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Solov'yov AV, Verkhovtsev AV, Mason NJ, Amos RA, Bald I, Baldacchino G, Dromey B, Falk M, Fedor J, Gerhards L, Hausmann M, Hildenbrand G, Hrabovský M, Kadlec S, Kočišek J, Lépine F, Ming S, Nisbet A, Ricketts K, Sala L, Schlathölter T, Wheatley AEH, Solov'yov IA. Condensed Matter Systems Exposed to Radiation: Multiscale Theory, Simulations, and Experiment. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 38842266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
This roadmap reviews the new, highly interdisciplinary research field studying the behavior of condensed matter systems exposed to radiation. The Review highlights several recent advances in the field and provides a roadmap for the development of the field over the next decade. Condensed matter systems exposed to radiation can be inorganic, organic, or biological, finite or infinite, composed of different molecular species or materials, exist in different phases, and operate under different thermodynamic conditions. Many of the key phenomena related to the behavior of irradiated systems are very similar and can be understood based on the same fundamental theoretical principles and computational approaches. The multiscale nature of such phenomena requires the quantitative description of the radiation-induced effects occurring at different spatial and temporal scales, ranging from the atomic to the macroscopic, and the interlinks between such descriptions. The multiscale nature of the effects and the similarity of their manifestation in systems of different origins necessarily bring together different disciplines, such as physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, nanoscience, and biomedical research, demonstrating the numerous interlinks and commonalities between them. This research field is highly relevant to many novel and emerging technologies and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Solov'yov
- MBN Research Center, Altenhöferallee 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Nigel J Mason
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Amos
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Ilko Bald
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gérard Baldacchino
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, LIDYL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- CY Cergy Paris Université, CEA, LIDYL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Brendan Dromey
- Centre for Light Matter Interactions, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Falk
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juraj Fedor
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Gerhards
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hausmann
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Hildenbrand
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Aschaffenburg, Würzburger Str. 45, 63743 Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | | | - Stanislav Kadlec
- Eaton European Innovation Center, Bořivojova 2380, 25263 Roztoky, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kočišek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Franck Lépine
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Siyi Ming
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Nisbet
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Kate Ricketts
- Department of Targeted Intervention, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Sala
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Schlathölter
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- University College Groningen, University of Groningen, Hoendiepskade 23/24, 9718 BG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew E H Wheatley
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Ilia A Solov'yov
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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2
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Radstake WE, Parisi A, Miranda S, Gautam K, Vermeesen R, Rehnberg E, Tabury K, Coppes R, van Goethem MJ, Brandenburg S, Weber U, Fournier C, Durante M, Baselet B, Baatout S. Radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks in cortisol exposed fibroblasts as quantified with the novel foci-integrated damage complexity score (FIDCS). Sci Rep 2024; 14:10400. [PMID: 38710823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Without the protective shielding of Earth's atmosphere, astronauts face higher doses of ionizing radiation in space, causing serious health concerns. Highly charged and high energy (HZE) particles are particularly effective in causing complex and difficult-to-repair DNA double-strand breaks compared to low linear energy transfer. Additionally, chronic cortisol exposure during spaceflight raises further concerns, although its specific impact on DNA damage and repair remains unknown. This study explorers the effect of different radiation qualities (photons, protons, carbon, and iron ions) on the DNA damage and repair of cortisol-conditioned primary human dermal fibroblasts. Besides, we introduce a new measure, the Foci-Integrated Damage Complexity Score (FIDCS), to assess DNA damage complexity by analyzing focus area and fluorescent intensity. Our results show that the FIDCS captured the DNA damage induced by different radiation qualities better than counting the number of foci, as traditionally done. Besides, using this measure, we were able to identify differences in DNA damage between cortisol-exposed cells and controls. This suggests that, besides measuring the total number of foci, considering the complexity of the DNA damage by means of the FIDCS can provide additional and, in our case, improved information when comparing different radiation qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina E Radstake
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alessio Parisi
- Radiation Protection Dosimetry and Calibration Expert Group, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Silvana Miranda
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kiran Gautam
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Randy Vermeesen
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Emil Rehnberg
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Tabury
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Rob Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc-Jan van Goethem
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sytze Brandenburg
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Weber
- Biophysics Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum Für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claudia Fournier
- Biophysics Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum Für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marco Durante
- Biophysics Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum Für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Shen MZ, Zhang Y, Wu F, Shen MZ, Liang JL, Zhang XL, Liu XJ, Li XS, Wang RS. MicroRNA-298 determines the radio-resistance of colorectal cancer cells by directly targeting human dual-specificity tyrosine(Y)-regulated kinase 1A. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:1453-1464. [PMID: 38660649 PMCID: PMC11037043 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i4.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy stands as a promising therapeutic modality for colorectal cancer (CRC); yet, the formidable challenge posed by radio-resistance significantly undermines its efficacy in achieving CRC remission. AIM To elucidate the role played by microRNA-298 (miR-298) in CRC radio-resistance. METHODS To establish a radio-resistant CRC cell line, HT-29 cells underwent exposure to 5 gray ionizing radiation that was followed by a 7-d recovery period. The quantification of miR-298 levels within CRC cells was conducted through quantitative RT-PCR, and protein expression determination was realized through Western blotting. Cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and proliferation by clonogenic assay. Radio-induced apoptosis was discerned through flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS We observed a marked upregulation of miR-298 in radio-resistant CRC cells. MiR-298 emerged as a key determinant of cell survival following radiation exposure, as its overexpression led to a notable reduction in radiation-induced apoptosis. Intriguingly, miR-298 expression exhibited a strong correlation with CRC cell viability. Further investigation unveiled human dual-specificity tyrosine(Y)-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) as miR-298's direct target. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings underline the role played by miR-298 in bolstering radio-resistance in CRC cells by means of DYRK1A downregulation, thereby positioning miR-298 as a promising candidate for mitigating radio-resistance in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Zhu Shen
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Mei-Zhen Shen
- Department of Radiotherapy, People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jun-Lin Liang
- Department of Colorectal Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Liu
- Department of Colorectal Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xin-Shu Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ren-Sheng Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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4
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Perdyan A, Jąkalski M, Horbacz M, Beheshti A, Mieczkowski J. Chromosomal positioning and epigenetic architecture influence DNA methylation patterns triggered by galactic cosmic radiation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1324. [PMID: 38225252 PMCID: PMC10789781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51756-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite surging interest in space travel in recent decades, the impacts of prolonged, elevated exposure to galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) on human health remain poorly understood. This form of ionizing radiation causes significant changes to biological systems including damage to DNA structure by altering epigenetic phenotype with emphasis on DNA methylation. Building on previous work by Kennedy et al. (Sci Rep 8(1): 6709. 10.1038/S41598-018-24755-8), we evaluated spatial DNA methylation patterns triggered by high-LET (56Fe, 28Si) and low-LET (X-ray) radiation and the influence of chromosome positioning and epigenetic architecture in distinct radial layers of cell nucleus. Next, we validated our results using gene expression data of mice irradiated with simulated GCR and JAXA astronauts. We showed that primarily 56Fe induces a persistent DNA methylation increase whereas 28Si and X-ray induce a decrease DNA methylation which is not persistent with time. Moreover, we highlighted the role of nuclear chromatin architecture in cell response to external radiation. In summary, our study provides novel insights towards epigenetic and transcriptomic response as well as chromatin multidimensional structure influence on galactic cosmic radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Perdyan
- International Research Agenda 3P - Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdansk, Marii Sklodowskiej Curie 3a, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marcin Jąkalski
- International Research Agenda 3P - Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdansk, Marii Sklodowskiej Curie 3a, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Horbacz
- International Research Agenda 3P - Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdansk, Marii Sklodowskiej Curie 3a, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jakub Mieczkowski
- International Research Agenda 3P - Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdansk, Marii Sklodowskiej Curie 3a, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland.
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5
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Lojek NM, Williams VA, Rogers AM, Sajo E, Black BJ, Ghezzi CE. A 3D In Vitro Cortical Tissue Model Based on Dense Collagen to Study the Effects of Gamma Radiation on Neuronal Function. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2301123. [PMID: 37921265 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies on gamma radiation-induced injury have long been focused on hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems, yet little is known about the effects of gamma radiation on the function of human cortical tissue. The challenge in studying radiation-induced cortical injury is, in part, due to a lack of human tissue models and physiologically relevant readouts. Here, a physiologically relevant 3D collagen-based cortical tissue model (CTM) is developed for studying the functional response of human iPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes to a sub-lethal radiation exposure (5 Gy). Cytotoxicity, DNA damage, morphology, and extracellular electrophysiology are quantified. It is reported that 5 Gy exposure significantly increases cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and astrocyte reactivity while significantly decreasing neurite length and neuronal network activity. Additionally, it is found that clinically deployed radioprotectant amifostine ameliorates the DNA damage, cytotoxicity, and astrocyte reactivity. The CTM provides a critical experimental platform to understand cell-level mechanisms by which gamma radiation (GR) affects human cortical tissue and to screen prospective radioprotectant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal M Lojek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Victoria A Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Andrew M Rogers
- Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Erno Sajo
- Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Bryan J Black
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Chiara E Ghezzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
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6
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Scherthan H, Geiger B, Ridinger D, Müller J, Riccobono D, Bestvater F, Port M, Hausmann M. Nano-Architecture of Persistent Focal DNA Damage Regions in the Minipig Epidermis Weeks after Acute γ-Irradiation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1518. [PMID: 37892200 PMCID: PMC10605239 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to high acute doses of ionizing radiation (IR) can induce cutaneous radiation syndrome. Weeks after such radiation insults, keratinocyte nuclei of the epidermis exhibit persisting genomic lesions that present as focal accumulations of DNA double-strand break (DSB) damage marker proteins. Knowledge about the nanostructure of these genomic lesions is scarce. Here, we compared the chromatin nano-architecture with respect to DNA damage response (DDR) factors in persistent genomic DNA damage regions and healthy chromatin in epidermis sections of two minipigs 28 days after lumbar irradiation with ~50 Gy γ-rays, using single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) combined with geometric and topological mathematical analyses. SMLM analysis of fluorochrome-stained paraffin sections revealed, within keratinocyte nuclei with perisitent DNA damage, the nano-arrangements of pATM, 53BP1 and Mre11 DDR proteins in γ-H2AX-positive focal chromatin areas (termed macro-foci). It was found that persistent macro-foci contained on average ~70% of 53BP1, ~23% of MRE11 and ~25% of pATM single molecule signals of a nucleus. MRE11 and pATM fluorescent tags were organized in focal nanoclusters peaking at about 40 nm diameter, while 53BP1 tags formed nanoclusters that made up super-foci of about 300 nm in size. Relative to undamaged nuclear chromatin, the enrichment of DDR protein signal tags in γ-H2AX macro-foci was on average 8.7-fold (±3) for 53BP1, 3.4-fold (±1.3) for MRE11 and 3.6-fold (±1.8) for pATM. The persistent macro-foci of minipig epidermis displayed a ~2-fold enrichment of DDR proteins, relative to DSB foci of lymphoblastoid control cells 30 min after 0.5 Gy X-ray exposure. A lasting accumulation of damage signaling and sensing molecules such as pATM and 53BP1, as well as the DSB end-processing protein MRE11 in the persistent macro-foci suggests the presence of diverse DNA damages which pose an insurmountable problem for DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Scherthan
- Bundeswehr Institute for Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 München, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Beatrice Geiger
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany (D.R.)
| | - David Ridinger
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany (D.R.)
| | - Jessica Müller
- Bundeswehr Institute for Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 München, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Diane Riccobono
- Département des Effets Biologiques des Rayonnements, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, UMR 1296, BP 73, 91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France;
| | - Felix Bestvater
- Core Facility Light Microscopy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Matthias Port
- Bundeswehr Institute for Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 München, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Michael Hausmann
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany (D.R.)
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Han L, Zhou Y, Tan Z, Zhu H, Hu Y, Ma X, Zheng F, Feng F, Wang C, Liu W. Confined Target-Triggered Hot Spots for In Situ SERS Analysis of Intranuclear Genotoxic Markers. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6312-6322. [PMID: 37000898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The γH2AX is a type of confined target in nuclei which is highly expressed around the damaged DNA during genotoxicity and has therefore been identified as a marker of genotoxicity. Convenient and intuitive in situ real-time detection of γH2AX is crucial for an accurate assessment of genotoxicity. Selective and nondestructive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is suitable to achieve this goal. However, the detection of substances in the nucleus by SERS is still limited due to the contradiction of probes between the nuclei entry efficiency and signal enhancement. This study utilized the characteristics of γH2AX as a confined target and constructed a γH2AX immunosensor based on gold nanoprobes with a small size (15 nm), which was modified with the TAT nuclear targeting peptide to ensure high nuclei entry efficiency. Once DNA damage was induced, the local overexpression of γH2AX further recruited the probe through immune recognition, so that hot spots could be assembled in situ to generate strong Raman signals, which were applied to evaluate the genotoxicity of drug impurities. This study proposed a novel SERS detection strategy, characterized by confined target-induced size conversion and hot spot formation, for in situ real-time analysis of intranuclear targets at the single-living-cell level, which intelligently simplified the structure of SERS probes and the operation process.
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8
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Weidner J, Neitzel C, Gote M, Deck J, Küntzelmann K, Pilarczyk G, Falk M, Hausmann M. Advanced image-free analysis of the nano-organization of chromatin and other biomolecules by Single Molecule Localization Microscopy (SMLM). Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:2018-2034. [PMID: 36968017 PMCID: PMC10030913 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell as a system of many components, governed by the laws of physics and chemistry drives molecular functions having an impact on the spatial organization of these systems and vice versa. Since the relationship between structure and function is an almost universal rule not only in biology, appropriate methods are required to parameterize the relationship between the structure and function of biomolecules and their networks, the mechanisms of the processes in which they are involved, and the mechanisms of regulation of these processes. Single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), which we focus on here, offers a significant advantage for the quantitative parametrization of molecular organization: it provides matrices of coordinates of fluorescently labeled biomolecules that can be directly subjected to advanced mathematical analytical procedures without the need for laborious and sometimes misleading image processing. Here, we propose mathematical tools for comprehensive quantitative computer data analysis of SMLM point patterns that include Ripley distance frequency analysis, persistent homology analysis, persistent 'imaging', principal component analysis and co-localization analysis. The application of these methods is explained using artificial datasets simulating different, potentially possible and interpretatively important situations. Illustrative analyses of real complex biological SMLM data are presented to emphasize the applicability of the proposed algorithms. This manuscript demonstrated the extraction of features and parameters quantifying the influence of chromatin (re)organization on genome function, offering a novel approach to study chromatin architecture at the nanoscale. However, the ability to adapt the proposed algorithms to analyze essentially any molecular organizations, e.g., membrane receptors or protein trafficking in the cytosol, offers broad flexibility of use.
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9
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Erenpreisa J, Giuliani A, Yoshikawa K, Falk M, Hildenbrand G, Salmina K, Freivalds T, Vainshelbaum N, Weidner J, Sievers A, Pilarczyk G, Hausmann M. Spatial-Temporal Genome Regulation in Stress-Response and Cell-Fate Change. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032658. [PMID: 36769000 PMCID: PMC9917235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex functioning of the genome in the cell nucleus is controlled at different levels: (a) the DNA base sequence containing all relevant inherited information; (b) epigenetic pathways consisting of protein interactions and feedback loops; (c) the genome architecture and organization activating or suppressing genetic interactions between different parts of the genome. Most research so far has shed light on the puzzle pieces at these levels. This article, however, attempts an integrative approach to genome expression regulation incorporating these different layers. Under environmental stress or during cell development, differentiation towards specialized cell types, or to dysfunctional tumor, the cell nucleus seems to react as a whole through coordinated changes at all levels of control. This implies the need for a framework in which biological, chemical, and physical manifestations can serve as a basis for a coherent theory of gene self-organization. An international symposium held at the Biomedical Research and Study Center in Riga, Latvia, on 25 July 2022 addressed novel aspects of the abovementioned topic. The present article reviews the most recent results and conclusions of the state-of-the-art research in this multidisciplinary field of science, which were delivered and discussed by scholars at the Riga symposium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Giuliani
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita Environment and Health Department, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Kenichi Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Martin Falk
- Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Hildenbrand
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Applied Science Aschaffenburg, 63743 Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | - Kristine Salmina
- Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Centre, LV1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Talivaldis Freivalds
- Institute of Cardiology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Latvia, LV1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ninel Vainshelbaum
- Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Centre, LV1067 Riga, Latvia
- Doctoral Study Program, University of Latvia, LV1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Jonas Weidner
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aaron Sievers
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Götz Pilarczyk
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Hausmann
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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10
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Belchior A, Canhoto JF, Giesen U, Langner F, Rabus H, Schulte R. Repair Kinetics of DSB-Foci Induced by Proton and α-Particle Microbeams of Different Energies. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:2040. [PMID: 36556405 PMCID: PMC9785158 DOI: 10.3390/life12122040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the induction and repair of radiation-induced 53BP1 foci were studied in human umbilical vein endothelial cells irradiated at the PTB microbeam with protons and α-particles of different energies. The data were analyzed in terms of the mean number of 53BP1 foci induced by the different ion beams. The number of 53BP1 foci found at different times post-irradiation suggests that the disappearance of foci follows first order kinetics. The mean number of initially produced foci shows the expected increase with LET. The most interesting finding of this work is that the absolute number of persistent foci increases with LET but not their fraction. Furthermore, protons seem to produce more persistent foci as compared to α-particles of even higher LET. This may be seen as experimental evidence that protons may be more effective in producing severe DNA lesions, as was already shown in other work, and that LET may not be the best suited parameter to characterize radiation quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belchior
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - João F. Canhoto
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ulrich Giesen
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Langner
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans Rabus
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schulte
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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11
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Baiocco G, Bartzsch S, Conte V, Friedrich T, Jakob B, Tartas A, Villagrasa C, Prise KM. A matter of space: how the spatial heterogeneity in energy deposition determines the biological outcome of radiation exposure. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2022; 61:545-559. [PMID: 36220965 PMCID: PMC9630194 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of the exposure of living organisms to ionizing radiation is determined by the distribution of the associated energy deposition at different spatial scales. Radiation proceeds through ionizations and excitations of hit molecules with an ~ nm spacing. Approaches such as nanodosimetry/microdosimetry and Monte Carlo track-structure simulations have been successfully adopted to investigate radiation quality effects: they allow to explore correlations between the spatial clustering of such energy depositions at the scales of DNA or chromosome domains and their biological consequences at the cellular level. Physical features alone, however, are not enough to assess the entity and complexity of radiation-induced DNA damage: this latter is the result of an interplay between radiation track structure and the spatial architecture of chromatin, and further depends on the chromatin dynamic response, affecting the activation and efficiency of the repair machinery. The heterogeneity of radiation energy depositions at the single-cell level affects the trade-off between cell inactivation and induction of viable mutations and hence influences radiation-induced carcinogenesis. In radiation therapy, where the goal is cancer cell inactivation, the delivery of a homogenous dose to the tumour has been the traditional approach in clinical practice. However, evidence is accumulating that introducing heterogeneity with spatially fractionated beams (mini- and microbeam therapy) can lead to significant advantages, particularly in sparing normal tissues. Such findings cannot be explained in merely physical terms, and their interpretation requires considering the scales at play in the underlying biological mechanisms, suggesting a systemic response to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Baiocco
- Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology Group, Physics Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Stefan Bartzsch
- Institute for Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Valeria Conte
- Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare INFN, Laboratori Nazionali Di Legnaro, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Thomas Friedrich
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Burkhard Jakob
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adrianna Tartas
- Biomedical Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carmen Villagrasa
- IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Kevin M Prise
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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12
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Cao X, Weil MM, Wu JC. Clinical Trial in a Dish for Space Radiation Countermeasure Discovery. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2022; 35:140-149. [PMID: 36336359 PMCID: PMC10947779 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
NASA aims to return humans to the moon within the next five years and to land humans on Mars in a few decades. Space radiation exposure represents a major challenge to astronauts' health during long-duration missions, as it is linked to increased risks of cancer, cardiovascular dysfunctions, central nervous system (CNS) impairment, and other negative outcomes. Characterization of radiation health effects and developing corresponding countermeasures are high priorities for the preparation of long duration space travel. Due to limitations of animal and cell models, the development of novel physiologically relevant radiation models is needed to better predict these individual risks and bridge gaps between preclinical testing and clinical trials in drug development. "Clinical Trial in a Dish" (CTiD) is now possible with the use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), offering a powerful tool for drug safety or efficacy testing using patient-specific cell models. Here we review the development and applications of CTiD for space radiation biology and countermeasure studies, focusing on progress made in the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael M Weil
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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13
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Russ E, Davis CM, Slaven JE, Bradfield DT, Selwyn RG, Day RM. Comparison of the Medical Uses and Cellular Effects of High and Low Linear Energy Transfer Radiation. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10100628. [PMID: 36287908 PMCID: PMC9609561 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation can occur during medical treatments, from naturally occurring sources in the environment, or as the result of a nuclear accident or thermonuclear war. The severity of cellular damage from ionizing radiation exposure is dependent upon a number of factors including the absorbed radiation dose of the exposure (energy absorbed per unit mass of the exposure), dose rate, area and volume of tissue exposed, type of radiation (e.g., X-rays, high-energy gamma rays, protons, or neutrons) and linear energy transfer. While the dose, the dose rate, and dose distribution in tissue are aspects of a radiation exposure that can be varied experimentally or in medical treatments, the LET and eV are inherent characteristics of the type of radiation. High-LET radiation deposits a higher concentration of energy in a shorter distance when traversing tissue compared with low-LET radiation. The different biological effects of high and low LET with similar energies have been documented in vivo in animal models and in cultured cells. High-LET results in intense macromolecular damage and more cell death. Findings indicate that while both low- and high-LET radiation activate non-homologous end-joining DNA repair activity, efficient repair of high-LET radiation requires the homologous recombination repair pathway. Low- and high-LET radiation activate p53 transcription factor activity in most cells, but high LET activates NF-kB transcription factor at lower radiation doses than low-LET radiation. Here we review the development, uses, and current understanding of the cellular effects of low- and high-LET radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Russ
- Graduate Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Catherine M. Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - John E. Slaven
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Dmitry T. Bradfield
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Reed G. Selwyn
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Regina M. Day
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Shibata A. Carbon ion radiation and clustered DNA double-strand breaks. Enzymes 2022; 51:117-130. [PMID: 36336405 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A carbon ion categorized as a heavy ion particle has been used for cancer radiotherapy. High linear energy transfer (LET) carbon ion irradiation deposits energy at a high density along a particle track, generating multiple types of DNA damage. Complex DNA lesions, comprising DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), single-strand breaks, and base damage within 1-2 helical turns (<3-4nm), are thought to be difficult to repair and critically influence cell viability. In addition to the effect of lesion complexity, the most recent studies have demonstrated another characteristic of high LET particle radiation-induced DNA damage, clustered DSBs. Clustered DSBs are defined as the formation of multiple DSBs in close proximity where the scale of clustering is approximately 1-2μm3, i.e., the scale of the event is estimated to be > ∼1Mbp. This chapter reviews the hallmarks of clustered DSBs and how such DNA damage influences genome instability and cell viability in the context of high LET carbon ion radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Shibata
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, GIAR, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.
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15
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Chaurasia RK, Shirsath KB, Desai UN, Bhat NN, Sapra BK. Establishment of in vitro Calibration Curve for 60Co-γ-rays Induced Phospho-53BP1 Foci, Rapid Biodosimetry and Initial Triage, and Comparative Evaluations With γH2AX and Cytogenetic Assays. Front Public Health 2022; 10:845200. [PMID: 36003625 PMCID: PMC9393360 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.845200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid and reliable method for biodosimetry of populations exposed to ionizing radiation in the event of an incident or accident is crucial for initial triage and medical attention. DNA-double strand breaks (DSBs) are indicative of radiation exposure, and DSB-repair proteins (53BP1, γH2AX, ATM, etc.) are considered sensitive markers of DSB quantification. Phospho-53BP1 and γH2AX immunofluorescence technique serves as a sensitive, reliable, and reproducible tool for the detection and quantification of DSB-repair proteins, which can be used for biological dose estimations. In this study, dose-response curves were generated for 60Co-γ-rays induced phospho-53 Binding Protein 1 (phospho-53BP1) foci at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h, post-irradiation for a dose range of 0.05–4 Gy using fluorescence microscopy. Following ISO recommendations, minimum detection limits (MDLs) were estimated to be 16, 18, 25, 40, 50, and 75 mGy for dose-response curves generated at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h post-irradiation. Colocalization and correlation of phospho-53BP1 and γH2AX were also measured in irradiated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) to gain dual confirmation. Comparative evaluation of the established curve was made by γH2AX-immunofluorescence, dicentric chromosome assay (DCA), and reciprocal translocation (RT) assays by reconstructing the dose of 6 dose-blinded samples. Coefficients of respective in-house established dose-response curves were employed to reconstruct the blind doses. Estimated doses were within the variation of 4.124%. For lower doses (0.052 Gy), phospho-53BP1 and γH2AX assays gave closer estimates with the variation of −4.1 to + 9% in comparison to cytogenetic assays, where variations were −8.5 to 24%. For higher doses (3 and 4 Gy), both the cytogenetic and immunofluorescence (phospho-53BP1 and γH2AX), assays gave comparable close estimates, with −11.3 to + 14.3% and −10.3 to −13.7%, variations, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Chaurasia
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
- *Correspondence: Rajesh Kumar Chaurasia
| | - Kapil B. Shirsath
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
| | - Utkarsha N. Desai
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
| | - Nagesh N. Bhat
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
- Nagesh N. Bhat
| | - B. K. Sapra
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
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16
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Liu Q, Huang Y, Duan M, Yang Q, Ren B, Tang F. Microglia as Therapeutic Target for Radiation-Induced Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158286. [PMID: 35955439 PMCID: PMC9368164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) after radiotherapy has become an increasingly important factor affecting the prognosis of patients with head and neck tumor. With the delivery of high doses of radiation to brain tissue, microglia rapidly transit to a pro-inflammatory phenotype, upregulate phagocytic machinery, and reduce the release of neurotrophic factors. Persistently activated microglia mediate the progression of chronic neuroinflammation, which may inhibit brain neurogenesis leading to the occurrence of neurocognitive disorders at the advanced stage of RIBI. Fully understanding the microglial pathophysiology and cellular and molecular mechanisms after irradiation may facilitate the development of novel therapy by targeting microglia to prevent RIBI and subsequent neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yan Huang
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Mengyun Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (M.D.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Qun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (M.D.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Boxu Ren
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Fengru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (F.T.)
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17
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Posypanova GA, Ratushnyak MG, Semochkina YP, Strepetov AN. Response of murine neural stem/progenitor cells to gamma-neutron radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1559-1570. [PMID: 35311625 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2055802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years, a growing number of studies have focused on the mechanisms of action of densely ionizing radiation. This is associated with the development of radiation therapy of tumors using accelerated ions. The use of densely ionizing radiation appears to be the most promising method, optimal for treating patients with severe radioresistant forms, such as widespread head and neck tumors, recurrent and metastatic tumors, and some forms of brain tumors. The goal of our study was to investigate the effects of gamma-neutron radiation on mouse neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs). METHODS NSCs/NPCs were isolated from neonatal mouse brains. Cells were irradiated in a collimated beam of neutrons and gamma rays of the IR-8 nuclear reactor. At 5 and 7 days after irradiation, cells and neurospheres were counted to assess survival. The number of DNA double-strand breaks and their repair efficiency were determined by immunocytochemical γH2AX staining followed by counting the number of γH2AX foci using a fluorescent microscope. RESULTS We observed a dose-dependent decrease in the survival of NSCs/NPCs after irradiation at doses above 100 mGy and stimulation of the proliferation of these cells at doses of 25 and 50 mGy. In terms of a decrease in cell survival, the effect of gamma-neutron irradiation significantly exceeded the effect of gamma irradiation: the maximum value of the relative biological efficiency for gamma-neutron irradiation comprised 9.7. Gamma-neutron irradiation led to the formation of double-strand DNA breaks detected by the formation of foci of histone γH2AX in the cell nuclei. The γH2AX foci formed after gamma-neutron irradiation of NSCs/NPCs at doses of 100-500 mGy were characterized by a larger size in comparison with foci induced by gamma irradiation and gamma-neutron irradiation at a dose of 50 mGy. The repair of double-strand DNA breaks induced by γ,n-irradiation was slow; the repair rate depended on the radiation dose. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained indicate high sensitivity of proliferating NSCs/NPCs to gamma-neutron radiation. High RBE of gamma-neutron radiation requires special measures to protect the neurogenic regions of the brain when using this type of radiation in radiation therapy.
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18
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Characterization of γ-H2AX foci formation under alpha particle and X-ray exposures for dose estimation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3761. [PMID: 35260639 PMCID: PMC8904799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) induction is one of the phenotypes of cellular damage from radiation exposure and is commonly quantified by γ-H2AX assay with the number of excess fluorescent foci per cell as the main component. However, the number of foci alone may not fully characterize the state of DNA damage following exposures to different radiation qualities. This study investigated the feasibility of utilizing the focus size distribution and dephosphorylation rate of γ-H2AX to identify the type of causative radiation and dose. Human lung epithelial cells and mouse vascular endothelial cells were used to observe the expression changes of γ-H2AX foci due to alpha particle and X-ray exposures. Results showed that the average number of excess foci per cell linearly increased with the dose. The focus size distribution showed a consistent pattern depending on the causative radiation type. Three criteria for the identification of causative radiation type were derived from experimental focus size distributions and were validated in blind testing with correct identification of 27 out of 32 samples. The dose could be estimated based on the proportionality constant specific to the identified radiation type with a difference of less than 15% from the actual value. The different dephosphorylation rates of γ-H2AX produced from alpha particle and X-ray exposures were effectively utilized to determine the individual dose contributions of alpha particles and X-rays under mixed beam exposure. Individual doses were estimated to have differences of less than ~ 12% from actual values.
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19
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DNA Damage Clustering after Ionizing Radiation and Consequences in the Processing of Chromatin Breaks. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051540. [PMID: 35268641 PMCID: PMC8911773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Charged-particle radiotherapy (CPRT) utilizing low and high linear energy transfer (low-/high-LET) ionizing radiation (IR) is a promising cancer treatment modality having unique physical energy deposition properties. CPRT enables focused delivery of a desired dose to the tumor, thus achieving a better tumor control and reduced normal tissue toxicity. It increases the overall radiation tolerance and the chances of survival for the patient. Further improvements in CPRT are expected from a better understanding of the mechanisms governing the biological effects of IR and their dependence on LET. There is increasing evidence that high-LET IR induces more complex and even clustered DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that are extremely consequential to cellular homeostasis, and which represent a considerable threat to genomic integrity. However, from the perspective of cancer management, the same DSB characteristics underpin the expected therapeutic benefit and are central to the rationale guiding current efforts for increased implementation of heavy ions (HI) in radiotherapy. Here, we review the specific cellular DNA damage responses (DDR) elicited by high-LET IR and compare them to those of low-LET IR. We emphasize differences in the forms of DSBs induced and their impact on DDR. Moreover, we analyze how the distinct initial forms of DSBs modulate the interplay between DSB repair pathways through the activation of DNA end resection. We postulate that at complex DSBs and DSB clusters, increased DNA end resection orchestrates an increased engagement of resection-dependent repair pathways. Furthermore, we summarize evidence that after exposure to high-LET IR, error-prone processes outcompete high fidelity homologous recombination (HR) through mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. Finally, we review the high-LET dependence of specific DDR-related post-translational modifications and the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. We believe that in-depth characterization of the biological effects that are specific to high-LET IR will help to establish predictive and prognostic signatures for use in future individualized therapeutic strategies, and will enhance the prospects for the development of effective countermeasures for improved radiation protection during space travel.
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20
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Kiffer FC, Luitel K, Tran FH, Patel RA, Guzman CS, Soler I, Xiao R, Shay JW, Yun S, Eisch AJ. Effects of a 33-ion sequential beam galactic cosmic ray analog on male mouse behavior and evaluation of CDDO-EA as a radiation countermeasure. Behav Brain Res 2022; 419:113677. [PMID: 34818568 PMCID: PMC9755463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In long-term spaceflight, astronauts will face unique cognitive loads and social challenges which will be complicated by communication delays with Earth. It is important to understand the central nervous system (CNS) effects of deep spaceflight and the associated unavoidable exposure to galactic cosmic radiation (GCR). Rodent studies show single- or simple-particle combination exposure alters CNS endpoints, including hippocampal-dependent behavior. An even better Earth-based simulation of GCR is now available, consisting of a 33-beam (33-GCR) exposure. However, the effect of whole-body 33-GCR exposure on rodent behavior is unknown, and no 33-GCR CNS countermeasures have been tested. Here astronaut-age-equivalent (6mo-old) C57BL/6J male mice were exposed to 33-GCR (75cGy, a Mars mission dose). Pre-/during/post-Sham or 33-GCR exposure, mice received a diet containing a 'vehicle' formulation alone or with the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory compound CDDO-EA as a potential countermeasure. Behavioral testing beginning 4mo post-irradiation suggested radiation and diet did not affect measures of exploration/anxiety-like behaviors (open field, elevated plus maze) or recognition of a novel object. However, in 3-Chamber Social Interaction (3-CSI), CDDO-EA/33-GCR mice failed to spend more time exploring a holder containing a novel mouse vs. a novel object (empty holder), suggesting sociability deficits. Also, Vehicle/33-GCR and CDDO-EA/Sham mice failed to discriminate between a novel stranger vs. familiarized stranger mouse, suggesting blunted preference for social novelty. CDDO-EA given pre-/during/post-irradiation did not attenuate the 33-GCR-induced blunting of preference for social novelty. Future elucidation of the mechanisms underlying 33-GCR-induced blunting of preference for social novelty will improve risk analysis for astronauts which may in-turn improve countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico C Kiffer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Krishna Luitel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, 75390
| | - Fionya H Tran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Riya A Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Catalina S Guzman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Ivan Soler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Biostatistics, CHOP Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, 75390
| | - Sanghee Yun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Amelia J Eisch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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21
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Dobešová L, Gier T, Kopečná O, Pagáčová E, Vičar T, Bestvater F, Toufar J, Bačíková A, Kopel P, Fedr R, Hildenbrand G, Falková I, Falk M, Hausmann M. Incorporation of Low Concentrations of Gold Nanoparticles: Complex Effects on Radiation Response and Fate of Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010166. [PMID: 35057061 PMCID: PMC8781406 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In oncology research, a long-standing discussion exists about pros and cons of metal nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy and real mechanisms behind the tumor cell response to irradiation (IR) in presence of gold nanoparticles (GNPs). A better understanding of this response is, however, necessary to develop more efficient and safety nanoparticle (NP) types designed to disturb specific processes in tumor cells. (2) Aims and Methods: We combined 3D confocal microscopy and super-resolution single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) to analyze, at the multiscale, the early and late effects of 10 nm-GNPs on DNA double strand break (DSB) induction and repair in tumor cells exposed to different doses of photonic low-LET (linear energy transfer) radiation. The results were correlated to different aspects of short and long-term cell viability. SkBr3 breast cancer cells (selected for the highest incidence of this cancer type among all cancers in women, and because most breast tumors are treated with IR) were incubated with low concentrations of GNPs and irradiated with 60Co γ-rays or 6 MV X-rays. In numerous post-irradiation (PI) times, ranging from 0.5 to 24 h PI, the cells were spatially (3D) fixed and labeled with specific antibodies against γH2AX, 53BP1 and H3K9me3. The extent of DSB induction, multi-parametric micro- and nano-morphology of γH2AX and 53BP1 repair foci, DSB repair kinetics, persistence of unrepaired DSBs, nanoscale clustering of γH2AX and nanoscale (hetero)chromatin re-organization were measured by means of the mentioned microscopy techniques in dependence of radiation dose and GNP concentration. (3) Results: The number of γH2AX/53BP1 signals increased after IR and an additional increase was observed in GNP-treated (GNP(+)) cells compared to untreated controls. However, this phenomenon reflected slight expansion of the G2-phase cell subpopulation in irradiated GNP(+) specimens instead of enhanced DNA damage induction by GNPs. This statement is further supported by some micro- and nano-morphological parameters of γH2AX/53BP1 foci, which slightly differed for cells irradiated in absence or presence of GNPs. At the nanoscale, Ripley’s distance frequency analysis of SMLM signal coordinate matrices also revealed relaxation of heterochromatin (H3K9me3) clusters upon IR. These changes were more prominent in presence of GNPs. The slight expansion of radiosensitive G2 cells correlated with mostly insignificant but systematic decrease in post-irradiation survival of GNP(+) cells. Interestingly, low GNP concentrations accelerated DSB repair kinetics; however, the numbers of persistent γH2AX/53BP1 repair foci were slightly increased in GNP(+) cells. (4) Conclusions: Low concentrations of 10-nm GNPs enhanced the G2/M cell cycle arrest and the proportion of radiosensitive G2 cells, but not the extent of DNA damage induction. GNPs also accelerated DSB repair kinetics and slightly increased presence of unrepaired γH2AX/53BP1 foci at 24 h PI. GNP-mediated cell effects correlated with slight radiosensitization of GNP(+) specimens, significant only for the highest radiation dose tested (4 Gy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Dobešová
- Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (O.K.); (E.P.); (J.T.); (A.B.); (R.F.); (I.F.)
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Theresa Gier
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.G.); (G.H.)
| | - Olga Kopečná
- Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (O.K.); (E.P.); (J.T.); (A.B.); (R.F.); (I.F.)
| | - Eva Pagáčová
- Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (O.K.); (E.P.); (J.T.); (A.B.); (R.F.); (I.F.)
| | - Tomáš Vičar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Felix Bestvater
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Jiří Toufar
- Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (O.K.); (E.P.); (J.T.); (A.B.); (R.F.); (I.F.)
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Bačíková
- Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (O.K.); (E.P.); (J.T.); (A.B.); (R.F.); (I.F.)
| | - Pavel Kopel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Radek Fedr
- Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (O.K.); (E.P.); (J.T.); (A.B.); (R.F.); (I.F.)
| | - Georg Hildenbrand
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.G.); (G.H.)
| | - Iva Falková
- Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (O.K.); (E.P.); (J.T.); (A.B.); (R.F.); (I.F.)
| | - Martin Falk
- Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.D.); (O.K.); (E.P.); (J.T.); (A.B.); (R.F.); (I.F.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (M.H.); Tel.: +420-728-084-060 (M.F.); +49-6221-549-824 (M.H.)
| | - Michael Hausmann
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.G.); (G.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (M.H.); Tel.: +420-728-084-060 (M.F.); +49-6221-549-824 (M.H.)
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22
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Vicar T, Gumulec J, Kolar R, Kopecna O, Pagacova E, Falkova I, Falk M. DeepFoci: Deep learning-based algorithm for fast automatic analysis of DNA double-strand break ionizing radiation-induced foci. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 19:6465-6480. [PMID: 34976305 PMCID: PMC8668444 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), marked by ionizing radiation-induced (repair) foci (IRIFs), are the most serious DNA lesions and are dangerous to human health. IRIF quantification based on confocal microscopy represents the most sensitive and gold-standard method in radiation biodosimetry and allows research on DSB induction and repair at the molecular and single-cell levels. In this study, we introduce DeepFoci - a deep learning-based fully automatic method for IRIF counting and morphometric analysis. DeepFoci is designed to work with 3D multichannel data (trained for 53BP1 and γH2AX) and uses U-Net for nucleus segmentation and IRIF detection, together with maximally stable extremal region-based IRIF segmentation. The proposed method was trained and tested on challenging datasets consisting of mixtures of nonirradiated and irradiated cells of different types and IRIF characteristics - permanent cell lines (NHDFs, U-87) and primary cell cultures prepared from tumors and adjacent normal tissues of head and neck cancer patients. The cells were dosed with 0.5-8 Gy γ-rays and fixed at multiple (0-24 h) postirradiation times. Under all circumstances, DeepFoci quantified the number of IRIFs with the highest accuracy among current advanced algorithms. Moreover, while the detection error of DeepFoci remained comparable to the variability between two experienced experts, the software maintained its sensitivity and fidelity across dramatically different IRIF counts per nucleus. In addition, information was extracted on IRIF 3D morphometric features and repair protein colocalization within IRIFs. This approach allowed multiparameter IRIF categorization of single- or multichannel data, thereby refining the analysis of DSB repair processes and classification of patient tumors, with the potential to identify specific cell subclones. The developed software improves IRIF quantification for various practical applications (radiotherapy monitoring, biodosimetry, etc.) and opens the door to advanced DSB focus analysis and, in turn, a better understanding of (radiation-induced) DNA damage and repair.
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Key Words
- 53BP1, P53-binding protein 1
- Biodosimetry
- CNN, convolutional neural network
- Confocal Microscopy
- Convolutional Neural Network
- DNA Damage and Repair
- DSB, DNA double-strand break
- Deep Learning
- FOV, field of view
- GUI, graphical user interface
- IRIF, ionizing radiation-induced (repair) foci
- Image Analysis
- Ionizing Radiation-Induced Foci (IRIFs)
- MSER, maximally stable extremal region (algorithm)
- Morphometry
- NHDFs, normal human dermal fibroblasts
- RAD51, DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1
- U-87, U-87 glioblastoma cell line
- γH2AX, histone H2AX phosphorylated at serine 139
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Vicar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, Brno, Czech Republic.,Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i, Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Kralovopolska 135, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Gumulec
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kolar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Kopecna
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i, Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Kralovopolska 135, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Pagacova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i, Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Kralovopolska 135, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Falkova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i, Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Kralovopolska 135, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Falk
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i, Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Kralovopolska 135, Brno, Czech Republic
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23
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Hausmann M, Hildenbrand G, Pilarczyk G. Networks and Islands of Genome Nano-architecture and Their Potential Relevance for Radiation Biology : (A Hypothesis and Experimental Verification Hints). Results Probl Cell Differ 2022; 70:3-34. [PMID: 36348103 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06573-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The cell nucleus is a complex biological system in which simultaneous reactions and functions take place to keep the cell as an individualized, specialized system running well. The cell nucleus contains chromatin packed in various degrees of density and separated in volumes of chromosome territories and subchromosomal domains. Between the chromatin, however, there is enough "free" space for floating RNA, proteins, enzymes, ATPs, ions, water molecules, etc. which are trafficking by super- and supra-diffusion to the interaction points where they are required. It seems that this trafficking works somehow automatically and drives the system perfectly. After exposure to ionizing radiation causing DNA damage from single base damage up to chromatin double-strand breaks, the whole system "cell nucleus" responds, and repair processes are starting to recover the fully functional and intact system. In molecular biology, many individual epigenetic pathways of DNA damage response or repair of single and double-strand breaks are described. How these responses are embedded into the response of the system as a whole is often out of the focus of consideration. In this article, we want to follow the hypothesis of chromatin architecture's impact on epigenetic pathways and vice versa. Based on the assumption that chromatin acts like an "aperiodic solid state within a limited volume," functionally determined networks and local topologies ("islands") can be defined that drive the appropriate repair process at a given damage site. Experimental results of investigations of the chromatin nano-architecture and DNA repair clusters obtained by means of single-molecule localization microscopy offer hints and perspectives that may contribute to verifying the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hausmann
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Georg Hildenbrand
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Götz Pilarczyk
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Avoidance or adaptation of radiotherapy in patients with cancer with Li-Fraumeni and heritable TP53-related cancer syndromes. Lancet Oncol 2021; 22:e562-e574. [PMID: 34856153 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The management of patients with cancer and Li-Fraumeni or heritable TP53-related cancer syndromes is complex because of their increased risk of developing second malignant neoplasms after genotoxic stresses such as systemic treatments or radiotherapy (radiosusceptibility). Clinical decision making also integrates the risks of normal tissue toxicity and sequelae (radiosensitivity) and tumour response to radiotherapy (radioresistance and radiocurability). Radiotherapy should be avoided in patients with cancer and Li-Fraumeni or heritable TP53 cancer-related syndromes, but overall prognosis might be poor without radiotherapy: radioresistance in these patients seems similar to or worse than that of the general population. Radiosensitivity in germline TP53 variant carriers seems similar to that in the general population. The risk of second malignant neoplasms according to germline TP53 variant and the patient's overall oncological prognosis should be assessed during specialised multidisciplinary staff meetings. Radiotherapy should be avoided whenever other similarly curative treatment options are available. In other cases, it should be adapted to minimise the risk of second malignant neoplasms in patients who still require radiotherapy despite its genotoxicity, in view of its potential benefit. Adaptations might be achieved through the reduction of irradiated volumes using proton therapy, non-ionising diagnostic procedures, image guidance, and minimal stray radiation. Non-ionising imaging should become more systematic. Radiotherapy approaches that might result in a lower probability of misrepaired DNA damage (eg, particle therapy biology and tumour targeting) are an area of investigation.
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25
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Topological Analysis of γH2AX and MRE11 Clusters Detected by Localization Microscopy during X-ray-Induced DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215561. [PMID: 34771723 PMCID: PMC8582740 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), known as the most severe damage in chromatin, were induced in breast cancer cells and normal skin fibroblasts by 2 Gy ionizing photon radiation. In response to DSB induction, phosphorylation of the histone variant H2AX to γH2AX was observed in the form of foci visualized by specific antibodies. By means of super-resolution single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), it has been recently shown in a first article about these data that these foci can be separated into clusters of about the same size (diameter ~400 nm). The number of clusters increased with the dose applied and decreased with the repair time. It has also been shown that during the repair period, antibody-labeled MRE11 clusters of about half of the γH2AX cluster diameter were formed inside several γH2AX clusters. MRE11 is part of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex, which is known as a DNA strand resection and broken-end bridging component in homologous recombination repair (HRR) and alternative non-homologous end joining (a-NHEJ). This article is a follow-up of the former ones applying novel procedures of mathematics (topology) and similarity measurements on the data set: to obtain a measure for cluster shape and shape similarities, topological quantifications employing persistent homology were calculated and compared. In addition, based on our findings that γH2AX clusters associated with heterochromatin show a high degree of similarity independently of dose and repair time, these earlier published topological analyses and similarity calculations comparing repair foci within individual cells were extended by topological data averaging (2nd-generation heatmaps) over all cells analyzed at a given repair time point; thereby, the two dimensions (0 and 1) expressed by components and holes were studied separately. Finally, these mean value heatmaps were averaged, in addition. For γH2AX clusters, in both normal fibroblast and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, an increased similarity was found at early time points (up to 60 min) after irradiation for both components and holes of clusters. In contrast, for MRE11, the peak in similarity was found at later time points (2 h up to 48 h) after irradiation. In general, the normal fibroblasts showed quicker phosphorylation of H2AX and recruitment of MRE11 to γH2AX clusters compared to breast cancer cells and a shorter time interval of increased similarity for γH2AX clusters. γH2AX foci and randomly distributed MRE11 molecules naturally occurring in non-irradiated control cells did not show any significant topological similarity.
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26
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van de Kamp G, Heemskerk T, Kanaar R, Essers J. DNA Double Strand Break Repair Pathways in Response to Different Types of Ionizing Radiation. Front Genet 2021; 12:738230. [PMID: 34659358 PMCID: PMC8514742 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.738230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The superior dose distribution of particle radiation compared to photon radiation makes it a promising therapy for the treatment of tumors. However, the cellular responses to particle therapy and especially the DNA damage response (DDR) is not well characterized. Compared to photons, particles are thought to induce more closely spaced DNA lesions instead of isolated lesions. How this different spatial configuration of the DNA damage directs DNA repair pathway usage, is subject of current investigations. In this review, we describe recent insights into induction of DNA damage by particle radiation and how this shapes DNA end processing and subsequent DNA repair mechanisms. Additionally, we give an overview of promising DDR targets to improve particle therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerarda van de Kamp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tim Heemskerk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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27
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Tatin X, Muggiolu G, Sauvaigo S, Breton J. Evaluation of DNA double-strand break repair capacity in human cells: Critical overview of current functional methods. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108388. [PMID: 34893153 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly deleterious lesions, responsible for mutagenesis, chromosomal translocation or cell death. DSB repair (DSBR) is therefore a critical part of the DNA damage response (DDR) to restore molecular and genomic integrity. In humans, this process is achieved through different pathways with various outcomes. The balance between DSB repair activities varies depending on cell types, tissues or individuals. Over the years, several methods have been developed to study variations in DSBR capacity. Here, we mainly focus on functional techniques, which provide dynamic information regarding global DSB repair proficiency or the activity of specific pathways. These methods rely on two kinds of approaches. Indirect techniques, such as pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the comet assay and immunofluorescence (IF), measure DSB repair capacity by quantifying the time-dependent decrease in DSB levels after exposure to a DNA-damaging agent. On the other hand, cell-free assays and reporter-based methods directly track the repair of an artificial DNA substrate. Each approach has intrinsic advantages and limitations and despite considerable efforts, there is currently no ideal method to quantify DSBR capacity. All techniques provide different information and can be regarded as complementary, but some studies report conflicting results. Parameters such as the type of biological material, the required equipment or the cost of analysis may also limit available options. Improving currently available methods measuring DSBR capacity would be a major step forward and we present direct applications in mechanistic studies, drug development, human biomonitoring and personalized medicine, where DSBR analysis may improve the identification of patients eligible for chemo- and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Tatin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France; LXRepair, 5 Avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | | | - Sylvie Sauvaigo
- LXRepair, 5 Avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Jean Breton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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28
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Hausmann M, Falk M, Neitzel C, Hofmann A, Biswas A, Gier T, Falkova I, Heermann DW, Hildenbrand G. Elucidation of the Clustered Nano-Architecture of Radiation-Induced DNA Damage Sites and Surrounding Chromatin in Cancer Cells: A Single Molecule Localization Microscopy Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3636. [PMID: 33807337 PMCID: PMC8037797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer therapy, the application of (fractionated) harsh radiation treatment is state of the art for many types of tumors. However, ionizing radiation is a "double-edged sword"-it can kill the tumor but can also promote the selection of radioresistant tumor cell clones or even initiate carcinogenesis in the normal irradiated tissue. Individualized radiotherapy would reduce these risks and boost the treatment, but its development requires a deep understanding of DNA damage and repair processes and the corresponding control mechanisms. DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and their repair play a critical role in the cellular response to radiation. In previous years, it has become apparent that, beyond genetic and epigenetic determinants, the structural aspects of damaged chromatin (i.e., not only of DSBs themselves but also of the whole damage-surrounding chromatin domains) form another layer of complex DSB regulation. In the present article, we summarize the application of super-resolution single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) for investigations of these structural aspects with emphasis on the relationship between the nano-architecture of radiation-induced repair foci (IRIFs), represented here by γH2AX foci, and their chromatin environment. Using irradiated HeLa cell cultures as an example, we show repair-dependent rearrangements of damaged chromatin and analyze the architecture of γH2AX repair clusters according to topological similarities. Although HeLa cells are known to have highly aberrant genomes, the topological similarity of γH2AX was high, indicating a functional, presumptively genome type-independent relevance of structural aspects in DSB repair. Remarkably, nano-scaled chromatin rearrangements during repair depended both on the chromatin domain type and the treatment. Based on these results, we demonstrate how the nano-architecture and topology of IRIFs and chromatin can be determined, point to the methodological relevance of SMLM, and discuss the consequences of the observed phenomena for the DSB repair network regulation or, for instance, radiation treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hausmann
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.N.); (A.B.); (T.G.); (G.H.)
| | - Martin Falk
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Charlotte Neitzel
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.N.); (A.B.); (T.G.); (G.H.)
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.H.); (D.W.H.)
| | - Abin Biswas
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.N.); (A.B.); (T.G.); (G.H.)
| | - Theresa Gier
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.N.); (A.B.); (T.G.); (G.H.)
| | - Iva Falkova
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Dieter W. Heermann
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.H.); (D.W.H.)
| | - Georg Hildenbrand
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.N.); (A.B.); (T.G.); (G.H.)
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Falk M, Hausmann M. A Paradigm Revolution or Just Better Resolution-Will Newly Emerging Superresolution Techniques Identify Chromatin Architecture as a Key Factor in Radiation-Induced DNA Damage and Repair Regulation? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:E18. [PMID: 33374540 PMCID: PMC7793109 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) have been recognized as the most serious lesions in irradiated cells. While several biochemical pathways capable of repairing these lesions have been identified, the mechanisms by which cells select a specific pathway for activation at a given DSB site remain poorly understood. Our knowledge of DSB induction and repair has increased dramatically since the discovery of ionizing radiation-induced foci (IRIFs), initiating the possibility of spatiotemporally monitoring the assembly and disassembly of repair complexes in single cells. IRIF exploration revealed that all post-irradiation processes-DSB formation, repair and misrepair-are strongly dependent on the characteristics of DSB damage and the microarchitecture of the whole affected chromatin domain in addition to the cell status. The microscale features of IRIFs, such as their morphology, mobility, spatiotemporal distribution, and persistence kinetics, have been linked to repair mechanisms. However, the influence of various biochemical and structural factors and their specific combinations on IRIF architecture remains unknown, as does the hierarchy of these factors in the decision-making process for a particular repair mechanism at each individual DSB site. New insights into the relationship between the physical properties of the incident radiation, chromatin architecture, IRIF architecture, and DSB repair mechanisms and repair efficiency are expected from recent developments in optical superresolution microscopy (nanoscopy) techniques that have shifted our ability to analyze chromatin and IRIF architectures towards the nanoscale. In the present review, we discuss this relationship, attempt to correlate still rather isolated nanoscale studies with already better-understood aspects of DSB repair at the microscale, and consider whether newly emerging "correlated multiscale structuromics" can revolutionarily enhance our knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Falk
- Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Hausmann
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
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30
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Geomagnetic Shielding Enhances Radiation Resistance by Promoting DNA Repair Process in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239304. [PMID: 33291307 PMCID: PMC7730591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of long-duration space explorations, ionizing radiation (IR) may pose a constant threat to astronauts without the protection of Earth’s magnetic field, or hypomagnetic field (HMF). However, the potential biological effects of a HMF on the cellular response to IR have not been well characterized so far. In this study, immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to X-rays under either a geomagnetic field (GMF, ~50 uT) or HMF (<50 nT) culture condition. A significant increase of the cell survival rate in HMF after radiation was observed by colony formation analysis. The kinetics of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), determined by γH2AX foci formation and disappearance, presented a faster decrease of foci-positive cells and a significantly lower mean number of γH2AX foci per nucleus in HMF-cultured cells than in GMF-cultured cells after radiation. In addition, a γH2AX/53BP1 colocalization assay showed an upregulated DSB recovery rate in HMF cultured cells. These findings provided the first evidence that HMF exposure may enhance the cellular DSB repair efficiency upon radiation, and consequently modulate the genotoxic effects of IR.
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Xu A, Li R, Ren A, Jian H, Huang Z, Zeng Q, Wang B, Zheng J, Chen X, Zheng N, Zheng R, Tian Y, Liu M, Mao Z, Ji A, Yuan Y. Regulatory coupling between long noncoding RNAs and senescence in irradiated microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:321. [PMID: 33109221 PMCID: PMC7592596 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia have been implicated in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI), which severely influences the quality of life during long-term survival. Recently, irradiated microglia were speculated to present an aging-like phenotype. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been recognized to regulate a wide spectrum of biological processes, including senescence; however, their potential role in irradiated microglia remains largely uncharacterized. Methods We used bioinformatics and experimental methods to identify and analyze the senescence phenotype of irradiated microglia. Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, immunofluorescence, and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were performed to clarify the relationship between the radiation-induced differentially expressed lncRNAs (RILs) and the distinctive molecular features of senescence in irradiated microglia. Results We found that the senescence of microglia could be induced using ionizing radiation (IR). A mutual regulation mode existed between RILs and three main features of the senescence phenotype in irradiated microglia: inflammation, the DNA damage response (DDR), and metabolism. Specifically, for inflammation, the expression of two selected RILs (ENSMUST00000190863 and ENSMUST00000130679) was dependent on the major inflammatory signaling pathways of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The two RILs modulated the activation of NF-κB/MAPK signaling and subsequent inflammatory cytokine secretion. For the DDR, differential severity of DNA damage altered the expression profiles of RILs. The selected RIL, ENSMUST00000130679, promoted the DDR. For metabolism, blockade of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-mediated lipogenesis attenuated the fold-change of several RILs induced by IR. Conclusions Our findings revealed that certain RILs interacted with senescence in irradiated microglia. RILs actively participated in the regulation of senescence features, suggesting that RILs could be promising intervention targets to treat RIBI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-020-02001-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anan Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No 78, Hengzhigang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No 78, Hengzhigang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Anbang Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No 78, Hengzhigang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Jian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No 78, Hengzhigang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No 78, Hengzhigang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxing Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No 78, Hengzhigang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Baiyao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No 78, Hengzhigang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieling Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No 78, Hengzhigang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No 78, Hengzhigang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Naiying Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No 78, Hengzhigang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghui Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No 78, Hengzhigang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhong Tian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No 78, Hengzhigang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzhong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No 78, Hengzhigang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixu Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aimin Ji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No 78, Hengzhigang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yawei Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No 78, Hengzhigang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Comparison of High- and Low-LET Radiation-Induced DNA Double-Strand Break Processing in Living Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186602. [PMID: 32917044 PMCID: PMC7555951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-linear-energy-transfer (LET) radiation is more lethal than similar doses of low-LET radiation types, probably a result of the condensed energy deposition pattern of high-LET radiation. Here, we compare high-LET α-particle to low-LET X-ray irradiation and monitor double-strand break (DSB) processing. Live-cell microscopy was used to monitor DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), marked by p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1). In addition, the accumulation of the endogenous 53BP1 and replication protein A (RPA) DSB processing proteins was analyzed by immunofluorescence. In contrast to α-particle-induced 53BP1 foci, X-ray-induced foci were resolved quickly and more dynamically as they showed an increase in 53BP1 protein accumulation and size. In addition, the number of individual 53BP1 and RPA foci was higher after X-ray irradiation, while focus intensity was higher after α-particle irradiation. Interestingly, 53BP1 foci induced by α-particles contained multiple RPA foci, suggesting multiple individual resection events, which was not observed after X-ray irradiation. We conclude that high-LET α-particles cause closely interspaced DSBs leading to high local concentrations of repair proteins. Our results point toward a change in DNA damage processing toward DNA end-resection and homologous recombination, possibly due to the depletion of soluble protein in the nucleoplasm. The combination of closely interspaced DSBs and perturbed DNA damage processing could be an explanation for the increased relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of high-LET α-particles compared to X-ray irradiation.
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Matsuya Y, Nakano T, Kai T, Shikazono N, Akamatsu K, Yoshii Y, Sato T. A Simplified Cluster Analysis of Electron Track Structure for Estimating Complex DNA Damage Yields. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051701. [PMID: 32131419 PMCID: PMC7084883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex DNA damage, defined as at least two vicinal lesions within 10-20 base pairs (bp), induced after exposure to ionizing radiation, is recognized as fatal damage to human tissue. Due to the difficulty of directly measuring the aggregation of DNA damage at the nano-meter scale, many cluster analyses of inelastic interactions based on Monte Carlo simulation for radiation track structure in liquid water have been conducted to evaluate DNA damage. Meanwhile, the experimental technique to detect complex DNA damage has evolved in recent decades, so both approaches with simulation and experiment get used for investigating complex DNA damage. During this study, we propose a simplified cluster analysis of ionization and electronic excitation events within 10 bp based on track structure for estimating complex DNA damage yields for electron and X-ray irradiations. We then compare the computational results with the experimental complex DNA damage coupled with base damage (BD) measured by enzymatic cleavage and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The computational results agree well with experimental fractions of complex damage yields, i.e., single and double strand breaks (SSBs, DSBs) and complex BD, when the yield ratio of BD/SSB is assumed to be 1.3. Considering the comparison of complex DSB yields, i.e., DSB + BD and DSB + 2BD, between simulation and experimental data, we find that the aggregation degree of the events along electron tracks reflects the complexity of induced DNA damage, showing 43.5% of DSB induced after 70 kVp X-ray irradiation can be classified as a complex form coupled with BD. The present simulation enables us to quantify the type of complex damage which cannot be measured through in vitro experiments and helps us to interpret the experimental detection efficiency for complex BD measured by AFM. This simple model for estimating complex DNA damage yields contributes to the precise understanding of the DNA damage complexity induced after X-ray and electron irradiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsuya
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Research Group for Radiation Transport Analysis, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Toshiaki Nakano
- Department of Quantum life Science, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 8-1-7 Umemidai, Kizugawa-shi, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kai
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Research Group for Radiation Transport Analysis, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Naoya Shikazono
- Department of Quantum life Science, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 8-1-7 Umemidai, Kizugawa-shi, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - Ken Akamatsu
- Department of Quantum life Science, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 8-1-7 Umemidai, Kizugawa-shi, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - Yuji Yoshii
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Sato
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Research Group for Radiation Transport Analysis, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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Chevalier F, Hamdi DH, Lepleux C, Temelie M, Nicol A, Austry JB, Lesueur P, Vares G, Savu D, Nakajima T, Saintigny Y. High LET Radiation Overcomes In Vitro Resistance to X-Rays of Chondrosarcoma Cell Lines. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 18:1533033819871309. [PMID: 31495269 PMCID: PMC6732854 DOI: 10.1177/1533033819871309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are malignant tumors of the cartilage that are chemoresistant and
radioresistant to X-rays. This restricts the treatment options essential to surgery. In
this study, we investigated the sensitivity of chondrosarcoma to X-rays and C-ions
in vitro. The sensitivity of 4 chondrosarcoma cell lines (SW1353,
CH2879, OUMS27, and L835) was determined by clonogenic survival assays and cell cycle
progression. In addition, biomarkers of DNA damage responses were analyzed in the SW1353
cell line. Chondrosarcoma cells showed a heterogeneous sensitivity toward irradiation.
Chondrosarcoma cell lines were more sensitive to C-ions exposure compared to X-rays. Using
D10 values, the relative biological effectiveness of C-ions was higher (relative
biological effectiveness = 5.5) with cells resistant to X-rays (CH2879) and lower
(relative biological effectiveness = 3.7) with sensitive cells (L835). C-ions induced more
G2 phase blockage and micronuclei in SW1353 cells as compared to X-rays with the same
doses. Persistent unrepaired DNA damage was also higher following C-ions irradiation.
These results indicate that chondrosarcoma cell lines displayed a heterogeneous response
to conventional radiation treatment; however, treatment with C-ions irradiation was more
efficient in killing chondrosarcoma cells, compared to X-rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Chevalier
- 1 CEA GANIL, Caen, France.,2 Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dounia Houria Hamdi
- 1 CEA GANIL, Caen, France.,2 Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Charlotte Lepleux
- 1 CEA GANIL, Caen, France.,2 Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Temelie
- 1 CEA GANIL, Caen, France.,2 Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania.,3 Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, Alsace, France
| | - Anaïs Nicol
- 3 Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, Alsace, France
| | | | - Paul Lesueur
- 4 Centre Francois Baclesse Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Caen, France
| | - Guillaume Vares
- 5 Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Diana Savu
- 2 Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
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Nickoloff JA, Sharma N, Taylor L. Clustered DNA Double-Strand Breaks: Biological Effects and Relevance to Cancer Radiotherapy. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E99. [PMID: 31952359 PMCID: PMC7017136 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells manage to survive, thrive, and divide with high accuracy despite the constant threat of DNA damage. Cells have evolved with several systems that efficiently repair spontaneous, isolated DNA lesions with a high degree of accuracy. Ionizing radiation and a few radiomimetic chemicals can produce clustered DNA damage comprising complex arrangements of single-strand damage and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). There is substantial evidence that clustered DNA damage is more mutagenic and cytotoxic than isolated damage. Radiation-induced clustered DNA damage has proven difficult to study because the spectrum of induced lesions is very complex, and lesions are randomly distributed throughout the genome. Nonetheless, it is fairly well-established that radiation-induced clustered DNA damage, including non-DSB and DSB clustered lesions, are poorly repaired or fail to repair, accounting for the greater mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of clustered lesions compared to isolated lesions. High linear energy transfer (LET) charged particle radiation is more cytotoxic per unit dose than low LET radiation because high LET radiation produces more clustered DNA damage. Studies with I-SceI nuclease demonstrate that nuclease-induced DSB clusters are also cytotoxic, indicating that this cytotoxicity is independent of radiogenic lesions, including single-strand lesions and chemically "dirty" DSB ends. The poor repair of clustered DSBs at least in part reflects inhibition of canonical NHEJ by short DNA fragments. This shifts repair toward HR and perhaps alternative NHEJ, and can result in chromothripsis-mediated genome instability or cell death. These principals are important for cancer treatment by low and high LET radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A. Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (N.S.); (L.T.)
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Zhong R, Hou L, Zhao Y, Wang T, Wang S, Wang M, Xu D, Sun Y. A 3D mixing-based portable magnetic device for fully automatic immunofluorescence staining of γ-H2AX in UVC-irradiated CD4 + cells. RSC Adv 2020; 10:29311-29319. [PMID: 35521108 PMCID: PMC9055984 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03925j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunofluorescence (IF) is a common method used in cell biology. The conventional protocol for IF staining is time and labor-intensive, operator dependent and reagent-consuming. Magnetic Bead (MB)-based microdevices are frequently utilized in cellular assays, but integration of simple and efficient mixing with downstream multi-step manipulation of MBs for automatic IF staining is still challenging. We herein present a portable, inexpensive and integratable device for MB-based automatic IF staining. First, a front-end cell capture step is performed using a 3D-mixing module, which is built upon a novel mechanism named ec-2MagRotors and generates periodically changing 3D magnetic fields. A 5-fold enhancement of cell capture efficiency was attained even with a low bead-to-cell concentration ratio (5 : 1), when conducting magnetic 3D mixing. Second, a 1D-moving module is employed downstream to automatically manipulate MB–cell complexes for IF staining. Further, a simplified protocol for staining of γ-H2AX, a biomarker widely used in evaluation of cell radiation damage, is presented for proof-of-principle study of the magnetic device. Using UVC-irradiated CD4+ cells as samples, our device achieved fully automatic γ-H2AX staining within 40 minutes at room temperature and showed a linear dose–response relationship. The developed portable magnetic device is automatic, efficient, cost-effective and simple-to-use, holding great potential for applications in different IF assays. A 3D mixing-based portable magnetic device to perform on-chip efficient cell capture and automatic intracellular immunofluorescence (IF) staining is presented.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Runtao Zhong
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology
- Dalian Maritime University
- Dalian 116026
- China
| | - Liangsheng Hou
- College of Marine Engineering
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian
- Dalian 116026
- China
| | - Yingbo Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology
- Dalian Maritime University
- Dalian 116026
- China
| | - Tianle Wang
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology
- Dalian Maritime University
- Dalian 116026
- China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology
- Dalian Maritime University
- Dalian 116026
- China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology
- Dalian Maritime University
- Dalian 116026
- China
| | - Dan Xu
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology
- Dalian Maritime University
- Dalian 116026
- China
| | - Yeqing Sun
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology
- Dalian Maritime University
- Dalian 116026
- China
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Scherthan H, Lee JH, Maus E, Schumann S, Muhtadi R, Chojowski R, Port M, Lassmann M, Bestvater F, Hausmann M. Nanostructure of Clustered DNA Damage in Leukocytes after In-Solution Irradiation with the Alpha Emitter Ra-223. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121877. [PMID: 31779276 PMCID: PMC6966434 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer patients are increasingly treated with alpha-particle-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. At the subcellular level, alpha particles induce densely spaced ionizations and molecular damage. Induction of DNA lesions, especially clustered DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), threatens a cell's survival. Currently, it is under debate to what extent the spatial topology of the damaged chromatin regions and the repair protein arrangements are contributing. METHODS Super-resolution light microscopy (SMLM) in combination with cluster analysis of single molecule signal-point density regions of DSB repair markers was applied to investigate the nano-structure of DNA damage foci tracks of Ra-223 in-solution irradiated leukocytes. RESULTS Alpha-damaged chromatin tracks were efficiently outlined by γ-H2AX that formed large (super) foci composed of numerous 60-80 nm-sized nano-foci. Alpha damage tracks contained 60-70% of all γ-H2AX point signals in a nucleus, while less than 30% of 53BP1, MRE11 or p-ATM signals were located inside γ-H2AX damage tracks. MRE11 and p-ATM protein fluorescent tags formed focal nano-clusters of about 20 nm peak size. There were, on average, 12 (± 9) MRE11 nanoclusters in a typical γ-H2AX-marked alpha track, suggesting a minimal number of MRE11-processed DSBs per track. Our SMLM data suggest regularly arranged nano-structures during DNA repair in the damaged chromatin domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Scherthan
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, University of Ulm, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 München, Germany; (J.-H.L.); (E.M.); (R.M.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (M.H.); Tel.: +49-89-992692-2272 (H.S.); +49-6221-549824 (M.H.)
| | - Jin-Ho Lee
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, University of Ulm, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 München, Germany; (J.-H.L.); (E.M.); (R.M.); (M.P.)
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Emanuel Maus
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, University of Ulm, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 München, Germany; (J.-H.L.); (E.M.); (R.M.); (M.P.)
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Sarah Schumann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Razan Muhtadi
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, University of Ulm, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 München, Germany; (J.-H.L.); (E.M.); (R.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Robert Chojowski
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Matthias Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, University of Ulm, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 München, Germany; (J.-H.L.); (E.M.); (R.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Michael Lassmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Felix Bestvater
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Michael Hausmann
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (M.H.); Tel.: +49-89-992692-2272 (H.S.); +49-6221-549824 (M.H.)
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The Impact of Dose Rate on DNA Double-Strand Break Formation and Repair in Human Lymphocytes Exposed to Fast Neutron Irradiation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215350. [PMID: 31661782 PMCID: PMC6862539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of information on how biological systems respond to low-dose and low dose-rate exposures makes it difficult to accurately assess the carcinogenic risks. This is of critical importance to space radiation, which remains a serious concern for long-term manned space exploration. In this study, the γ-H2AX foci assay was used to follow DNA double-strand break (DSB) induction and repair following exposure to neutron irradiation, which is produced as secondary radiation in the space environment. Human lymphocytes were exposed to high dose-rate (HDR: 0.400 Gy/min) and low dose-rate (LDR: 0.015 Gy/min) p(66)/Be(40) neutrons. DNA DSB induction was investigated 30 min post exposure to neutron doses ranging from 0.125 to 2 Gy. Repair kinetics was studied at different time points after a 1 Gy neutron dose. Our results indicated that γ-H2AX foci formation was 40% higher at HDR exposure compared to LDR exposure. The maximum γ-H2AX foci levels decreased gradually to 1.65 ± 0.64 foci/cell (LDR) and 1.29 ± 0.45 (HDR) at 24 h postirradiation, remaining significantly higher than background levels. This illustrates a significant effect of dose rate on neutron-induced DNA damage. While no significant difference was observed in residual DNA damage after 24 h, the DSB repair half-life of LDR exposure was slower than that of HDR exposure. The results give a first indication that the dose rate should be taken into account for cancer risk estimations related to neutrons.
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Schwarz B, Friedl AA, Girst S, Dollinger G, Reindl J. Nanoscopic analysis of 53BP1, BRCA1 and Rad51 reveals new insights in temporal progression of DNA-repair and pathway choice. Mutat Res 2019; 816-818:111675. [PMID: 31302572 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2019.111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation and spatial distribution of 53BP1, BRCA1 and Rad51, key proteins in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, was investigated with high temporal resolution over a time span of 24 h, using STED nanoscopy. DNA lesions were induced by irradiation with high-LET (linear energy transfer) α-particles. We show that 53BP1 IRIF formation occurs quickly in almost all cells and after about 6 h the fraction of 53BP1 IRIF positive cells slowly declines. Against the expectations BRCA1 and Rad51 IRIF formation is only shortly delayed but with the maximum of cells showing foci after 6 and 8 h after irradiation. At this stage, almost all IRIF in a given Rad51-positive cell show Rad51 accumulation, suggesting that repair via homologous recombination is attempted at almost all residual DSB sites. The frequency of BRCA1 IRIF positive cells increases much earlier and remains high after Rad51 positive cells start to decline, supporting models claiming that functional roles of BRCA1 change over time. Correlation analysis showed a high degree of correlation of Rad51 with BRCA1, while the exclusion of 53BP1 from the actual resection-zone is demonstrated by anti-correlation of Rad51 and 53BP1. Interestingly, these correlation and anti-correlation patterns exhibit complementary temporal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schwarz
- Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universitaet der Bundeswehr Muenchen, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany.
| | - Anna A Friedl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Girst
- Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universitaet der Bundeswehr Muenchen, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Günther Dollinger
- Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universitaet der Bundeswehr Muenchen, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Judith Reindl
- Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universitaet der Bundeswehr Muenchen, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
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40
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Kratochvílová I, Kopečná O, Bačíková A, Pagáčová E, Falková I, Follett SE, Elliott KW, Varga K, Golan M, Falk M. Changes in Cryopreserved Cell Nuclei Serve as Indicators of Processes during Freezing and Thawing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7496-7508. [PMID: 30339402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying cell protection from cryoinjury are not yet fully understood. Recent biological studies have addressed cryopreserved cell survival but have not correlated the cryoprotection effectiveness with the impact of cryoprotectants on the most important cell structure, the nucleus, and the freeze/thaw process. We identified changes of cell nuclei states caused by different types of cryoprotectants and associate them with alterations of the freeze/thaw process in cells. Namely, we investigated both higher-order chromatin structure and nuclear envelope integrity as possible markers of freezing and thawing processes. Moreover, we analyzed in detail the relationship between nuclear envelope integrity, chromatin condensation, freeze/thaw processes in cells, and cryopreservation efficiency for dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, trehalose, and antifreeze protein. Our interdisciplinary study reveals how changes in cell nuclei induced by cryoprotectants affect the ability of cells to withstand freezing and thawing and how nuclei changes correlate with processes during freezing and thawing. Our results contribute to the deeper fundamental understanding of the freezing processes, notably in the cell nucleus, which will expand the applications and lead to the rational design of cryoprotective materials and protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kratochvílová
- Institute of Physics, v.v.i. , Czech Academy of Sciences , Na Slovance 2 , CZ-182 21 Prague 8 , Czech Republic
| | - Olga Kopečná
- Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i. , Czech Academy of Sciences , Královopolská 135 , CZ-612 65 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Alena Bačíková
- Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i. , Czech Academy of Sciences , Královopolská 135 , CZ-612 65 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Eva Pagáčová
- Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i. , Czech Academy of Sciences , Královopolská 135 , CZ-612 65 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Iva Falková
- Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i. , Czech Academy of Sciences , Královopolská 135 , CZ-612 65 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Shelby E Follett
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wyoming , 1000 E. University Avenue , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
| | - K Wade Elliott
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences , University of New Hampshire , 46 College Road , Durham , New Hampshire 03824 , United States
| | - Krisztina Varga
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences , University of New Hampshire , 46 College Road , Durham , New Hampshire 03824 , United States
| | - Martin Golan
- Institute of Physics, v.v.i. , Czech Academy of Sciences , Na Slovance 2 , CZ-182 21 Prague 8 , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Falk
- Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i. , Czech Academy of Sciences , Královopolská 135 , CZ-612 65 Brno , Czech Republic
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41
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Pagáčová E, Štefančíková L, Schmidt-Kaler F, Hildenbrand G, Vičar T, Depeš D, Lee JH, Bestvater F, Lacombe S, Porcel E, Roux S, Wenz F, Kopečná O, Falková I, Hausmann M, Falk M. Challenges and Contradictions of Metal Nano-Particle Applications for Radio-Sensitivity Enhancement in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030588. [PMID: 30704035 PMCID: PMC6387067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
From the very beginnings of radiotherapy, a crucial question persists with how to target the radiation effectiveness into the tumor while preserving surrounding tissues as undamaged as possible. One promising approach is to selectively pre-sensitize tumor cells by metallic nanoparticles. However, though the "physics" behind nanoparticle-mediated radio-interaction has been well elaborated, practical applications in medicine remain challenging and often disappointing because of limited knowledge on biological mechanisms leading to cell damage enhancement and eventually cell death. In the present study, we analyzed the influence of different nanoparticle materials (platinum (Pt), and gold (Au)), cancer cell types (HeLa, U87, and SKBr3), and doses (up to 4 Gy) of low-Linear Energy Transfer (LET) ionizing radiation (γ- and X-rays) on the extent, complexity and reparability of radiation-induced γH2AX + 53BP1 foci, the markers of double stand breaks (DSBs). Firstly, we sensitively compared the focus presence in nuclei during a long period of time post-irradiation (24 h) in spatially (three-dimensionally, 3D) fixed cells incubated and non-incubated with Pt nanoparticles by means of high-resolution immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The data were compared with our preliminary results obtained for Au nanoparticles and recently published results for gadolinium (Gd) nanoparticles of approximately the same size (2⁻3 nm). Next, we introduced a novel super-resolution approach-single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM)-to study the internal structure of the repair foci. In these experiments, 10 nm Au nanoparticles were used that could be also visualized by SMLM. Altogether, the data show that different nanoparticles may or may not enhance radiation damage to DNA, so multi-parameter effects have to be considered to better interpret the radiosensitization. Based on these findings, we discussed on conclusions and contradictions related to the effectiveness and presumptive mechanisms of the cell radiosensitization by nanoparticles. We also demonstrate that SMLM offers new perspectives to study internal structures of repair foci with the goal to better evaluate potential differences in DNA damage patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pagáčová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Štefančíková
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
| | - Franz Schmidt-Kaler
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Georg Hildenbrand
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Tomáš Vičar
- Brno University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technická 3082/12, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniel Depeš
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jin-Ho Lee
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Felix Bestvater
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sandrine Lacombe
- Institute des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
| | - Erika Porcel
- Institute des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
| | - Stéphane Roux
- Institute UTINAM, UMR CNRS 6213-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25020 Besançon Cedex, France.
| | - Frederik Wenz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Olga Kopečná
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Iva Falková
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Michael Hausmann
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Martin Falk
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Recruitment of 53BP1 Proteins for DNA Repair and Persistence of Repair Clusters Differ for Cell Types as Detected by Single Molecule Localization Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123713. [PMID: 30469529 PMCID: PMC6321197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double stranded breaks (DSBs) are the most serious type of lesions introduced into chromatin by ionizing radiation. During DSB repair, cells recruit different proteins to the damaged sites in a manner dependent on local chromatin structure, DSB location in the nucleus, and the repair pathway entered. 53BP1 is one of the important players participating in repair pathway decision of the cell. Although many molecular biology details have been investigated, the architecture of 53BP1 repair foci and its development during the post-irradiation time, especially the period of protein recruitment, remains to be elucidated. Super-resolution light microscopy is a powerful new tool to approach such studies in 3D-conserved cell nuclei. Recently, we demonstrated the applicability of single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) as one of these highly resolving methods for analyses of dynamic repair protein distribution and repair focus internal nano-architecture in intact cell nuclei. In the present study, we focused our investigation on 53BP1 foci in differently radio-resistant cell types, moderately radio-resistant neonatal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and highly radio-resistant U87 glioblastoma cells, exposed to high-LET 15N-ion radiation. At given time points up to 24 h post irradiation with doses of 1.3 Gy and 4.0 Gy, the coordinates and spatial distribution of fluorescently tagged 53BP1 molecules was quantitatively evaluated at the resolution of 10⁻20 nm. Clusters of these tags were determined as sub-units of repair foci according to SMLM parameters. The formation and relaxation of such clusters was studied. The higher dose generated sufficient numbers of DNA breaks to compare the post-irradiation dynamics of 53BP1 during DSB processing for the cell types studied. A perpendicular (90°) irradiation scheme was used with the 4.0 Gy dose to achieve better separation of a relatively high number of particle tracks typically crossing each nucleus. For analyses along ion-tracks, the dose was reduced to 1.3 Gy and applied in combination with a sharp angle irradiation (10° relative to the cell plane). The results reveal a higher ratio of 53BP1 proteins recruited into SMLM defined clusters in fibroblasts as compared to U87 cells. Moreover, the speed of foci and thus cluster formation and relaxation also differed for the cell types. In both NHDF and U87 cells, a certain number of the detected and functionally relevant clusters remained persistent even 24 h post irradiation; however, the number of these clusters again varied for the cell types. Altogether, our findings indicate that repair cluster formation as determined by SMLM and the relaxation (i.e., the remaining 53BP1 tags no longer fulfill the cluster definition) is cell type dependent and may be functionally explained and correlated to cell specific radio-sensitivity. The present study demonstrates that SMLM is a highly appropriate method for investigations of spatiotemporal protein organization in cell nuclei and how it influences the cell decision for a particular repair pathway at a given DSB site.
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Paunesku T, Woloschak G. Reflections on Basic Science Studies Involving Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation. HEALTH PHYSICS 2018; 115:623-627. [PMID: 30260853 PMCID: PMC6226262 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of health effects of low doses of radiation as a field of study has been riddled with difficulties since its inception. In this document we will use 100 mGy as the cutoff upper limit for low-dose radiation, borrowing this definition from the U.S. Department of Energy, although other agencies and researchers sometimes include up to five-fold higher doses under the same title. Difficulties in this area of research are most often ascribed to the fact that effects of low doses of radiation are subtle and difficult to distinguish from the plethora of other low-grade stresses. Thus, for example, most epidemiological studies include hundreds of thousands of samples and generate risk estimates that are statistically meaningful only when they are considered on a scale of hundreds or thousands of people. A logical approach to remedy the situation for low-dose research was to conduct well-controlled animal studies with hundreds of animals; nevertheless, even after many such studies were completed, our understanding of the biological basis for risk from low-dose radiation exposure is still not conclusive. In this paper we argue that the problem lies in the fact that our approach to animal studies is not comprehensive but conceptually binary. While some researchers apply epidemiological models to animal data, others look into molecular and cellular biology only. Very few studies are conducted to bridge this gap and consider how a realistic model of DNA damage could be integrated into a realistic model of radiation carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gayle Woloschak
- Tarry Building Room 4-760, 300 E Superior, Chicago, IL 60611
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44
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DNA damage interactions on both nanometer and micrometer scale determine overall cellular damage. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16063. [PMID: 30375461 PMCID: PMC6207695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSB) play a pivotal role for cellular damage, which is a hazard encountered in toxicology and radiation protection, but also exploited e.g. in eradicating tumors in radiation therapy. It is still debated whether and in how far clustering of such DNA lesions leads to an enhanced severity of induced damage. Here we investigate - using focused spots of ionizing radiation as damaging agent - the spatial extension of DNA lesion patterns causing cell inactivation. We find that clustering of DNA damage on both the nm and µm scale leads to enhanced inactivation compared to more homogeneous lesion distributions. A biophysical model interprets these observations in terms of enhanced DSB production and DSB interaction, respectively. We decompose the overall effects quantitatively into contributions from these lesion formation processes, concluding that both processes coexist and need to be considered for determining the resulting damage on the cellular level.
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45
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Hellweg CE, Chishti AA, Diegeler S, Spitta LF, Henschenmacher B, Baumstark-Khan C. Molecular Signaling in Response to Charged Particle Exposures and its Importance in Particle Therapy. Int J Part Ther 2018; 5:60-73. [PMID: 31773020 PMCID: PMC6871585 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-18-00016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Energetic, charged particles elicit an orchestrated DNA damage response (DDR) during their traversal through healthy tissues and tumors. Complex DNA damage formation, after exposure to high linear energy transfer (LET) charged particles, results in DNA repair foci formation, which begins within seconds. More protein modifications occur after high-LET, compared with low-LET, irradiation. Charged-particle exposure activates several transcription factors that are cytoprotective or cytodestructive, or that upregulate cytokine and chemokine expression, and are involved in bystander signaling. Molecular signaling for a survival or death decision in different tumor types and healthy tissues should be studied as prerequisite for shaping sensitizing and protective strategies. Long-term signaling and gene expression changes were found in various tissues of animals exposed to charged particles, and elucidation of their role in chronic and late effects of charged-particle therapy will help to develop effective preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Hellweg
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Köln, Germany
| | - Arif Ali Chishti
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Köln, Germany
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sebastian Diegeler
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Köln, Germany
| | - Luis F. Spitta
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Köln, Germany
| | - Bernd Henschenmacher
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Köln, Germany
| | - Christa Baumstark-Khan
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Köln, Germany
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46
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Friis I, Solov’yov IA. Activation of the DNA-repair mechanism through NBS1 and MRE11 diffusion. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006362. [PMID: 30052627 PMCID: PMC6082579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-homologous end joining of a DNA double strand break is initiated by the MRE11-NBS1-RAD50 complex whose subunits are the first three proteins to arrive to the breakage site thereby making the recruitment time of MRE11, NBS1 and RAD50 essential for cell survival. In the present investigation, the nature of MRE11 and NBS1 transportation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, hosting the damaged DNA strand, is hypothesized to be a passive diffusive process. The feasibility of such a mechanism is addressed through theoretical and computational approaches which permit establishing the characteristic recruitment time of MRE11 and NBS1 by the nucleus. A computational model of a cell is constructed from a set of biological parameters and the kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm is used to simulate the diffusing MRE11 and NBS1 particles as a random walk process. To accurately describe the experimented data, it is discovered that MRE11 and NBS1 should start diffusion from significantly different starting positions which suggests that diffusion might not be the only transport mechanism of repair protein recruitment to the DNA break. The DNA repair mechanism is crucial for a cell to avoid apoptosis, and is a complicated process involving many different repair proteins. The mean of transportation of these repair proteins is largely unknown as their transportation mechanisms need clarification. We have focused on the transportation of some of the first proteins to arrive to the damaged DNA from the cytoplasm, namely the MRE11 and NBS1. Our hypothesis of diffusion as the transportation mechanism of MRE11 and NBS1 is tested against a theoretical model as well as simulation data and experiments, revealing a possibility for diffusion to be the method of recruiting MRE11 and NBS1 to the DNA break.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Friis
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- * E-mail: (IF); (IAS)
| | - Ilia A. Solov’yov
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- On leave from the Ioffe Institute, Politechnicheskaya Str. 26, 94021, St. Petersburg, Russia
- * E-mail: (IF); (IAS)
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