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Pyromali C, Patelis N, Cutrano M, Gosika M, Glynos E, Moreno AJ, Sakellariou G, Smrek J, Vlassopoulos D. Nonmonotonic Composition Dependence of Viscosity upon Adding Single-Chain Nanoparticles to Entangled Polymers. Macromolecules 2024; 57:4826-4832. [PMID: 38910846 PMCID: PMC11191425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.4c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Well-characterized single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs), synthesized from a linear polystyrene precursor through an intramolecular [4 + 4] thermal cycloaddition cross-linking reaction in dilute conditions, were added to entangled polystyrene melts at different concentrations. Starting from the pure linear melt, which is much more viscous than the melt of SCNPs, the zero-shear viscosity increased upon the addition of nanoparticles and reached a maximum before eventually dropping to the value of the SCNP melt. Molecular simulations reveal the origin of this unexpected behavior, which is the interplay of the very different compositional dependences of the dynamics of the two components. The SCNPs become much slower than the linear chains as their concentration decreases because they are threaded by the linear chains, reaching a maximum viscosity which is higher than that of the linear chains at a fraction of about 20%. This behavior is akin to that of single-loop ring polymers when added to linear matrices. This finding provides insights into the design and use of SCNPs as effective entropic viscosity modifiers of polymers and contributes to the discussion of the physics of loopy structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pyromali
- FORTH, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
- Department
of Materials Science and Technology, University
of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Patelis
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Marta Cutrano
- FORTH, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Chimica e Materiali, Università
Degli Studi di Cagliari, Piazza D’Armi, I-09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mounika Gosika
- Centro
de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center
MPC, Paseo Manuel de
Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastian, Spain
- Department
of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014 Tamil
Nadu, India
| | - Emmanouil Glynos
- FORTH, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
- Department
of Materials Science and Technology, University
of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - Angel J. Moreno
- Centro
de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center
MPC, Paseo Manuel de
Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastian, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Georgios Sakellariou
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Jan Smrek
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dimitris Vlassopoulos
- FORTH, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
- Department
of Materials Science and Technology, University
of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
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2
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Jia XM, Lin WF, Zhao HY, Qian HJ, Lu ZY. Supercooled melt structure and dynamics of single-chain nanoparticles: A computer simulation study. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:054901. [PMID: 34364327 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
By using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we have investigated the structure and dynamics of supercooled single-chain cross-linked nanoparticle (SCNP) melts having a range of cross-linking degrees ϕ. We find a nearly linear increase in glass-transition temperature (Tg) with increasing ϕ. Correspondingly, we have also experimentally synthesized a series of polystyrene-based SCNPs and have found that the measured Tg estimated from differential scanning calorimetry is qualitatively consistent with the trend predicted by our simulation estimates. Experimentally, an increase in Tg as large as ΔTg = 61 K for ϕ = 0.36 is found compared with their linear chain counterparts, indicating that the changes in dynamics with cross-links are quite appreciable. We attribute the increase in Tg to the enlarged effective hard-core volume and the corresponding reduction in the free volume of the polymer segments. Topological constraints evidently frustrate the local packing. In addition, the introduction of intra-molecular cross-linking bonds slows down the structural relaxation and simultaneously enhances the local coupling motion on the length scales within SCNPs. Consequently, a more pronounced dynamical heterogeneity (DH) is observed for larger ϕ, as quantified by measuring the dynamical correlation length through the four-point susceptibility parameter, χ4. The increase in DH is directly related to the enhanced local cooperative motion derived from intra-molecular cross-linking bonds and structural heterogeneity derived from the cross-linking process. These results shed new light on the influence of intra-molecular topological constraints on the segmental dynamics of polymer melts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Meng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wen-Feng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Huan-Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hu-Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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3
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Chen Z, Li D, Wan H, Liu M, Liu J. Unsupervised machine learning methods for polymer nanocomposites data via molecular dynamics simulation. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2020.1851028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhudan Chen
- Institute of Automation, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dazi Li
- Institute of Automation, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haixiao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Zheng Q, Wang G, Du J, Li J, Li J, Tang Q, Fan X. Investigation of Hydroxyl‐Terminated Polyether Cured with Different Isocyanates: Curing Process and Mechanical Property. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Zheng
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Jiaojiao Du
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Jizhen Li
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Junqiang Li
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Qiufan Tang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Xuezhong Fan
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
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5
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Wu C. Molecular-weight dependence of simulated glass transition temperature for isolated poly(ethylene oxide) chain. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2020.1763986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaofu Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics and Powder Materials, School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Levy A, Goldstein H, Brenman D, Diesendruck CE. Effect of intramolecular crosslinker properties on the mechanochemical fragmentation of covalently folded polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avishai Levy
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Hadar Goldstein
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Dolev Brenman
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
- Russell‐Berrie Nanotechnology InstituteTechnion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
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7
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Engelke J, Brandt J, Barner-Kowollik C, Lederer A. Strengths and limitations of size exclusion chromatography for investigating single chain folding – current status and future perspectives. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00336c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic approaches for Single-Chain Nanoparticles (SCNPs) developed rapidly during the last decade, opening a multitude of avenues for the design of functional macromolecular chains able to collapse into defined nanoparticles. However, the analytical evaluation of the SCNP formation process still requires critical improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Engelke
- Polymer Separation Group
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Josef Brandt
- Polymer Separation Group
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Albena Lederer
- Polymer Separation Group
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
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8
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Bae S, Galant O, Diesendruck CE, Silberstein MN. The Effect of Intrachain Cross-Linking on the Thermomechanical Behavior of Bulk Polymers Assembled Solely from Single Chain Polymer Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suwon Bae
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Or Galant
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Russell-Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Russell-Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Meredith N. Silberstein
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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9
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Galant O, Davidovich-Pinhas M, Diesendruck CE. The Effect of Intramolecular Cross-Linking on Polymer Interactions in Solution. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800407. [PMID: 29984465 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The conformation of a polymer in a solvent is typically defined by the solvent quality, which is a consequence of the solvent and macromolecule's chemistry. Yet, additional factors can affect the polymer conformation, such as non-covalent interactions to surfaces or other macromolecules, affecting the amount of polymer-solvent interactions. Herein, chemically folded polymers with protein-like architectures are studied and compared to their unfolded linear precursor in good solvents using rheology measurements. The current research reveals that permanent folding by intramolecular chemical cross-linking limits the chain mobility and therefore causes a reduction in polymer-solvent interactions, making a good solvent become theta. This change not only affects the "solvent quality" but also leads to a change in particle-particle interactions as a function of concentration. These findings provide crucial insight into the effects of intramolecular cross-links on macromolecule solubility and self-assembly, which are critical for mimicking structurally similar biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Galant
- The Interdepartmental Program in Polymer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Maya Davidovich-Pinhas
- Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
| | - Charles E Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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10
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Oyarzún B, Mognetti BM. Efficient sampling of reversible cross-linking polymers: Self-assembly of single-chain polymeric nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:114110. [PMID: 29566497 DOI: 10.1063/1.5020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a new simulation technique to study systems of polymers functionalized by reactive sites that bind/unbind forming reversible linkages. Functionalized polymers feature self-assembly and responsive properties that are unmatched by the systems lacking selective interactions. The scales at which the functional properties of these materials emerge are difficult to model, especially in the reversible regime where such properties result from many binding/unbinding events. This difficulty is related to large entropic barriers associated with the formation of intra-molecular loops. In this work, we present a simulation scheme that sidesteps configurational costs by dedicated Monte Carlo moves capable of binding/unbinding reactive sites in a single step. Cross-linking reactions are implemented by trial moves that reconstruct chain sections attempting, at the same time, a dimerization reaction between pairs of reactive sites. The model is parametrized by the reaction equilibrium constant of the reactive species free in solution. This quantity can be obtained by means of experiments or atomistic/quantum simulations. We use the proposed methodology to study the self-assembly of single-chain polymeric nanoparticles, starting from flexible precursors carrying regularly or randomly distributed reactive sites. We focus on understanding differences in the morphology of chain nanoparticles when linkages are reversible as compared to the well-studied case of irreversible reactions. Intriguingly, we find that the size of regularly functionalized chains, in good solvent conditions, is non-monotonous as a function of the degree of functionalization. We clarify how this result follows from excluded volume interactions and is peculiar of reversible linkages and regular functionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Oyarzún
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Plaine, CP 231, Blvd. du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bortolo Matteo Mognetti
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Plaine, CP 231, Blvd. du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Galant O, Bae S, Wang F, Levy A, Silberstein MN, Diesendruck CE. Mechanical and Thermomechanical Characterization of Glassy Thermoplastics with Intrachain Cross-Links. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Or Galant
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Suwon Bae
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Avishai Levy
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Meredith N. Silberstein
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
- Russell
Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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