1
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Goldmann C, Chaâbani W, Hotton C, Impéror-Clerc M, Moncomble A, Constantin D, Alloyeau D, Hamon C. Confinement Effects on the Structure of Entropy-Induced Supercrystals. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303380. [PMID: 37386818 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Depletion-induced self-assembly is routinely used to separate plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) of different shapes, but less often for its ability to create supercrystals (SCs) in suspension. Therefore, these plasmonic assemblies have not yet reached a high level of maturity and their in-depth characterization by a combination of in situ techniques is still very much needed. In this work, gold triangles (AuNTs) and silver nanorods (AgNRs) are assembled by depletion-induced self-assembly. Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the AuNTs and AgNRs form 3D and 2D hexagonal lattices in bulk, respectively. The colloidal crystals are also imaged by in situ Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy. Under confinement, the affinity of the NPs for the liquid cell windows reduces their ability to stack perpendicularly to the membrane and lead to SCs with a lower dimensionality than their bulk counterparts. Moreover, extended beam irradiation leads to disassembly of the lattices, which is well described by a model accounting for the desorption kinetics highlighting the key role of the NP-membrane interaction in the structural properties of SCs in the liquid-cell. The results shed light on the reconfigurability of NP superlattices obtained by depletion-induced self-assembly, which can rearrange under confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Goldmann
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Wajdi Chaâbani
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Claire Hotton
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Marianne Impéror-Clerc
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Adrien Moncomble
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Doru Constantin
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67034, France
| | - Damien Alloyeau
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Cyrille Hamon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay, 91405, France
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2
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Vratsanos M, Xue W, Rosenmann ND, Zarzar LD, Gianneschi NC. Ouzo Effect Examined at the Nanoscale via Direct Observation of Droplet Nucleation and Morphology. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:457-465. [PMID: 36968532 PMCID: PMC10037490 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present the direct observation via liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LPTEM) of the nucleation and growth pathways of structures formed by the so-called "ouzo effect", which is a classic example of surfactant-free, spontaneous emulsification. Such liquid-liquid phase separation occurs in ternary systems with an appropriate cosolvent such that the addition of the third component extracts the cosolvent and makes the other component insoluble. Such droplets are homogeneously sized, stable, and require minimal energy to disperse compared to conventional emulsification methods. Thus, ouzo precipitation processes are an attractive, straightforward, and energy-efficient technique for preparing dispersions, especially those made on an industrial scale. While this process and the resulting emulsions have been studied by numerous indirect techniques (e.g., X-ray and light scattering), direct observation of such structures and their formation at the nanoscale has remained elusive. Here, we employed the nascent technique of LPTEM to simultaneously evaluate droplet growth and nanostructure. Observation of such emulsification and its rate dependence is a promising indication that similar LPTEM methodologies may be used to investigate emulsion formation and kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria
A. Vratsanos
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wangyang Xue
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nathan D. Rosenmann
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lauren D. Zarzar
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials
Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chemistry
of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of
Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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3
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Kelly DF, DiCecco LA, Jonaid GM, Dearnaley WJ, Spilman MS, Gray JL, Dressel-Dukes MJ. Liquid-EM goes viral - visualizing structure and dynamics. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 75:102426. [PMID: 35868163 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-electron microscopy (EM), the room temperature correlate to cryo-EM, is an exciting new technique delivering real-time data of dynamic reactions in solution. Here, we explain how liquid-EM gained popularity in recent years by examining key experiments conducted on viral assemblies and host-pathogen interactions. We describe developing workflows for specimen preparation, data collection, and computing processes that led to the first high-resolution virus structures in a liquid environment. Equally important, we review why liquid-electron tomography may become the next big thing in biomedical research due to its ability to monitor live viruses entering cells within seconds. Taken together, we pose the idea that liquid-EM can serve as a dynamic complement to current cryo-EM methods, inspiring the "real-time revolution" in nanoscale imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah F Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Structural Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Liza-Anastasia DiCecco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada. https://twitter.com/LizaDiCecco
| | - G M Jonaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Structural Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate Program, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - William J Dearnaley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Structural Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. https://twitter.com/PennStateMRI
| | - Michael S Spilman
- Direct Electron, LP, San Diego, CA 92128, USA. https://twitter.com/DirectElectron
| | - Jennifer L Gray
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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4
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Jonaid GM, Casasanta MA, Dearnaley WJ, Berry S, Kaylor L, Dressel-Dukes MJ, Spilman MS, Gray JL, Kelly DF. Automated Tools to Advance High-Resolution Imaging in Liquid. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-10. [PMID: 35048845 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621013921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-electron microscopy (EM), the room-temperature correlate to cryo-EM, is a rapidly growing field providing high-resolution insights of macromolecules in solution. Here, we describe how liquid-EM experiments can incorporate automated tools to propel the field to new heights. We demonstrate fresh workflows for specimen preparation, data collection, and computing processes to assess biological structures in liquid. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) and the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) were used as model systems to highlight the technical advances. These complexes were selected based on their major differences in size and natural symmetry. AAV is a highly symmetric, icosahedral assembly with a particle diameter of ~25 nm. At the other end of the spectrum, N protein is an asymmetric monomer or dimer with dimensions of approximately 5–7 nm, depending upon its oligomerization state. Equally important, both AAV and N protein are popular subjects in biomedical research due to their high value in vaccine development and therapeutic efforts against COVID-19. Overall, we demonstrate how automated practices in liquid-EM can be used to decode molecules of interest for human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Jonaid
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate Program, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
- Center for Structural Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
| | - Michael A Casasanta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
- Center for Structural Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
| | - William J Dearnaley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
- Center for Structural Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
| | - Samantha Berry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
- Center for Structural Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
| | - Liam Kaylor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
- Center for Structural Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Biosciences Graduate Program, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer L Gray
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
| | - Deborah F Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
- Center for Structural Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
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5
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Rizvi A, Mulvey JT, Patterson JP. Observation of Liquid-Liquid-Phase Separation and Vesicle Spreading during Supported Bilayer Formation via Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:10325-10332. [PMID: 34890211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM) enables the real-time visualization of nanoscale dynamics in solution. This technique has been used to study the formation and transformation mechanisms of organic and inorganic nanomaterials. Here, we study the formation of block-copolymer-supported bilayers using LP-TEM. We observe two formation pathways that involve either liquid droplets or vesicles as intermediates toward supported bilayers. Quantitative image analysis methods are used to characterize vesicle spread rates and show the origin of defect formation in supported bilayers. Our results suggest that bilayer assembly methods that proceed via liquid droplet intermediates should be beneficial for forming pristine supported bilayers. Furthermore, supported bilayers inside the liquid cells may be used to image membrane interactions with proteins and nanoparticles in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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6
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Khelfa A, Nelayah J, Amara H, Wang G, Ricolleau C, Alloyeau D. Quantitative In Situ Visualization of Thermal Effects on the Formation of Gold Nanocrystals in Solution. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102514. [PMID: 34338365 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding temperature effects in nanochemistry requires real-time in situ measurements because this key parameter of wet-chemical synthesis simultaneously influences the kinetics of chemical reactions and the thermodynamic equilibrium of nanomaterials in solution. Here, temperature-controlled liquid cell transmission electron microscopy is exploited to directly image the radiolysis-driven formation of gold nanoparticles between 25 °C and 85 °C and provide a deeper understanding of the atomic-scale processes determining the size and shape of gold colloids. By quantitatively comparing the nucleation and growth rates of colloidal assemblies with classical models for nanocrystal formation, it is shown that the increase of the molecular diffusion and the solubility of gold governs the drastic changes in the formation dynamics of nanostructures in solution with temperature. In contraction with the common view of coarsening processes in solution, it is also demonstrated that the dissolution of nanoparticles and thus the Ostwald ripening is not only driven by size effects. Furthermore, visualizing thermal effects on faceting processes at the single nanoparticle level reveals how the competition between the growth speed and the surface diffusion dictates the final shape of nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelali Khelfa
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris - CNRS, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Jaysen Nelayah
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris - CNRS, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Hakim Amara
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris - CNRS, Paris, 75013, France
- Laboratoire d'Études des Microstructures, ONERA - CNRS - Université Paris Saclay, Chatillon, 92320, France
| | - Guillaume Wang
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris - CNRS, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Christian Ricolleau
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris - CNRS, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Damien Alloyeau
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris - CNRS, Paris, 75013, France
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7
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Rizvi A, Mulvey JT, Carpenter BP, Talosig R, Patterson JP. A Close Look at Molecular Self-Assembly with the Transmission Electron Microscope. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14232-14280. [PMID: 34329552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembly is pervasive in the formation of living and synthetic materials. Knowledge gained from research into the principles of molecular self-assembly drives innovation in the biological, chemical, and materials sciences. Self-assembly processes span a wide range of temporal and spatial domains and are often unintuitive and complex. Studying such complex processes requires an arsenal of analytical and computational tools. Within this arsenal, the transmission electron microscope stands out for its unique ability to visualize and quantify self-assembly structures and processes. This review describes the contribution that the transmission electron microscope has made to the field of molecular self-assembly. An emphasis is placed on which TEM methods are applicable to different structures and processes and how TEM can be used in combination with other experimental or computational methods. Finally, we provide an outlook on the current challenges to, and opportunities for, increasing the impact that the transmission electron microscope can have on molecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Brooke P Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Rain Talosig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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8
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Sun Z, Yang J, Li H, Wang C, Fletcher C, Li J, Zhan Y, Du L, Wang F, Jiang Y. Progress in the research of nanomaterial-based exosome bioanalysis and exosome-based nanomaterials tumor therapy. Biomaterials 2021; 274:120873. [PMID: 33989972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes and their internal components have been proven to play critical roles in cell-cell interactions and intrinsic cellular regulations, showing promising prospects in both biomedical and clinical fields. Although conventional methods have so far been utilized to great effect, accurate bioanalysis remains a major challenge. In recent years, the fast-paced development of nanomaterials with unique physiochemical properties has led to a boom in the potential bioapplications of such materials. In particular, the application of nanomaterials in exosome bioanalysis provides a great opportunity to overcome the current challenges and limitations of conventional methods. A timely review of the research progress in this field is thus of great significance to the continued development of new methods. This review outlines the properties and potential uses of exosomes, and discusses the conventional methods currently used for their analysis. We then focus on exploring the current state of the art regarding the use of nanomaterials for the isolation, detection and even the subsequent profiling of exosomes. The main methods are based on principles including fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, colorimetry, electrochemistry, and surface plasmon resonance. Additionally, research on exosome-based nanomaterials tumor therapy is also promising from a clinical perspective, so the research progress in this branch is also summarized. Finally, we look at ways in which the field might develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Tumor Marker Detection Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Cameron Fletcher
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Tumor Marker Detection Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Yao Zhan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Tumor Marker Detection Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Lutao Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Tumor Marker Detection Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China.
| | - Fenglong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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9
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Parent LR, Gnanasekaran K, Korpanty J, Gianneschi NC. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Polymeric Materials by In Situ Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:14-38. [PMID: 35548998 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A century ago, Hermann Staudinger proposed the macromolecular theory of polymers, and now, as we enter the second century of polymer science, we face a different set of opportunities and challenges for the development of functional soft matter. Indeed, many fundamental questions remain open, relating to physical structures and mechanisms of phase transformations at the molecular and nanoscale. In this Viewpoint, we describe efforts to develop a dynamic, in situ microscopy tool suited to the study of polymeric materials at the nanoscale that allows for direct observation of discrete structures and processes in solution, as a complement to light, neutron, and X-ray scattering methods. Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LPTEM) is a nascent in situ imaging technique for characterizing and examining solvated nanomaterials in real time. Though still under development, LPTEM has been shown to be capable of several modes of imaging: (1) imaging static solvated materials analogous to cryo-TEM, (2) videography of nanomaterials in motion, (3) observing solutions or nanomaterials undergoing physical and chemical transformations, including synthesis, assembly, and phase transitions, and (4) observing electron beam-induced chemical-materials processes. Herein, we describe opportunities and limitations of LPTEM for polymer science. We review the basic experimental platform of LPTEM and describe the origin of electron beam effects that go hand in hand with the imaging process. These electron beam effects cause perturbation and damage to the sample and solvent that can manifest as artefacts in images and videos. We describe sample-specific experimental guidelines and outline approaches to mitigate, characterize, and quantify beam damaging effects. Altogether, we seek to provide an overview of this nascent field in the context of its potential to contribute to the advancement of polymer science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R. Parent
- Innovation Partnership Building, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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10
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Sadighikia S, Grau‐Carbonell A, Welling TA, Kotni R, Hagemans F, Imhof A, van Huis MA, van Blaaderen A. Low‐dose liquid cell electron microscopy investigation of the complex etching mechanism of rod‐shaped silica colloids. NANO SELECT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Sadighikia
- Soft Condensed Matter Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Princetonplein 5 Utrecht 3584CC The Netherlands
| | - Albert Grau‐Carbonell
- Soft Condensed Matter Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Princetonplein 5 Utrecht 3584CC The Netherlands
| | - Tom A.J. Welling
- Soft Condensed Matter Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Princetonplein 5 Utrecht 3584CC The Netherlands
| | - Ramakrishna Kotni
- Soft Condensed Matter Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Princetonplein 5 Utrecht 3584CC The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Hagemans
- Soft Condensed Matter Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Princetonplein 5 Utrecht 3584CC The Netherlands
| | - Arnout Imhof
- Soft Condensed Matter Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Princetonplein 5 Utrecht 3584CC The Netherlands
| | - Marijn A. van Huis
- Soft Condensed Matter Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Princetonplein 5 Utrecht 3584CC The Netherlands
| | - Alfons van Blaaderen
- Soft Condensed Matter Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Princetonplein 5 Utrecht 3584CC The Netherlands
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11
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Alam SB, Yang J, Bustillo KC, Ophus C, Ercius P, Zheng H, Chan EM. Hybrid nanocapsules for in situ TEM imaging of gas evolution reactions in confined liquids. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18606-18615. [PMID: 32970077 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05281g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) enables the direct observation of dynamic physical and chemical processes in liquids at the nanoscale. Quantitative investigations into reactions with fast kinetics and/or multiple reagents will benefit from further advances in liquid cell design that facilitate rapid in situ mixing and precise control over reagent volumes and concentrations. This work reports the development of inorganic-organic nanocapsules for high-resolution TEM imaging of nanoscale reactions in liquids with well-defined zeptoliter volumes. These hybrid nanocapsules, with 48 nm average diameter, consist of a thin layer of gold coating a lipid vesicle. As a model reaction, the nucleation, growth, and diffusion of nanobubbles generated by the radiolysis of water is investigated inside the nanocapsules. When the nanobubbles are sufficiently small (10-25 nm diameter), they are mobile in the nanocapsules, but their movement deviates from Brownian motion, which may result from geometric confinement by the nanocapsules. Gases and fluids can be transported between two nanocapsules when they fuse, demonstrating in situ mixing without using complex microfluidic schemes. The ability to synthesize nanocapsules with controlled sizes and to monitor dynamics simultaneously inside multiple nanocapsules provides opportunities to investigate nanoscale processes such as single nanoparticle synthesis in confined volumes and biological processes such as biomineralization and membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sardar B Alam
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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12
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Couasnon T, Alloyeau D, Ménez B, Guyot F, Ghigo JM, Gélabert A. In situ monitoring of exopolymer-dependent Mn mineralization on bacterial surfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz3125. [PMID: 32923582 PMCID: PMC7455489 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biomineralization is a widespread process that affects cycling of metals in the environment. Functionalized bacterial cell surfaces and exopolymers are thought to initiate mineral formation, however, direct evidences are hampered by technical challenges. Here, we present a breakthrough in the use of liquid-cell scanning transmission electron microscopy to observe mineral growth on bacteria and the exopolymers they secrete. Two Escherichia coli mutants producing distinct exopolymers are investigated. We use the incident electron beam to provoke and observe the precipitation of Mn-bearing minerals. Differences in the morphology and distribution of Mn precipitates on the two strains reflect differences in nucleation site density and accessibility. Direct observation under liquid conditions highlights the critical role of bacterial cell surface charges and exopolymer types in metal mineralization. This has strong environmental implications because biofilms structured by exopolymers are widespread in nature and constitute the main form of microbial life on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaïs Couasnon
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, 75238 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Damien Alloyeau
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Ménez
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, 75238 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - François Guyot
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, IRD, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ghigo
- Unité de Génétique des Biofilms, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Gélabert
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, 75238 Paris Cedex 05, France
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13
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Gnanasekaran K, Chang H, Smeets PJM, Korpanty J, Geiger FM, Gianneschi NC. In Situ Ni 2+ Stain for Liposome Imaging by Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4292-4297. [PMID: 32453587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solvated soft matter, both biological and synthetic, can now be imaged in liquids using liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM). However, such systems are usually composed solely of organic molecules (low Z elements) producing low contrast in TEM, especially within thick liquid films. We aimed to visualize liposomes by LCTEM rather than requiring cryogenic TEM (cryoTEM). This is achieved here by imaging in the presence of aqueous metal salt solutions. The increase in scattering cross-section by the cation gives a staining effect that develops in situ, which could be captured by real space TEM and verified by in situ energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). We identified beam-induced staining as a time-dependent process that enhances contrast to otherwise low contrast materials. We describe the development of this imaging method and identify conditions leading to exceptionally low electron doses for morphology visualization of unilamellar vesicles before beam-induced damage propagates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Gnanasekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - HanByul Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paul J M Smeets
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joanna Korpanty
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pharmacology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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14
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Wu H, Friedrich H, Patterson JP, Sommerdijk NAJM, de Jonge N. Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy for Soft Matter Science and Biology. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001582. [PMID: 32419161 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Innovations in liquid-phase electron microscopy (LP-EM) have made it possible to perform experiments at the optimized conditions needed to examine soft matter. The main obstacle is conducting experiments in such a way that electron beam radiation can be used to obtain answers for scientific questions without changing the structure and (bio)chemical processes in the sample due to the influence of the radiation. By overcoming these experimental difficulties at least partially, LP-EM has evolved into a new microscopy method with nanometer spatial resolution and sub-second temporal resolution for analysis of soft matter in materials science and biology. Both experimental design and applications of LP-EM for soft matter materials science and biological research are reviewed, and a perspective of possible future directions is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanglong Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Nico A J M Sommerdijk
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Niels de Jonge
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
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15
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Yao L, Li H, Tu K, Zhang L, Cheng Z, Zhu X. Construction of NIR Light Controlled Micelles with Photothermal Conversion Property: Poly(poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate) (PPEGMA) as Hydrophilic Block and Ketocyanine Dye as NIR Photothermal Conversion Agent. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1181. [PMID: 32455766 PMCID: PMC7284342 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric nanomaterials made from amphiphilic block copolymers are increasingly used in the treatment of tumor tissues. In this work, we firstly synthesized the amphiphilic block copolymer PBnMA-b-P(BAPMA-co-PEGMA) via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using benzyl methacrylate (BnMA), poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA), and 3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propyl methacrylate (BAPMA) as the monomers. Subsequently, PBnMA-b-P(APMA-co-PEGMA)@NIR 800 with photothermal conversion property was obtained by deprotection of the tert-butoxycarbonyl (BOC) groups of PBAPMA chains with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and post-modification with carboxyl functionalized ketocyanine dye (NIR 800), and it could self-assemble into micelles in CH3OH/water mixed solvent. The NIR photothermal conversion property of the post-modified micelles were investigated. Under irradiation with NIR light (λmax = 810 nm, 0.028 W/cm2) for 1 h, the temperature of the modified micelles aqueous solution increased to 53 °C from 20 °C, which showed the excellent NIR photothermal conversion property.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lifen Zhang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (L.Y.); (H.L.); (K.T.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhenping Cheng
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (L.Y.); (H.L.); (K.T.); (X.Z.)
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16
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He K, Shokuhfar T, Shahbazian-Yassar R. Imaging of soft materials using in situ liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:103001. [PMID: 30524096 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaf616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the breakthroughs in the field of soft material characterization by in situ liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The focus of this review is mostly on soft biological species such as cells, bacteria, viruses, proteins and polymers. The comparison between the two main liquid-cell systems (silicon nitride membranes liquid cell and graphene liquid cell) is also discussed in terms of their spatial resolution and imaging/analytical capabilities. We have showcased how liquid-cell TEM can reveal the structural details of whole cells, enable the chemical probing of proteins, detect the structural conformation of viruses, and monitor the dynamics of polymerization. In addition, the challenges faced by decoupling electron beam effect on beam-sensitive soft materials are discussed. At the end, future perspectives of in situ liquid-cell TEM studies of soft materials are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun He
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
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17
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Silva AKA, Perretta S, Perrod G, Pidial L, Lindner V, Carn F, Lemieux S, Alloyeau D, Boucenna I, Menasché P, Dallemagne B, Gazeau F, Wilhelm C, Cellier C, Clément O, Rahmi G. Thermoresponsive Gel Embedded with Adipose Stem-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promotes Esophageal Fistula Healing in a Thermo-Actuated Delivery Strategy. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9800-9814. [PMID: 30231208 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly envisioned as the next generation of biological pro-regenerative nanotherapeutic agents, as has already been demonstrated for heart, kidney, liver, and brain tissues; lung injury repair; and skin regeneration. Herein, we explore another potential EV therapeutic application, fistula healing, together with a local minimally invasive delivery strategy. Allogenic extracellular vesicles (EVs) from adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are administered in a porcine fistula model through a thermoresponsive Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) gel, injected locally at 4 °C and gelling at body temperature to retain EVs in the entire fistula tract. Complete fistula healing is reported to be 100% for the gel plus EVs group, 67% for the gel group, and 0% for the control, supporting the therapeutic use of Pluronic F-127 gel alone or combined with EVs. However, only the combination of gel and EVs results in a statistically significant (i) reduction of fibrosis, (ii) decline of inflammatory response, (iii) decrease in the density of myofibroblasts, and (iv) increase of angiogenesis. Overall, we demonstrate that ASC-EV delivery into a PF-127 gel represents a successful local minimally invasive strategy to induce a therapeutic effect in a swine fistula model. Our study presents prospects for EV administration strategies and for the management of post-operative fistulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K A Silva
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris-Diderot , 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet , 75205 Paris cedex 13 , France
| | - Silvana Perretta
- Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery , Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l'Appareil Digestif (IRCAD) , 67091 , Strasbourg , France
- IHU, Minimally Invasive Hybrid Surgical Institute , 67091 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Guillaume Perrod
- Laboratoire Imagerie de l'Angiogénèse, Plateforme d'Imagerie du Petit Animal, PARCC, INSERM U970, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris Descartes , 56 rue Leblanc , 75015 , Paris , France
| | - Laetitia Pidial
- Laboratoire Imagerie de l'Angiogénèse, Plateforme d'Imagerie du Petit Animal, PARCC, INSERM U970, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris Descartes , 56 rue Leblanc , 75015 , Paris , France
| | - Véronique Lindner
- Department of Pathology , Hôpital Hautepierre , 1, Avenue Molière , 67098 Strasbourg , France
| | - Florent Carn
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris-Diderot , 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet , 75205 Paris cedex 13 , France
| | - Shony Lemieux
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris-Diderot , 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet , 75205 Paris cedex 13 , France
| | - Damien Alloyeau
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques (MPQ) , UMR 7162 CNRS/Université Paris - Diderot , 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet , 75205 Paris cedex 13 , France
| | - Imane Boucenna
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris-Diderot , 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet , 75205 Paris cedex 13 , France
| | - Philippe Menasché
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery , Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM U970, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , 75015 France
| | - Bernard Dallemagne
- Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery , Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l'Appareil Digestif (IRCAD) , 67091 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris-Diderot , 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet , 75205 Paris cedex 13 , France
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris-Diderot , 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet , 75205 Paris cedex 13 , France
| | | | - Olivier Clément
- Laboratoire Imagerie de l'Angiogénèse, Plateforme d'Imagerie du Petit Animal, PARCC, INSERM U970, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris Descartes , 56 rue Leblanc , 75015 , Paris , France
| | - Gabriel Rahmi
- Laboratoire Imagerie de l'Angiogénèse, Plateforme d'Imagerie du Petit Animal, PARCC, INSERM U970, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC) , Université Paris Descartes , 56 rue Leblanc , 75015 , Paris , France
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18
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Khelfa A, Byun C, Nelayah J, Wang G, Ricolleau C, Alloyeau D. Structural analysis of single nanoparticles in liquid by low-dose STEM nanodiffraction. Micron 2018; 116:30-35. [PMID: 30265881 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-cell TEM has enabled an interdisciplinary community of scientists to carry out atomic- / nano-scale studies of solid/liquid interfaces. Nevertheless, the restricted resolution of TEM in liquid media and the necessity to reduce the electron dose to avoid harmful radiolytic effects induced by the beam have limited the use of high resolution imaging to study the atomic structure of nanomaterials in liquid. Here we show that STEM nanodiffraction can be exploited in liquid-cell TEM experiments to overcome these two limitations. We evidence that this technique allows quick analysis of the structure of single gold nanoparticles whatever their zone axis orientation, which substantially increases the percentage of analysable nanostructures with respect to HRTEM investigations. Moreover, STEM nanodiffraction can also be used in very low dose conditions. The electron dose irradiating the analyzed nanostructures during data acquisition can be reduced by almost four orders of magnitude compared to conventional HRTEM analysis. Finally, dynamical analyses in reciprocal space are used to provide new insights into the shape-dependent rotation of nanocrystals in the liquid-cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelali Khelfa
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot - CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Byun
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot - CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jaysen Nelayah
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot - CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Wang
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot - CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Christian Ricolleau
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot - CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Damien Alloyeau
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot - CNRS, Paris, France.
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