1
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Kinikar A, Englmann TG, Di Giovannantonio M, Bassi N, Xiang F, Stolz S, Widmer R, Borin Barin G, Turco E, Eimre K, Merino Díez N, Ortega-Guerrero A, Feng X, Gröning O, Pignedoli CA, Fasel R, Ruffieux P. Electronic Decoupling and Hole-Doping of Graphene Nanoribbons on Metal Substrates by Chloride Intercalation. ACS NANO 2024; 18:16622-16631. [PMID: 38904174 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have a wide range of electronic properties that depend sensitively on their chemical structure. Several types of GNRs have been synthesized on metal surfaces through selective surface-catalyzed reactions. The resulting GNRs are adsorbed on the metal surface, which may lead to hybridization between the GNR orbitals and those of the substrate. This makes investigation of the intrinsic electronic properties of GNRs more difficult and also rules out capacitive gating. Here, we demonstrate the formation of a dielectric gold chloride adlayer that can intercalate underneath GNRs on the Au(111) surface. The intercalated gold chloride adlayer electronically decouples the GNRs from the metal and leads to a substantial hole-doping of the GNRs. Our results introduce an easily accessible tool in the in situ characterization of GNRs grown on Au(111) that allows for exploration of their electronic properties in a heavily hole-doped regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amogh Kinikar
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten G Englmann
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Nicolò Bassi
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Feifei Xiang
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Stolz
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Nanostructures at Surfaces, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Borin Barin
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Elia Turco
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Kristjan Eimre
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Néstor Merino Díez
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Andres Ortega-Guerrero
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Oliver Gröning
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
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2
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Badami-Behjat A, Galeotti G, Gutzler R, Pastoetter DL, Heckl WM, Feng X, Lackinger M. Iodine passivation facilitates on-surface synthesis of robust regular conjugated two-dimensional organogold networks on Au(111). NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:1042-1051. [PMID: 38639757 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00496a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional conjugated organogold networks with anthra-tetrathiophene repeat units are synthesized by thermally activated debrominative coupling of 2,5,9,12-tetrabromoanthra[1,2-b:4,3-b':5,6-b'':8,7-b''']tetrathiophene (TBATT) precursor molecules on Au(111) surfaces under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. Performing the reaction on iodine-passivated Au(111) surfaces promotes formation of highly regular structures, as revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). In contrast, coupling on bare Au(111) surfaces results in less regular networks due to the simultaneous expression of competing intermolecular binding motifs in the absence of error correction. The carbon-Au-carbon bonds confer remarkable robustness to the organogold networks, as evidenced by their high thermal stability. In addition, as suggested by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and underscored by scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), the organogold networks exhibit a small electronic band gap in the order of 1.0 eV due to their high π-conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Badami-Behjat
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gianluca Galeotti
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dominik L Pastoetter
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Heckl
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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3
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Zhang Z, Gao Y, Yi Z, Zhang C, Xu W. Separation of Halogen Atoms by Sodium from Dehalogenative Reactions on a Au(111) Surface. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9082-9091. [PMID: 38466951 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
On-surface dehalogenative reactions have been promising in the construction of nanostructures with diverse morphologies and intriguing electronic properties, while halogen (X), as the main byproduct, often impedes the formation of extended nanostructures and property characterization, and the reaction usually requires high C-X activation temperatures, especially on relatively inert Au(111). Enormous efforts in precursor design, halogen-to-halide conversion, and the introduction of extrinsic metal atoms have been devoted to either eliminating dissociated halogens or reducing reaction barriers. However, it is still challenging to separate halogens from molecular systems while facilitating C-X activation under mild conditions. Herein, a versatile halogen separation strategy has been developed based on the introduction of extrinsic sodium (Na) into dehalogenative reactions on Au(111) as model systems that both isolates the dissociated halogens and facilitates the C-Br activation under mild conditions. Moreover, the combination of scanning tunneling microscopy imaging and density functional theory calculations reveals the formation of sodium halides (NaX) from halogens in these separation processes as well as the reduction in reaction temperatures and barriers, demonstrating the versatility of extrinsic sodium as an effective "cleaner" and "dehalogenator" of surface halogens. Our study demonstrates a valuable strategy to facilitate the on-surface dehalogenative reactions, which will assist in the precise fabrication of low-dimensional carbon nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Gao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Zewei Yi
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
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4
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Yin R, Wang Z, Tan S, Ma C, Wang B. On-Surface Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons with Atomically Precise Structural Heterogeneities and On-Site Characterizations. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17610-17623. [PMID: 37666005 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are strips of graphene, with widths of a few nanometers, that are promising candidates for future applications in nanodevices and quantum information processing due to their highly tunable structure-dependent electronic, spintronic, topological, and optical properties. Implantation of periodic structural heterogeneities, such as heteroatoms, nanopores, and non-hexagonal rings, has become a powerful manner for tailoring the designer properties of GNRs. The bottom-up synthesis approach, by combining on-surface chemical reactions based on rationally designed molecular precursors and in situ tip-based microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, promotes the construction of atomically precise GNRs with periodic structural modulations. However, there are still obstacles and challenges lying on the way toward the understanding of the intrinsic structure-property relations, such as the strong screening and Fermi level pinning effect of the normally used transition metal substrates and the lack of collective tip-based techniques that can cover multi-internal degrees of freedom of the GNRs. In this Perspective, we briefly review the recent progress in the on-surface synthesis of GNRs with diverse structural heterogeneities and highlight the structure-property relations as characterized by the noncontact atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy. We furthermore motivate to deliver the need for developing strategies to achieve quasi-freestanding GNRs and for exploiting multifunctional tip-based techniques to collectively probe the intrinsic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoting Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhengya Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shijing Tan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chuanxu Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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5
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Ding Y, Xie L, Yao X, Zhang C, Xu W. Hydration of iodine adsorbed on the Au(111) surface. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 2:546-549. [PMID: 38933996 PMCID: PMC11197555 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydration of halogens has been widely researched because of its close relation with the water desalination and biochemical reactions. In this work, by a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we have explored the hydration process of iodine via the Eley-Rideal process on the Au(111) surface. Moreover, the hydration process of iodine with the presence of the NiPc self-assembled network as a template has also been investigated, where the stepwise hydration of iodine at room temperature can be visualized on Au(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqi Ding
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Xinyi Yao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
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6
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Grossmann L, Ringel E, Rastgoo-Lahrood A, King BT, Rosen J, Heckl WM, Opris D, Björk J, Lackinger M. Steering Self-Assembly of Three-Dimensional Iptycenes on Au(111) by Tuning Molecule-Surface Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201044. [PMID: 35287247 PMCID: PMC9325367 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of three-dimensional molecules is scarcely studied on surfaces. Their modes of adsorption can exhibit far greater variability compared to (nearly) planar molecules that adsorb mostly flat on surfaces. This additional degree of freedom can have decisive consequences for the expression of intermolecular binding motifs, hence the formation of supramolecular structures. The determining molecule-surface interactions can be widely tuned, thereby providing a new powerful lever for crystal engineering in two dimensions. Here, we study the self-assembly of triptycene derivatives with anthracene blades on Au(111) by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure and Density Functional Theory. The impact of molecule-surface interactions was experimentally tested by comparing pristine with iodine-passivated Au(111) surfaces. Thereby, we observed a fundamental change of the adsorption mode that triggered self-assembly of an entirely different structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grossmann
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Eva Ringel
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Atena Rastgoo-Lahrood
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Benjamin T King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0216, USA
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, IFM, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang M Heckl
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Dorina Opris
- Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, IFM, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
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7
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Grossmann L, Ringel E, Rastgoo‐Lahrood A, King BT, Rosen J, Heckl WM, Opris D, Björk J, Lackinger M. Steuerung der Selbstassemblierung von dreidimensionalen Iptycenen auf Au(111) durch Abstimmung der Molekül‐Oberflächen‐Wechselwirkungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grossmann
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Eva Ringel
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Atena Rastgoo‐Lahrood
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Benjamin T. King
- Department of Chemistry University of Nevada Reno NV 89557-0216 USA
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology Linköping University IFM, 581 83 Linköping Schweden
| | - Wolfgang M. Heckl
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Dorina Opris
- Abteilung Funktionspolymere Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Schweiz
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology Linköping University IFM, 581 83 Linköping Schweden
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
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8
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Initial Coupling and Reaction Progression of Directly Deposited Biradical Graphene Nanoribbon Monomers on Iodine-Passivated Versus Pristine Ag(111). CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of widely applicable methods for the synthesis of C-C-bonded nanostructures on inert and insulating surfaces is a challenging yet rewarding milestone in the field of on-surface synthesis. This would enable studies of nearly unperturbed covalent nanostructures with unique electronic properties as graphene nanoribbons (GNR) and π-conjugated 2D polymers. The prevalent Ullmann-type couplings are almost exclusively carried out on metal surfaces to lower the temperature required for initial dehalogenation well below the desorption threshold. To overcome the necessity for the activation of monomers on the target surface, we employ a recently developed Radical Deposition Source (RaDeS) for the direct deposition of radicals onto inert surfaces for subsequent coupling by addition reactions. The radicals are generated en route by indirect deposition of halogenated precursors through a heated reactive tube, where the dehalogenation reaction proceeds. Here, we use the ditopic 6,11-diiodo-1,2,3,4-tetraphenyltriphenylene (DITTP) precursor that afforded chevron-like GNR on Au(111) via the usual two-staged reaction comprised of monomer-coupling into covalent polymers and subsequent formation of an extended GNR by intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation (CDH). As a model system for inert surfaces, we use Ag(111) passivated with a closed monolayer of chemisorbed iodine that behaves in an inert manner with respect to dehalogenation reactions and facilitates the progressive coupling of radicals into extended covalent structures. We deposit the DITTP-derived biradicals onto both iodine-passivated and pristine Ag(111) surfaces. While on the passivated surface, we directly observe the formation of covalent polymers, on pristine Ag(111) organometallic intermediates emerge instead. This has decisive consequences for the further progression of the reaction: heating the organometallic chain directly on Ag(111) results in complete desorption, whereas the covalent polymer on iodine-passivated Ag(111) can be transformed into the GNR. Yet, the respective CDH proceeds directly on Ag(111) after thermal desorption of the iodine passivation. Accordingly, future work is aimed at the further development of approaches for the complete synthesis of GNR on inert surfaces.
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9
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Grossmann L, Duncan DA, Jarvis SP, Jones RG, De S, Rosen J, Schmittel M, Heckl WM, Björk J, Lackinger M. Evolution of adsorption heights in the on-surface synthesis and decoupling of covalent organic networks on Ag(111) by normal-incidence X-ray standing wave. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 7:51-62. [PMID: 34889932 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00486g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Structural characterization in on-surface synthesis is primarily carried out by Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) which provides high lateral resolution. Yet, important fresh perspectives on surface interactions and molecular conformations are gained from adsorption heights that remain largely inaccessible to SPM, but can be precisely measured with both elemental and chemical sensitivity by Normal-Incidence X-ray Standing Wave (NIXSW) analysis. Here, we study the evolution of adsorption heights in the on-surface synthesis and post-synthetic decoupling of porous covalent triazine-phenylene networks obtained from 2,4,6-tris(4-bromophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TBPT) precursors on Ag(111). Room temperature deposition of TBPT and mild annealing to ∼150 °C result in full debromination and formation of organometallic intermediates, where the monomers are linked into reticulated networks by C-Ag-C bonds. Topologically identical covalent networks comprised of triazine vertices that are interconnected by biphenyl units are obtained by a thermally activated chemical transformation of the organometallic intermediates. Exposure to iodine vapor facilitates decoupling by intercalation of an iodine monolayer between the covalent networks and the Ag(111) surface. Accordingly, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and NIXSW experiments are carried out for three successive sample stages: organometallic intermediates, covalent networks directly on Ag(111) and after decoupling. NIXSW analysis facilitates the determination of adsorption heights of chemically distinct carbon species, i.e. in the phenyl and triazine rings, and also for the organometallic carbon atoms. Thereby, molecular conformations are assessed for each sample stage. The interpretation of experimental results is informed by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, providing a consistent picture of adsorption heights and molecular deformations in the networks that result from the interplay between steric hindrance and surface interactions. Quantitative adsorption heights, i.e. vertical distances between adsorbates and surface, provide detailed insight into surface interactions, but are underexplored in on-surface synthesis. In particular, the direct comparison with an in situ prepared decoupled state unveils the surface influence on the network structure, and shows that iodine intercalation is a powerful decoupling strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grossmann
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München, Germany.
- Technische Universität München, Physics Department, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David A Duncan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Samuel P Jarvis
- Lancaster University, Physics Department, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Robert G Jones
- University of Nottingham, Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Soumen De
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Heckl
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München, Germany.
- Technische Universität München, Physics Department, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München, Germany.
- Technische Universität München, Physics Department, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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10
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Abstract
Extraordinarily robust extended covalent organic nanostructures with unprecedented structures and intriguing chemical and electronic properties are currently synthesized on metal surfaces. Envisaged electronic applications, for instance in field effect transistors or sensors, however, demand insulating supports. To obviate the need for a cumbersome post-synthetic transfer from the metal growth surface to the target substrate, synthesis directly on inert surfaces is highly desirable. Albeit reversible polycondensations are broadly established on inert graphite surfaces, carbon-carbon (C-C) coupling remains mostly elusive. Thermally activated coupling on weakly interacting supports suffers from the "desorption problem", that is the premature desorption of reactants due to increased reaction barriers, which becomes even worse on inert surfaces due to diminished desorption barriers. Consequently, C-C coupling on inert surfaces requires new paradigms. We propose either photochemical coupling or activation of monomers prior to deposition as possible alternatives, discuss the current state-of-the-art and identify future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München, Germany and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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11
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Houtsma RSK, de la Rie J, Stöhr M. Atomically precise graphene nanoribbons: interplay of structural and electronic properties. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6541-6568. [PMID: 34100034 PMCID: PMC8185524 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01541e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons hold great promise for future applications in nanoelectronic devices, as they may combine the excellent electronic properties of graphene with the opening of an electronic band gap - not present in graphene but required for transistor applications. With a two-step on-surface synthesis process, graphene nanoribbons can be fabricated with atomic precision, allowing precise control over width and edge structure. Meanwhile, a decade of research has resulted in a plethora of graphene nanoribbons having various structural and electronic properties. This article reviews not only the on-surface synthesis of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons but also how their electronic properties are ultimately linked to their structure. Current knowledge and considerations with respect to precursor design, which eventually determines the final (electronic) structure, are summarized. Special attention is dedicated to the electronic properties of graphene nanoribbons, also in dependence on their width and edge structure. It is exactly this possibility of precisely changing their properties by fine-tuning the precursor design - offering tunability over a wide range - which has generated this vast research interest, also in view of future applications. Thus, selected device prototypes are presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Koen Houtsma
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Joris de la Rie
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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12
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Galeotti G, Fritton M, Lackinger M. Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Kupplung auf inerten Oberflächen durch die Abscheidung von en route erzeugten Aryl Radikalen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Fritton
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
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13
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Galeotti G, Fritton M, Lackinger M. Carbon-Carbon Coupling on Inert Surfaces by Deposition of En Route Generated Aryl Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22785-22789. [PMID: 32926497 PMCID: PMC7814669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate C-C coupling in on-surface synthesis on inert surfaces, we devised a radical deposition source (RDS) for the direct deposition of aryl radicals onto arbitrary substrates. Its core piece is a heated reactive drift tube through which halogenated precursors are deposited and en route converted into radicals. For the proof of concept we study 4,4''-diiodo-p-terphenyl (DITP) precursors on iodine-passivated metal surfaces. Deposition with the RDS at room temperature results in highly regular structures comprised of mostly monomeric (terphenyl) or dimeric (sexiphenyl) biradicals. Mild heating activates progressive C-C coupling into more extended molecular wires. These structures are distinctly different from the self-assemblies observed upon conventional deposition of intact DITP. Direct deposition of radicals renders substrate reactivity unnecessary, thereby paving the road for synthesis on application-relevant inert surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Fritton
- Deutsches MuseumMuseumsinsel 180538MunichGermany
- Department of PhysicsTechnische Universität MünchenJames-Franck-Str. 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches MuseumMuseumsinsel 180538MunichGermany
- Department of PhysicsTechnische Universität MünchenJames-Franck-Str. 185748GarchingGermany
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14
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Reynaerts R, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Growth of a self-assembled monolayer decoupled from the substrate: nucleation on-command using buffer layers. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:1291-1302. [PMID: 32953373 PMCID: PMC7476593 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Structural polymorphism is ubiquitous in physisorbed self-assembled monolayers formed at the solution-solid interface. One of the ways to influence network formation at this interface is to physically decouple the self-assembled monolayer from the underlying substrate thereby removing the influence of the substrate lattice, if any. Here we show a systematic exploration of self-assembly of a typical building block, namely 4-tetradecyloxybenzoic acid at the 1-phenyloctane-graphite interface in the presence and in the absence of a buffer layer formed by a long chain alkane, namely n-pentacontane. Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), three different structural polymorphs were identified for 4-tetradecyloxybenzoic acid at the 1-phenyloctane-graphite interface. Surprisingly, the same three structures were formed on top of the buffer layer, albeit at different concentrations. Systematic variation of experimental parameters did not lead to any new network in the presence of the buffer layer. We discovered that the self-assembly on top of the buffer layer allows better control over the nanoscale manipulation of the self-assembled networks. Using the influence of the STM tip, we could initiate the nucleation of small isolated domains of the benzoic acid on-command in a reproducible fashion. Such controlled nucleation experiments hold promise for studying fundamental processes inherent to the assembly process on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robby Reynaerts
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Ji P, Galeotti G, De Marchi F, Cui D, Sun K, Zhang H, Contini G, Ebrahimi M, MacLean O, Rosei F, Chi L. Oxygen-Induced 1D to 2D Transformation of On-Surface Organometallic Structures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002393. [PMID: 32761784 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While surface-confined Ullmann-type coupling has been widely investigated for its potential to produce π-conjugated polymers with unique properties, the pathway of this reaction in the presence of adsorbed oxygen has yet to be explored. Here, the effect of oxygen adsorption between different steps of the polymerization reaction is studied, revealing an unexpected transformation of the 1D organometallic (OM) chains to 2D OM networks by annealing, rather than the 1D polymer obtained on pristine surfaces. Characterization by scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that the networks consist of OM segments stabilized by chemisorbed oxygen at the vertices of the segments, as supported by density functional theory calculations. Hexagonal 2D OM networks with different sizes on Cu(111) can be created using precursors with different length, either 4,4″-dibromo-p-terphenyl or 1,4-dibromobenzene (dBB), and square networks are obtained from dBB on Cu(100). The control over size and symmetry illustrates a versatile surface patterning technique, with potential applications in confined reactions and host-guest chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Gianluca Galeotti
- Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Fabrizio De Marchi
- Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Daling Cui
- Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Kewei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Giorgio Contini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, 00133, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Tor Vergata, Roma, 00133, Italy
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, 95 Oliver Road Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Oliver MacLean
- Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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16
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Yang XQ, Yi ZY, Wang SF, Chen T, Wang D. Construction of 2D extended cocrystals on the Au(111) surface via IO aldehyde halogen bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3539-3542. [PMID: 32103215 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00199f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2D extended organic cocrystals were constructed using 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene and aromatic aldehydes via IOaldehyde halogen bonds on an Au(111) surface. The competition and synergy of halogen bonds and hydrogen bonds in 2D co-crystallization were revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qing Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Yi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Fu Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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17
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Mishra V, Yadav VK, Singh JK, Gopakumar TG. Electronic Structure of a Semiconducting Imine-Covalent Organic Framework. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:4645-4650. [PMID: 31310046 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Imine COF (covalent organic framework) based on the Schiff base reaction between p-phenylenediamine (PDA) and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxaldehyde (TCA) was prepared on the HOPG-air (air=humid N2 ) interface and characterized using different probe microscopies. The role of the molar ratio of TCA and PDA has been explored, and smooth domains of imine COF up to a few μm are formed for a high TCA ratio (>2) compared to PDA. It is also observed that the microscopic roughness of imine COF is strongly influenced by the presence of water (in the reaction chamber) during the Schiff base reaction. The electronic property of imine COF obtained by tunneling spectroscopy and dispersion corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculation are comparable and show semiconducting nature with a band gap of ≈1.8 eV. Further, we show that the frontier orbitals are delocalized entirely over the framework of imine COF. The calculated cohesive energy shows that the stability of imine COF is comparable to that of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP-, 208016, India
| | - Vivek K Yadav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP-, 208016, India
| | - Jayant K Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP-, 208016, India
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18
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Huang J, Jia H, Wang T, Feng L, Du P, Zhu J. Kinetic Control over Morphology of Nanoporous Graphene on Surface. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2327-2332. [PMID: 31264361 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis of high-quality nanoporous graphene (NPG) for application in nanotechnology and nanodevices remains challenging. Rational design of molecular precursors and proper kinetic control over the reaction process are the two key factors to tune the synthesis. Herein, we report a detailed study of the coupling reactions of a planar halogen-substituted nanographene molecular precursor, hexaiodo-peri-hexabenzocoronene (I6 -HBC), on the Au(111) surface in the synthesis of NPG. The influence of three basic kinetic processes - molecular adsorption, migration, and coupling - on the synthesis was investigated. The results show that the HBC molecules deposited at low temperature predominantly desorb from the Au(111) surface during the annealing process, whereas depositing the precursor molecules onto a hot surface (700 K) can lead to the formation of NPG. However, at such a high surface temperature, simultaneous intermolecular dehydrogenative coupling between HBC monomers can hinder the ordered growth of NPG through Ullmann coupling. Moreover, the deposition rate of the precursors greatly influences the growth morphology of the NPG nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029 and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Hongxing Jia
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029 and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Lin Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029 and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029 and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P.R. China
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19
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Ding Y, Wang X, Li D, Xie L, Xu W. Dissolution of Sodium Halides by Confined Water on Au(111) via Langmuir-Hinshelwood Process. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6025-6032. [PMID: 31050883 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Salt dissolution is generally encountered in widespread phenomena in nature. As a typical case, the dissolution of NaCl has been widely investigated in aqueous environment, while the process and mechanism of the on-surface dissolution may differ from that in solution and remain to be explored. Herein, we model a NaCl dissolution process on the Au(111) surface with confined water at room temperature (RT) and above. With the assistance of adenine molecules as water reservoir and carrier, the dissolution of NaCl is achieved above RT via the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism rather than the Eley-Rideal one, along with the selective formation of stable Cl- hydrates, which desorb from the surface in the next step. To explore the generality, such a strategy has been extended to other sodium halide systems ( e. g., NaBr and NaI), and expectedly, the dissolution of sodium halides is also achieved by forming stable Br- and I- hydrates via the Langmuir-Hinshelwood process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqi Ding
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Donglin Li
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xie
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
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20
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Park CS, Jung EY, Kim DH, Kim DY, Lee HK, Shin BJ, Lee DH, Tae HS. Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline Films Doped with and without Iodine. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E1272. [PMID: 29113129 PMCID: PMC5706219 DOI: 10.3390/ma10111272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although polymerized aniline (polyaniline, PANI) with and without iodine (I₂) doping has already been extensively studied, little work has been done on the synthesis of PANI films using atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) deposition. Therefore, this study characterized pure and I₂-doped PANI films synthesized using an advanced APP polymerization system. The I₂ doping was conducted ex-situ and using an I₂ chamber method following the APP deposition. The pure and I₂-doped PANI films were structurally analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) studies. When increasing the I₂ doping time, the plane and cross-sectional SEM images showed a decrease in the width and thickness of the PANI nanofibers, while the AFM results showed an increase in the roughness and grain size of the PANI films. Moreover, the FT-IR, XPS, and ToF-SIMS results showed an increase in the content of oxygen-containing functional groups and C=C double bonds, yet decrease in the C-N and C-H bonds when increasing the I₂ doping time due to the reduction of hydrogen in the PANI films via the I₂. To check the suitability of the conductive layer for polymer display applications, the resistance variations of the PANI films grown on the interdigitated electrode substrates were also examined according to the I₂ doping time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon-Sang Park
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Eun Young Jung
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Dong Ha Kim
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Do Yeob Kim
- ICT Materials and Components Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Korea.
| | - Hyung-Kun Lee
- ICT Materials and Components Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Korea.
| | - Bhum Jae Shin
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Heung-Sik Tae
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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21
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Abstract
Surface-assisted Ullmann coupling is both drosophila and workhorse of on-surface synthesis. The fabrication of novel covalent low-dimensional organic nanostructures is accompanied by fundamental studies of surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum
- 80538 München
- Germany
- Physics Department
- Technische Universität München
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