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Sarker M, Dobner C, Zahl P, Fiankor C, Zhang J, Saxena A, Aluru N, Enders A, Sinitskii A. Porous Nanographenes, Graphene Nanoribbons, and Nanoporous Graphene Selectively Synthesized from the Same Molecular Precursor. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14453-14467. [PMID: 38747845 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate a family of molecular precursors based on 7,10-dibromo-triphenylenes that can selectively produce different varieties of atomically precise porous graphene nanomaterials through the use of different synthetic environments. Upon Yamamoto polymerization of these molecules in solution, the free rotations of the triphenylene units around the C-C bonds result in the formation of cyclotrimers in high yields. In contrast, in on-surface polymerization of the same molecules on Au(111) these rotations are impeded, and the coupling proceeds toward the formation of long polymer chains. These chains can then be converted to porous graphene nanoribbons (pGNRs) by annealing. Correspondingly, the solution-synthesized cyclotrimers can also be deposited onto Au(111) and converted into porous nanographenes (pNGs) via thermal treatment. Thus, both processes start with the same molecular precursor and end with a porous graphene nanomaterial on Au(111), but the type of product, pNG or pGNR, depends on the specific coupling approach. We also produced extended nanoporous graphenes (NPGs) through the lateral fusion of highly aligned pGNRs on Au(111) that were grown at high coverage. The pNGs can also be synthesized directly in solution by Scholl oxidative cyclodehydrogenation of cyclotrimers. We demonstrate the generality of this approach by synthesizing two varieties of 7,10-dibromo-triphenylenes that selectively produced six nanoporous products with different dimensionalities. The basic 7,10-dibromo-triphenylene monomer is amenable to structural modifications, potentially providing access to many new porous graphene nanomaterials. We show that by constructing different porous structures from the same building blocks, it is possible to tune the energy band gap in a wide range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamun Sarker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Christoph Dobner
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Percy Zahl
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Christian Fiankor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anshul Saxena
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Narayana Aluru
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Axel Enders
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexander Sinitskii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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2
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Qie B, Wang Z, Jiang J, Zhang Z, Jacobse PH, Lu J, Li X, Liu F, Alexandrova AN, Louie SG, Crommie MF, Fischer FR. Synthesis and characterization of low-dimensional N-heterocyclic carbene lattices. Science 2024; 384:895-901. [PMID: 38781380 DOI: 10.1126/science.adm9814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The covalent interaction of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) with transition metal atoms gives rise to distinctive frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs). These emergent electronic states have spurred the widespread adoption of NHC ligands in chemical catalysis and functional materials. Although formation of carbene-metal complexes in self-assembled monolayers on surfaces has been explored, design and electronic structure characterization of extended low-dimensional NHC-metal lattices remains elusive. Here we demonstrate a modular approach to engineering one-dimensional (1D) metal-organic chains and two-dimensional (2D) Kagome lattices using the FMOs of NHC-Au-NHC junctions to create low-dimensional molecular networks exhibiting intrinsic metallicity. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy and first-principles density functional theory reveal the contribution of C-Au-C π-bonding states to dispersive bands that imbue 1D- and 2D-NHC lattices with exceptionally small work functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Qie
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zisheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter H Jacobse
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jiaming Lu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xinheng Li
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fujia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steven G Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Bakar Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, Division of Computing, Data Science, and Society, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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3
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Piquero-Zulaica I, Corral-Rascón E, Diaz de Cerio X, Riss A, Yang B, Garcia-Lekue A, Kher-Elden MA, Abd El-Fattah ZM, Nobusue S, Kojima T, Seufert K, Sakaguchi H, Auwärter W, Barth JV. Deceptive orbital confinement at edges and pores of carbon-based 1D and 2D nanoarchitectures. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1062. [PMID: 38316774 PMCID: PMC10844643 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45138-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The electronic structure defines the properties of graphene-based nanomaterials. Scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) experiments on graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), nanographenes, and nanoporous graphene (NPG) often determine an apparent electronic orbital confinement into the edges and nanopores, leading to dubious interpretations such as image potential states or super-atom molecular orbitals. We show that these measurements are subject to a wave function decay into the vacuum that masks the undisturbed electronic orbital shape. We use Au(111)-supported semiconducting gulf-type GNRs and NPGs as model systems fostering frontier orbitals that appear confined along the edges and nanopores in STS measurements. DFT calculations confirm that these states originate from valence and conduction bands. The deceptive electronic orbital confinement observed is caused by a loss of Fourier components, corresponding to states of high momentum. This effect can be generalized to other 1D and 2D carbon-based nanoarchitectures and is important for their use in catalysis and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Piquero-Zulaica
- Physics Department E20, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Eduardo Corral-Rascón
- Physics Department E20, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Xabier Diaz de Cerio
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Alexander Riss
- Physics Department E20, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Biao Yang
- Physics Department E20, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Aran Garcia-Lekue
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Mohammad A Kher-Elden
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, E-11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zakaria M Abd El-Fattah
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, E-11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shunpei Nobusue
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kojima
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Knud Seufert
- Physics Department E20, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Sakaguchi
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany
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Yin R, Wang Z, Tan S, Ma C, Wang B. On-Surface Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons with Atomically Precise Structural Heterogeneities and On-Site Characterizations. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17610-17623. [PMID: 37666005 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are strips of graphene, with widths of a few nanometers, that are promising candidates for future applications in nanodevices and quantum information processing due to their highly tunable structure-dependent electronic, spintronic, topological, and optical properties. Implantation of periodic structural heterogeneities, such as heteroatoms, nanopores, and non-hexagonal rings, has become a powerful manner for tailoring the designer properties of GNRs. The bottom-up synthesis approach, by combining on-surface chemical reactions based on rationally designed molecular precursors and in situ tip-based microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, promotes the construction of atomically precise GNRs with periodic structural modulations. However, there are still obstacles and challenges lying on the way toward the understanding of the intrinsic structure-property relations, such as the strong screening and Fermi level pinning effect of the normally used transition metal substrates and the lack of collective tip-based techniques that can cover multi-internal degrees of freedom of the GNRs. In this Perspective, we briefly review the recent progress in the on-surface synthesis of GNRs with diverse structural heterogeneities and highlight the structure-property relations as characterized by the noncontact atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy. We furthermore motivate to deliver the need for developing strategies to achieve quasi-freestanding GNRs and for exploiting multifunctional tip-based techniques to collectively probe the intrinsic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoting Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhengya Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shijing Tan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chuanxu Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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5
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Ma C, Wang J, Ma H, Yin R, Zhao XJ, Du H, Meng X, Ke Y, Hu W, Li B, Tan S, Tan YZ, Yang J, Wang B. Remote-Triggered Domino-like Cyclodehydrogenation in Second-Layer Topological Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10126-10135. [PMID: 37097709 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodehydrogenation reactions in the on-surface synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) usually involve a series of Csp2-Csp2 and/or Csp2-Csp3 couplings and just happen on uncovered metal or metal oxide surfaces. It is still a big challenge to extend the growth of second-layer GNRs in the absence of necessary catalytic sites. Here, we demonstrate the direct growth of topologically nontrivial GNRs via multistep Csp2-Csp2 and Csp2-Csp3 couplings in the second layer by annealing designed bowtie-shaped precursor molecules over one monolayer on the Au(111) surface. After annealing at 700 K, most of the polymerized chains that appear in the second layer covalently link to the first-layer GNRs that have partially undergone graphitization. Following annealing at 780 K, the second-layer GNRs are formed and linked to the first-layer GNRs. Benefiting from the minimized local steric hindrance of the precursors, we suggest that the second-layer GNRs undergo domino-like cyclodehydrogenation reactions that are remotely triggered at the link. We confirm the quasi-freestanding behaviors in the second-layer GNRs by measuring the quasiparticle energy gap of topological bands and the tunable Kondo resonance from topological end spins using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy combined with first-principles calculations. Our findings pave the avenue to diverse multilayer graphene nanostructures with designer quantum spins and topological states for quantum information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxu Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Jufeng Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Huanhuan Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ruoting Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xin-Jing Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Hongjian Du
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Xinyong Meng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yifan Ke
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Bin Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Shijing Tan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shenzhen 518054, China
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6
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Dobner C, Li G, Sarker M, Sinitskii A, Enders A. Diffusion-controlled on-surface synthesis of graphene nanoribbon heterojunctions. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6615-6618. [PMID: 35424640 PMCID: PMC8981978 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a diffusion-controlled process for the on-surface synthesis of graphene nanoribbon heterojunctions. Differences in the diffusion kinetics of the precursor molecules were exploited to control the GNR architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Dobner
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Mamun Sarker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Alexander Sinitskii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Axel Enders
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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7
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Jacobse PH, Jin Z, Jiang J, Peurifoy S, Yue Z, Wang Z, Rizzo DJ, Louie SG, Nuckolls C, Crommie MF. Pseudo-atomic orbital behavior in graphene nanoribbons with four-membered rings. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl5892. [PMID: 34936436 PMCID: PMC8694588 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of nonhexagonal rings into graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) is an effective strategy for engineering localized electronic states, bandgaps, and magnetic properties. Here, we demonstrate the successful synthesis of nanoribbons having four-membered ring (cyclobutadienoid) linkages by using an on-surface synthesis approach involving direct contact transfer of coronene-type precursors followed by thermally assisted [2 + 2] cycloaddition. The resulting coronene-cyclobutadienoid nanoribbons feature a narrow 600-meV bandgap and novel electronic frontier states that can be interpreted as linear chains of effective px and py pseudo-atomic orbitals. We show that these states give rise to exceptional physical properties, such as a rigid indirect energy gap. This provides a previously unexplored strategy for constructing narrow gap GNRs via modification of precursor molecules whose function is to modulate the coupling between adjacent four-membered ring states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Jacobse
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zexin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Samuel Peurifoy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ziqin Yue
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel J. Rizzo
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Steven G. Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Michael F. Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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8
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Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Corcos AR, Hirani Z, Ji W, Hamachi LS, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Chavez AD, Smith BJ, Dichtel WR. Two-Dimensional Polymers and Polymerizations. Chem Rev 2021; 122:442-564. [PMID: 34852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemists have developed robust methods to synthesize discrete molecules, linear and branched polymers, and disordered cross-linked networks. However, two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) prepared from designed monomers have been long missing from these capabilities, both as objects of chemical synthesis and in nature. Recently, new polymerization strategies and characterization methods have enabled the unambiguous realization of covalently linked macromolecular sheets. Here we review 2DPs and 2D polymerization methods. Three predominant 2D polymerization strategies have emerged to date, which produce 2DPs either as monolayers or multilayer assemblies. We discuss the fundamental understanding and scope of each of these approaches, including: the bond-forming reactions used, the synthetic diversity of 2DPs prepared, their multilayer stacking behaviors, nanoscale and mesoscale structures, and macroscale morphologies. Additionally, we describe the analytical tools currently available to characterize 2DPs in their various isolated forms. Finally, we review emergent 2DP properties and the potential applications of planar macromolecules. Throughout, we highlight achievements in 2D polymerization and identify opportunities for continued study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda R Corcos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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9
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Zhang C, Chen X, Ho SH. Wastewater treatment nexus: Carbon nanomaterials towards potential aquatic ecotoxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:125959. [PMID: 33990041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) provide an effective solution and a novel advancement for wastewater treatment. In this review, a total of 3823 bibliographic records derived from recent 10 years are visualized based on scientometric analysis. The results indicate metal-free CNMs-mediated advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) might be a motive force to develop CNMs application for wastewater treatment; however, corresponding evaluations of aquatic toxicity still lack sufficient attention. Therefore, recent breakthroughs and topical innovations related to prevalent wastewater treatment technologies (i.e., adsorption, catalysis and membrane separation) using three typical dimensional CNMs (nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes, and graphene-based nanomaterials) are comprehensively summarized in-depth, along with a compendious introduction to some novel techniques (e.g., computational simulation) for identifying reaction mechanisms. Then, current research focusing on CNMs-associated aquatic toxicity is discussed thoroughly, mainly demonstrating: (1) the adverse effects on aquatic organisms should not be overlooked prior to large-scale CNMs application; (2) divergent consequences can be further reduced if the ecological niche of aquatic organisms is emphasized; and (3) further investigations on joint toxicity can provide greater beneficial insight into realistic exposure scenarios. Finally, ongoing challenges and developmental directions of CNMs-based wastewater treatment and evaluation of its aquatic toxicity are pinpointed and shaped in terms of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
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Teeter JD, Costa PS, Dobner C, Sarker M, Sinitskii A, Enders A. Structure Formation and Coupling Reactions of Hexaphenylbenzene and Its Brominated Analog. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1769-1773. [PMID: 33905148 PMCID: PMC8456788 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The on‐surface coupling of the prototypical precursor molecule for graphene nanoribbon synthesis, 6,11‐dibromo‐1,2,3,4‐tetraphenyltriphenylene (C42Br2H26, TPTP), and its non‐brominated analog hexaphenylbenzene (C42H30, HPB), was investigated on coinage metal substrates as a function of thermal treatment. For HPB, which forms non‐covalent 2D monolayers at room temperature, a thermally induced transition of the monolayer's structure could be achieved by moderate annealing, which is likely driven by π‐bond formation. It is found that the dibrominated carbon positions of TPTP do not guide the coupling if the growth occurs on a substrate at temperatures that are sufficient to initiate C−H bond activation. Instead, similar one‐dimensional molecular structures are obtained for both types of precursors, HPB and TPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Teeter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 639N 12th Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Paulo S Costa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 855N 16th Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Christoph Dobner
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth
| | - Mamun Sarker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 639N 12th Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Alexander Sinitskii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 639N 12th Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Axel Enders
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 855N 16th Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.,Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth
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11
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Han D, Zhu J. Surface-assisted fabrication of low-dimensional carbon-based nanoarchitectures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:343001. [PMID: 34111858 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0a1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, as an alternative to traditional in-solution synthesis, has become an emerging research field and attracted extensive attention over the past decade due to its ability to fabricate nanoarchitectures with exotic properties. Compared to wet chemistry, the on-surface synthesis conducted on atomically flat solid surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum exhibits unprecedented characteristics and advantages, opening novel reaction pathways for chemical synthesis. Various low-dimensional nanostructures have been fabricated on solid surfaces (mostly metal surfaces) based on this newly developed approach. This paper reviews the classic and latest works regarding carbon-based low-dimensional nanostructures since the arrival of on-surface synthesis era. These nanostructures are categorized into zero-, one- and two-dimensional classes and each class is composed of numerous sub-nanostructures. For certain specific nanostructures, comprehensive reports are given, including precursor design, substrate choice, synthetic strategies and so forth. We hope that our review will shed light on the fabrication of some significant nanostructures in this young and promising scientific area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
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12
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Ghassami A, Oleiki E, Kim DY, Shin HJ, Lee G, Kim KS. Facile room-temperature self-assembly of extended cation-free guanine-quartet network on Mo-doped Au(111) surface. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:3867-3874. [PMID: 36133009 PMCID: PMC9418868 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00235j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Guanine-quadruplex, consisting of several stacked guanine-quartets (GQs), has emerged as an important category of novel molecular targets with applications from nanoelectronic devices to anticancer drugs. Incorporation of metal cations into a GQ structure is utilized to form stable G-quadruplexes, while formation of a cation-free GQ network has been challenging. Here we report the room temperature (RT) molecular self-assembly of extended pristine GQ networks on an Au(111) surface. An implanted molybdenum atom within the Au(111) surface is used to nucleate and stabilize the cation-free GQ network. Additionally, decoration of the Au(111) surface with 7-armchair graphene nanoribbons (7-AGNRs) enhances the GQ domain size by suppressing the influence of the disordered phase nucleated from Au step edges. Scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm the formation of GQ networks and unravel the nucleation and growth mechanism. Our work, utilizing a hetero-atom doped substrate, provides a facile approach to enhance the stability and domain size of the GQ self-assembly, which would be applicable for other molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Ghassami
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Elham Oleiki
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yeon Kim
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Joon Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Geunsik Lee
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang S Kim
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
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Jacobse PH, McCurdy RD, Jiang J, Rizzo DJ, Veber G, Butler P, Zuzak R, Louie SG, Fischer FR, Crommie MF. Bottom-up Assembly of Nanoporous Graphene with Emergent Electronic States. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13507-13514. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Jacobse
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ryan D. McCurdy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel J. Rizzo
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gregory Veber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul Butler
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rafał Zuzak
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Center for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, PL 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Steven G. Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F. Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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14
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Teeter JD, Zahl P, Mehdi Pour M, Costa PS, Enders A, Sinitskii A. On‐Surface Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Laterally Extended Chevron Graphene Nanoribbons. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2281-2285. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Teeter
- Department of Chemistry University of Nebraska – Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA
| | - Percy Zahl
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Pour
- Department of Chemistry University of Nebraska – Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA
| | - Paulo S. Costa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Nebraska – Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA
| | - Axel Enders
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Nebraska – Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA
- Physikalisches Institut Universität Bayreuth Bayreuth 95440 Germany
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience University of Nebraska – Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA
| | - Alexander Sinitskii
- Department of Chemistry University of Nebraska – Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience University of Nebraska – Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA
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Clair S, de Oteyza DG. Controlling a Chemical Coupling Reaction on a Surface: Tools and Strategies for On-Surface Synthesis. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4717-4776. [PMID: 30875199 PMCID: PMC6477809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is appearing as an extremely promising research field aimed at creating new organic materials. A large number of chemical reactions have been successfully demonstrated to take place directly on surfaces through unusual reaction mechanisms. In some cases the reaction conditions can be properly tuned to steer the formation of the reaction products. It is thus possible to control the initiation step of the reaction and its degree of advancement (the kinetics, the reaction yield); the nature of the reaction products (selectivity control, particularly in the case of competing processes); as well as the structure, position, and orientation of the covalent compounds, or the quality of the as-formed networks in terms of order and extension. The aim of our review is thus to provide an extensive description of all tools and strategies reported to date and to put them into perspective. We specifically define the different approaches available and group them into a few general categories. In the last part, we demonstrate the effective maturation of the on-surface synthesis field by reporting systems that are getting closer to application-relevant levels thanks to the use of advanced control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Clair
- Aix
Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France
| | - Dimas G. de Oteyza
- Donostia
International Physics Center, San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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16
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Pigot C, Dumur F. Recent Advances of Hierarchical and Sequential Growth of Macromolecular Organic Structures on Surface. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12040662. [PMID: 30813327 PMCID: PMC6416628 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of macromolecular organic structures on surfaces is one major concern in materials science. Nanoribbons, linear polymers, and porous nanostructures have gained a lot of interest due to their possible applications ranging from nanotemplates, catalysis, optoelectronics, sensors, or data storage. During decades, supramolecular chemistry has constituted an unavoidable approach for the design of well-organized structures on surfaces displaying a long-range order. Following these initial works, an important milestone has been established with the formation of covalent bonds between molecules. Resulting from this unprecedented approach, various nanostructures of improved thermal and chemical stability compared to those obtained by supramolecular chemistry and displaying unique and unprecedented properties have been developed. However, a major challenge exists: the growth control is very delicate and a thorough understanding of the complex mechanisms governing the on-surface chemistry is still needed. Recently, a new approach consisting in elaborating macromolecular structures by combining consecutive steps has been identified as a promising strategy to elaborate organic structures on surface. By designing precursors with a preprogrammed sequence of reactivity, a hierarchical or a sequential growth of 1D and 2D structures can be realized. In this review, the different reaction combinations used for the design of 1D and 2D structures are reported. To date, eight different sequences of reactions have been examined since 2008, evidencing the intense research activity existing in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Pigot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France.
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France.
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Shekhirev M, Zahl P, Sinitskii A. Phenyl Functionalization of Atomically Precise Graphene Nanoribbons for Engineering Inter-ribbon Interactions and Graphene Nanopores. ACS NANO 2018; 12:8662-8669. [PMID: 30085655 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) attract much attention from researchers due to their tunable physical properties and potential for becoming nanoscale building blocks of electronic devices. GNRs can be synthesized with atomic precision by on-surface approaches from specially designed molecular precursors. While a considerable number of ribbons with very diverse structures and properties have been demonstrated in recent years, there have been only limited examples of on-surface synthesized GNRs modified with functional groups. In this study, we designed a nanoribbon, in which the chevron GNR backbone is decorated with phenyl functionalities, and demonstrate the on-surface synthesis of these GNRs on Au(111). We show that the phenyl modification affects the assembly of the GNR polymer precursors through π-π interactions. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of the modified GNRs on Au(111) revealed that they have a band gap of 2.50 ± 0.02 eV, which is comparable to that of the parent chevron GNR. The phenyl functionalization leads to a shift of the band edges to lower energies, suggesting that it could be a useful tool for the GNR band structure engineering. We also investigated lateral fusion of the phenyl-modified GNRs and demonstrate that it could be used to engineer different kinds of atomically precise graphene nanopores. A similar functionalization approach could be potentially applied to other GNRs to affect their on-surface assembly, modify their electronic properties, and realize graphene nanopores with a variety of structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Shekhirev
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - Percy Zahl
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Alexander Sinitskii
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
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18
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Moreno C, Vilas-Varela M, Kretz B, Garcia-Lekue A, Costache MV, Paradinas M, Panighel M, Ceballos G, Valenzuela SO, Peña D, Mugarza A. Bottom-up synthesis of multifunctional nanoporous graphene. Science 2018; 360:199-203. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aar2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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