1
|
Sacchi P, Wright SE, Neoptolemou P, Lampronti GI, Rajagopalan AK, Kras W, Evans CL, Hodgkinson P, Cruz-Cabeza AJ. Crystal size, shape, and conformational changes drive both the disappearance and reappearance of ritonavir polymorphs in the mill. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319127121. [PMID: 38557191 PMCID: PMC11009673 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319127121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic compounds can crystallize in different forms known as polymorphs. Discovery and control of polymorphism is crucial to the pharmaceutical industry since different polymorphs can have significantly different physical properties which impacts their utilization in drug delivery. Certain polymorphs have been reported to 'disappear' from the physical world, irreversibly converting to new ones. These unwanted polymorph conversions, initially prevented by slow nucleation kinetics, are eventually observed driven by significant gains in thermodynamic stabilities. The most infamous of these cases is that of the HIV drug ritonavir (RVR): Once its reluctant form was unwillingly nucleated for the first time, its desired form could no longer be produced with the same manufacturing process. Here we show that RVR's extraordinary disappearing polymorph as well as its reluctant form can be consistently produced by ball-milling under different environmental conditions. We demonstrate that the significant difference in stability between its polymorphs can be changed and reversed in the mill-a process we show is driven by crystal size as well as crystal shape and conformational effects. We also show that those effects can be controlled through careful design of milling conditions since they dictate the kinetics of crystal breakage, dissolution, and growth processes that eventually lead to steady-state crystal sizes and shapes in the mill. This work highlights the huge potential of mechanochemistry in polymorph discovery of forms initially difficult to nucleate, recovery of disappearing polymorphs, and polymorph control of complex flexible drug compounds such as RVR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Sacchi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, CambridgeCB2 1EZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Wright
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Petros Neoptolemou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Giulio I. Lampronti
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Weronika Kras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, MacclesfieldSK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin L. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DurhamDH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Hodgkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DurhamDH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Aurora J. Cruz-Cabeza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, MacclesfieldSK10 2NA, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DurhamDH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ward M, Taylor CR, Mulvee MT, Lampronti GI, Belenguer AM, Steed JW, Day GM, Oswald IDH. Pushing Technique Boundaries to Probe Conformational Polymorphism. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:7217-7230. [PMID: 37808905 PMCID: PMC10557047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
We present an extensive exploration of the solid-form landscape of chlorpropamide (CPA) using a combined experimental-computational approach at the frontiers of both fields. We have obtained new conformational polymorphs of CPA, placing them into context with known forms using flexible-molecule crystal structure prediction. We highlight the formation of a new polymorph (ζ-CPA) via spray-drying experiments despite its notable metastability (14 kJ/mol) relative to the thermodynamic α-form, and we identify and resolve the ball-milled η-form isolated in 2019. Additionally, we employ impurity- and gel-assisted crystallization to control polymorphism and the formation of novel multicomponent forms. We, thus, demonstrate the power of this collaborative screening approach to observe, rationalize, and control the formation of new metastable forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin
R. Ward
- Strathclyde
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, U.K.
| | - Christopher R. Taylor
- Computational
Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Matthew T. Mulvee
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Giulio I. Lampronti
- Department
of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Ana M. Belenguer
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield
Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Jonathan W. Steed
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Graeme M. Day
- Computational
Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Iain D. H. Oswald
- Strathclyde
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Belenguer AM, Michalchuk AAL, Lampronti GI, Sanders JKM. Using Solid Catalysts in Disulfide-Based Dynamic Combinatorial Solution- and Mechanochemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102416. [PMID: 34863026 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It was shown for the first time that solid amines can act as catalysts for disulfide-based dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) by ball mill grinding. The mechanochemical equilibrium for the two disulfide reactions studied was reached within 1-3 h using ten different amine catalysts. This contrasts with the weeks to months to achieve solution equilibrium for most solid amine catalysts at 2 %mol mol-1 concentration in a 2 mMolar disulfide dynamic combinatorial library in a suitable solvent. The final mechanochemical equilibrium was independent of the catalyst used but varied with other ball mill grinding factors such as the presence of traces of solvent. The different efficiencies of the amines tested were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Belenguer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Adam A L Michalchuk
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giulio I Lampronti
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K M Sanders
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Belenguer AM, Lampronti GI, Michalchuk AAL, Emmerling F, Sanders JKM. Quantitative reversible one pot interconversion of three crystalline polymorphs by ball mill grinding. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00393g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate here using a disulfide system the first example of reversible, selective, and quantitative transformation between three crystalline polymorphs by ball mill grinding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Belenguer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Giulio I. Lampronti
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Adam A. L. Michalchuk
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeremy K. M. Sanders
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Belenguer AM, Lampronti GI, Sanders JKM. Implications of Thermodynamic Control: Dynamic Equilibrium Under Ball Mill Grinding Conditions. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Belenguer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW United Kingdom
| | - Giulio I. Lampronti
- Department of Earth Sciences University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EQ United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K. M. Sanders
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Michalchuk AAL, Boldyreva EV, Belenguer AM, Emmerling F, Boldyrev VV. Tribochemistry, Mechanical Alloying, Mechanochemistry: What is in a Name? Front Chem 2021; 9:685789. [PMID: 34164379 PMCID: PMC8216082 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.685789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the decades, the application of mechanical force to influence chemical reactions has been called by various names: mechanochemistry, tribochemistry, mechanical alloying, to name but a few. The evolution of these terms has largely mirrored the understanding of the field. But what is meant by these terms, why have they evolved, and does it really matter how a process is called? Which parameters should be defined to describe unambiguously the experimental conditions such that others can reproduce the results, or to allow a meaningful comparison between processes explored under different conditions? Can the information on the process be encoded in a clear, concise, and self-explanatory way? We address these questions in this Opinion contribution, which we hope will spark timely and constructive discussion across the international mechanochemical community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena V. Boldyreva
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ana M. Belenguer
- Yusef Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vladimir V. Boldyrev
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Voevodski Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Montis R, Davey RJ, Wright SE, Woollam GR, Cruz‐Cabeza AJ. Transforming Computed Energy Landscapes into Experimental Realities: The Role of Structural Rugosity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20357-20360. [PMID: 32730676 PMCID: PMC7693212 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We exploit the possible link between structural surface roughness and difficulty of crystallisation. Polymorphs with smooth surfaces may nucleate and crystallise more readily than polymorphs with rough surfaces. The concept is applied to crystal structure prediction landscapes and reveals a promising complementary way of ranking putative crystal structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Montis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical ScienceThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Roger J. Davey
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical ScienceThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Sarah E. Wright
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical ScienceThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | | | - Aurora J. Cruz‐Cabeza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical ScienceThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kinetics and mechanism of polymorphic transformation of sorbitol under mechanical milling. Int J Pharm 2020; 590:119902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
9
|
Montis R, Davey RJ, Wright SE, Woollam GR, Cruz‐Cabeza AJ. Transforming Computed Energy Landscapes into Experimental Realities: The Role of Structural Rugosity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Montis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Roger J. Davey
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Sarah E. Wright
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | | | - Aurora J. Cruz‐Cabeza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Woollam GR, Das PP, Mugnaioli E, Andrusenko I, Galanis AS, van de Streek J, Nicolopoulos S, Gemmi M, Wagner T. Structural analysis of metastable pharmaceutical loratadine form II, by 3D electron diffraction and DFT+D energy minimisation. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01216e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coupling 3D electron diffraction and density functional theory provided the metastable pharmaceutical crystal structure within nanometre range, under ambient conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enrico Mugnaioli
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 56127 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Iryna Andrusenko
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 56127 Pisa
- Italy
| | | | | | | | - Mauro Gemmi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 56127 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Trixie Wagner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
- Basel 4002
- Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zangoli M, Gazzano M, Monti F, Maini L, Gentili D, Liscio A, Zanelli A, Salatelli E, Gigli G, Baroncini M, Di Maria F. Thermodynamically versus Kinetically Controlled Self-Assembly of a Naphthalenediimide-Thiophene Derivative: From Crystalline, Fluorescent, n-Type Semiconducting 1D Needles to Nanofibers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:16864-16871. [PMID: 30993968 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The control over aggregation pathways is a key requirement for present and future technologies, as it can provide access to a variety of sophisticated structures with unique functional properties. In this work, we demonstrate an unprecedented control over the supramolecular self-assembly of a semiconductive material, based on a naphthalenediimide core functionalized with phenyl-thiophene moieties at the imide termini, by trapping the molecules into different arrangements depending on the crystallization conditions. The control of the solvent evaporation rate enables the growth of highly elaborated hierarchical self-assembled structures: either in an energy-minimum thermodynamic state when the solvent is slowly evaporated forming needle-shaped crystals (polymorph α) or in a local energy-minimum state when the solvent is rapidly evaporated leading to the formation of nanofibers (polymorph β). The exceptional persistence of the kinetically trapped β form allowed the study and comparison of its characteristics with that of the stable α form, revealing the importance of molecular aggregation geometry in functional properties. Intriguingly, we found that compared to the thermodynamically stable α phase, characterized by a J-type aggregation, the β phase exhibits (i) an unusual strong blue shift of the emission from the charge-transfer state responsible for the solid-state luminescent enhancement, (ii) a higher work function with a "rigid shift" of the electronic levels, as shown by Kelvin probe force microscopy and cyclic voltammetry measurements, and (iii) a superior field-effect transistor mobility in agreement with an H-type aggregation as indicated by X-ray analysis and theoretical calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Zangoli
- CNR-ISOF , Via P. Gobetti 101 , I-40129 Bologna , Italy
- Mediteknology srl , Via P. Gobetti 101 , I-40129 Bologna , Italy
| | | | - Filippo Monti
- CNR-ISOF , Via P. Gobetti 101 , I-40129 Bologna , Italy
| | - Lucia Maini
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , I-40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Denis Gentili
- CNR-ISMN , Via P. Gobetti 101 , I-40129 Bologna , Italy
| | - Andrea Liscio
- CNR-IMM , Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100 , I-00133 Roma , Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Salatelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry Toso Montanari , University of Bologna , Viale del Risorgimento 4 , I-40136 Bologna , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- CNR-NANOTEC, c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento , via Monteroni , I-73100 Lecce , Italy
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- CNR-ISOF , Via P. Gobetti 101 , I-40129 Bologna , Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences-DISTAL , University of Bologna , Viale Fanin 44 , I-40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Francesca Di Maria
- CNR-NANOTEC, c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento , via Monteroni , I-73100 Lecce , Italy
- CNR-ISOF , Via P. Gobetti 101 , I-40129 Bologna , Italy
| |
Collapse
|