009 PMCID: PMC8505748 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.746684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular fat (IMF) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) are both lipids, but have significantly different deposition processes. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of lipid molecular characteristics and mechanisms is unclear. Accordingly, this study used non-targeted lipidomics and transcriptomics to analyze the lipid profiles and metabolism of longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) and VAT from donkeys. A total of 1,146 and 1,134 lipids belonging to 18 subclasses were identified in LDM and VAT, respectively, with LDM having higher glycerophospholipid (GP) and lower glycerolipid (GL) contents. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were distributed preferentially at the sn-1 positions in triglycerides (TGs), and sn-2 positions in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The percentage PUFA content in TGs was significantly lower in LDM than in VAT, while the opposite trend was observed for PUFAs in PC and PE. A total of 110 different lipid molecules (72 downregulated and 38 upregulated) were identified in LDM compared with VAT, of which 11 were considered potential lipid markers. These different lipids were involved in 17 metabolic pathways, including GL and GP metabolisms. Of the 578 differentially expressed genes screened, 311 were downregulated and 267 were upregulated in LDM compared with VAT. Enriched ontology analysis of the differentially expressed genes mainly involved sphingolipid signaling pathways, and GP, GL, and sphingolipid metabolisms. Overall, lipidomics and transcriptomics indicated differences in lipid profiles and metabolism in LDM and VAT, providing new perspectives for the study of heterogeneity in IMF and VAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Mingxia Zhu
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wenqiong Chai
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yinghua Song
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Baoxiu Liu
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Changyun Cai
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yingzi Song
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xue Sun
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Peng Xue
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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20
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Seppo AE, Choudhury R, Pizzarello C, Palli R, Fridy S, Rajani PS, Stern J, Martina C, Yonemitsu C, Bode L, Bu K, Tamburini S, Piras E, Wallach DS, Allen M, Looney RJ, Clemente JC, Thakar J, Järvinen KM. Traditional Farming Lifestyle in Old Older Mennonites Modulates Human Milk Composition. Front Immunol 2021; 12:741513. [PMID: 34707611 PMCID: PMC8545059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.741513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to farming exposures in childhood, maternal farming exposures provide strong protection against allergic disease in their children; however, the effect of farming lifestyle on human milk (HM) composition is unknown. Objective This study aims to characterize the maternal immune effects of Old Order Mennonite (OOM) traditional farming lifestyle when compared with Rochester (ROC) families at higher risk for asthma and allergic diseases using HM as a proxy. Methods HM samples collected at median 2 months of lactation from 52 OOM and 29 ROC mothers were assayed for IgA1 and IgA2 antibodies, cytokines, endotoxin, HM oligosaccharides (HMOs), and targeted fatty acid (FA) metabolites. Development of early childhood atopic diseases in children by 3 years of age was assessed. In addition to group comparisons, systems level network analysis was performed to identify communities of multiple HM factors in ROC and OOM lifestyle. Results HM contains IgA1 and IgA2 antibodies broadly recognizing food, inhalant, and bacterial antigens. OOM HM has significantly higher levels of IgA to peanut, ovalbumin, dust mites, and Streptococcus equii as well TGF-β2, and IFN-λ3. A strong correlation occurred between maternal antibiotic use and levels of several HMOs. Path-based analysis of HMOs shows lower activity in the path involving lactoneohexaose (LNH) in the OOM as well as higher levels of lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and two long-chain FAs C-18OH (stearic acid) and C-23OH (tricosanoic acid) compared with Rochester HM. OOM and Rochester milk formed five different clusters, e.g., butyrate production was associated with Prevotellaceae, Veillonellaceae, and Micrococcaceae cluster. Development of atopic disease in early childhood was more common in Rochester and associated with lower levels of total IgA, IgA2 to dust mite, as well as of TSLP. Conclusion Traditional, agrarian lifestyle, and antibiotic use are strong regulators of maternally derived immune and metabolic factors, which may have downstream implications for postnatal developmental programming of infant's gut microbiome and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti E. Seppo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Center for Food Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry and Golisano Children’s Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Rakin Choudhury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Catherine Pizzarello
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Center for Food Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry and Golisano Children’s Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Rohith Palli
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sade Fridy
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Center for Food Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry and Golisano Children’s Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Puja Sood Rajani
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Center for Food Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry and Golisano Children’s Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jessica Stern
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Center for Food Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry and Golisano Children’s Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Camille Martina
- Department of Public Health Sciences & Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Chloe Yonemitsu
- Division of Neonatology and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lars Bode
- Division of Neonatology and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kevin Bu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Precision Immunology Institue, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sabrina Tamburini
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Precision Immunology Institue, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Enrica Piras
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Precision Immunology Institue, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - David S. Wallach
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Precision Immunology Institue, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Allen
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - R. John Looney
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jose C. Clemente
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Precision Immunology Institue, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Juilee Thakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Kirsi M. Järvinen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Center for Food Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry and Golisano Children’s Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Kirsi M. Järvinen,
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21
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Influences of dietary oils and fats, and the accompanied minor content of components on the gut microbiota and gut inflammation: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Buffet-Bataillon S, Bellanger A, Boudry G, Gangneux JP, Yverneau M, Beuchée A, Blat S, Le Huërou-Luron I. New Insights Into Microbiota Modulation-Based Nutritional Interventions for Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:676622. [PMID: 34177860 PMCID: PMC8232935 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.676622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota and the central nervous system have parallel developmental windows during pre and post-natal life. Increasing evidences suggest that intestinal dysbiosis in preterm infants predisposes the neonate to adverse neurological outcomes later in life. Understanding the link between gut microbiota colonization and brain development to tailor therapies aimed at optimizing initial colonization and microbiota development are promising strategies to warrant adequate brain development and enhance neurological outcomes in preterm infants. Breast-feeding has been associated with both adequate cognitive development and healthy microbiota in preterms. Infant formula are industrially produced substitutes for infant nutrition that do not completely recapitulate breast-feeding benefices and could be largely improved by the understanding of the role of breast milk components upon gut microbiota. In this review, we will first discuss the nutritional and bioactive component information on breast milk composition and its contribution to the assembly of the neonatal gut microbiota in preterms. We will then discuss the emerging pathways connecting the gut microbiota and brain development. Finally, we will discuss the promising microbiota modulation-based nutritional interventions (including probiotic and prebiotic supplementation of infant formula and maternal nutrition) for improving neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Buffet-Bataillon
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Amandine Bellanger
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
- Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Gaelle Boudry
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
| | | | | | - Alain Beuchée
- Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology, Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, LTSI-UMR 1099, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Blat
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
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23
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Boudry G, Charton E, Le Huerou-Luron I, Ferret-Bernard S, Le Gall S, Even S, Blat S. The Relationship Between Breast Milk Components and the Infant Gut Microbiota. Front Nutr 2021; 8:629740. [PMID: 33829032 PMCID: PMC8019723 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.629740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of the newborn's gut microbiota during the first months of life is an orchestrated process resulting in specialized microbial ecosystems in the different gut compartments. This process is highly dependent upon environmental factors, and many evidences suggest that early bacterial gut colonization has long-term consequences on host digestive and immune homeostasis but also metabolism and behavior. The early life period is therefore a "window of opportunity" to program health through microbiota modulation. However, the implementation of this promising strategy requires an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms governing gut microbiota assembly. Breastfeeding has been associated with a healthy microbiota in infants. Human milk is a complex food matrix, with numerous components that potentially influence the infant microbiota composition, either by enhancing specific bacteria growth or by limiting the growth of others. The objective of this review is to describe human milk composition and to discuss the established or purported roles of human milk components upon gut microbiota establishment. Finally, the impact of maternal diet on human milk composition is reviewed to assess how maternal diet could be a simple and efficient approach to shape the infant gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Boudry
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Elise Charton
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
- UMR STLO INRAE, Institut Agro, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Sophie Le Gall
- INRAE, UR BIA, Nantes, France
- INRAE, BIBS facility, Nantes, France
| | | | - Sophie Blat
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
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24
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Neurodevelopmental Outcomes and Gut Bifidobacteria in Term Infants Fed an Infant Formula Containing High sn-2 Palmitate: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020693. [PMID: 33671493 PMCID: PMC7926808 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A few studies suggested high stereo-specifically numbered (sn)-2 palmitate in a formula might favor the gut Bifidobacteria of infants. The initial colonization and subsequent development of gut microbiota in early life might be associated with development and later life functions of the central nervous system via the microbiota–gut–brain axis, such as children with autism. This study aims to assess the hypothesized effect of increasing the amount of palmitic acid esterified in the sn-2 position in infant formula on neurodevelopment in healthy full-term infants and to explore the association of this effect with the altered gut Bifidobacteria. One hundred and ninety-nine infants were enrolled in this cluster randomized clinical trial: 66 breast-fed (BF group) and 133 formula-fed infants who were clustered and randomly assigned to receive formula containing high sn-2 palmitate (sn-2 group, n = 66) or low sn-2 palmitate (control group, n = 67), where 46.3% and 10.3% of the palmitic acid (PA) was sn-2-palmitate, respectively. Infants’ neurodevelopmental outcomes were measured by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, third edition (ASQ-3). Stool samples were collected for the analysis of Bifidobacteria (Trial registration number: ChiCTR1800014479). At week 16, the risk of scoring close to the threshold for fine motor skills (reference: scoring above the typical development threshold) was significantly lower in the sn-2 group than the control group after adjustment for the maternal education level (p = 0.036) but did not differ significantly versus the BF group (p = 0.513). At week 16 and week 24, the sn-2 group (week 16: 15.7% and week 24: 15.6%) had a significantly higher relative abundance of fecal Bifidobacteria than the control group (week 16: 6.6%, p = 0.001 and week 24:11.2%, p = 0.028) and did not differ from the BF group (week 16: 14.4%, p = 0.674 and week 24: 14.9%, p = 0.749). At week 16, a higher relative abundance of Bifidobacteria was associated with the decreased odds of only one domain scoring close to the threshold in the formula-fed infants group (odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.947 (0.901–0.996)). Elevating the sn-2 palmitate level in the formula improved infants’ development of fine motor skills, and the beneficial effects of high sn-2 palmitate on infant neurodevelopment was associated with the increased gut Bifidobacteria level.
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25
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Lipid Composition, Digestion, and Absorption Differences among Neonatal Feeding Strategies: Potential Implications for Intestinal Inflammation in Preterm Infants. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020550. [PMID: 33567518 PMCID: PMC7914900 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal population. Formula feeding is among the many risk factors for developing the condition, a practice often required in the cohort most often afflicted with NEC, preterm infants. While the virtues of many bioactive components of breast milk have been extolled, the ability to digest and assimilate the nutritional components of breast milk is often overlooked. The structure of formula differs from that of breast milk, both in lipid composition and chemical configuration. In addition, formula lacks a critical digestive enzyme produced by the mammary gland, bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL). The gastrointestinal system of premature infants is often incapable of secreting sufficient pancreatic enzymes for fat digestion, and pasteurization of donor milk (DM) has been shown to inactivate BSSL, among other important compounds. Incompletely digested lipids may oxidize and accumulate in the distal gut. These lipid fragments are thought to induce intestinal inflammation in the neonate, potentially hastening the development of diseases such as NEC. In this review, differences in breast milk, pasteurized DM, and formula lipids are highlighted, with a focus on the ability of those lipids to be digested and subsequently absorbed by neonates, especially those born prematurely and at risk for NEC.
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26
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Keogh CE, Rude KM, Gareau MG. Role of pattern recognition receptors and the microbiota in neurological disorders. J Physiol 2021; 599:1379-1389. [PMID: 33404072 DOI: 10.1113/jp279771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the gut microbiota has been increasingly implicated in the development of many extraintestinal disorders, including neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Despite this growing connection, our understanding of the precise mechanisms behind these effects is currently lacking. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are important innate immune proteins expressed on the surface and within the cytoplasm of a multitude of cells, both immune and otherwise, including epithelial, endothelial and neuronal. PRRs comprise four major subfamilies: the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain leucine rich repeats-containing receptors (NLRs), the retinoic acid inducible gene 1-like receptors and the C-type lectin receptors. Recognition of commensal bacteria by PRRs is critical for maintaining host-microbe interactions and homeostasis, including behaviour. The expression of PRRs on multiple cell types makes them a highly interesting and novel target for regulation of host-microbe signalling, which may lead to gut-brain signalling. Emerging evidence indicates that two of the four known families of PRRs (the NLRs and the TLRs) are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders via the gut-brain axis. Taken together, increasing evidence supports a role for these PRRs in the development of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis, via the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara E Keogh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kavi M Rude
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mélanie G Gareau
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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27
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Zhao J, Liu Q, Liu Y, Qiao W, Yang K, Jiang T, Hou J, Zhou H, Zhao Y, Lin T, Li N, Chen L. Quantitative profiling of glycerides, glycerophosphatides and sphingolipids in Chinese human milk with ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2020; 346:128857. [PMID: 33373822 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human milk lipids are an important energy source and essential nutrients for the growth and development of infants. The UPLC/Q-TOF-MS was used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze human milk lipids. Totally, 411 species of lipids were identified, in which the content of OPL was generally higher than that of OPO; SM (75.38 mg/L, 40.39%), PE (51.12 mg/L, 27.39%) and PC (40.10 mg/L, 21.49%) had the highest contents among polar lipids, mainly including SM42:2:2 (22.24 mg/L), PE36:2 (C18:0-C18:2, 21.39 mg/L) and PC36:2 (C18:0-C18:2, 19.80 mg/L). In human milk, TAG56:7 (137.14 mg/L), TAG56:8 (59.49 mg/L), TAG58:8 (65.90 mg/L) and TAG58:9 (49.99 mg/L) were the main sources of AA and DHA; PE was an important source of AA and DHA in polar lipids; and linoleic acyl in glycerides and phospholipids had higher contents than other polyunsaturated fatty acyls. These results provided the scientific basis for the simulation of human milk at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Qian Liu
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Kai Yang
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Tiemin Jiang
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, PR China
| | - Juncai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Hao Zhou
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Tie Lin
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Nan Li
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China
| | - Lijun Chen
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, PR China.
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28
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Amenyogbe N, Dimitriu P, Cho P, Ruck C, Fortuno ES, Cai B, Alimenti A, Côté HCF, Maan EJ, Slogrove AL, Esser M, Marchant A, Goetghebuer T, Shannon CP, Tebbutt SJ, Kollmann TR, Mohn WW, Smolen KK. Innate Immune Responses and Gut Microbiomes Distinguish HIV-Exposed from HIV-Unexposed Children in a Population-Specific Manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2618-2628. [PMID: 33067377 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In both high- and low-income countries, HIV-negative children born to HIV-positive mothers (HIV exposed, uninfected [HEU]) are more susceptible to severe infection than HIV-unexposed, uninfected (HUU) children, with altered innate immunity hypothesized to be a cause. Both the gut microbiome and systemic innate immunity differ across biogeographically distinct settings, and the two are known to influence each other. And although the gut microbiome is influenced by HIV infection and may contribute to altered immunity, the biogeography of immune-microbiome correlations among HEU children have not been investigated. To address this, we compared the innate response and the stool microbiome of 2-y-old HEU and HUU children from Belgium, Canada, and South Africa to test the hypothesis that region-specific immune alterations directly correlate to differences in their stool microbiomes. We did not detect a universal immune or microbiome signature underlying differences between HEU versus HUU that was applicable to all children. But as hypothesized, population-specific differences in stool microbiomes were readily detected and included reduced abundances of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria in Canadian HEU children. Furthermore, we did not identify innate immune-microbiome associations that distinguished HEU from HUU children in any population. These findings suggest that maternal HIV infection is independently associated with differences in both innate immunity and the stool microbiome in a biogeographical population-specific way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Amenyogbe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada; .,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Pedro Dimitriu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Patricia Cho
- Department of Experimental Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Candice Ruck
- Department of Experimental Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Edgardo S Fortuno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V4, Canada.,Division of Palliative, Rehabilitation, and Integrative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Bing Cai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Ariane Alimenti
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Women's Hospital and Health Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Hélène C F Côté
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z7, Canada
| | - Evelyn J Maan
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 0A7, Canada
| | - Amy L Slogrove
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Worcester 6849, South Africa
| | - Monika Esser
- The Immunology Unit, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institut d'Immunologie Médicale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi B-6041, Belgium
| | - Tessa Goetghebuer
- Département de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire St Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1000, Belgium
| | - Casey P Shannon
- Prevention of Organ Failure Centre of Excellence, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6Z 2K5, Canada.,Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Scott J Tebbutt
- Prevention of Organ Failure Centre of Excellence, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6Z 2K5, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Tobias R Kollmann
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - William W Mohn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada;
| | - Kinga K Smolen
- Department of Experimental Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.,Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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29
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Yin Z, Yan X, Wang Q, Deng Z, Tang K, Cao Z, Qiu T. Detecting Prognosis Risk Biomarkers for Colon Cancer Through Multi-Omics-Based Prognostic Analysis and Target Regulation Simulation Modeling. Front Genet 2020; 11:524. [PMID: 32528533 PMCID: PMC7264416 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colon cancer is one of the most common health threats for humans since its high morbidity and mortality. Detecting potential prognosis risk biomarkers (PRBs) is essential for the improvement of therapeutic strategies and drug development. Currently, although an integrated prognostic analysis of multi-omics for colon cancer is insufficient, it has been reported to be valuable for improving PRBs’ detection in other cancer types. Aim This study aims to detect potential PRBs for colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) samples through the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) by integrating muti-omics. Materials and Methods The multi-omics-based prognostic analysis (MPA) model was first constructed to systemically analyze the prognosis of colon cancer based on four-omics data of gene expression, exon expression, DNA methylation and somatic mutations on COAD samples. Then, the essential features related to prognosis were functionally annotated through protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and cancer-related pathways. Moreover, the significance of those essential prognostic features were further confirmed by the target regulation simulation (TRS) model. Finally, an independent testing dataset, as well as the single cell-based expression dataset were utilized to validate the generality and repeatability of PRBs detected in this study. Results By integrating the result of MPA modeling, as well the PPI network, integrated pathway and TRS modeling, essential features with gene symbols such as EPB41, PSMA1, FGFR3, MRAS, LEP, C7orf46, LOC285000, LBP, ZNF35, SLC30A3, LECT2, RNF7, and DYNC1I1 were identified as PRBs which provide high potential as drug targets for COAD treatment. Validation on the independent testing dataset demonstrated that these PRBs could be applied to distinguish the prognosis of COAD patients. Moreover, the prognosis of patients with different clinical conditions could also be distinguished by the above PRBs. Conclusions The MPA and TRS models constructed in this paper, as well as the PPI network and integrated pathway analysis, could not only help detect PRBs as potential therapeutic targets for COAD patients but also make it a paradigm for the prognostic analysis of other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuojing Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, College of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinmiao Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, College of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiming Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, College of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeliang Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, College of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kailin Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, College of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, College of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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30
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Ramiro-Cortijo D, Singh P, Liu Y, Medina-Morales E, Yakah W, Freedman SD, Martin CR. Breast Milk Lipids and Fatty Acids in Regulating Neonatal Intestinal Development and Protecting against Intestinal Injury. Nutrients 2020; 12:E534. [PMID: 32092925 PMCID: PMC7071444 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk is the optimal source of nutrition for infant growth and development. Breast milk fats and their downstream derivatives of fatty acids and fatty acid-derived terminal mediators not only provide an energy source but also are important regulators of development, immune function, and metabolism. The composition of the lipids and fatty acids determines the nutritional and physicochemical properties of human milk fat. Essential fatty acids, including long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and specialized pro-resolving mediators, are critical for growth, organogenesis, and regulation of inflammation. Combined data including in vitro, in vivo, and human cohort studies support the beneficial effects of human breast milk in intestinal development and in reducing the risk of intestinal injury. Human milk has been shown to reduce the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a common gastrointestinal disease in preterm infants. Preterm infants fed human breast milk are less likely to develop NEC compared to preterm infants receiving infant formula. Intestinal development and its physiological functions are highly adaptive to changes in nutritional status influencing the susceptibility towards intestinal injury in response to pathological challenges. In this review, we focus on lipids and fatty acids present in breast milk and their impact on neonatal gut development and the risk of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ramiro-Cortijo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (D.R.-C.); (P.S.); (Y.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Pratibha Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (D.R.-C.); (P.S.); (Y.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Yan Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (D.R.-C.); (P.S.); (Y.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Esli Medina-Morales
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (D.R.-C.); (P.S.); (Y.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.D.F.)
| | - William Yakah
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Steven D. Freedman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (D.R.-C.); (P.S.); (Y.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.D.F.)
- Division of Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Camilia R. Martin
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Division of Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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31
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Grossert JS, Melanson JE, Ramaley L. Fragmentation Pathways of Cationized, Saturated, Short-Chain Triacylglycerols: Lithiated and Sodiated Tripropanoyl- and Trihexanoylglycerol. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:34-46. [PMID: 32881521 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many methods, often depending on tandem mass spectrometry, have been developed for analysis of complex mixtures of triacylglycerols (TAGs), especially in clinical diagnostics and food authentication. Understanding the fragmentation mechanisms of cationized TAGs has proved problematic. To obtain a better understanding of viable mechanisms, detailed studies including double- and triple-stage tandem mass spectrometry were made using electrospray ionization on lithiated and sodiated tripropanoyl- and trihexanoylglycerols. Density functional theory computations, including a functional parameterized for van der Waals interactions, were used to correlate computed energies with mass spectra. Losses of both a neutral salt and a neutral acid corresponding to a glycerol side chain were observed as major product ions in MS2 experiments. Signal intensities at low collision energies correlated well with computed energies. However, an important difference between the lithiated and sodiated ions was the appearance of the sodium cation as a major fragmentation product. Computations on the product ions resulting from the loss of a neutral acid indicated multiple structures for the lithiated ions but mainly a single structure for the sodiated ions. The lithiated product ions could be fragmented further (pseudo-MS3) to give additional structural information, whereas the sodiated ions gave only m/z 23. The longer chain TAG, while giving a much less intense mass spectrum than the shorter chain TAG, gave comparable MS2 and MS3 product ion spectra. Taken together, the spectral and computational work described herein offer a new and detailed pathway for collision-induced fragmentation of lithiated and sodiated saturated TAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stuart Grossert
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Louis Ramaley
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
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Cerdó T, Diéguez E, Campoy C. Infant growth, neurodevelopment and gut microbiota during infancy: which nutrients are crucial? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2019; 22:434-441. [PMID: 31567222 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To update the role of specific nutrients during infant development. RECENT FINDINGS Several bioactive nutrients such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), iron, vitamins, proteins, or carbohydrates have been identified to exert an important role during the first 1000 days of life on infant growth, neurodevelopment, and gut microbiota establishment and maturation. LC-PUFAs are structural constituents of the central nervous system (CNS), being essential in retinal development or hippocampal plasticity. Recently, components of the milk fat globule membrane (MFG) are being added to infant formulas because of their key role in infant's development. A high intake of proteins induces a faster weight gain during infancy which correlates with later obesity. Digestible carbohydrates provide glucose, crucial for an adequate functioning of CNS; nondigestible carbohydrates [e.g. human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs)] are the main carbon source for gut bacteria. Iron-deficiency anemia during infancy has been associated with alterations of mental and psychomotor development. Folate metabolism, closely related to vitamins B6 and B12, controls epigenetic changes, whereas inadequate status of vitamin D affects bone development, but may also increase intestinal permeability and alter gut microbiota composition. SUMMARY LC-PUFAs, proteins, carbohydrates, iron, and vitamins during early life are critical for infant's growth, neurodevelopment, and the establishment and functioning of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Cerdó
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada
- BioHealth Research Institute (Ibs), Granada, Health Sciences Technological Park
- Neurosciences Institute, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada
| | - Estefanía Diéguez
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada
| | - Cristina Campoy
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada
- BioHealth Research Institute (Ibs), Granada, Health Sciences Technological Park
- Neurosciences Institute, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada
- Spanish Network of Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada's node, Carlos III Health Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid
- Brain, Behavior and Health Excellence Research Unit, (SC2). University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Rude KM, Keogh CE, Gareau MG. The role of the gut microbiome in mediating neurotoxic outcomes to PCB exposure. Neurotoxicology 2019; 75:30-40. [PMID: 31454514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of complex physiological processes underlie the development of the microbiota, gut, and brain in early life, which together communicate via the microbiota-gut-brain axis to maintain health and homeostasis. Disruption of these processes can lead to dysbiosis of the microbiota, pathophysiology of the gut and behavioral deficits including depression, anxiety and cognitive deficits. Environmental exposures, particularly in early life, can interfere with development and impact these pathways. This review will focus on the role of the microbiome and the gut in neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration as well as the impacts of environmental exposures, particularly to the neurotoxicant polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), given that the gut serves as the primary exposure route. There exists extensive research on the importance of the microbiome in the developing brain and connections with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and increasing links being established between the microbiome and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the elderly. Finally, we will speculate on the mechanisms through which PCBs can induce dysbiosis and dysregulate physiology of the gut and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavi M Rude
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ciara E Keogh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mélanie G Gareau
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
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Yuan T, Qi C, Dai X, Xia Y, Sun C, Sun J, Yu R, Zhou Q, Jin Q, Wei W, Wang X. Triacylglycerol Composition of Breast Milk during Different Lactation Stages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2272-2278. [PMID: 30706708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of breast milk plays an important role in improving digestion, absorption, and metabolism when consumed by infants. This study characterized the TAG profile of human colostrum, transitional, and mature milk samples from 103 women. Significant differences in the TAGs composition of breast milk fat from three lactation stages were observed. The TAGs with high molecular weight and unsaturated fatty acid (such as 1,3-olein-2-palmitin (OPO) and 1(3)-olein-2-palmitin-3(1)-linolein (OPL)) were enriched in colostrum, while the TAGs containing medium-chain fatty acids were more abundant in transitional and mature milk than that in colostrum. Of note, OPL was the most common TAG in breast milk of Chinese women while the most common TAG in breast milk of Western women was OPO. This data will promote the development of infant formulas in terms of the TAG composition more suitable for infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinglan Yuan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Ce Qi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Dai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Yuan Xia
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Cong Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- College of Food Science and Technology , Henan University of Technology , Lianhua Street 100 , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Jin Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Renqiang Yu
- Department of Newborn , Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University , Wuxi 214002 , P. R. China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Newborn , Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University , Wuxi 214002 , P. R. China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
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van den Elsen LWJ, Garssen J, Burcelin R, Verhasselt V. Shaping the Gut Microbiota by Breastfeeding: The Gateway to Allergy Prevention? Front Pediatr 2019; 7:47. [PMID: 30873394 PMCID: PMC6400986 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that demonstrates the importance of the gut microbiota in health and diseases such as allergy. Recent studies emphasize the importance of the "window of opportunity" in early life, during which interventions altering the gut microbiota induce long-term effects. The neonate's gut microbiota composition and metabolism could therefore play an essential role in allergic disease risk. Breastfeeding shapes the gut microbiota in early life, both directly by exposure of the neonate to the milk microbiota and indirectly, via maternal milk factors that affect bacterial growth and metabolism such as human milk oligosaccharides, secretory IgA, and anti-microbial factors. The potential of breastmilk to modulate the offspring's early gut microbiota is a promising tool for allergy prevention. Here, we will review the existing evidence demonstrating the impact of breastfeeding on shaping the neonate's gut microbiota and highlight the potential of this strategy for allergy prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Remy Burcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
| | - Valerie Verhasselt
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Deng L, Zou Q, Liu B, Ye W, Zhuo C, Chen L, Deng ZY, Fan YW, Li J. Fatty acid positional distribution in colostrum and mature milk of women living in Inner Mongolia, North Jiangsu and Guangxi of China. Food Funct 2018; 9:4234-4245. [PMID: 29999510 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00787j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the fatty acid composition and distribution in colostrum and mature milk, breast milk samples and 24 h food records were obtained from 65 lactating women across three regions in China (Inner Mongolia, North Jiangsu and Guangxi). Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by standard methods and separated and identified by gas chromatography. Compared with the Chinese breast milk fatty acid data 10 years ago, SFA and trans fatty acids (TFA) in breast milk decreased, while PUFA increased in the present study. Most SFA (C16:0, C15:0, C14:0), cis-C16:1 and several LC-PUFA (C22:5n-3 and C22:6n-3) were predominantly acylated at the sn-2 position. The cis-C17:1 and C22:6n-3 were distributed equally in three positions of triacylglycerol (TAG). Whereas, TFA, conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), cis-C18:1, C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3 and C20:5n-3 were acylated at the sn-1, 3 positions of TAG in human milk. The composition of fatty acids in breast milk was closely related to the diet of lactating mothers. PUFA in breast milk was negatively correlated with the intake of protein, fat and meat, but positively correlated with the intake of carbohydrates. MUFA of human milk was negatively correlated with the intake of dairy products, eggs, fish and shrimp. SFA in breast milk was positively correlated with the maternal intake of meat. In addition, the present results showed that the composition of total fatty acids and sn-2 fatty acids in breast milk varied with the lactation period and the geographical regions in China; however, the regiospecific fatty acid profile seemed not to be affected by the lactation time and regions, although the quantities at each position could be changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China.
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37
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Fatty acid positional distribution (sn-2 fatty acids) and phospholipid composition in Chinese breast milk from colostrum to mature stage. Br J Nutr 2018; 121:65-73. [PMID: 30378505 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518002994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study quantified the fatty acid profile with emphasis on the stereo-specifically numbered (sn) 2 positional distribution in TAG and the composition of main phospholipids at different lactation stages. Colostrum milk (n 70), transitional milk (n 96) and mature milk (n 82) were obtained longitudinally from healthy lactating women in Shanghai. During lactation, total fatty acid content increased, with SFA dominating in fatty acid profile. A high ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA was observed as 11:1 over lactation due to the abundance of linoleic acid in Chinese human milk. As the main SFA, palmitic acid showed absolute sn-2 selectivity, while oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, the main unsaturated fatty acids, were primarily esterified at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions. Nervonic acid and C22 PUFA including DHA were more enriched in colostrum with an sn-2 positional preference. A total of three dominant phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM)) were analysed in the collected samples, and each showed a decline in amount over lactation. PC was the dominant compound followed by SM and PE. With prolonged breast-feeding time, percentage of PE in total phospholipids remained constant, but PC decreased, and SM increased. Results from this study indicated a lipid profile different from Western reports and may aid the development of future infant formula more suitable for Chinese babies.
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