Divergent Interaction of (Iso)nitriles with a Linear Iron(I) Silylamide─A Combined Structural, Spectroscopic, and Computational Study

Nitriles and isonitriles are important σ-donor ligands in coordination chemistry. Isonitriles also function in low-valent complexes as π-acceptor ligands similar to CO. Herein we present the unusual behavior of the highly reducing, high-spin iron(I) complex [Fe(hmds)2]- toward these compound classes. Rare examples of side-on coordination of nitriles to the metal center are observed. Insights gained by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy as well as DFT and CASSCF calculations give an interplay between the resonance structures of not only an iron(I) π-complex and an iron(III) metallacycle but also point to the importance of an iron(II) nitrile radical anion. For an aromatic isonitrile end-on coordination is observed, which is best described as an iron(I) complex with only minor unpaired spin transfer onto the isonitrile. For aliphatic isonitriles, the selective R-CN bond cleavage occurs and yields stoichiometric mixtures of alkyl iron(II) and cyanido iron(II) complexes. Attempts to isolate presumed (iso)nitrile radical anions void of 3d-metal coordination give for the reaction of an aromatic isonitrile with KC8 facile reductive coupling to the corresponding diamido acetylene.

Taming the stilbene radical anion

Radical anions appear as intermediates in a variety of organic reductions and have recently garnered interest for their role as mediators for electron-driven catalysis as well as for organic electron conductor materials. Due to their unstable nature, the isolation of such organic radical anions is usually only possible by using extended aromatic systems, whereas non-aromatic unsaturated hydrocarbons have so far only been observed in situ. We herein report the first isolation, structure and spectroscopic characterization of a simple aryl substituted alkene radical anion, namely that of stilbene (1,2-diphenyl ethylene), achieved by encapsulation between two [K{18c6}] cations. The formation of the radical anion is accompanied by Z → E isomerization of the involved double bond, also on a catalytic scale. Employing the linear iron(i) complex [Fe(NR2)2]- as a reductant and coordination site also allows for this transformation, via formation of an iron(ii) bound radical anion. The use of the iron complex now also allows for Z → E isomerization of electron richer, simple alkenes bearing either mixed alkyl/aryl or even bis(alkyl) substitution.

Iron-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Thioesters and Organomanganese Reagents

We report a Fukuyama-type coupling of thioesters with aliphatic organomanganese reagents utilizing a cheap and easily available iron(III) precatalyst. The reactions exhibit a wide tolerance of solvents and functional groups, allowing for the conversion of thioesters derived from natural products and pharmaceutical compounds. A strong steric impact from each reaction component (carboxylic moiety, thiol substituent and manganese reagent) was displayed, which enabled regioselective transformation of dithioesters. Mechanistic investigations showed that the released thiolate does not act as a mere spectator ligand, but rather positively influences the stability of intermediate alkyl(II)ferrates.

Intricate Road to Linear Anionic Nickel(I) Hexamethyldisilazanide [Ni(N(SiMe3)2)2]. Inorg Chem 2022;61:7794-7803. [PMID: 35522526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00214]

In this report, we present intricate pathways for the synthesis of linear nickel(I) silylamide K{m}[Ni(NR₂)₂] (NR₂ = -N(SiMe₃)₂). This is achieved first via the reduction of nickel(II) trisamide Li(donor)₄[Ni(NR₂)₃] (Li(thf)_x[1]) with KC₈ in the presence of 18-crown-6 or crypt.222. In due course, the behavior of Li(donor)₄[Ni(NR₂)₃] as a source of masked two-coordinate nickel(II) hexamethyldisilazanide is explored, leading to the formation of nickel(I) and nickel(II) N-donor adducts, as well as metal-metal-bonded dinickel(I) trisamide K(toluene)[Ni₂(NR₂)₃] (K(toluene)[5]). Finally, a convenient and reliable synthesis of K{m}[Ni(NR₂)₂] by ligand exchange of phosphines in [Ni(NR₂)(PPh₃)₂] with K{m}(NR₂) is presented. This allows for the comprehensive analysis of its electronic properties which reveals a fluxional behavior in solution with tight anion/cation interactions.

Synthesis of the open-shell 3d-transition metal(II) bis(phosphinidenide) [Mn{P(sIDipp)}2]

The synthesis and characterization of the first homoleptic open-shell transition metal phosphinidenide is presented. By reacting [MnL₂] (L = -N(SiMe₃)₂) with [(sIDipp)PK] (sIDipp = 1,3-bis(2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl)-imidazolidine-2-ylidene), the formation of [Mn{P(sIDipp)}₂] instead of the initially expected adduct [KMn{P(sIDipp)}L₂] is observed. Interestingly, a solvent change from toluene to n-pentane leads to the formation of [(sIDipp)PK₂(Et₂O)₄][MnL₃] after work-up, which can be seen as intermediate in the formation process of [Mn{P(sIDipp)}₂]. Contrary to manganese, the highly reducing phosphinidenide [(sIDipp)P]^- cannot be stabilized in an analogous fashion by coordination to a low-coordinate high-spin iron(II) center.

Cobalt and Iron Stabilized Ketyl, Ketiminyl and Aldiminyl Radical Anions

Carbonyl and iminyl based radical anions are reactive intermediates in a variety of transformations in organic synthesis. Herein, the isolation of ketyl, and more importantly unprecedented ketiminyl and aldiminyl radical anions coordinated to cobalt and iron complexes is presented. Insights into the electronic structure of these unusual metal bound radical anions is provided by X-Ray diffraction analysis, NMR, IR, UV/Vis and Mössbauer spectroscopy, solid and solution state magnetometry, as well as a by a detailed computational analysis. The metal bound radical anions are very reactive and facilitate the activation of intra- and intermolecular C-H bonds.

Homoleptic quasilinear metal(i/ii) silylamides of Cr-Co with phenyl and allyl functions - impact of the oxidation state on secondary ligand interactions

Herein we describe the synthesis and characterization of a variety of new quasilinear metal(i/ii) silylamides of the type [M(N(Dipp)SiR₃)₂]^0,- (M = Cr-Co) with different silyl substituents (SiR₃ = SiPh_3-nMe_n (n = 1-3), SiMe₂(allyl)). By comparison of the solid state structures we show that in the case of phenyl substituents secondary metal-ligand interactions are suppressed upon reduction of the metal. Introduction of an allyl substituted silylamide gives divalent complexes with additional metal-π-alkene interactions with only weak activation of the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond but substantial bending of the principal N-M-N axis. 1e^--reduction makes cobalt a more strongly bound alkene substituent, whereas for chromium, reduction and intermolecular dimerisation of the allyl unit are observed. It thus indicates that the general view of low-coordinate 3d-metal ions as electron deficient seems not to apply to anionic metal(i) complexes. Additionally, the obtained cobalt(i) complexes are reacted with an aryl azide giving trigonal imido metal complexes. These can be regarded as rare examples of high-spin imido cobalt compounds from their structural and solution magnetic features.

Relevance of Single-Transmetalated Resting States in Iron-Mediated Cross-Couplings: Unexpected Role of σ-Donating Additives

Control of the transmetalation degree of organoiron(II) species is a critical parameter in numerous Fe-catalyzed cross-couplings to ensure the success of the process. In this report, we however demonstrate that the selective formation of a monotransmetalated Fe^II species during the catalytic regime counterintuitively does not alone ensure an efficient suppression of the nucleophile homocoupling side reaction. It is conversely shown that a fine control of the transmetalation degree of the transient Fe^III intermediates obtained after the activation of alkyl electrophiles by a single-electron transfer (SET), achievable using σ-donating additives, accounts for the selectivity of the cross-coupling pathway. This report shows for the first time that both coordination spheres of Fe^II resting states and Fe^III short-lived intermediates must be efficiently tuned during the catalytic regime to ensure high coupling selectivities.

A Molecular Low-Coordinate [Fe-S-Fe] Unit in Three Oxidation States

A [Fe-S-Fe] subunit with a single sulfide bridging two low-coordinate iron ions is the supposed active site of the iron-molybdenum co-factor (FeMoco) of nitrogenase. Here we report a dinuclear monosulfido bridged diiron(II) complex with a similar complex geometry that can be oxidized stepwise to diiron(II/III) and diiron(III/III) complexes while retaining the [Fe-S-Fe] core. The series of complexes has been characterized crystallographically, and electronic structures have been studied using, inter alia, 57 Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and SQUID magnetometry. Further, cleavage of the [Fe-S-Fe] unit by CS2 is presented.

Quasilinear 3d-metal(i) complexes [KM(N(Dipp)SiR3)2] (M = Cr-Co) - structural diversity, solution state behaviour and reactivity

The synthesis and characterization of neutral quasilinear 3d-metal(i) complexes of chromium to cobalt of the type [KM(N(Dipp)SiMe₃)₂] (Dipp = 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl) are reported. In solid state these metal(i) complexes either occur as isolated molecules (Co) or are part of a potassium ion linked 1D-coordination polymer (Cr-Fe). In solution the potassium cation is either ligated within the ligand sphere of the metal silylamide or is separated from the complex depending on the solvent. For iron, we showcase that it is possible to use sodium or lithium metal for the reduction of the metal(ii) precursor. However, in these cases the resulting iron(i) complexes can only be isolated upon cation separation using an appropriate crown-ether. Further, the neutral metal(i) complexes are used to introduce NBu₄⁺ as an organic cation in the case of cobalt and iron. The impact of the intramolecular cation complexation was further demonstrated upon reaction with diphenyl acetylene which leads to bond formation processes and redox disproportionation instead of η²-alkyne complex formation.

Reductive Coupling of (Fluoro)pyridines by Linear 3d-Metal(I) Silylamides of Cr-Co: A Tale of C-C Bond Formation, C-F Bond Cleavage and a Pyridyl Radical Anion

Herein, we disclose the facile reduction of pyridine (and its derivatives) by linear 3d-metal(I) silylamides (M=Cr-Co). This reaction resulted in intermolecular C-C coupling to give dinuclear metal(II) complexes bearing a bridging 4,4'-dihydrobipyridyl ligand. For iron, we demonstrated that the C-C coupling is reversible in solution, either directly or by reaction with substrates, via a presumed monomeric metal(II) complex bearing a pyridyl radical anion. In the course of this investigation, we also observed that the dinuclear metal(II) complex incorporating iron facilitated the isomerisation of 1,4-cyclohexadiene to 1,3-cyclohexadiene as well as equimolar amounts of benzene and cyclohexene. Furthermore, we synthesised and structurally characterised a non-3d-metal-bound pyridyl radical anion. The reactions of the silylamides with perfluoropyridine led to C-F bond cleavage with the formation of metal(II) fluoride complexes of manganese, iron and cobalt along with the homocoupling or reductive degradation of the substrate. In the case of cobalt, the use of lesser fluorinated pyridines led to C-F bond cleavage but no homocoupling. Overall, in this paper we provide insights into the multifaceted behaviour of simple (fluoro)pyridines in the presence of moderately to highly reducing metal complexes.

The ambiguous behaviour of diphosphines towards the quasilinear iron(i) complex [Fe(N(SiMe3)2)2]− – between inertness, P–C bond cleavage and C–C double bond isomerisation

A quasilinear iron(i) complex facilitates C–C bond isomerisation or P-aryl bond cleavage of diphosphines but is otherwise inert to simple phosphine coordination.

The influences of carbon donor ligands on biomimetic multi-iron complexes for N2 reduction

The active site clusters of nitrogenase enzymes possess the only examples of carbides in biology. These are the only biological FeS clusters that are capable of reducing N₂ to NH₄⁺, implicating the central carbon and its interaction with Fe as important in the mechanism of N₂ reduction. This biological question motivates study of the influence of carbon donors on the electronic structure and reactivity of unsaturated, high-spin iron centers. Here, we present functional and structural models that test the impacts of carbon donors and sulfide donors in simpler iron compounds. We report the first example of a diiron complex that is bridged by an alkylidene and a sulfide, which serves as a high-fidelity structural and spectroscopic model of a two-iron portion of the active-site cluster (FeMoco) in the resting state of Mo-nitrogenase. The model complexes have antiferromagnetically coupled pairs of high-spin iron centers, and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy shows comparable covalency of the sulfide for C and S bridged species. The sulfur-bridged compound does not interact with N₂ even upon reduction, but upon removal of the sulfide it becomes capable of reducing N₂ to NH₄⁺ with the addition of protons and electrons. This provides synthetic support for sulfide extrusion in the activation of nitrogenase cofactors.

High-spin diiron alkylidenes give insight into the electronic structure and functional relevance of carbon in the FeMoco active site of nitrogenase.

Reduction of 2,2′-Bipyridine by Quasi-Linear 3d-Metal(I) Silylamides—A Structural and Spectroscopic Study

Quasi-linear anionic 3d-metal(I) silylamides are a new and promising class of molecules. Due to their highly negative reduction potential we wanted to test their capability to reduce substrates under coordination of their monoanionic radicaloid form. In a proof of principle study, we present the results of the reaction of metal(I) silylamides of chromium to cobalt with 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy), the redox non-innocence and reducibility of which was already established. In the course of these studies complexes of the type K{18-crown-6}[M(hmds)2(bipy)] (hmds = –N(SiMe3)2) were obtained. These compounds were isolated and thoroughly characterized to confirm the electron transfer onto the bipyridine ligand, which now acts as a radical monoanion. For comparison of the structural changes of the bipyridine ligand, the analogous zinc complexes were also synthesized. Overall our results indicate that anionic metal(I) silylamides are capable of reducing and ligate substrates, even when the electrochemical reduction potential of the latter is by up to 1 V higher.