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Wu T, Yang P, Xie X, Cao X, Deng Y, Ding X, Zhang Z. Bio-inspired hierarchical wearable patch for fast sweat collection. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 260:116430. [PMID: 38815465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Sweat contains abundant physiological and metabolic data to evaluate an individual's physical health. Since the non-exercise sweat secretion rate is low, with an average value of 1-10 μl h-1 cm-2, sweat is generally collected during exercise for existing wearable sweat sensors. To expand their applications to include daily scenarios, these sensors developed for sports and fitness are challenged by the difficulty of collecting trace amounts of sweat. This study proposes a wearable patch inspired by the hierarchical structure of Sarracenia trichomes, allowing for the spontaneous and fast collection of a small amount of secreted sweat. The patch contains microfluidic channels featuring a 20 μm-wide rib structure, fully utilizing the capillary force, thereby eliminating the issue of sweat hysteresis. Furthermore, with only 0.5 μl of the sweat secreted at the collection site, it can converge on the detection medium located within the center reservoir. Volunteer verification demonstrated a twofold increase in sweat collection efficiency compared to traditional wearable patches. This patch serves as an efficient sweat-collection configuration, promising potential for diverse in situ sweat colorimetric analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjie Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Pufan Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xintong Xie
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xi Cao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yujun Deng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Xianting Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhinan Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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2
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Ding H, Yang H, Tsujimura S. Nature-Inspired Superhydrophilic Biosponge as Structural Beneficial Platform for Sweating Analysis Patch. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2401947. [PMID: 38868908 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Perspiration plays a pivotal role not only in thermoregulation but also in reflecting the body's internal state and its response to external stimuli. The up-to-date skin-based wearable platforms have facilitated the monitoring and simultaneous analysis of sweat, offering valuable physiological insights. Unlike conventional passive sweating, dynamic normal perspiration, which occurs during various activities and rest periods, necessitates a more reliable method of collection to accurately capture its real-time fluctuations. An innovative microfluidic patch incorporating a hierarchical superhydrophilic biosponge, poise to significantly improve the efficiency capture of dynamic sweat is introduced. The seamlessly integrated biosponge microchannel showcases exceptional absorption capabilities, efficiently capturing non-sensitive sweat exuding from the skin surface, mitigating sample loss and minimizing sweat volatilization. Furthermore, the incorporation of sweat-rate sensors alongside a suite of functional electrochemical sensors endows the patch of uninterrupted monitoring and analysis of dynamic sweat during various activities, stress events, high-energy intake, and other scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Ding
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Seiya Tsujimura
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
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3
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Anton-Păduraru DT, Azoicăi AN, Trofin F, Mîndru DE, Murgu AM, Bocec AS, Iliescu Halițchi CO, Ciongradi CI, Sȃrbu I, Iliescu ML. Diagnosing Cystic Fibrosis in the 21st Century-A Complex and Challenging Task. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:763. [PMID: 38611676 PMCID: PMC11012009 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14070763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic and potentially life-threatening condition, wherein timely diagnosis assumes paramount significance for the prompt initiation of therapeutic interventions, thereby ameliorating pulmonary function, addressing nutritional deficits, averting complications, mitigating morbidity, and ultimately enhancing the quality of life and extending longevity. This review aims to amalgamate existing knowledge to provide a comprehensive appraisal of contemporary diagnostic modalities pertinent to CF in the 21st century. Deliberations encompass discrete delineations of each diagnostic modality and the elucidation of potential diagnostic quandaries encountered in select instances, as well as the delineation of genotype-phenotype correlations germane to genetic counseling endeavors. The synthesis underscores that, notwithstanding the availability and strides in diagnostic methodologies, including genetic assays, the sweat test (ST) retains its position as the preeminent diagnostic standard for CF, serving as a robust surrogate for CFTR functionality. Prospective clinical investigations in the realm of CF should be orchestrated with the objective of discerning novel diagnostic modalities endowed with heightened specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana-Teodora Anton-Păduraru
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania; (D.-T.A.-P.); (A.N.A.); (D.E.M.); (A.M.M.); (A.S.B.); (C.O.I.H.)
- “Sf.Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iaṣi, Romania; (C.I.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Alice Nicoleta Azoicăi
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania; (D.-T.A.-P.); (A.N.A.); (D.E.M.); (A.M.M.); (A.S.B.); (C.O.I.H.)
- “Sf.Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iaṣi, Romania; (C.I.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Felicia Trofin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania
| | - Dana Elena Mîndru
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania; (D.-T.A.-P.); (A.N.A.); (D.E.M.); (A.M.M.); (A.S.B.); (C.O.I.H.)
- “Sf.Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iaṣi, Romania; (C.I.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Alina Mariela Murgu
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania; (D.-T.A.-P.); (A.N.A.); (D.E.M.); (A.M.M.); (A.S.B.); (C.O.I.H.)
- “Sf.Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iaṣi, Romania; (C.I.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Ana Simona Bocec
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania; (D.-T.A.-P.); (A.N.A.); (D.E.M.); (A.M.M.); (A.S.B.); (C.O.I.H.)
| | - Codruța Olimpiada Iliescu Halițchi
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania; (D.-T.A.-P.); (A.N.A.); (D.E.M.); (A.M.M.); (A.S.B.); (C.O.I.H.)
| | - Carmen Iulia Ciongradi
- “Sf.Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iaṣi, Romania; (C.I.C.); (I.S.)
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania
| | - Ioan Sȃrbu
- “Sf.Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iaṣi, Romania; (C.I.C.); (I.S.)
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania
| | - Maria Liliana Iliescu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Public Health and Health Management, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania;
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Huang X, Yao C, Huang S, Zheng S, Liu Z, Liu J, Wang J, Chen HJ, Xie X. Technological Advances of Wearable Device for Continuous Monitoring of In Vivo Glucose. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1065-1088. [PMID: 38427378 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Managing diabetes is a chronic challenge today, requiring monitoring and timely insulin injections to maintain stable blood glucose levels. Traditional clinical testing relies on fingertip or venous blood collection, which has facilitated the emergence of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology to address data limitations. Continuous glucose monitoring technology is recognized for tracking long-term blood glucose fluctuations, and its development, particularly in wearable devices, has given rise to compact and portable continuous glucose monitoring devices, which facilitates the measurement of blood glucose and adjustment of medication. This review introduces the development of wearable CGM-based technologies, including noninvasive methods using body fluids and invasive methods using implantable electrodes. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are discussed as well as the use of microneedle arrays in minimally invasive CGM. Microneedle arrays allow for painless transdermal puncture and are expected to facilitate the development of wearable CGM devices. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities and look forward to the biomedical applications and future directions of wearable CGM-based technologies in biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinshuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chuanjie Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shantao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhengjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ji Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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5
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Yang H, Ding H, Wei W, Li X, Duan X, Zhuang C, Liu W, Chen S, Wang X. Skin-interfaced microfluidic sweat collection devices for personalized hydration management through thermal feedback. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:356-366. [PMID: 38108440 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Non-electronic wearables that utilize skin-interfaced microfluidic technology have revolutionized the collection and analysis of human sweat, providing valuable biochemical information and indicating body hydration status. However, existing microfluidic devices often require constant monitoring of data during sweat assessment, thereby impeding the user experience and potentially missing anomalous physiological events, such as excessive sweating. Moreover, the complex manufacturing process hampers the scalability and large-scale production of such devices. Herein, we present a self-feedback microfluidic device with a unique dehydration reminder through a cost-effective "CAD-to-3D device" approach. It incorporates two independent systems for sweat collection and thermal feedback, including serpentine microchannels, reservoirs, petal-like bursting valves and heating chambers. The device operates by sequentially collecting sweat in the channels and reservoirs, and then activating thermal stimulators in the heating chambers through breaking the valves, initiating a chemical exothermic reaction. Human trials validate that the devices effectively alert users to potential dehydration by inducing skin thermal sensations triggered by sweat sampling. The proposed device offers facile scalability and customizable fabrication, and holds promise for managing hydration strategies in real-world scenarios, benefiting individuals engaged in sporting activities or exposed to high-temperature settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China.
| | - Hongyan Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China.
| | - Wenkui Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China.
| | - Xiaojun Duan
- Respiratory medicine department, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Changgen Zhuang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China.
| | - Weiyi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China.
| | - Shangda Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China.
| | - Xiufeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China.
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6
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Weber CJ, Clay OM, Lycan RE, Anderson GK, Simoska O. Advances in electrochemical biosensor design for the detection of the stress biomarker cortisol. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:87-106. [PMID: 37989847 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of stress levels in humans has become increasingly relevant, given the recent incline of stress-related mental health disorders, lifestyle impacts, and chronic physiological diseases. Long-term exposure to stress can induce anxiety and depression, heart disease, and risky behaviors, such as drug and alcohol abuse. Biomarker molecules can be quantified in biological fluids to study human stress. Cortisol, specifically, is a hormone biomarker produced in the adrenal glands with biofluid concentrations that directly correlate to stress levels in humans. The rapid, real-time detection of cortisol is necessary for stress management and predicting the onset of psychological and physical ailments. Current methods, including mass spectrometry and immunoassays, are effective for sensitive cortisol quantification. However, these techniques provide only single measurements which pose challenges in the continuous monitoring of stress levels. Additionally, these analytical methods often require trained personnel to operate expensive instrumentation. Alternatively, low-cost electrochemical biosensors enable the real-time detection and continuous monitoring of cortisol levels while also providing adequate analytical figures of merit (e.g., sensitivity, selectivity, sensor response times, detection limits, and reproducibility) in a simple design platform. This review discusses the recent developments in electrochemical biosensor design for the detection of cortisol in human biofluids. Special emphasis is given to biosensor recognition elements, including antibodies, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), and aptamers, as critical components of electrochemical biosensors for cortisol detection. Furthermore, the advantages and limiting factors of various electrochemical techniques and sensing in complex biofluid matrices are overviewed. Remarks on the current challenges and future perspectives regarding electrochemical biosensors for stress monitoring are provided, including matrix effects (pH dependence and biological interferences), wearability, and large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney J Weber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Olivia M Clay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Reese E Lycan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Gracie K Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Olja Simoska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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7
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Watkins Z, McHenry A, Heikenfeld J. Wearing the Lab: Advances and Challenges in Skin-Interfaced Systems for Continuous Biochemical Sensing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 187:223-282. [PMID: 38273210 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Continuous, on-demand, and, most importantly, contextual data regarding individual biomarker concentrations exemplify the holy grail for personalized health and performance monitoring. This is well-illustrated for continuous glucose monitoring, which has drastically improved outcomes and quality of life for diabetic patients over the past 2 decades. Recent advances in wearable biosensing technologies (biorecognition elements, transduction mechanisms, materials, and integration schemes) have begun to make monitoring of other clinically relevant analytes a reality via minimally invasive skin-interfaced devices. However, several challenges concerning sensitivity, specificity, calibration, sensor longevity, and overall device lifetime must be addressed before these systems can be made commercially viable. In this chapter, a logical framework for developing a wearable skin-interfaced device for a desired application is proposed with careful consideration of the feasibility of monitoring certain analytes in sweat and interstitial fluid and the current development of the tools available to do so. Specifically, we focus on recent advancements in the engineering of biorecognition elements, the development of more robust signal transduction mechanisms, and novel integration schemes that allow for continuous quantitative analysis. Furthermore, we highlight the most compelling and promising prospects in the field of wearable biosensing and the challenges that remain in translating these technologies into useful products for disease management and for optimizing human performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Watkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Adam McHenry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jason Heikenfeld
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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8
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Saha T, Del Caño R, De la Paz E, Sandhu SS, Wang J. Access and Management of Sweat for Non-Invasive Biomarker Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206064. [PMID: 36433842 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sweat is an important biofluid presents in the body since it regulates the internal body temperature, and it is relatively easy to access on the skin unlike other biofluids and contains several biomarkers that are also present in the blood. Although sweat sensing devices have recently displayed tremendous progress, most of the emerging devices primarily focus on the sensor development, integration with electronics, wearability, and data from in vitro studies and short-term on-body trials during exercise. To further the advances in sweat sensing technology, this review aims to present a comprehensive report on the approaches to access and manage sweat from the skin toward improved sweat collection and sensing. It is begun by delineating the sweat secretion mechanism through the skin, and the historical perspective of sweat, followed by a detailed discussion on the mechanisms governing sweat generation and management on the skin. It is concluded by presenting the advanced applications of sweat sensing, supported by a discussion of robust, extended-operation epidermal wearable devices aiming to strengthen personalized healthcare monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamoghna Saha
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rafael Del Caño
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Applied Thermodynamics, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, E-14014, Spain
| | - Ernesto De la Paz
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Samar S Sandhu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
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9
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Yuan Q, Fang H, Wu X, Wu J, Luo X, Peng R, Xu S, Yan S. Self-Adhesive, Biocompatible, Wearable Microfluidics with Erasable Liquid Metal Plasmonic Hotspots for Glucose Detection in Sweat. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37903285 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Sweat is a noninvasive metabolite that can provide clinically meaningful information about physical conditions without harming the body. Glucose, a vital component in sweat, is closely related to blood glucose levels, and changes in its concentration can reflect the health status of diabetics. We introduce a self-adhesive, wearable microfluidic chip with erasable liquid metal plasmonic hotspots for the precise detection of glucose concentration in sweat. The self-adhesive, wearable microfluidic chip is made from modified polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with enhanced stickiness, enabling conformal contact with the skin, and can collect, deliver, and store sweat. The plasmonic hotspots are located inside the microfluidic channel, are generated by synthesizing silver nanostructures on liquid metal, and can be removed in the alkaline solution. It indicates the erasable and reproducible nature of the plasmonic hotspots. The detection method is based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), which allows for accurate detection of the glucose concentration. To enhance the sensitive detection of glucose, the SERS substrate is modified by 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid to achieve the limit of detection of 1 ng/L glucose, which is much lower than the physiological conditions (7.2-25.2 μg/L). The developed microfluidic chip is soft, stretchable, and nontoxic, bringing new possibilities to wearable sweat-sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Yuan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiuru Wu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jialin Wu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xie Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ran Peng
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Shanshan Xu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Sheng Yan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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10
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Yang DS, Wu Y, Kanatzidis EE, Avila R, Zhou M, Bai Y, Chen S, Sekine Y, Kim J, Deng Y, Guo H, Zhang Y, Ghaffari R, Huang Y, Rogers JA. 3D-printed epidermal sweat microfluidic systems with integrated microcuvettes for precise spectroscopic and fluorometric biochemical assays. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4992-5003. [PMID: 37641877 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00876b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Systems for capture, storage and analysis of eccrine sweat can provide insights into physiological health status, quantify losses of water, electrolytes, amino acids and/or other essential species, and identify exposures to adverse environmental species or illicit drugs. Recent advances in materials and device designs serve as the basis for skin-compatible classes of microfluidic platforms and in situ colorimetric assays for precise assessments of sweat rate, sweat loss and concentrations of wide-ranging types of biomarkers in sweat. This paper presents a set of findings that enhances the performance of these systems through the use of microfluidic networks, integrated valves and microscale optical cuvettes formed by three dimensional printing in hard/soft hybrid materials systems, for accurate spectroscopic and fluorometric assays. Field studies demonstrate the capability of these microcuvette systems to evaluate the concentrations of copper, chloride, and glucose in sweat, along with the pH of sweat, with laboratory-grade accuracy and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Som Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Precision Biology Research Center (PBRC), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Yixin Wu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Evangelos E Kanatzidis
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Raudel Avila
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Mingyu Zhou
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yun Bai
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shulin Chen
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yurina Sekine
- Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Joohee Kim
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Center for Bionics of Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujun Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hexia Guo
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Epicore Biosystems Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Epicore Biosystems Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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11
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Lin PH, Nien HH, Li BR. Wearable Microfluidics for Continuous Assay. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:181-203. [PMID: 36888989 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091322-082930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of wearable devices provides approaches for the realization of self-health care. Easily carried wearable devices allow individual health monitoring at any place whenever necessary. There are various interesting monitoring targets, including body motion, organ pressure, and biomarkers. An efficient use of space in one small device is a promising resolution to increase the functions of wearable devices. Through integration of a microfluidic system into wearable devices, embedding complicated structures in one design becomes possible and can enable multifunction analyses within a limited device volume. This article reviews the reported microfluidic wearable devices, introduces applications to different biofluids, discusses characteristics of the design strategies and sensing principles, and highlights the attractive configurations of each device. This review seeks to provide a detailed summary of recent advanced microfluidic wearable devices. The overview of advanced key components is the basis for the development of future microfluidic wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Heng Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan;
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hua Nien
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan;
- College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Ran Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan;
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter of Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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12
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Arya SS, Dias SB, Jelinek HF, Hadjileontiadis LJ, Pappa AM. The convergence of traditional and digital biomarkers through AI-assisted biosensing: A new era in translational diagnostics? Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 235:115387. [PMID: 37229842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Advances in consumer electronics, alongside the fields of microfluidics and nanotechnology have brought to the fore low-cost wearable/portable smart devices. Although numerous smart devices that track digital biomarkers have been successfully translated from bench-to-bedside, only a few follow the same fate when it comes to track traditional biomarkers. Current practices still involve laboratory-based tests, followed by blood collection, conducted in a clinical setting as they require trained personnel and specialized equipment. In fact, real-time, passive/active and robust sensing of physiological and behavioural data from patients that can feed artificial intelligence (AI)-based models can significantly improve decision-making, diagnosis and treatment at the point-of-procedure, by circumventing conventional methods of sampling, and in person investigation by expert pathologists, who are scarce in developing countries. This review brings together conventional and digital biomarker sensing through portable and autonomous miniaturized devices. We first summarise the technological advances in each field vs the current clinical practices and we conclude by merging the two worlds of traditional and digital biomarkers through AI/ML technologies to improve patient diagnosis and treatment. The fundamental role, limitations and prospects of AI in realizing this potential and enhancing the existing technologies to facilitate the development and clinical translation of "point-of-care" (POC) diagnostics is finally showcased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar S Arya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sofia B Dias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Herbert F Jelinek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P O Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Leontios J Hadjileontiadis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P O Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P O Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.
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13
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Wu CH, Ma HJH, Baessler P, Balanay RK, Ray TR. Skin-interfaced microfluidic systems with spatially engineered 3D fluidics for sweat capture and analysis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg4272. [PMID: 37134158 PMCID: PMC10881187 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg4272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Skin-interfaced wearable systems with integrated microfluidic structures and sensing capabilities offer powerful platforms for monitoring the signals arising from natural physiological processes. This paper introduces a set of strategies, processing approaches, and microfluidic designs that harness recent advances in additive manufacturing [three-dimensional (3D) printing] to establish a unique class of epidermal microfluidic ("epifluidic") devices. A 3D printed epifluidic platform, called a "sweatainer," demonstrates the potential of a true 3D design space for microfluidics through the fabrication of fluidic components with previously inaccessible complex architectures. These concepts support integration of colorimetric assays to facilitate in situ biomarker analysis operating in a mode analogous to traditional epifluidic systems. The sweatainer system enables a new mode of sweat collection, termed multidraw, which facilitates the collection of multiple, independent sweat samples for either on-body or external analysis. Field studies of the sweatainer system demonstrate the practical potential of these concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Han Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Howin Jian Hing Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Paul Baessler
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Roxanne Kate Balanay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Tyler R. Ray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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14
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Min J, Tu J, Xu C, Lukas H, Shin S, Yang Y, Solomon SA, Mukasa D, Gao W. Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5049-5138. [PMID: 36971504 PMCID: PMC10406569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors hold great potential in empowering personalized health monitoring, predictive analytics, and timely intervention toward personalized healthcare. Advances in flexible electronics, materials science, and electrochemistry have spurred the development of wearable sweat sensors that enable the continuous and noninvasive screening of analytes indicative of health status. Existing major challenges in wearable sensors include: improving the sweat extraction and sweat sensing capabilities, improving the form factor of the wearable device for minimal discomfort and reliable measurements when worn, and understanding the clinical value of sweat analytes toward biomarker discovery. This review provides a comprehensive review of wearable sweat sensors and outlines state-of-the-art technologies and research that strive to bridge these gaps. The physiology of sweat, materials, biosensing mechanisms and advances, and approaches for sweat induction and sampling are introduced. Additionally, design considerations for the system-level development of wearable sweat sensing devices, spanning from strategies for prolonged sweat extraction to efficient powering of wearables, are discussed. Furthermore, the applications, data analytics, commercialization efforts, challenges, and prospects of wearable sweat sensors for precision medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Min
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Jiaobing Tu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Changhao Xu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Heather Lukas
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Soyoung Shin
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Yiran Yang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Samuel A. Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Daniel Mukasa
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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15
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Liu D, Liu Z, Feng S, Gao Z, Chen R, Cai G, Bian S. Wearable Microfluidic Sweat Chip for Detection of Sweat Glucose and pH in Long-Distance Running Exercise. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:157. [PMID: 36831923 PMCID: PMC9953063 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Traditional exercise training monitoring is based on invasive blood testing methods. As sweat can reveal abundant blood-related physiological information about health, wearable sweat sensors have received significant research attention and become increasingly popular in the field of exercise training monitoring. However, most of these sensors are used to measure physical indicators such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, etc., demanding a versatile sensor that can detect relevant biochemical indicators in body fluids. In this work, we proposed a wearable microfluidic sweat chip combined with smartphone image processing to realize non-invasive in situ analysis of epidermal sweat for sports practitioners. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based chip was modified with nonionic surfactants to ensure good hydrophilicity for the automatic collection of sweat. Besides, a simple, reliable, and low-cost paper-based sensor was prepared for high-performance sensing of glucose concentration and pH in sweat. Under optimized conditions, this proposed chip can detect glucose with low concentrations from 0.05 mM to 0.40 mM, with a pH range of 4.0 to 6.5 for human sweat. The ability of this microfluidic chip for human sweat analysis was demonstrated by dynamically tracking the changes in glucose concentration and pH in long-distance running subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Microfluidics Research & Innovation Laboratory, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shilun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Zehang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Microfluidics Research & Innovation Laboratory, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Management, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gaozhe Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Shengtai Bian
- Microfluidics Research & Innovation Laboratory, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
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16
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Yin J, Li J, Reddy VS, Ji D, Ramakrishna S, Xu L. Flexible Textile-Based Sweat Sensors for Wearable Applications. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13010127. [PMID: 36671962 PMCID: PMC9856321 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The current physical health care system has gradually evolved into a form of virtual hospitals communicating with sensors, which can not only save time but can also diagnose a patient's physical condition in real time. Textile-based wearable sensors have recently been identified as detection platforms with high potential. They are developed for the real-time noninvasive detection of human physiological information to comprehensively analyze the health status of the human body. Sweat comprises various chemical compositions, which can be used as biomarkers to reflect the relevant information of the human physiology, thus providing references for health conditions. Combined together, textile-based sweat sensors are more flexible and comfortable than other conventional sensors, making them easily integrated into the wearable field. In this short review, the research progress of textile-based flexible sweat sensors was reviewed. Three mechanisms commonly used for textile-based sweat sensors were firstly contrasted with an introduction to their materials and preparation processes. The components of textile-based sweat sensors, which mainly consist of a sweat transportation channel and collector, a signal-selection unit, sensing elements and sensor integration and communication technologies, were reviewed. The applications of textile-based sweat sensors with different mechanisms were also presented. Finally, the existing problems and challenges of sweat sensors were summarized, which may contribute to promote their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Jingcheng Li
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Vundrala Sumedha Reddy
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Dongxiao Ji
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Lan Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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17
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Ibrahim NFA, Sabani N, Johari S, Manaf AA, Wahab AA, Zakaria Z, Noor AM. A Comprehensive Review of the Recent Developments in Wearable Sweat-Sensing Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7670. [PMID: 36236769 PMCID: PMC9573257 DOI: 10.3390/s22197670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sweat analysis offers non-invasive real-time on-body measurement for wearable sensors. However, there are still gaps in current developed sweat-sensing devices (SSDs) regarding the concerns of mixing fresh and old sweat and real-time measurement, which are the requirements to ensure accurate the measurement of wearable devices. This review paper discusses these limitations by aiding model designs, features, performance, and the device operation for exploring the SSDs used in different sweat collection tools, focusing on continuous and non-continuous flow sweat analysis. In addition, the paper also comprehensively presents various sweat biomarkers that have been explored by earlier works in order to broaden the use of non-invasive sweat samples in healthcare and related applications. This work also discusses the target analyte's response mechanism for different sweat compositions, categories of sweat collection devices, and recent advances in SSDs regarding optimal design, functionality, and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Fatin Adini Ibrahim
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Sabani
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Shazlina Johari
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia
| | - Asnida Abdul Wahab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Zulkarnay Zakaria
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Sports Engineering Research Center, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Anas Mohd Noor
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
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18
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Sang M, Kim K, Shin J, Yu KJ. Ultra-Thin Flexible Encapsulating Materials for Soft Bio-Integrated Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202980. [PMID: 36031395 PMCID: PMC9596833 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, bioelectronic devices extensively researched and developed through the convergence of flexible biocompatible materials and electronics design that enables more precise diagnostics and therapeutics in human health care and opens up the potential to expand into various fields, such as clinical medicine and biomedical research. To establish an accurate and stable bidirectional bio-interface, protection against the external environment and high mechanical deformation is essential for wearable bioelectronic devices. In the case of implantable bioelectronics, special encapsulation materials and optimized mechanical designs and configurations that provide electronic stability and functionality are required for accommodating various organ properties, lifespans, and functions in the biofluid environment. Here, this study introduces recent developments of ultra-thin encapsulations with novel materials that can preserve or even improve the electrical performance of wearable and implantable bio-integrated electronics by supporting safety and stability for protection from destruction and contamination as well as optimizing the use of bioelectronic systems in physiological environments. In addition, a summary of the materials, methods, and characteristics of the most widely used encapsulation technologies is introduced, thereby providing a strategic selection of appropriate choices of recently developed flexible bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Sang
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, SeodaemunguSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Kyubeen Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, SeodaemunguSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoon Shin
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, SeodaemunguSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Jun Yu
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, SeodaemunguSeoul03722Republic of Korea
- YU‐KIST InstituteYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, SeodaemunguSeoul03722Republic of Korea
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19
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Khosla NK, Lesinski JM, Colombo M, Bezinge L, deMello AJ, Richards DA. Simplifying the complex: accessible microfluidic solutions for contemporary processes within in vitro diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3340-3360. [PMID: 35984715 PMCID: PMC9469643 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00609j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In vitro diagnostics (IVDs) form the cornerstone of modern medicine. They are routinely employed throughout the entire treatment pathway, from initial diagnosis through to prognosis, treatment planning, and post-treatment surveillance. Given the proven links between high quality diagnostic testing and overall health, ensuring broad access to IVDs has long been a focus of both researchers and medical professionals. Unfortunately, the current diagnostic paradigm relies heavily on centralized laboratories, complex and expensive equipment, and highly trained personnel. It is commonly assumed that this level of complexity is required to achieve the performance necessary for sensitive and specific disease diagnosis, and that making something affordable and accessible entails significant compromises in test performance. However, recent work in the field of microfluidics is challenging this notion. By exploiting the unique features of microfluidic systems, researchers have been able to create progressively simple devices that can perform increasingly complex diagnostic assays. This review details how microfluidic technologies are disrupting the status quo, and facilitating the development of simple, affordable, and accessible integrated IVDs. Importantly, we discuss the advantages and limitations of various approaches, and highlight the remaining challenges within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan K Khosla
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Jake M Lesinski
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Monika Colombo
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Léonard Bezinge
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel A Richards
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
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20
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Wang S, Liu M, Yang X, Lu Q, Xiong Z, Li L, Zheng H, Feng S, Zhang T. An unconventional vertical fluidic-controlled wearable platform for synchronously detecting sweat rate and electrolyte concentration. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 210:114351. [PMID: 35569269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal microfluidic devices with long microchannels have been developed for continuous sweat analysis, which are crucial to assess personal hydration status and underlying health conditions. However, the flow resistance in long channels and the ionic concentration variation significantly affect the accuracy of both the sweat rate and electrolyte concentration measurements. Herein, we present a novel fluidic-controlled wearable platform for synchronously dropwise-detecting the sweat rate and total electrolyte concentration. The unconventional platform consisting of a vertically shortened channel, a pair of embedded electrodes and an absorption layer, is designed to minimize the flow resistance and transform sweat fluidics into uniform micro-droplets for chronological and dropwise detection. Real-time sweat conductance is decoupled from a square-wave-like curve, where the sweat rate and electrolyte concentration can be derived from the interval time and peak value, respectively. Flexible and wearable band devices are demonstrated to show their potential application for hydration status assessment during exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Xianqing Yang
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Qifeng Lu
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; School of Chips, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Zuoping Xiong
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Lianhui Li
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Hui Zheng
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Simin Feng
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation (Nano-X), Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 385 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; Gusu Laboratory of Materials, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, PR China.
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Ullah H, Wahab MA, Will G, Karim MR, Pan T, Gao M, Lai D, Lin Y, Miraz MH. Recent Advances in Stretchable and Wearable Capacitive Electrophysiological Sensors for Long-Term Health Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080630. [PMID: 36005025 PMCID: PMC9406032 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years, wearable electrophysiological sensors with stretchability have received significant research attention because of their capability to continuously monitor electrophysiological signals from the human body with minimal body motion artifacts, long-term tracking, and comfort for real-time health monitoring. Among the four different sensors, i.e., piezoresistive, piezoelectric, iontronic, and capacitive, capacitive sensors are the most advantageous owing to their reusability, high durability, device sterilization ability, and minimum leakage currents between the electrode and the body to reduce the health risk arising from any short circuit. This review focuses on the development of wearable, flexible capacitive sensors for monitoring electrophysiological conditions, including the electrode materials and configuration, the sensing mechanisms, and the fabrication strategies. In addition, several design strategies of flexible/stretchable electrodes, body-to-electrode signal transduction, and measurements have been critically evaluated. We have also highlighted the gaps and opportunities needed for enhancing the suitability and practical applicability of wearable capacitive sensors. Finally, the potential applications, research challenges, and future research directions on stretchable and wearable capacitive sensors are outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadaate Ullah
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Md A. Wahab
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, George St Brisbane, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Will
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, George St Brisbane, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Mohammad R. Karim
- Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
- K.A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Min Gao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Dakun Lai
- Biomedical Imaging and Electrophysiology Laboratory, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Medico-Engineering Corporation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Mahdi H. Miraz
- School of Computing and Data Science, Xiamen University Malaysia, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang 43900, Malaysia
- School of Computing, Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, Wrexham Glyndŵr University, Wrexham LL112AW, UK
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Wang X, Liu Y, Cheng H, Ouyang X. Surface Wettability for Skin-Interfaced Sensors and Devices. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2200260. [PMID: 36176721 PMCID: PMC9514151 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202200260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The practical applications of skin-interfaced sensors and devices in daily life hinge on the rational design of surface wettability to maintain device integrity and achieve improved sensing performance under complex hydrated conditions. Various bio-inspired strategies have been implemented to engineer desired surface wettability for varying hydrated conditions. Although the bodily fluids can negatively affect the device performance, they also provide a rich reservoir of health-relevant information and sustained energy for next-generation stretchable self-powered devices. As a result, the design and manipulation of the surface wettability are critical to effectively control the liquid behavior on the device surface for enhanced performance. The sensors and devices with engineered surface wettability can collect and analyze health biomarkers while being minimally affected by bodily fluids or ambient humid environments. The energy harvesters also benefit from surface wettability design to achieve enhanced performance for powering on-body electronics. In this review, we first summarize the commonly used approaches to tune the surface wettability for target applications toward stretchable self-powered devices. By considering the existing challenges, we also discuss the opportunities as a small fraction of potential future developments, which can lead to a new class of skin-interfaced devices for use in digital health and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Yangchengyi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xiaoping Ouyang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
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Kahremanoğlu K, Tosun H, Eroğlu AE, Boyaci E. Recent progress in wearable extractive sampling technology. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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24
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Sim D, Brothers MC, Slocik JM, Islam AE, Maruyama B, Grigsby CC, Naik RR, Kim SS. Biomarkers and Detection Platforms for Human Health and Performance Monitoring: A Review. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104426. [PMID: 35023321 PMCID: PMC8895156 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human health and performance monitoring (HHPM) is imperative to provide information necessary for protecting, sustaining, evaluating, and improving personnel in various occupational sectors, such as industry, academy, sports, recreation, and military. While various commercially wearable sensors are on the market with their capability of "quantitative assessments" on human health, physical, and psychological states, their sensing is mostly based on physical traits, and thus lacks precision in HHPM. Minimally or noninvasive biomarkers detectable from the human body, such as body fluid (e.g., sweat, tear, urine, and interstitial fluid), exhaled breath, and skin surface, can provide abundant additional information to the HHPM. Detecting these biomarkers with novel or existing sensor technologies is emerging as critical human monitoring research. This review provides a broad perspective on the state of the art biosensor technologies for HHPM, including the list of biomarkers and their physiochemical/physical characteristics, fundamental sensing principles, and high-performance sensing transducers. Further, this paper expands to the additional scope on the key technical challenges in applying the current HHPM system to the real field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sim
- Air Force Research Laboratory711th Human Performance WingWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
- Research Associateship Program (RAP)the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and MedicineWashingtonDC20001USA
- Integrative Health & Performance Sciences DivisionUES Inc.DaytonOH45432USA
| | - Michael C. Brothers
- Air Force Research Laboratory711th Human Performance WingWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
- Integrative Health & Performance Sciences DivisionUES Inc.DaytonOH45432USA
| | - Joseph M. Slocik
- Air Force Research LaboratoryMaterials and Manufacturing DirectorateWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
| | - Ahmad E. Islam
- Air Force Research LaboratorySensors DirectorateWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
| | - Benji Maruyama
- Air Force Research LaboratoryMaterials and Manufacturing DirectorateWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
| | - Claude C. Grigsby
- Air Force Research Laboratory711th Human Performance WingWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
| | - Rajesh R. Naik
- Air Force Research Laboratory711th Human Performance WingWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
| | - Steve S. Kim
- Air Force Research Laboratory711th Human Performance WingWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
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25
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Bolat G, De la Paz E, Azeredo NF, Kartolo M, Kim J, de Loyola E Silva AN, Rueda R, Brown C, Angnes L, Wang J, Sempionatto JR. Wearable soft electrochemical microfluidic device integrated with iontophoresis for sweat biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5411-5421. [PMID: 35015101 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A soft and flexible wearable sweat epidermal microfluidic device capable of simultaneously stimulating, collecting, and electrochemically analyzing sweat is demonstrated. The device represents the first system integrating an iontophoretic pilocarpine delivery system around the inlet channels of epidermal polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device for sweat collection and analysis. The freshly generated sweat is naturally pumped into the fluidic inlet without the need of exercising. Soft skin-mounted systems, incorporating non-invasive, on-demand sweat sampling/analysis interfaces for tracking target biomarkers, are in urgent need. Existing skin conformal microfluidic-based sensors for continuous monitoring of target sweat biomarkers rely on assays during intense physical exercising. This work demonstrates the first example of combining sweat stimulation, through transdermal pilocarpine delivery, with sample collection through a microfluidic channel for real-time electrochemical monitoring of sweat glucose, in a fully integrated soft and flexible multiplexed device which eliminates the need of exercising. The on-body operational performance and layout of the device were optimized considering the fluid dynamics and evaluated for detecting sweat glucose in several volunteers. Furthermore, the microfluidic monitoring device was integrated with a real-time wireless data transmission system using a flexible electronic board PCB conformal with the body. The new microfluidic platform paves the way to real-time non-invasive monitoring of biomarkers in stimulated sweat samples for diverse healthcare and wellness applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Bolat
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ernesto De la Paz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nathalia F Azeredo
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael Kartolo
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Rueda
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Christopher Brown
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Juliane R Sempionatto
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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26
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Naik AR, Zhou Y, Dey AA, Arellano DLG, Okoroanyanwu U, Secor EB, Hersam MC, Morse J, Rothstein JP, Carter KR, Watkins JJ. Printed microfluidic sweat sensing platform for cortisol and glucose detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 22:156-169. [PMID: 34881383 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00633a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat biosensors offer compelling opportunities for improved personal health monitoring and non-invasive measurements of key biomarkers. Inexpensive device fabrication methods are necessary for scalable manufacturing of portable, disposable, and flexible sweat sensors. Furthermore, real-time sweat assessment must be analyzed to validate measurement reliability at various sweating rates. Here, we demonstrate a "smart bandage" microfluidic platform for cortisol detection and continuous glucose monitoring integrated with a synthetic skin. The low-cost, laser-cut microfluidic device is composed of an adhesive-based microchannel and solution-processed electrochemical sensors fabricated from inkjet-printed graphene and silver solutions. An antibody-derived cortisol sensor achieved a limit of detection of 10 pM and included a low-voltage electrowetting valve, validating the microfluidic sensor design under typical physiological conditions. To understand effects of perspiration rate on sensor performance, a synthetic skin was developed using soft lithography to mimic human sweat pores and sweating rates. The enzymatic glucose sensor exhibited a range of 0.2 to 1.0 mM, a limit of detection of 10 μM, and reproducible response curves at flow rates of 2.0 μL min-1 and higher when integrated with the synthetic skin, validating its relevance for human health monitoring. These results demonstrate the potential of using printed microfluidic sweat sensors as a low-cost, real-time, multi-diagnostic device for human health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi R Naik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Yiliang Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Anita A Dey
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | | | - Uzodinma Okoroanyanwu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Ethan B Secor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Jeffrey Morse
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Jonathan P Rothstein
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Kenneth R Carter
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - James J Watkins
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
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29
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Luan H, Zhang Q, Liu TL, Wang X, Zhao S, Wang H, Yao S, Xue Y, Kwak JW, Bai W, Xu Y, Han M, Li K, Li Z, Ni X, Ye J, Choi D, Yang Q, Kim JH, Li S, Chen S, Wu C, Lu D, Chang JK, Xie Z, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Complex 3D microfluidic architectures formed by mechanically guided compressive buckling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj3686. [PMID: 34669471 PMCID: PMC8528415 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technologies have wide-ranging applications in chemical analysis systems, drug delivery platforms, and artificial vascular networks. This latter area is particularly relevant to 3D cell cultures, engineered tissues, and artificial organs, where volumetric capabilities in fluid distribution are essential. Existing schemes for fabricating 3D microfluidic structures are constrained in realizing desired layout designs, producing physiologically relevant microvascular structures, and/or integrating active electronic/optoelectronic/microelectromechanical components for sensing and actuation. This paper presents a guided assembly approach that bypasses these limitations to yield complex 3D microvascular structures from 2D precursors that exploit the full sophistication of 2D fabrication methods. The capabilities extend to feature sizes <5 μm, in extended arrays and with various embedded sensors and actuators, across wide ranges of overall dimensions, in a parallel, high-throughput process. Examples include 3D microvascular networks with sophisticated layouts, deterministically designed and constructed to expand the geometries and operating features of artificial vascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Luan
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Qihui Zhang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Tzu-Li Liu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Shiwei Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Heling Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shenglian Yao
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yeguang Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jean Won Kwak
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Wubin Bai
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yameng Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Mengdi Han
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xinchen Ni
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jilong Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongwhi Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Quansan Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jae-Hwan Kim
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shulin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Di Lu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jan-Kai Chang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Wearifi Inc., Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315016, China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.H.); (J.A.R.)
| | - John A. Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.H.); (J.A.R.)
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Stuart T, Kasper KA, Iwerunmor IC, McGuire DT, Peralta R, Hanna J, Johnson M, Farley M, LaMantia T, Udorvich P, Gutruf P. Biosymbiotic, personalized, and digitally manufactured wireless devices for indefinite collection of high-fidelity biosignals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj3269. [PMID: 34623919 PMCID: PMC8500520 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj3269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Digital medicine, the ability to stream continuous information from the body to gain insight into health status, manage disease, and predict onset health problems, is only gradually developing. Key technological hurdles that slow the proliferation of this approach are means by which clinical grade biosignals are continuously obtained without frequent user interaction. To overcome these hurdles, solutions in power supply and interface strategies that maintain high-fidelity readouts chronically are critical. This work introduces a previously unexplored class of devices that overcomes the limitations using digital manufacturing to tailor geometry, mechanics, electromagnetics, electronics, and fluidics to create unique personalized devices optimized to the wearer. These elastomeric, three-dimensional printed, and laser-structured constructs, called biosymbiotic devices, enable adhesive-free interfaces and the inclusion of high-performance, far-field energy harvesting to facilitate continuous wireless and battery-free operation of multimodal and multidevice, high-fidelity biosensing in an at-home setting without user interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker Stuart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kevin Albert Kasper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | | - Dylan Thomas McGuire
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Roberto Peralta
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jessica Hanna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Megan Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Max Farley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Thomas LaMantia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Paul Udorvich
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Philipp Gutruf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Neroscience GIDP, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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31
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Ghaffari R, Yang DS, Kim J, Mansour A, Wright JA, Model JB, Wright DE, Rogers JA, Ray TR. State of Sweat: Emerging Wearable Systems for Real-Time, Noninvasive Sweat Sensing and Analytics. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2787-2801. [PMID: 34351759 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skin-interfaced wearable systems with integrated colorimetric assays, microfluidic channels, and electrochemical sensors offer powerful capabilities for noninvasive, real-time sweat analysis. This Perspective details recent progress in the development and translation of novel wearable sensors for personalized assessment of sweat dynamics and biomarkers, with precise sampling and real-time analysis. Sensor accuracy, system ruggedness, and large-scale deployment in remote environments represent key opportunity areas, enabling broad deployment in the context of field studies, clinical trials, and recent commercialization. On-body measurements in these contexts show good agreement compared to conventional laboratory-based sweat analysis approaches. These device demonstrations highlight the utility of biochemical sensing platforms for personalized assessment of performance, wellness, and health across a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Da Som Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
| | - Joohee Kim
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
| | - Amer Mansour
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John A. Wright
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Model
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Donald E. Wright
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John A. Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Tyler R. Ray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai’i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai’i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
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Ma Z, Bao G, Li J. Multifaceted Design and Emerging Applications of Tissue Adhesives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007663. [PMID: 33956371 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tissue adhesives can form appreciable adhesion with tissues and have found clinical use in a variety of medical settings such as wound closure, surgical sealants, regenerative medicine, and device attachment. The advantages of tissue adhesives include ease of implementation, rapid application, mitigation of tissue damage, and compatibility with minimally invasive procedures. The field of tissue adhesives is rapidly evolving, leading to tissue adhesives with superior mechanical properties and advanced functionality. Such adhesives enable new applications ranging from mobile health to cancer treatment. To provide guidelines for the rational design of tissue adhesives, here, existing strategies for tissue adhesives are synthesized into a multifaceted design, which comprises three design elements: the tissue, the adhesive surface, and the adhesive matrix. The mechanical, chemical, and biological considerations associated with each design element are reviewed. Throughout the report, the limitations of existing tissue adhesives and immediate opportunities for improvement are discussed. The recent progress of tissue adhesives in topical and implantable applications is highlighted, and then future directions toward next-generation tissue adhesives are outlined. The development of tissue adhesives will fuse disciplines and make broad impacts in engineering and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Guangyu Bao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Jianyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C3, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
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Chemical Imaging of Single Anisotropic Polystyrene/Poly (Methacrylate) Microspheres with Complex Hierarchical Architecture. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091438. [PMID: 33947036 PMCID: PMC8125276 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monodisperse polystyrene spheres are functional materials with interesting properties, such as high cohesion strength, strong adsorptivity, and surface reactivity. They have shown a high application value in biomedicine, information engineering, chromatographic fillers, supercapacitor electrode materials, and other fields. To fully understand and tailor particle synthesis, the methods for characterization of their complex 3D morphological features need to be further explored. Here we present a chemical imaging study based on three-dimensional confocal Raman microscopy (3D-CRM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), focused ion beam (FIB), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for individual porous swollen polystyrene/poly (glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene di-methacrylate) particles. Polystyrene particles were synthesized with different co-existing chemical entities, which could be identified and assigned to distinct regions of the same particle. The porosity was studied by a combination of SEM and FIB. Images of milled particles indicated a comparable porosity on the surface and in the bulk. The combination of standard analytical techniques such as DRIFT and NMR spectroscopies yielded new insights into the inner structure and chemical composition of these particles. This knowledge supports the further development of particle synthesis and the design of new strategies to prepare particles with complex hierarchical architectures.
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Yokus BMA, Daniele MA. Integrated non-invasive biochemical and biophysical sensing systems for health and performance monitoring: A systems perspective. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 184:113249. [PMID: 33895689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Advances in materials, bio-recognition elements, transducers, and microfabrication techniques, as well as progress in electronics, signal processing, and wireless communication have generated a new class of skin-interfaced wearable health monitoring systems for applications in personalized medicine and digital health. In comparison to conventional medical devices, these wearable systems are at the cusp of initiating a new era of longitudinal and noninvasive sensing for the prevention, detection, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases at the molecular level. Herein, we provide a review of recent developments in wearable biochemical and biophysical systems. We survey the sweat sampling and collection methods for biochemical systems, followed by an assessment of biochemical and biophysical sensors deployed in current wearable systems with an emphasis on their hardware specifications. Specifically, we address how sweat collection and sample handling platforms may be a rate limiting technology to realizing the clinical translation of wearable health monitoring systems; moreover, we highlight the importance of achieving both longitudinal sensing and assessment of intrapersonal variation in sweat-blood correlations to have the greatest clinical impact. Lastly, we assess a snapshot of integrated wireless wearable systems with multimodal sensing capabilities, and we conclude with our perspective on the state-of-the-art and the required developments to achieve the next-generation of integrated wearable health and performance monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- By Murat A Yokus
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Michael A Daniele
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Vaquer A, Barón E, de la Rica R. Detection of low glucose levels in sweat with colorimetric wearable biosensors. Analyst 2021; 146:3273-3279. [PMID: 33999074 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00283j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Low glucose levels during exercise may lead to hypoglycemia, which can have grave consequences in diabetic athletes. Mobile colorimetric wearable biosensors that measure glucose levels in sweat are ideal for self-monitoring as they can utilize the camera in smartphones for signal reading. However, colorimetric biosensors proposed thus far have higher limit of detection (LOD) than electrochemical devices, which makes them unsuitable for detecting hypoglycemia. In this manuscript we describe colorimetric wearable biosensors that detect glucose in sweat with an LOD of 0.01 mM and a dynamic range up to 0.15 mM. The devices are made of filter paper and incorporate a sweat volume sensor and a color chart for signal correction. The biosensors do not suffer from interferences originated by delayed sample readings, or differences in bending angle and sample pH. When applied to volunteers performing an exercise routine, sweat glucose levels corrected with sweat volume measurements correlated well with blood glucose measurements performed with a commercial device. The devices are lightweight and easily disposable. These features, along with the smartphone-based colorimetric readout, makes them promising as "over-the-counter" tests for measuring glucose levels non-invasively during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Vaquer
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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Ray TR, Ivanovic M, Curtis PM, Franklin D, Guventurk K, Jeang WJ, Chafetz J, Gaertner H, Young G, Rebollo S, Model JB, Lee SP, Ciraldo J, Reeder JT, Hourlier-Fargette A, Bandodkar AJ, Choi J, Aranyosi AJ, Ghaffari R, McColley SA, Haymond S, Rogers JA. Soft, skin-interfaced sweat stickers for cystic fibrosis diagnosis and management. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabd8109. [PMID: 33790027 PMCID: PMC8351625 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd8109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of chloride in sweat remains the most robust biomarker for confirmatory diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF), a common life-shortening genetic disorder. Early diagnosis via quantitative assessment of sweat chloride allows prompt initiation of care and is critically important to extend life expectancy and improve quality of life. The collection and analysis of sweat using conventional wrist-strapped devices and iontophoresis can be cumbersome, particularly for infants with fragile skin, who often have insufficient sweat production. Here, we introduce a soft, epidermal microfluidic device ("sweat sticker") designed for the simple and rapid collection and analysis of sweat. Intimate, conformal coupling with the skin supports nearly perfect efficiency in sweat collection without leakage. Real-time image analysis of chloride reagents allows for quantitative assessment of chloride concentrations using a smartphone camera, without requiring extraction of sweat or external analysis. Clinical validation studies involving patients with CF and healthy subjects, across a spectrum of age groups, support clinical equivalence compared to existing device platforms in terms of accuracy and demonstrate meaningful reductions in rates of leakage. The wearable microfluidic technologies and smartphone-based analytics reported here establish the foundation for diagnosis of CF outside of clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Ray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
| | - Maja Ivanovic
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Paul M Curtis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
| | - Daniel Franklin
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
| | - Kerem Guventurk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
| | - William J Jeang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
| | - Joseph Chafetz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
| | - Hannah Gaertner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
| | - Grace Young
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
| | - Steve Rebollo
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Model
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
- Epicore Biosystems Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stephen P Lee
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
- Epicore Biosystems Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John Ciraldo
- Micro/Nano Fabrication Facility (NUFAB) Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
| | - Jonathan T Reeder
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
| | - Aurélie Hourlier-Fargette
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, F-67000, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Amay J Bandodkar
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
| | - Jungil Choi
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander J Aranyosi
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
- Epicore Biosystems Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
- Epicore Biosystems Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Susanna A McColley
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Shannon Haymond
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
- Epicore Biosystems Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Zhao Z, Li Q, Chen L, Zhao Y, Gong J, Li Z, Zhang J. A thread/fabric-based band as a flexible and wearable microfluidic device for sweat sensing and monitoring. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:916-932. [PMID: 33438703 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01075h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Flexible biosensors for monitoring systems have emerged as a promising portable diagnostics platform due to their potential for in situ point-of-care (POC) analytic devices. Assessment of biological analytes in sweat can provide essential information for human physiology. Conventional measurements rely on laboratory equipment. This work exploits an alternative approach for epidermal sweat sensing and detection through a wearable microfluidic thread/fabric-based analytical device (μTFAD). This μTFAD is a flexible and skin-mounted band that integrates hydrophilic dot-patterns with a hydrophobic surface via embroidering thread into fabric. After chromogenic reaction treatment, the thread-embroidered patterns serve as the detection zones for sweat transferred by the hydrophilic threads, enabling precise analysis of local sweat loss, pH and concentrations of chloride and glucose in sweat. Colorimetric reference markers embroidered surrounding the working dots provide accurate data readout either by apparent color comparison or by digital acquirement through smartphone-assisted calibration plots. On-body tests were conducted on five healthy volunteers. Detection results of pH, chloride and glucose in sweat from the volunteers were 5.0-6.0, 25-80 mM and 50-200 μM by apparent color comparison with reference markers through direct visual observation. Similar results of 5.47-6.30, 50-77 mM and 47-66 μM for pH, chloride and glucose were obtained through calibration plots based on the RGB values from the smartphone app Lanse®. The limit of detection (LOD) is 10 mM for chloride concentration, 4.0-9.0 for pH and 10 μM for glucose concentration, respectively. For local sweat loss, it is found that the forehead is the region of heavy sweat loss. Sweat secretion is a cumulating process with a lower sweat rate at the beginning which increases as body movement continues along with increased heat production. These results demonstrate the capability and availability of our sensing device for quantitative detection of multiple biomarkers in sweat, suggesting the great potential for development of feasible non-invasive biosensors, with a similar performance to conventional measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Zhao
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China. and Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites, Ministry of Education, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Qiujin Li
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China. and Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites, Ministry of Education, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Linna Chen
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China. and Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites, Ministry of Education, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China. and Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites, Ministry of Education, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jixian Gong
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China. and Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites, Ministry of Education, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China. and Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites, Ministry of Education, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jianfei Zhang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China. and Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites, Ministry of Education, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Shandong, Qingdao 266071, China
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Li H, Ma Y, Huang Y. Material innovation and mechanics design for substrates and encapsulation of flexible electronics: a review. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:383-400. [PMID: 34821261 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh00483a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Advances in materials and mechanics designs have led to the development of flexible electronics, which have important applications to human healthcare due to their good biocompatibility and conformal integration with biological tissue. Material innovation and mechanics design have played a key role in designing the substrates and encapsulations of flexible electronics for various bio-integrated systems. This review first introduces the inorganic materials and novel organic materials used for the substrates and encapsulation of flexible electronics, and summarizes their mechanics properties, permeability and optical transmission properties. The structural designs of the substrates are then introduced to ensure the reliability of flexible electronics, including the patterned and pre-strained designs to improve the stretchability, and the strain-isolation and -limiting substrates to reduce the deformation. Some emerging encapsulations are presented to protect the flexible electronics from degradation, environmental erosion or contamination, though they may slightly reduce the stretchability of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Choi J, Chen S, Deng Y, Xue Y, Reeder JT, Franklin D, Oh YS, Model JB, Aranyosi AJ, Lee SP, Ghaffari R, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Skin-Interfaced Microfluidic Systems that Combine Hard and Soft Materials for Demanding Applications in Sweat Capture and Analysis. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2000722. [PMID: 32989913 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Eccrine sweat contains a rich blend of electrolytes, metabolites, proteins, metal ions, and other biomarkers. Changes in the concentrations of these chemical species can indicate alterations in hydration status and they can also reflect health conditions such as cystic fibrosis, schizophrenia, and depression. Recent advances in soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic systems enable real-time measurement of local sweat loss and sweat biomarker concentrations, with a wide range of applications in healthcare. Uses in certain contexts involve, however, physical impacts on the body that can dynamically deform these platforms, with adverse effects on measurement reliability. The work presented here overcomes this limitation through the use of microfluidic structures constructed in relatively high modulus polymers, and designed in geometries that offer soft, system level mechanics when embedded low modulus elastomers. Analytical models and finite element analysis quantitatively define the relevant mechanics of these systems, and serve as the basis for layouts optimized to allow robust operation in demanding, rugged scenarios such as those encountered in football, while preserving mechanical stretchability for comfortable, water-tight bonding to the skin. Benchtop testing and on-body field studies of measurements of sweat loss and chloride concentration under imposed mechanical stresses and impacts demonstrate the key features of these platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungil Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering Kookmin University Seoul 02707 Republic of Korea
| | - Shulin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Querrey‐Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yujun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yeguang Xue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Jonathan T. Reeder
- Querrey‐Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Daniel Franklin
- Querrey‐Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yong Suk Oh
- Querrey‐Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Model
- Querrey‐Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Alexander J. Aranyosi
- Querrey‐Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Stephen P. Lee
- Querrey‐Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Querrey‐Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Querrey‐Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Departments of Chemistry Biomedical Engineering and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
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Sharma A, Badea M, Tiwari S, Marty JL. Wearable Biosensors: An Alternative and Practical Approach in Healthcare and Disease Monitoring. Molecules 2021; 26:748. [PMID: 33535493 PMCID: PMC7867046 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of growing population, aging and chronic diseases continuously rising healthcare costs, the healthcare system is undergoing a vital transformation from the traditional hospital-centered system to an individual-centered system. Since the 20th century, wearable sensors are becoming widespread in healthcare and biomedical monitoring systems, empowering continuous measurement of critical biomarkers for monitoring of the diseased condition and health, medical diagnostics and evaluation in biological fluids like saliva, blood, and sweat. Over the past few decades, the developments have been focused on electrochemical and optical biosensors, along with advances with the non-invasive monitoring of biomarkers, bacteria and hormones, etc. Wearable devices have evolved gradually with a mix of multiplexed biosensing, microfluidic sampling and transport systems integrated with flexible materials and body attachments for improved wearability and simplicity. These wearables hold promise and are capable of a higher understanding of the correlations between analyte concentrations within the blood or non-invasive biofluids and feedback to the patient, which is significantly important in timely diagnosis, treatment, and control of medical conditions. However, cohort validation studies and performance evaluation of wearable biosensors are needed to underpin their clinical acceptance. In the present review, we discuss the importance, features, types of wearables, challenges and applications of wearable devices for biological fluids for the prevention of diseased conditions and real-time monitoring of human health. Herein, we summarize the various wearable devices that are developed for healthcare monitoring and their future potential has been discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Sharma
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana 122505, India
| | - Mihaela Badea
- Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Specialties Department, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Swapnil Tiwari
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CHATTISGARH 492010, India;
| | - Jean Louis Marty
- University of Perpignan via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, CEDEX 9, 66860 Perpignan, France
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Ye S, Feng S, Huang L, Bian S. Recent Progress in Wearable Biosensors: From Healthcare Monitoring to Sports Analytics. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E205. [PMID: 33333888 PMCID: PMC7765261 DOI: 10.3390/bios10120205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in lab-on-a-chip technology establish solid foundations for wearable biosensors. These newly emerging wearable biosensors are capable of non-invasive, continuous monitoring by miniaturization of electronics and integration with microfluidics. The advent of flexible electronics, biochemical sensors, soft microfluidics, and pain-free microneedles have created new generations of wearable biosensors that explore brand-new avenues to interface with the human epidermis for monitoring physiological status. However, these devices are relatively underexplored for sports monitoring and analytics, which may be largely facilitated by the recent emergence of wearable biosensors characterized by real-time, non-invasive, and non-irritating sensing capacities. Here, we present a systematic review of wearable biosensing technologies with a focus on materials and fabrication strategies, sampling modalities, sensing modalities, as well as key analytes and wearable biosensing platforms for healthcare and sports monitoring with an emphasis on sweat and interstitial fluid biosensing. This review concludes with a summary of unresolved challenges and opportunities for future researchers interested in these technologies. With an in-depth understanding of the state-of-the-art wearable biosensing technologies, wearable biosensors for sports analytics would have a significant impact on the rapidly growing field-microfluidics for biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Ye
- Microfluidics Research & Innovation Laboratory, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shilun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China;
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Liang Huang
- School of Instrument Science and Opto–Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China;
| | - Shengtai Bian
- Microfluidics Research & Innovation Laboratory, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
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Hourlier-Fargette A, Schon S, Xue Y, Avila R, Li W, Gao Y, Liu C, Kim SB, Raj MS, Fields KB, Parsons BV, Lee K, Lee JY, Chung HU, Lee SP, Johnson M, Bandodkar AJ, Gutruf P, Model JB, Aranyosi AJ, Choi J, Ray TR, Ghaffari R, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Skin-interfaced soft microfluidic systems with modular and reusable electronics for in situ capacitive sensing of sweat loss, rate and conductivity. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:4391-4403. [PMID: 33089837 PMCID: PMC10556535 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00705f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Important insights into human health can be obtained through the non-invasive collection and detailed analysis of sweat, a biofluid that contains a wide range of essential biomarkers. Skin-interfaced microfluidic platforms, characterized by soft materials and thin geometries, offer a collection of capabilities for in situ capture, storage, and analysis of sweat and its constituents. In ambulatory uses cases, the ability to provide real-time feedback on sweat loss, rate and content, without visual inspection of the device, can be important. This paper introduces a low-profile skin-interfaced system that couples disposable microfluidic sampling devices with reusable 'stick-on' electrodes and wireless readout electronics that remain isolated from the sweat. An ultra-thin capping layer on the microfluidic platform permits high-sensitivity, contactless capacitive measurements of both sweat loss and sweat conductivity. This architecture avoids the potential for corrosion of the sensing components and eliminates the need for cleaning/sterilizing the electronics, thereby resulting in a cost-effective platform that is simple to use. Optimized electrode designs follow from a combination of extensive benchtop testing, analytical calculations and FEA simulations for two sensing configurations: (1) sweat rate and loss, and (2) sweat conductivity, which contains information about electrolyte content. Both configurations couple to a flexible, wireless electronics platform that digitizes and transmits information to Bluetooth-enabled devices. On-body field testing during physical exercise validates the performance of the system in scenarios of practical relevance to human health and performance.
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Lin PH, Chang WL, Sheu SC, Li BR. A Noninvasive Wearable Device for Real-Time Monitoring of Secretion Sweat Pressure by Digital Display. iScience 2020; 23:101658. [PMID: 33117969 PMCID: PMC7582050 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweat-based wearable devices have attracted increasing attention by providing abundant physiological information and continuous measurement through noninvasive healthcare monitoring. Sweat pressure generated via sweat glands to the skin surface associated with osmotic effects may help to elucidate such parameters as physiological conditions and psychological factors. This study introduces a wearable device for measuring secretion sweat pressure through noninvasive, continuous monitoring. Secretion pressure is detected by a microfluidic chip that shows the resistance variance from a paired electrode pattern and transfers digital signals to a smartphone for real-time display. A human study demonstrates this measurement with different exercise activities, showing the pressure ranges from 1.3 to 2.5 kPa. This device is user-friendly and applicable to exercise training and personal health care. The convenience and easy-to-wear characteristics of this device may establish a foundation for future research investigating sweat physiology and personal health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Heng Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Sian-Chen Sheu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Ran Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Cao Q, Liang B, Mao X, Wei J, Tu T, Fang L, Ye X. A Smartwatch Integrated with a Paper‐based Microfluidic Patch for Sweat Electrolytes Monitoring. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingpeng Cao
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Bo Liang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Xiyu Mao
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Jinwei Wei
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Tingting Tu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Lu Fang
- College of Life Information Science and Instrument Engineering Hangzhou Dianzi University Hangzhou 310018 P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Ye
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
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45
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Yokus MA, Agcayazi T, Traenkle M, Bozkurt A, Daniele MA. Wearable Sweat Rate Sensors. 2020 IEEE SENSORS 2020. [DOI: 10.1109/sensors47125.2020.9278818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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46
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Moonen EJ, Haakma JR, Peri E, Pelssers E, Mischi M, den Toonder JM. Wearable sweat sensing for prolonged, semicontinuous, and nonobtrusive health monitoring. VIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emma J.M. Moonen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS) Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Jelte R. Haakma
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory of Biomedical Diagnostics Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Elisabetta Peri
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory of Biomedical Diagnostics Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Eduard Pelssers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Philips Research Royal Philips High Tech Campus Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mischi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory of Biomedical Diagnostics Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M.J. den Toonder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS) Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
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47
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Ardalan S, Hosseinifard M, Vosough M, Golmohammadi H. Towards smart personalized perspiration analysis: An IoT-integrated cellulose-based microfluidic wearable patch for smartphone fluorimetric multi-sensing of sweat biomarkers. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 168:112450. [PMID: 32877780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Practical obstacles, such as intricate designs and expensive equipment/materials, in the fabrication of wearable sweat sensors, have limited their feasibility as a personalized healthcare device. Herein, we have fabricated a cellulose-based wearable patch, which further paired with a smartphone-based fluorescence imaging module and a self-developed smartphone app for non-invasive and in situ multi-sensing of sweat biomarkers including glucose, lactate, pH, chloride, and volume. The developed Smart Wearable Sweat Patch (SWSP) sensor comprises highly fluorescent sensing probes embedded in paper substrates, and microfluidic channels consisted of cotton threads to harvest sweat from the skin surface and to transport it to the paper-based sensing probes. The imaging module was fabricated by a 3D printer, equipped with UV-LED lamps and an optical filter to provide the in situ capability of capturing digital images of the sensors via a smartphone. A smartphone app was also designed to quantify the concentration of the biomarkers via a detection algorithm. Additionally, we have recommended an Internet of Things (IoT)-based model for our developed SWSP sensor to promote its potential application for the future. The field studies on human subjects were also conducted to investigate the feasibility of our developed SWSP sensor for the analysis of sweat biomarkers. Our findings convincingly demonstrated the applicability of our developed SWSP sensor as a smart, user-friendly, ultra-low-cost (~0.03 $ per sweat patch), portable, selective, rapid, and non-invasive healthcare monitoring device for immense applications in health personalization, sports performance monitoring, and medical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Ardalan
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosseinifard
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Vosough
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Golmohammadi
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran.
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48
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Huang J, Liu Y, Peng J, Chen S, Song K, Ouyang X, Cheng H, Wang X. Skin-interfaced microfluidic devices with one-opening chambers and hydrophobic valves for sweat collection and analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2635-2645. [PMID: 32555915 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00400f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic platforms are capable of capturing, storing, and assessing sweat chemistry and total sweat loss, which provides essential insight into human physiological health. However, sweat loss from the outlet of the microfluidic devices often leads to deviation of the measured concentration of the biomarker or electrolyte from the actual value. Here, we introduce hydrophobic valves at the junction of the chamber and the microfluidic channel as a new chamber design to reduce sweat evaporation. Because the advancing front of the liquid in the hydrophilic microchannel is blocked by the hydrophobic valve, the fluid flows into the chambers, forms the initial meniscus, and completely fills the chambers along the initial meniscus. Fluid dynamic modeling and numerical simulations provide critical insights into the sweat sampling mechanism into the chambers. With significantly reduced evaporation and contamination, the sweat sample can be easily stored for a long time for later analysis when in situ analysis is limited. Additionally, the design with multiple chambers can allow sequential generation of sweat collection at different times for long-term analysis. The in situ real-time measurements of the sweat loss and pH value analysis from the human subject demonstrate the practical utility of the devices in collecting, storing, and analyzing the sweat generated from sweat glands on the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China.
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Bollinger C, Duong TA, Genain G, Almaric N, Moga A, Richard W, Vandier S. Metrology and sensors as dermo-cosmetic technology opportunities for a change of paradigm. Skin Res Technol 2020; 27:257-265. [PMID: 32729174 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metrology and measures are changing the way patients and consumers behave and help find new, more effective solutions. METHODS This Review and Prospective Paper identifies applications in the field of dermatology and beauty tech. RESULTS The review of skincare as well as dermatological applications and analysis provides a comprehensive picture of the dynamics in the process of impacting the complete value chain in the field of dermo-cosmetics, as well as the opportunities offered by a strict approach around new and innovative measures, especially in the field of better patient/consumer knowledge, understanding, and personalized solution offering. It identifies the new business models or opportunities for the cosmetic industry. CONCLUSION Adapting metrology and measures to skincare is a significant opportunity to change the way things are done today.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tu Anh Duong
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Henri Mondor AP-HP, Créteil, France.,Chaire Avenir Santé Numérique Equipe 8 IMRB, INSERM, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Gilles Genain
- WB Technologies, Paris, France.,Beauty Product Consulting - BPC, Paris, France
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50
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Qiao L, Benzigar MR, Subramony JA, Lovell NH, Liu G. Advances in Sweat Wearables: Sample Extraction, Real-Time Biosensing, and Flexible Platforms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:34337-34361. [PMID: 32579332 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wearable biosensors for sweat-based analysis are gaining wide attention due to their potential use in personal health monitoring. Flexible wearable devices enable sweat analysis at the molecular level, facilitating noninvasive monitoring of physiological states via real-time monitoring of chemical biomarkers. Advances in sweat extraction technology, real-time biosensors, stretchable materials, device integration, and wireless digital technologies have led to the development of wearable sweat-biosensing devices that are light, flexible, comfortable, aesthetic, affordable, and informative. Herein, we summarize recent advances of sweat wearables from the aspects of sweat extraction, fabrication of stretchable biomaterials, and design of biosensing modules to enable continuous biochemical monitoring, which are essential for a biosensing device. Key chemical components of sweat, sweat capture methodologies, and considerations of flexible substrates for integrating real-time biosensors with electronics to bring innovations in the art of wearables are elaborated. The strategies and challenges involved in improving the wearable biosensing performance and the perspectives for designing sweat-based wearable biosensing devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laicong Qiao
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mercy Rose Benzigar
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - J Anand Subramony
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Nigel H Lovell
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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