1
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Radiush EA, Wang H, Chulanova EA, Ponomareva YA, Li B, Wei QY, Salnikov GE, Petrakova SY, Semenov NA, Zibarev AV. Halide Complexes of 5,6-Dicyano-2,1,3-Benzoselenadiazole with 1 : 4 Stoichiometry: Cooperativity between Chalcogen and Hydrogen Bonding. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300523. [PMID: 37750466 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The [M4 -Hal]- (M=the title compound; Hal=Cl, Br, and I) complexes were isolated in the form of salts of [Et4 N]+ cation and characterized by XRD, NMR, UV-Vis, DFT, QTAIM, EDD, and EDA. Their stoichiometry is caused by a cooperative interplay of σ-hole-driven chalcogen (ChB) and hydrogen (HB) bondings. In the crystal, [M4 -Hal]- are connected by the π-hole-driven ChB; overall, each [Hal]- is six-coordinated. In the ChB, the electrostatic interaction dominates over orbital and dispersion interactions. In UV-Vis spectra of the M+[Hal]- solutions, ChB-typical and [Hal]- -dependent charge-transfer bands are present; they reflect orbital interactions and allow identification of the individual [Hal]- . However, the structural situation in the solutions is not entirely clear. Particularly, the UV-Vis spectra of the solutions are different from the solid-state spectra of the [Et4 N]+ [M4 -Hal]- ; very tentatively, species in the solutions are assigned [M-Hal]- . It is supposed that the formation of the [M4 -Hal]- proceeds during the crystallization of the [Et4 N]+ [M4 -Hal]- . Overall, M can be considered as a chromogenic receptor and prototype sensor of [Hal]- . The findings are also useful for crystal engineering and supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Radiush
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Elena A Chulanova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Current address: Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yana A Ponomareva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Research University - Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Bin Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Yu Wei
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Georgy E Salnikov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana Yu Petrakova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Semenov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V Zibarev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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2
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Ibrahim MAA, Saeed RRA, Shehata MNI, Moussa NAM, Tawfeek AM, Ahmed MN, Abd El-Rahman MK, Shoeib T. Sigma-Hole and Lone-Pair-Hole Site-Based Interactions of Seesaw Tetravalent Chalcogen-Bearing Molecules with Lewis Bases. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32828-32837. [PMID: 37720791 PMCID: PMC10500585 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, sigma (σ)- and lone-pair (lp)-hole site-based interactions of SF4 and SeF4 molecules in seesaw geometry with NH3 and FH Lewis bases were herein comparatively investigated. The obtained findings from the electrostatic potential analysis outlined the emergence of sundry holes on the molecular entity of the SF4 and SeF4 molecules, dubbed the σ- and lp-holes. The energetic viewpoint announced splendid negative binding energy values for σ-hole site-based interactions succeeded by lp-hole analogues, which were found to be -9.21 and -0.50 kcal/mol, respectively, for SeF4···NH3 complex as a case study. Conspicuously, a proper concurrence between the strength of chalcogen σ-hole site-based interactions and the chalcogen's atomic size was obtained, whereas a reverse pattern was proclaimed for the lp-hole counterparts. Further, a higher preference for the YF4···NH3 complexes with elevated negative binding energy was promulgated over the YF4···FH ones, indicating the eminent role of Lewis basicity. The indications of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules generally asserted the closed-shell nature of all the considered interactions. The observation of symmetry-adapted perturbation theory revealed the substantial contributing role of the electrostatic forces beyond the occurrence of σ-hole site-based interactions. In comparison, the dispersion forces were specified to govern the lp-hole counterparts. Such emerging findings would be a gate for the fruitful forthcoming applications of chalcogen bonding interactions in crystal engineering and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
- School
of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Rehab R. A. Saeed
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Mohammed N. I. Shehata
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Nayra A. M. Moussa
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Tawfeek
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Naeem Ahmed
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Azad Jammu
and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed K. Abd El-Rahman
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Tamer Shoeib
- Department
of Chemistry, The American University in
Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
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3
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de Azevedo Santos L, Ramalho TC, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Intermolecular Covalent Interactions: Nature and Directionality. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203791. [PMID: 36478415 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical methods were employed to analyze the nature and the origin of the directionality of pnictogen (PnB), chalcogen (ChB), and halogen bonds (XB) in archetypal Fm Z⋅⋅⋅F- complexes (Z=Pn, Ch, X), using relativistic density functional theory (DFT) at ZORA-M06/QZ4P. Quantitative Kohn-Sham MO and energy decomposition analyses (EDA) show that all these intermolecular interactions have in common that covalence, that is, HOMO-LUMO interactions, provide a crucial contribution to the bond energy, besides electrostatic attraction. Strikingly, all these bonds are directional (i.e., F-Z⋅⋅⋅F- is approximately linear) despite, and not because of, the electrostatic interactions which, in fact, favor bending. This constitutes a breakdown of the σ-hole model. It was shown how the σ-hole model fails by neglecting both, the essential physics behind the electrostatic interaction and that behind the directionality of electron-rich intermolecular interactions. Our findings are general and extend to the neutral, weaker ClI⋅⋅⋅NH3 , HClTe⋅⋅⋅NH3 , and H2 ClSb⋅⋅⋅NH3 complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Azevedo Santos
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teodorico C Ramalho
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Lavras CEP, 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil.,Center for Basic and Applied Research, University Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
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4
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Milašinović V, Vuković V, Krawczuk A, Molčanov K, Hennig C, Bodensteiner M. The nature of π-hole interactions between iodide anions and quinoid rings in the crystalline state. IUCRJ 2023; 10:156-163. [PMID: 36692857 PMCID: PMC9980391 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252523000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The investigated co-crystal of 3-chloro-N-methylpyridinium iodide with tetrabromoquinone (3-Cl-N-MePy·I·Br4Q) reveals a π-hole interaction between an iodide anion and a quinoid ring involving an n → π* charge transfer. The quinoid ring has a partial negative charge (estimated to be in the range 0.08-0.11e) and a partial radical character, which is related to the black colour of the crystals (crystals of neutral tetrabromoquinone are yellow). A detailed X-ray charge density study revealed two symmetry-independent bond critical points between the iodide anions and carbon atoms of the ring. Their maximum electron density of 0.065 e Å-3 was reproduced by quantum chemical modelling. The energy of the interaction is estimated to be -11.16 kcal mol-1, which is comparable to the strength of moderate hydrogen bonding (about -10 kcal mol-1); it is dominantly electrostatic in nature, with a considerable dispersion component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Milašinović
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Vedran Vuković
- Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anna Krawczuk
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraβe 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Krešimir Molčanov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Christoph Hennig
- The Rossendorf Beamline (BM20), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholz Zentrum Dresden Rosendorf, Bauztner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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5
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Shukla R, Yu D, Mu T, Kozuch S. Yet another perspective on hole interactions, part II: lp-hole vs. lp-hole interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:12641-12649. [PMID: 36847568 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00225j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Most of the experimental and theoretical work in hole interactions (HIs) is mainly focused on exploiting the nature and characteristics of σ and π-holes. In this perspective, we focus our attention on understanding the origin and properties of lone-pair holes. These holes are present on an atom opposite to its lone-pair region. Utilizing some new and old examples, such as X3N/P⋯F- (X = F/Cl/Br/I), F-Cl/Br/I⋯H3P⋯NCH and H3B-NBr3 along with other molecular systems, we explored to what extent these lp-holes participate in lp-hole interactions, if they participate at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Shukla
- NCI Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, 530045, A.P., India.
| | - Dongkun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Tiancheng Mu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Sebastian Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel
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6
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Ellington TL, Devore DP, Uvin G De Alwis WM, French KA, Shuford KL. Shedding Light on the Vibrational Signatures in Halogen-Bonded Graphitic Carbon Nitride Building Blocks. Chemphyschem 2022; 24:e202200812. [PMID: 36480235 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The relative contributions of halogen and hydrogen bonding to the interaction between graphitic carbon nitride monomers and halogen bond (XB) donors containing C-X and C≡C bonds were evaluated using computational vibrational spectroscopy. Conventional probes into select vibrational stretching frequencies can often lead to disconnected results. To elucidate this behavior, local mode analyses were performed on the XB donors and complexes identified previously at the M06-2X/aVDZ-PP level of theory. Due to coupling between low and high energy C-X vibrations, the C≡C stretch is deemed a better candidate when analyzing XB complex properties or detecting XB formation. The local force constants support this conclusion, as the C≡C values correlate much better with the σ-hole magnitude than their C-X counterparts. The intermolecular local stretching force constants were also assessed, and it was found that attractive forces other than halogen bonding play a supporting role in complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Ellington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798-7348, USA
| | - Daniel P Devore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798-7348, USA
| | - W M Uvin G De Alwis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798-7348, USA
| | - Kirk A French
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798-7348, USA
| | - Kevin L Shuford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798-7348, USA
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7
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Hein R, Beer PD. Halogen bonding and chalcogen bonding mediated sensing. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7098-7125. [PMID: 35799814 PMCID: PMC9214886 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01800d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sigma-hole interactions, in particular halogen bonding (XB) and chalcogen bonding (ChB), have become indispensable tools in supramolecular chemistry, with wide-ranging applications in crystal engineering, catalysis and materials chemistry as well as anion recognition, transport and sensing. The latter has very rapidly developed in recent years and is becoming a mature research area in its own right. This can be attributed to the numerous advantages sigma-hole interactions imbue in sensor design, in particular high degrees of selectivity, sensitivity and the capability for sensing in aqueous media. Herein, we provide the first detailed overview of all developments in the field of XB and ChB mediated sensing, in particular the detection of anions but also neutral (gaseous) Lewis bases. This includes a wide range of optical colorimetric and luminescent sensors as well as an array of electrochemical sensors, most notably redox-active host systems. In addition, we discuss a range of other sensor designs, including capacitive sensors and chemiresistors, and provide a detailed overview and outlook for future fundamental developments in the field. Importantly the sensing concepts and methodologies described herein for the XB and ChB mediated sensing of anions, are generically applicable for the development of supramolecular receptors and sensors in general, including those for cations and neutral molecules employing a wide array of non-covalent interactions. As such we believe this review to be a useful guide to both the supramolecular and general chemistry community with interests in the fields of host-guest recognition and small molecule sensing. Moreover, we also highlight the need for a broader integration of supramolecular chemistry, analytical chemistry, synthetic chemistry and materials science in the development of the next generation of potent sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hein
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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8
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Revision of the Crystal Structure of the Orthorhombic Polymorph of Oxyma: On the Importance of π–Hole Interactions and Their Interplay with H–Bonds. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12060823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work the crystal structure of the previously described orthorhombic polymorph of the coupling reagent Oxyma has been revised, corrected now as centrosymmetric and analyzed by means of DFT calculations. In the solid state the structure forms a network of H-bonds and self–assembled dimers that are held together by the formation of N···C π–hole interactions involving the C-atom of the imino group. The H-bonding and π–hole interactions observed in the solid state were rationalized using molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces, focusing on the H-bond donor-acceptor groups and the π-hole observed above and below the molecular plane. The interactions and their interplay have been characterized by using two methodologies based on the topology of the electron density, which are the quantum theory of “atom-in-molecules” (QTAIM) and the noncovalent interaction plot (NCIplot).
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9
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Origin of iodine preferential attack at sulfur in phosphorothioate and subsequent P-O or P-S bond dissociation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119032119. [PMID: 35439051 PMCID: PMC9169930 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119032119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Iodine-induced cleavage at phosphorothioate DNA (PT-DNA) is characterized by extremely high sensitivity (∼1 phosphorothioate link per 106 nucleotides), which has been used for detecting and sequencing PT-DNA in bacteria. Despite its foreseeable potential for wide applications, the cleavage mechanism at the PT-modified site has not been well established, and it remains unknown as to whether or not cleavage of the bridging P-O occurs at every PT-modified site. In this work, we conducted accurate ωB97X-D calculations and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate the process of PT-DNA cleavage at the atomic and molecular levels. We have found that iodine chemoselectively binds to the sulfur atom of the phosphorothioate link via a strong halogen-chalcogen interaction (a type of halogen bond, with binding affinity as high as 14.9 kcal/mol) and thus triggers P-O bond cleavage via phosphotriester-like hydrolysis. Additionally, aside from cleavage of the bridging P-O bond, the downstream hydrolyses lead to unwanted P-S/P-O conversions and a loss of the phosphorothioate handle. The mechanism we outline helps to explain specific selectivity at the PT-modified site but also predicts the dynamic stoichiometry of P-S and P-O bond breaking. For instance, Tris is involved in the cascade derivation of S-iodo-phosphorothioate to S-amino-phosphorothioate, suppressing the S-iodo-phosphorothioate hydrolysis to a phosphate diester. However, hydrolysis of one-third of the Tris-O-grafting phosphotriester results in unwanted P-S/P-O conversions. Our study suggests that bacterial DNA phosphorothioation may more frequently occur than previous bioinformatic estimations have predicted from iodine-induced deep sequencing data.
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10
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σ-Hole Bonds and the VSEPR Model—From the Tetrahedral Structure to the Trigonal Bipyramid. SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sci4020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexes linked by various interactions are analysed in this study. They are characterized by the tetrahedral configuration of the Lewis acid centre. Interactions, being a subject of this study, are classified as σ-hole bonds, such as the halogen, chalcogen, pnicogen, and tetrel bonds. In the case of strong interactions, the tetrahedral configuration of the Lewis acid centre changes into the trigonal bipyramid configuration. This change is in line with the Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion model, VSEPR, and this is supported here by the results of high-level ab initio calculations. The theoretical results concerning the geometries are supported mainly by the Natural Bond Orbital, NBO, method.
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11
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Szczęśniak MM, Chałasinski G. Reassessing the Role of σ Holes in Noncovalent Interactions: It is Pauli Repulsion that Counts. Front Chem 2022; 10:858946. [PMID: 35464203 PMCID: PMC9021534 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.858946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of prototypical weak electron donor–electron acceptor complexes are investigated by the Symmetry Adapted Perturbation Theory, some of which belong to novel classes of weak bonds such as halogen and chalcogen bonds. Also included are complexes involving strong Lewis acids such as BeO and AuF. The common view in the literature is to associate these novel bonds with a variety of “holes”, σ, π, δ, or positive areas in their electrostatic potential maps. The presumption is that these positive areas of the electrostatic potential are indicative of the electrostatic nature of these noncovalent bonds. The electrostatic view extends to the explanations of the directionality of approaches between the subsystems forming these bonds. This work demonstrates that one common feature of these electrostatic potential “holes” is the local depletion of electron density of which the best detector is the first-order Pauli repulsion. The minimization of this repulsion determines the bond directionality and its relative angular rigidity. In relatively strong complexes of BeO with rare gases, where BeO shows a clear cavity in electron density—an ultimate “σ hole”—the electrostatic effect does not control the bending potential—the exchange repulsion does. In halogen bonds, the halogen atom is nonspherical, displaying an axial “σ hole” in its electrostatic potential. However, in no examined case, from rare gas acting as an electron donor to a polar donor to an anionic donor, is the electrostatic energy responsible for the directionality of the halogen bond. In fact, it is not even maximized in the direction of the σ hole in N2-ClF and NH3-ClF. Yet, in all the cases, the exchange repulsion is minimized in the direction of the σ hole. The minimized exchange repulsion associated with the subtle and less subtle depletions of the electron density occur on the nodal planes or on the intersections thereof in the highest occupied molecular orbitals of Lewis acids, provided that the systems are closed-shell. The role of nodal planes in covalent and coordinate covalent bonds is well recognized. This work points to their similarly equal importance in certain types of donor–acceptor noncovalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata M. Szczęśniak
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Małgorzata M. Szczęśniak, ; Grzegorz Chałasinski,
| | - Grzegorz Chałasinski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University, Warszawa, Poland
- *Correspondence: Małgorzata M. Szczęśniak, ; Grzegorz Chałasinski,
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12
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Miller DK, Chernyshov IY, Torubaev YV, Rosokha SV. From weak to strong interactions: structural and electron topology analysis of the continuum from the supramolecular chalcogen bonding to covalent bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8251-8259. [PMID: 35320823 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05441d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between covalent and supramolecular bonding, and the criteria of the assignments of different interactions were explored via the review of selenium and tellurium containing structures in the Cambridge Structural Database and their computational analysis using Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM). This combined study revealed continuums of the interatomic Se⋯Br and Te⋯I distances, dCh⋯X, in the series of associations from the sums of the van der Waals radii of these atoms (rCh + rX) to their covalent bond lengths. The electron densities, ρ(r), at Bond Critical Points (BCPs) along the chalcogen bond paths increased gradually from about 0.01 a.u. common for the non-covalent interactions to about 0.1 a.u. typical for the covalent bonds. The log ρ(r) values fell on the same linear trend line when plotted against normalized interatomic distances, RXY = dCh⋯X/(rCh + rX). The transition from the positive to negative values of the energy densities, H(r), at the BCPs (related to a changeover of essentially non-covalent into partially covalent interactions) were observed at RXY ≈ 0.80. Synchronous changes of bonding characteristics with RXY (similar to that found earlier in the halogen-bonded systems) designated normalized interatomic separation as a critical factor determining the nature of these bondings. The uninterrupted continuums of Te⋯I and Se⋯Br bond lengths and BCPs' characteristics signified an intrinsic link between limiting types of bonding involving chalcogen atoms and between covalent and supramolecular bonding in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Miller
- Chemistry Department, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA.
| | - Ivan Yu Chernyshov
- TheoMat group, ChemBio Cluster, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, St. Petersburg, 191002, Russia
| | - Yury V Torubaev
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, GSP-1, L eninsky prospect, 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Sergiy V Rosokha
- Chemistry Department, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA.
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13
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Ibrahim MAA, Moussa NAM, Saad SMA, Ahmed MN, Shawky AM, Soliman MES, Mekhemer GAH, Rady ASSM. σ-Hole and LP-Hole Interactions of Pnicogen···Pnicogen Homodimers under the External Electric Field Effect: A Quantum Mechanical Study. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:11264-11275. [PMID: 35415328 PMCID: PMC8992284 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
σ-Hole and lone-pair (lp)-hole interactions within σ-hole···σ-hole, σ-hole···lp-hole, and lp-hole···lp-hole configurations were comparatively investigated on the pnicogen···pnicogen homodimers (PCl3)2, for the first time, under field-free conditions and the influence of the external electric field (EEF). The electrostatic potential calculations emphasized the impressive versatility of the examined PCl3 monomers to participate in σ-hole and lp-hole pnicogen interactions. Crucially, the sizes of σ-hole and lp-hole were enlarged under the influence of the positively directed EEF and decreased in the case of reverse direction. Interestingly, the energetic quantities unveiled more favorability of the σ-hole···lp-hole configuration of the pnicogen···pnicogen homodimers, with significant negative interaction energies, than σ-hole···σ-hole and lp-hole···lp-hole configurations. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules and noncovalent interaction index analyses were adopted to elucidate the nature and origin of the considered interactions, ensuring their closed shell nature and the occurrence of attractive forces within the studied homodimers. Symmetry-adapted perturbation theory-based energy decomposition analysis alluded to the dispersion force as the main physical component beyond the occurrence of the examined interactions. The obtained findings would be considered as a fundamental underpinning for forthcoming studies pertinent to chemistry, materials science, and crystal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Nayra A. M. Moussa
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Sherif M. A. Saad
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Naeem Ahmed
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Azad Jammu
and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed M. Shawky
- Science
and Technology Unit (STU), Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Molecular
Modelling and Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Gamal A. H. Mekhemer
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Al-shimaa S. M. Rady
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
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14
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Abstract
The MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations were performed on the dihalometallylenes to indicate their Lewis acid and Lewis base sites. The results of the Cambridge Structural Database search show corresponding and related crystal structures where the tetrel center often possesses the configuration of a trigonal bipyramid or octahedron. The calculations were also carried out on dimers of dichlorogermylene and dibromogermylene and on complexes of these germylenes with one and two 1,4-dioxide molecules. The Ge⋯Cl, Ge⋯Br, and Ge⋯O interactions are analyzed. The Ge⋯O interactions in the above mentioned germylene complexes may be classified as the π-hole tetrel bonds. The MP2 calculations are supported by the results of the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) and the Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) approaches.
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15
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Abstract
The list of σ-hole bonds is long and growing, encompassing both H-bonds and its closely related halogen, chalcogen, etc., sisters. These bonds rely on the asymmetric distribution of electron density, whose depletion along the extension of a covalent bond leaves a positive region of electrostatic potential from which these bonds derive their name. However, the density distributions of other molecules contain analogous positive regions that lie out of the molecular plane known as π-holes, which are likewise capable of engaging in noncovalent bonds. Quantum calculations are applied to study such π-hole bonds that involve linear molecules, whose positive region is a circular belt surrounding the molecule, rather than the more restricted area of a σ-hole. These bonds are examined in terms of their most fundamental elements arising from the spatial dispositions of their relevant molecular orbitals and the π-holes in both the total electron density and the electrostatic potential to which they lead. Systems examined comprise tetrel, chalcogen, aerogen, and triel bonds, as well as those involving group II elements, with atoms drawn from various rows of the Periodic Table. The π-hole bonds established by linear molecules tend to be weaker than those of comparable planar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA
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16
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Marwitz AC, Nicholas AD, Breuer LM, Bertke JA, Knope KE. Harnessing Bismuth Coordination Chemistry to Achieve Bright, Long-Lived Organic Phosphorescence. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16840-16851. [PMID: 34628857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new bismuth(III)-organic compound, Hphen[Bi2(HPDC)2(PDC)2(NO3)]·4H2O (Bi-1; PDC = 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), was synthesized, and the structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound was found to display bright-blue-green phosphorescence in the solid state under UV irradiation, with a luminescent lifetime of 1.776 ms at room temperature. The room temperature and low-temperature (77 K) emission spectra exhibited the vibronic structure characteristic of Hphen phosphorescence. Time-dependent density functional theory studies showed that the excitation pathway arises from an energy transfer from the dimeric structural unit to Hphen, with participation from a nine-coordinate Bi center. The triplet state of Hphen is believed to be stabilized via supramolecular interactions, which, when coupled with the heavy-atom effect induced by Bi, leads to the observed long-lived luminescence. The compound displayed a solid-state quantum yield of over 27%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such compound to exhibit phenanthrolinium phosphorescence with such long-lived, room temperature lifetimes in the solid state. To further elucidate the energy-transfer mechanism, Ln3+ (Ln = Eu, Tb, Sm) ions were successfully doped into the parent compound, and the resulting materials exhibited dual emission from Hphen and Ln, promoting tunability of the emission color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Marwitz
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Aaron D Nicholas
- National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Leticia M Breuer
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Jeffery A Bertke
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Karah E Knope
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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17
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Schiavo E, Bhattacharyya K, Mehring M, Auer AA. Are Heavy Pnictogen-π Interactions Really "π Interactions"? Chemistry 2021; 27:14520-14526. [PMID: 34342068 PMCID: PMC8596747 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The noncovalent interactions of heavy pnictogens with π-arenes play a fundamental role in fields like crystal engineering or catalysis. The strength of such bonds is based on an interplay between dispersion and donor/acceptor interactions, and is generally attributed to the presence of π-arenes. Computational studies of the interaction between the heavy pnictogens As, Sb and Bi and cyclohexane, in comparison with previous studies on the interaction between heavy pnictogens and benzene, show that this concept probably has to be revised. A thorough analysis of all the different energetic components that play a role in these systems, carried out with state-of-the-art computational methods, sheds light on how they influence one another and the effect that their interplay has on the overall system. Furthermore, the analysis of such interactions leads us to the unexpected finding that the presence of the pnictogen compounds strongly affects the conformational equilibrium of cyclohexane, reversing the relative stability of the chair and boat-twist conformers, and thus suggesting a possible application of tuneable dispersion energy donors to stabilise the desired conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Schiavo
- Department of Molecular Theory and SpectroscopyMax-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Kalishankar Bhattacharyya
- Department of Molecular Theory and SpectroscopyMax-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Michael Mehring
- Institut für Chemie, KoordinationschemieTechnische Universität ChemnitzStraße der Nationen 6209107ChemnitzGermany
| | - Alexander A. Auer
- Department of Molecular Theory and SpectroscopyMax-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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18
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Tarannam N, Shukla R, Kozuch S. Yet another perspective on hole interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19948-19963. [PMID: 34514473 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hole interactions are known by different names depending on the key atom of the bond (halogen bond, chalcogen bond, hydrogen bond, etc.), and the geometry of the interaction (σ if in line, π if perpendicular to the Lewis acid plane). However, its origin starts with the creation of a Lewis acid by an underlying covalent bond, which forms an electrostatic depletion and a virtual antibonding orbital, which can create non-covalent interactions with Lewis bases. In this (maybe subjective) perspective, we will claim that hole interactions must be defined via the molecular orbital origin of the molecule. Under this premise we can better explore the richness of such bonding patterns. For that, we will study old, recent and new systems, trying to pinpoint some misinterpretations that are often associated with them. We will use as exemplars the triel bonds, a couple of metal complexes, a discussion on convergent σ-holes, and many cases of anti-electrostatic hole interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naziha Tarannam
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel.
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel.
| | - Sebastian Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel.
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19
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Chen X, Ouyang X, Li J, Zhao YL. Natural Syringyl Mediators Accelerate Laccase-Catalyzed β-O-4 Cleavage and Cα-Oxidation of a Guaiacyl Model Substrate via an Aggregation Mechanism. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:22578-22588. [PMID: 34514230 PMCID: PMC8427646 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Laccase-mediator systems (LMSs) have been intensively investigated in lignin degradation. Although only natural metabolites are available for fungal lignin degradation, mediator molecules from metabolites have received substantially less attention than artificial organic-synthetic compounds. It remains unclear which metabolites can accelerate laccase-catalyzed reactions and how those natural mediators influence lignin degradation. In this work, we evaluated Trametes versicolor laccase-catalyzed reaction kinetics on a lignin guaiacyl subunit model (guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether, G-β-GE) in the presence of a group of lignin syringyl subunit molecules: syringaldehyde, acetosyringone, and methyl syringate. We then compare their performance to a well-known synthetic mediator ABTS, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). Time-resolved UPLC-TOF-MS revealed that the syringyl mediators were more effective in accelerating the β-O-4 cleavage and Cα-oxidation of G-β-GE than ABTS under laccase-catalysis, despite the syringyl compounds possessing slower individual oxidation rates. In addition, the product profile of polymerization was also promoted dramatically, compared to that of the ABTS/laccase system. The LMS kinetic modeling suggested that mediator-substrate aggregation played a critical role in the laccase-mediator system; in which, the lignin syringyl and guaiacyl subunits likely form a π-π stacking van der Waals complex that can be oxidized faster than the syringyl or guaiacyl monomers by themselves. This syringyl-guaiacyl aggregation hypothesis postulates that the weak interactions in lignin biopolymers are able to accelerate the laccase-catalyzed biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and
Developmental Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics,
School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and
Developmental Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics,
School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and
Developmental Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics,
School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and
Developmental Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics,
School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Veluthaparambath RVP, Saha A, Saha BK. The Effects of Electronegativity of X and Hybridization of C on the X-C⋅⋅⋅O Interactions: A Statistical Analysis on Tetrel Bonding. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1123-1127. [PMID: 34402218 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cone and distance-cone corrected statistical analyses have been performed on X-C⋅⋅⋅O (X=H, B, C, N, O and F; the C atom is sp2 and sp3 hybridized) tetrel bonds. The sp3 -C and sp2 -C prefer to form the interactions through σ-hole (∠XCO≈180°) and π-hole (∠XCO≈90°), respectively. With the increase in electronegativity of X, the preference for the particular angles of the respective geometries increases and the C⋅⋅⋅O distance becomes shorter. The angular preference is found to be more prominent in the cases of π-hole interactions than that in the σ-hole interactions. A similar distance-cone corrected statistical analysis on O=C⋅⋅⋅O interaction also suggests that the preferred ∠OCO angle is ∼90° and the preferred C⋅⋅⋅O distance is around the sum of van der Waals radii (3.22 Å) of the C and O atoms. However, a cone-corrected statistical analysis on X-Si⋅⋅⋅O interactions suggests that the preference for linearity in this case is much higher than that for the X-C⋅⋅⋅O σ-hole interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arijit Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Binoy K Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
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21
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Parman E, Lõkov M, Järviste R, Tshepelevitsh S, Semenov NA, Chulanova EA, Salnikov GE, Prima DO, Slizhov YG, Leito I, Zibarev AV. Acid-Base and Anion Binding Properties of Tetrafluorinated 1,3-Benzodiazole, 1,2,3-Benzotriazole and 2,1,3-Benzoselenadiazole. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2329-2335. [PMID: 34397136 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The influence of fluorination on the acid-base properties and the capacity of structurally related 6-5 bicyclic compounds - 1,3-benzodiazole 1, 1,2,3-benzotriazole 2 and 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole 3 to σ-hole interactions, i. e. hydrogen (1 and 2) and chalcogen (3) bondings, is studied experimentally and computationally. The tetrafluorination increases the Brønsted acidity of the diazole and triazole scaffolds and the Lewis acidity of selenadiazole scaffold decreases the basicity. Increased Brønsted acidity facilitates anion binding via the formation of hydrogen bonds; particularly, tetrafluorinated derivative of 1 (compound 4) binds Cl- . Increased Lewis acidity of tetrafluorinated derivative of 3 (compound 10), however, is not enough for binding with Cl- and F- via chalcogen bonds in contrast to previously studied Te analog of 10. It is suggested that the maximum positive values of molecular electrostatic potential at the σ-holes, VS,max , can be a reasonable metric for design and synthesis of new anion receptors with selenadiazole-diazole/triazole hybrids as a special target. Related chlorinated compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Parman
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Märt Lõkov
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Robert Järviste
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sofja Tshepelevitsh
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nikolay A Semenov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena A Chulanova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy E Salnikov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Darya O Prima
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Present address: Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Avenue, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri G Slizhov
- Department of Chemistry, National Research University - Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andrey V Zibarev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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22
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Classification of So-Called Non-Covalent Interactions Based on VSEPR Model. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164939. [PMID: 34443526 PMCID: PMC8399763 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The variety of interactions have been analyzed in numerous studies. They are often compared with the hydrogen bond that is crucial in numerous chemical and biological processes. One can mention such interactions as the halogen bond, pnicogen bond, and others that may be classified as σ-hole bonds. However, not only σ-holes may act as Lewis acid centers. Numerous species are characterized by the occurrence of π-holes, which also may play a role of the electron acceptor. The situation is complicated since numerous interactions, such as the pnicogen bond or the chalcogen bond, for example, may be classified as a σ-hole bond or π-hole bond; it ultimately depends on the configuration at the Lewis acid centre. The disadvantage of classifications of interactions is also connected with their names, derived from the names of groups such as halogen and tetrel bonds or from single elements such as hydrogen and carbon bonds. The chaos is aggravated by the properties of elements. For example, a hydrogen atom can act as the Lewis acid or as the Lewis base site if it is positively or negatively charged, respectively. Hence names of the corresponding interactions occur in literature, namely hydrogen bonds and hydride bonds. There are other numerous disadvantages connected with classifications and names of interactions; these are discussed in this study. Several studies show that the majority of interactions are ruled by the same mechanisms related to the electron charge shifts, and that the occurrence of numerous interactions leads to specific changes in geometries of interacting species. These changes follow the rules of the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion model (VSEPR). That is why the simple classification of interactions based on VSEPR is proposed here. This classification is still open since numerous processes and interactions not discussed in this study may be included within it.
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23
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Scheiner S. Dissection of the Origin of π-Holes and the Noncovalent Bonds in Which They Engage. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6514-6528. [PMID: 34310147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accompanying the rapidly growing list of σ-hole bonds has come the acknowledgment of parallel sorts of noncovalent bonds which owe their stability in large part to a deficiency of electron density in the area above the molecular plane, known as a π-hole. The origins of these π-holes are probed for a wide series of molecules, comprising halogen, chalcogen, pnicogen, tetrel, aerogen, and spodium bonds. Much like in the case of their σ-hole counterparts, formation of the internal covalent π-bond in the Lewis acid molecule pulls density toward the bond midpoint and away from its extremities. This depletion of density above the central atom is amplified by an electron-withdrawing substituent. At the same time, the amplitude of the π*-orbital is enhanced in the region of the density-depleted π-hole, facilitating a better overlap with the nucleophile's lone pair orbital and a stabilizing n → π* charge transfer. The presence of lone pairs on the central atom acts to attenuate the π-hole and shift its position somewhat, resulting in an overall weakening of the π-hole bond. There is a tendency for π-hole bonds to include a higher fraction of induction energy than σ-bonds with proportionately smaller electrostatic and dispersion components, but this distinction is less a product of the σ- or π-character and more a function of the overall bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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24
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Zhang J, Wei J, Ding WY, Li S, Xiang SH, Tan B. Asymmetric Pnictogen-Bonding Catalysis: Transfer Hydrogenation by a Chiral Antimony(V) Cation/Anion Pair. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6382-6387. [PMID: 33904724 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pnictogen-bonding catalysis based on σ-hole interactions has recently attracted the attention of synthetic chemists. As a proof-of-concept for asymmetric pnictogen-bonding catalysis, we report herein an enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of benzoxazines catalyzed by a novel chiral antimony cation/anion pair. The chiral pnictogen catalyst library could be rapidly accessed from triarylstibine with readily available mandelic acid analogues, and the catalyst displays remarkable efficiency and enantiocontrol potency even at 0.05 mol % loading. Moreover, the properties of the catalyst and the mechanistic insights have been investigated by nonlinear effect studies, 1H NMR, LC-MS, and control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.,Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei-Yi Ding
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shaoyu Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shao-Hua Xiang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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25
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Zierkiewicz W, Michalczyk M, Scheiner S. Noncovalent Bonds through Sigma and Pi-Hole Located on the Same Molecule. Guiding Principles and Comparisons. Molecules 2021; 26:1740. [PMID: 33804617 PMCID: PMC8003638 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, scientific interest in noncovalent interactions based on the presence of electron-depleted regions called σ-holes or π-holes has markedly accelerated. Their high directionality and strength, comparable to hydrogen bonds, has been documented in many fields of modern chemistry. The current review gathers and digests recent results concerning these bonds, with a focus on those systems where both σ and π-holes are present on the same molecule. The underlying principles guiding the bonding in both sorts of interactions are discussed, and the trends that emerge from recent work offer a guide as to how one might design systems that allow multiple noncovalent bonds to occur simultaneously, or that prefer one bond type over another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Michalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA;
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26
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Ibrahim MAA, Telb EMZ. Comparison of ±σ-hole and ±R˙-hole interactions formed by tetrel-containing complexes: a computational study. RSC Adv 2021; 11:4011-4021. [PMID: 35424365 PMCID: PMC8694216 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09564h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, unconventional ±R˙-hole interactions were unveiled in tetrel-containing complexes. The nature and characteristics of ±R˙-hole interactions were explored relative to their ±σ-hole counterparts for ˙TF3⋯ and W-T-F3⋯B/R˙/A complexes (where T = C, Si, and Ge, W = H and F, B = Lewis bases, R˙ = free radicals, and A = Lewis acids). In an effort to thoroughly investigate such interactions, a plethora of quantum mechanical calculations, including molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), maximum positive electrostatic potential (V s,max), point-of-charge (PoC), interaction energy, symmetry adapted perturbation theory (SAPT), and reduced density gradient-noncovalent interaction (RDG-NCI) calculations, were applied. The most notable findings to emerge from this study are that (i) from the electrostatic perspective, the molecular stabilization energies of ˙TF3 and W-T-F3 monomers became more negative as the Lewis basicity increased, (ii) the most stable complexes were observed for the ones containing Lewis bases, forming -σ-hole and -R˙-hole interactions, and the interaction energies systematically increased in the order H-T-F3⋯B < ˙TF3⋯B < F-T-F3⋯B, (iii) contrariwise, the +σ-hole and +R˙-hole interactions with Lewis acids are more energetically favorable in the order F-T-F3⋯A < ˙TF3⋯A < H-T-F3⋯A, and (iv) generally, the dispersion force plays a key role in stabilizing the tetrel-containing complexes, jointly with the electrostatic and induction forces for the interactions with Lewis bases and acids, respectively. Concretely, the findings presented in this paper add to our understanding of the characteristics and nature of such intriguing interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A A Ibrahim
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University Minia 61519 Egypt
| | - Ebtisam M Z Telb
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University Minia 61519 Egypt
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27
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Milašinović V, Molčanov K. Novel co-crystals with π-hole interactions between iodide anions and quinoid rings involving charge transfer. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01156a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Six novel co-crystals of tetrabromoquinone with iodide salts of organic cations displaying short contacts between iodide anions and the quinoid rings have been structurally characterised.
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28
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Kitzmiller NL, Wolf ME, Turney JM, Schaefer HF. The HOX⋯SO 2 (X=F, Cl, Br, I) Binary Complexes: Implications for Atmospheric Chemistry. Chemphyschem 2020; 22:112-126. [PMID: 33090675 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide and hypohalous acids (HOX, X=F, Cl, Br, I) are ubiquitous molecules in the atmosphere that are central to important processes like seasonal ozone depletion, acid rain, and cloud nucleation. We present the first theoretical examination of the HOX⋯SO2 binary complexes and the associated trends due to halogen substitution. Reliable geometries were optimized at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z level of theory for HOF and HOCl complexes. The HOBr and HOI complexes were optimized at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(D+d)Z level of theory with the exception of the Br and I atoms which were modeled with an aug-cc-pwCVDZ-PP pseudopotential. 27 HOX⋯SO2 complexes were characterized and the focal point method was employed to produce CCSDT(Q)/CBS interaction energies. Natural Bond Orbital analysis and Symmetry Adapted Perturbation Theory were used to classify the nature of each principle interaction. The interaction energies of all HOX⋯SO2 complexes in this study ranged from 1.35 to 3.81 kcal mol-1 . The single-interaction hydrogen bonded complexes spanned a range of 2.62 to 3.07 kcal mol-1 , while the single-interaction halogen bonded complexes were far more sensitive to halogen substitution ranging from 1.35 to 3.06 kcal mol-1 , indicating that the two types of interactions are extremely competitive for heavier halogens. Our results provide insight into the interactions between HOX and SO2 which may guide further research of related systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel L Kitzmiller
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Mark E Wolf
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
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29
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Chen Y, Wang F. Intermolecular Interactions Involving Heavy Alkenes H 2Si=TH 2 (T = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) with H 2O and HCl: Tetrel Bond and Hydrogen Bond. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30210-30225. [PMID: 33251455 PMCID: PMC7689927 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The intermolecular interactions between the heavy alkenes H2Si=TH2 (T = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) and H2O or HCl have been explored at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level. The various hydrogen bond (HB) and tetrel bond (TB) complexes can be located on the basis of molecular electrostatic potential maps of the isolated monomers. The competition between TB and HB interactions has been investigated through the relaxed potential energy surface scan. The results indicate that the HB complexes become more and more unstable relative to the TB complexes with the increase of the T atomic number, and cannot even retain as a minimum in some cases, for H2Si=TH2···H2O systems. In contrast, the HB complexes are generally more stable than TB complexes, and the TB complexes exhibit rather weak binding strength, for H2Si=TH2···HCl systems. The majority of the TB complexes formed between H2Si=TH2 and H2O possesses very strong binding strength with covalent characteristics. The noncovalent TB complexes can be divided into two types on the basis of the orbital interactions: π-hole complexes, with binding angles ranging from 91 to 111°, and hybrid σ/π-hole complexes, with binding angles ranging from 130 to 165°. The interplay between different molecular interactions has been explored, and an interesting result is that the covalent TB interaction is significantly abated and becomes noncovalent because of the competitive effect.
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30
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Sharma KD, Kathuria P, Wetmore SD, Sharma P. Can modified DNA base pairs with chalcogen bonding expand the genetic alphabet? A combined quantum chemical and molecular dynamics simulation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23754-23765. [PMID: 33063082 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04921b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive (DFT and MD) computational study is presented with the goal to design and analyze model chalcogen-bonded modified nucleobase pairs that replace one (i.e., AXY:T, G:CXY, GXY:C) or two (GXY:CX'Y', X/X' = S, Se and Y/Y' = F, Cl, Br) Watson-Crick (WC) hydrogen bonds of the canonical A:T or G:C pair with chalcogen bond(s). DFT calculations on 18 base pair combinations that replace one WC hydrogen bond with a chalcogen bond reveal that the bases favorably interact in the gas phase (binding strengths up to -140 kJ mol-1) and water (up to -85 kJ mol-1). Although the remaining hydrogen bond(s) exhibits similar characteristics to those in the canonical base pairs, the structural features of the (Y-XO) chalcogen bond(s) change significantly with the identity of X and Y. The 36 doubly-substituted (GXY:CX'Y') base pairs have structural deviations from canonical G:C similar to those of the singly-substituted modifications (G:CXY or GXY:C). Furthermore, despite the replacement of two strong hydrogen bonds with chalcogen bonds, some GXY:CX'Y' pairs possess comparable binding energies (up to -132 kJ mol-1 in the gas phase and up to -92 kJ mol-1 in water) to the most stable G:CXY or GXY:C pairs, as well as canonical G:C. More importantly, G:C-modified pairs containing X = Se (high polarizability) and Y = F (high electronegativity) are the most stable, with comparable or slightly larger (by up to 13 kJ mol-1) binding energies than G:C. Further characterization of the chalcogen bonding in all modified base pairs (AIM, NBO and NCI analyses) reveals that the differences in the binding energies of modified base pairs are mainly dictated by the differences in the strengths of their chalcogen bonds. Finally, MD simulations on DNA oligonucleotides containing the most stable chalcogen-bonded base pair from each of the four classifications (AXY:T, G:CXY, GXY:C and GXY:CX'Y') reveal that the singly-modified G:C pairs best retain the local helical structure and pairing stability to a greater extent than the modified A:T pair. Overall, our study identifies two (G:CSeF and GSeF:C) promising pairs that retain chalcogen bonding in DNA and should be synthesized and further explored in terms of their potential to expand the genetic alphabet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Deep Sharma
- Computational Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India. and Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Preetleen Kathuria
- Computational Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Stacey D Wetmore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Purshotam Sharma
- Computational Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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31
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Ciou JM, Zhu HF, Chang CW, Chen JY, Lin YF. Physical organic studies and dynamic covalent chemistry of picolyl heterocyclic amino aminals. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40421-40427. [PMID: 35520848 PMCID: PMC9057465 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08527h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A dynamic covalent system of the picolyl heterocyclic amino aminals has been studied. The aminals are characterized as a metastable species and easily switch to other forms via external stimuli. The solvent, temperature, acid-base and substituent effects have been examined to evaluate the dynamic covalent system. The results reveal that a more polar solvent, a lower temperature, basic conditions and an electron-withdrawing moiety contribute to the stabilities of aminals. The existence of the n → π* interaction between acetonitrile and the C[double bond, length as m-dash]N moiety makes the N-pyrimidyl imine (4c and 4d) yield higher in CD3CN. In a similar fashion, all aminals tend to convert to the corresponding hemiaminal ethers in a methanol environment. According to these findings, we successfully synthesized the following species: (a) N-2-picolylpyrimidin-2-amine 6c obtained by reduction using acetonitrile as the specific solvent; (b) a picolyl aromatic amino aminal 3e prepared from 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde and the electron withdrawing 2-methoxy-5-nitroaniline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ming Ciou
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University 100 Shi-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming Dist. Kaohsiung 80708 Taiwan
| | - Hong-Feng Zhu
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 80708 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wen Chang
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University 100 Shi-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming Dist. Kaohsiung 80708 Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yun Chen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University 100 Shi-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming Dist. Kaohsiung 80708 Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fan Lin
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University 100 Shi-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming Dist. Kaohsiung 80708 Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 80708 Taiwan
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32
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Du J, Wang C, Yin S, Wang W, Mo Y. Resonance-assisted/impaired anion-π interaction: towards the design of novel anion receptors. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36181-36191. [PMID: 35517107 PMCID: PMC9056982 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07877h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Substituents alter the electron density distribution in benzene in various ways, depending on their electron withdrawing and donating capabilities, as summarized by the empirical Hammett equation. The change of the π electron density distribution subsequently impacts the interaction of substituted benzenes or other cyclic conjugated rings with anions. Currently the design and synthesis of conjugated cyclic receptors capable of binding anions is an active field due to their applications in the sensing and removal of environmental contaminants and molecular recognition. By using the block-localized wavefunction (BLW) method, which is a variant of ab initio valence bond (VB) theory and can derive the reference resonance-free state self-consistently, we quantified the resonance-assisted (RA) or resonance-impaired (RI) phenomena in anion–π interactions from both structural and energetic perspectives. The frozen interaction, in which the electrostatic attraction is involved, has been shown to be the governing factor for the RA or RI interactions with anions. Energy analyses based on the empirical point charge (EPC) model indicated that the anion–π interactions can be simplified as the attraction between a negative point charge (anion) and a group of local dipoles, affected by the enriched or diminished π-cloud due to the resonance between the substituents and the conjugated ring. Hence, two strategies for the design of novel anion receptors can be envisioned. One is the enhancement of the magnitudes and/or numbers of local dipoles (polarized σ bonds), and the other is the reduction of π electron density in conjugated rings. For cases with the RI characteristics, “curved” aromatic molecules are preferred to be anion receptors. Indeed, extremely strong binding was found in complexes formed with fluorinated corannulene (F-CDD) and fluorinated [5]cycloparaphenylene (F-[5]CPP). Inspired by the RA phenomenon, complexes of p-, o- and m-benzoquinones with halides were revisited. Substituents alter the electron density distribution in benzene in various ways, depending on their electron withdrawing and donating capabilities, as summarized by the empirical Hammett equation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Changwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Shiwei Yin
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro NC 27401 USA
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33
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Ibrahim MAA, Telb EMZ. σ-Hole and Lone-Pair Hole Interactions in Chalcogen-Containing Complexes: A Comparative Study. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:21631-21640. [PMID: 32905338 PMCID: PMC7469375 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The potentiality of sp3-hybridized chalcogen-containing molecules to participate in lone-pair (lp) hole interactions was reported for the first time. lp hole interactions were characterized and compared to σ-hole ones for OF2 and SF2 molecules as a case study. Various quantum mechanical calculations, including molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), maximum positive electrostatic potential (V s,max), point of charge (PoC), symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT), quantum theory of atoms in molecule (QTAIM), and reduced density gradient-noncovalent interaction (RDG-NCI) calculations, were carried out. The more significant findings to emerge from this study are the following: (i) the V s,max calculation was proved to be an unreliable method to determine the precise σ-hole and lp hole locations. (ii) The maximum positive electrostatic potential of the σ hole and lp hole was found to be at the F-Chal···PoC angle (θ) of 180° and at the centroid of XYlp plane, respectively. (iii) Lewis basicity has a significant effect on the strength of σ-hole and lp hole interactions. (iv) The studied molecules more favorably interact with Lewis bases via the σ hole compared to the lp hole, and (v) stabilization of the σ-hole and lp hole interactions stems from the electrostatic and dispersion forces, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory,
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Ebtisam M. Z. Telb
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory,
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
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34
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Kellett CW, Kennepohl P, Berlinguette CP. π covalency in the halogen bond. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3310. [PMID: 32620765 PMCID: PMC7335087 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Halogen bonds are a highly directional class of intermolecular interactions widely employed in chemistry and chemical biology. This linear interaction is commonly viewed to be analogous to the hydrogen bond because hydrogen bonding models also intuitively describe the σ-symmetric component of halogen bonding. The possibility of π-covalency in a halogen bond is not contemplated in any known models. Here we present evidence of π-covalency being operative in halogen bonds formed between chloride and halogenated triphenylamine-based radical cations. We reach this conclusion through computational analysis of chlorine K-edge X-ray absorption spectra recorded on these halogen bonded pairs. In light of this result, we contend that halogen bonding is better described by analogy to metal coordination bonds rather than hydrogen bonds. Our revised description of the halogen bond suggests that these interactions could be employed to influence the electronic properties of conjugated molecules in unique ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron W Kellett
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Pierre Kennepohl
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Curtis P Berlinguette
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada. .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada. .,Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada. .,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.
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35
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Marsan ES, Bayse CA. Halogen Bonding Interactions of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and the Potential for Thyroid Disruption. Chemistry 2020; 26:5200-5207. [PMID: 31849117 PMCID: PMC8812442 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) flame retardants are persistent pollutants and inhibit neurodevelopment, particularly in the early stages of life. Halogen bonding (XB) to the iodothyronine deiodinases (Dio) that modulate thyroid hormones (THs) is a potential mechanism for endocrine disruption. Cl⋅⋅⋅Se XB interactions of PCBs with SeMe- , a small model of the Dio active site selenocysteine, are compared with previous results on polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and THs using density functional theory. PCBs generally display weaker XB interactions compared to PBDEs and THs, consistent with the dependence of XB strength on the size of the halogen (I>Br>Cl). PCBs also do not meet a proposed energy threshold for substrates to undergo dehalogenation, suggesting they may behave as competitive inhibitors of Dio in addition to other mechanisms of endocrine disruption. XB interactions in PCBs are position-dependent, with ortho interactions slightly more favorable than meta and para interactions, suggesting that PCBs may have a greater effect on certain classes of Dio. Flexibility of PCBs around the biphenyl C-C bond is limited by ortho substitutions relative to the biphenyl linkage, which may contribute to the ability to inhibit Dio and other TH-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Marsan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 1 Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Craig A Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 1 Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
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36
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Visible Light-Induced Homolytic Cleavage of Perfluoroalkyl Iodides Mediated by Phosphines. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071606. [PMID: 32244568 PMCID: PMC7181301 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to explain the experimentally observed variation of the photocatalytic activity of t Bu 3 P, n Bu 3 P and (MeO) 3 P in the blue-light regime [Helmecke et al., Org. Lett. 21 (2019) 7823], we have explored the absorption characteristics of several phosphine- and phosphite-IC 4 F 9 adducts by means of relativistic density functional theory and multireference configuration interaction methods. Based on the results of these computational and complementary experimental studies, we offer an explanation for the broad tailing of the absorption of t Bu 3 P-IC 4 F 9 and (MeO) 3 P-IC 4 F 9 into the visible-light region. Larger coordinate displacements of the ground and excited singlet potential energy wells in n Bu 3 P-IC 4 F 9 , in particular with regard to the P-I-C bending angle, reduce the Franck-Condon factors and thus the absorption probability compared to t Bu 3 P-IC 4 F 9 . Spectroscopic and computational evaluation of conformationally flexible and locked phosphites suggests that the reactivity of (MeO) 3 P may be the result of oxygen lone-pair participation and concomitant broadening of absorption. The proposed mechanism for the phosphine-catalyzed homolytic C-I cleavage of perfluorobutane iodide involves S1 ← S0 absorption of the adduct followed by intersystem crossing to the photochemically active T 1 state.
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37
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Application of Halogen Bonding to Organocatalysis: A Theoretical Perspective. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051045. [PMID: 32110944 PMCID: PMC7179134 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The strong, specific, and directional halogen bond (XB) is an ideal supramolecular synthon in crystal engineering, as well as rational catalyst and drug design. These attributes attracted strong growing interest in halogen bonding in the past decade and led to a wide range of applications in materials, biological, and catalysis applications. Recently, various research groups exploited the XB mode of activation in designing halogen-based Lewis acids in effecting organic transformation, and there is continual growth in this promising area. In addition to the rapid advancements in methodology development, computational investigations are well suited for mechanistic understanding, rational XB catalyst design, and the study of intermediates that are unstable when observed experimentally. In this review, we highlight recent computational studies of XB organocatalytic reactions, which provide valuable insights into the XB mode of activation, competing reaction pathways, effects of solvent and counterions, and design of novel XB catalysts.
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38
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Medved' M, Iglesias-Reguant A, Reis H, Góra RW, Luis JM, Zaleśny R. Partitioning of interaction-induced nonlinear optical properties of molecular complexes. II. Halogen-bonded systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4225-4234. [PMID: 32043097 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06620a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Following our study on hydrogen-bonded (HB) complexes [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2018, 20, 19841], the physical nature of interaction-induced (non)linear optical properties of another important class of molecular complexes, namely halogen-bonded (XB) systems, was analyzed in this study. The excess electronic and nuclear relaxation (hyper)polarizabilities of nine representative XB complexes covering a wide range of halogen-bond strengths were computed. The partitioning of the excess properties into individual interaction-energy components (electrostatic, exchange, induction, dispersion) was performed by using the variational-perturbational energy decomposition scheme at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory and further supported by calculations with the SCS-MP2 method. In the case of the electronic interaction-induced properties, the physical composition of Δαel and Δγel was found to be very similar for the two types of bonding, despite the different nature of the binding. For Δβel, the XB complexes exhibit a more systematic interplay of interaction-energy contributions compared to the HB systems studied in the previous work. Our analysis revealed that the patterns of interaction-energy contributions to the interaction-induced nuclear-relaxation contributions to the linear polarizability and the first hyperpolarizability are very similar. For both properties the exchange repulsion term is canceled out by the electrostatic and delocalization terms. The physical composition of these contributions is analogous to those observed for the HB complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Medved'
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, SK-97400 Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic. and Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alex Iglesias-Reguant
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Heribert Reis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), Vassileos Constantinou Ave 48th, 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Robert W Góra
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Josep M Luis
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Robert Zaleśny
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
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39
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Bijina PV, Suresh CH. Molecular Electrostatic Potential Reorganization Theory to Describe Positive Cooperativity in Noncovalent Trimer Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2231-2241. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Padinjare Veetil Bijina
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Cherumuttathu H. Suresh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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40
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Tay WS, Li Y, Lu Y, Pullarkat SA, Leung PH. Chemoselective Synthesis and Evaluation of β-Oxovinylarsines as an Arsenic Synthetic Precursor. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wee Shan Tay
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637616 Singapore
| | - Yongxin Li
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637616 Singapore
| | - Yunpeng Lu
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637616 Singapore
| | - Sumod A. Pullarkat
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637616 Singapore
| | - Pak-Hing Leung
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637616 Singapore
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Nandi
- Department of Chemistry Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 841051 Israel
| | - Sebastian Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 841051 Israel
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42
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Bamberger J, Ostler F, Mancheño OG. Frontiers in Halogen and Chalcogen-Bond Donor Organocatalysis. ChemCatChem 2019; 11:5198-5211. [PMID: 31894187 PMCID: PMC6919929 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-covalent molecular interactions on the basis of halogen and chalcogen bonding represent a promising, powerful catalytic activation mode. However, these "unusual" non-covalent interactions are typically employed in the solid state and scarcely exploited in catalysis. In recent years, an increased interest in halogen and chalcogen bonding has been awaken, as they provide profound characteristics that make them an appealing alternative to the well-explored hydrogen bonding. Being particularly relevant in the binding of "soft" substrates, the similar strength to hydrogen bonding interactions and its higher directionality allows for solution-phase applications with halogen and chalcogen bonding as the key interaction. In this mini-review, the special features, state-of-the-art and key examples of these so-called σ-hole interactions in the field of organocatalysis are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bamberger
- Organic Chemistry InstituteMünster UniversityCorrensstraße 40MünsterD-48149Germany
| | - Florian Ostler
- Organic Chemistry InstituteMünster UniversityCorrensstraße 40MünsterD-48149Germany
| | - Olga García Mancheño
- Organic Chemistry InstituteMünster UniversityCorrensstraße 40MünsterD-48149Germany
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43
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Loipersberger M, Lee J, Mao Y, Das AK, Ikeda K, Thirman J, Head-Gordon T, Head-Gordon M. Energy Decomposition Analysis for Interactions of Radicals: Theory and Implementation at the MP2 Level with Application to Hydration of Halogenated Benzene Cations and Complexes between CO2–· and Pyridine and Imidazole. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:9621-9633. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cui J, Zhang X, Meng L, Li Q, Zeng Y. Coinage metal dimers as the noncovalent interaction acceptors: study of the σ-lump interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:21152-21161. [PMID: 31508615 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03686e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability of group 11 coinage metal dimers M2 (M = Cu, Ag, Au) to favorably interact with different electron acceptors XCN (X = H, F, Cl, Br) was evaluated with the M06-L functional and the aug-cc-pVDZ basis sets (aug-cc-pVDZ-pp basis sets were used for copper, silver, and gold atoms). The metal dimers M2 (M = Cu, Ag, Au) have negative regions of electrostatic potential (ESP) in the middle of the M-M bond, namely the σ-lumps. The positive ESP outside the X atom along the extension of the X-C bond in XCN (X = H, F, Cl, Br) could interact with the σ-lump of metal dimers to form the σ-lump interactions. When M remains unchanged, the σ-lump interactions between M2 (M = Cu, Ag, Au) and XCN (X = F, Cl, Br) increase gradually in the order of F, Cl and Br. The electrostatic interactions are the dominant attractive interactions in the M2XCN (X = F, Cl, Br) halogen-bonded interactions. The orbital interactions contribute more than the electrostatic interactions in the M2HCN hydrogen-bonded interactions. Molecular graphs after orbital separation show that the π orbitals contribute the most to the σ-lump interactions; the σ and δ orbitals also have some contributions. Charge transfer occurs in the formation of the σ-lump interactions, mainly from the M-M bonding orbital of metal dimers to the X-C anti-bonding orbital. The M2BrCN (M = Cu, Ag, Au) series complexes possess the largest charge transfer from donor to acceptor orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, P. R. China.
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, P. R. China.
| | - Lingpeng Meng
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, P. R. China.
| | - Qingzhong Li
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Biology, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Zeng
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, P. R. China. and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Hebei Normal University), Shijiazhuang 050024, P. R. China
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45
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Abstract
In addition to the underlying basic concepts and early recognition of halogen bonding, this paper reviews the conflicting views that consistently appear in the area of noncovalent interactions and the ability of covalently bonded halogen atoms in molecules to participate in noncovalent interactions that contribute to packing in the solid-state. It may be relatively straightforward to identify Type-II halogen bonding between atoms using the conceptual framework of σ-hole theory, especially when the interaction is linear and is formed between the axial positive region (σ-hole) on the halogen in one monomer and a negative site on a second interacting monomer. A σ-hole is an electron density deficient region on the halogen atom X opposite to the R–X covalent bond, where R is the remainder part of the molecule. However, it is not trivial to do so when secondary interactions are involved as the directionality of the interaction is significantly affected. We show, by providing some specific examples, that halogen bonds do not always follow the strict Type-II topology, and the occurrence of Type-I and -III halogen-centered contacts in crystals is very difficult to predict. In many instances, Type-I halogen-centered contacts appear simultaneously with Type-II halogen bonds. We employed the Independent Gradient Model, a recently proposed electron density approach for probing strong and weak interactions in molecular domains, to show that this is a very useful tool in unraveling the chemistry of halogen-assisted noncovalent interactions, especially in the weak bonding regime. Wherever possible, we have attempted to connect some of these results with those reported previously. Though useful for studying interactions of reasonable strength, IUPAC’s proposed “less than the sum of the van der Waals radii” criterion should not always be assumed as a necessary and sufficient feature to reveal weakly bound interactions, since in many crystals the attractive interaction happens to occur between the midpoint of a bond, or the junction region, and a positive or negative site.
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46
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Varadwaj A, Marques HM, Varadwaj PR. Is the Fluorine in Molecules Dispersive? Is Molecular Electrostatic Potential a Valid Property to Explore Fluorine-Centered Non-Covalent Interactions? Molecules 2019; 24:E379. [PMID: 30678158 PMCID: PMC6384640 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Can two sites of positive electrostatic potential localized on the outer surfaces of two halogen atoms (and especially fluorine) in different molecular domains attract each other to form a non-covalent engagement? The answer, perhaps counterintuitive, is yes as shown here using the electronic structures and binding energies of the interactions for a series of 22 binary complexes formed between identical or different atomic domains in similar or related halogen-substituted molecules containing fluorine. These were obtained using various computational approaches, including density functional and ab initio first-principles theories with M06-2X, RHF, MP2 and CCSD(T). The physical chemistry of non-covalent bonding interactions in these complexes was explored using both Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules and Symmetry Adapted Perturbation Theories. The surface reactivity of the 17 monomers was examined using the Molecular Electrostatic Surface Potential approach. We have demonstrated inter alia that the dispersion term, the significance of which is not always appreciated, which emerges either from an energy decomposition analysis, or from a correlated calculation, plays a structure-determining role, although other contributions arising from electrostatic, exchange-repulsion and polarization effects are also important. The 0.0010 a.u. isodensity envelope, often used for mapping the electrostatic potential is found to provide incorrect information about the complete nature of the surface reactive sites on some of the isolated monomers, and can lead to a misinterpretation of the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-8656, Japan.
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1 Chome-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Ibaraki 305-8560, Japan.
| | - Helder M Marques
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| | - Pradeep R Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-8656, Japan.
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1 Chome-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Ibaraki 305-8560, Japan.
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Torubaev YV, Dolgushin FM, Skabitsky IV, Popova AE. Isomorphic substitution in molecular crystals and geometry of hypervalent tellurium: comments inspired by a case study of RMeTeI 2 and [RMe 2Te] +I − (R = Ph, Fc). NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02318f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Unusual isomorphic substitution in the crystals of [FcMe2Te]+I− with an admixture of Te–I ionized [FcMeTeI+]I− supports the 3c-4e as a general, seamless bonding model for the hypervalent tellurium in both the isolated molecules and crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V. Torubaev
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Fedor M. Dolgushin
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Ivan V. Skabitsky
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Alexandra E. Popova
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
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48
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Wolf ME, Zhang B, Turney JM, Schaefer HF. A comparison between hydrogen and halogen bonding: the hypohalous acid–water dimers, HOX⋯H2O (X = F, Cl, Br). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:6160-6170. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00422j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypohalous acids (HOX) are a class of molecules that play a key role in the atmospheric seasonal depletion of ozone and have the ability to form both hydrogen and halogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Wolf
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
| | - Boyi Zhang
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
| | - Justin M. Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
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49
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Miao J, Xiong Z, Gao Y. The effects of aerogen-bonding on the geometries and spectral properties of several small molecular clusters containing XeO 3. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:444001. [PMID: 30247144 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aae3d1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aerogen bonding, as a specific noncovalent interaction, has attracted wide attention recently. A number of theoretical studies have proposed this effect based on the analysis of electronic structures of aerogen-containing systems though, the spectral characteristics have not been identified, which becomes the obstacle for the experimental confirmation of this interaction. In this paper, we employed the density functional theory to explore the energetic and geometric properties, infrared, Raman spectra of five small molecular clusters XeO3·H2O, XeO3·NH3, XeO3 dimer, XeO3 trimer, and XeO3·2H2O. Our results show the binding energies of the most favorable conformations for the dimers are larger than -10.00 kcal mol-1 and those for trimers are larger than -20.00 kcal mol-1, which indicates the strong aerogen bonding is favorable for the stabilities of these clusters. More importantly, some new IR and Raman vibrations at fingerprint region (<1000 cm-1) are identified, which corresponds to the formation of aerogen bonds. This study provides a viable way for the experimentalists to characterize the aerogen bonding in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Miao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Hucheng Huan Road, LinGang New City, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China. Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China. Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
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50
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Sethio D, Oliveira V, Kraka E. Quantitative Assessment of Tetrel Bonding Utilizing Vibrational Spectroscopy. Molecules 2018; 23:E2763. [PMID: 30366391 PMCID: PMC6278569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of 35 representative neutral and charged tetrel complexes was investigated with the objective of finding the factors that influence the strength of tetrel bonding involving single bonded C, Si, and Ge donors and double bonded C or Si donors. For the first time, we introduced an intrinsic bond strength measure for tetrel bonding, derived from calculated vibrational spectroscopy data obtained at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory and used this measure to rationalize and order the tetrel bonds. Our study revealed that the strength of tetrel bonds is affected by several factors, such as the magnitude of the σ-hole in the tetrel atom, the negative electrostatic potential at the lone pair of the tetrel-acceptor, the positive charge at the peripheral hydrogen of the tetrel-donor, the exchange-repulsion between the lone pair orbitals of the peripheral atoms of the tetrel-donor and the heteroatom of the tetrel-acceptor, and the stabilization brought about by electron delocalization. Thus, focusing on just one or two of these factors, in particular, the σ-hole description can only lead to an incomplete picture. Tetrel bonding covers a range of -1.4 to -26 kcal/mol, which can be strengthened by substituting the peripheral ligands with electron-withdrawing substituents and by positively charged tetrel-donors or negatively charged tetrel-acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sethio
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA.
| | - Vytor Oliveira
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA.
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA.
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