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Kumar R, Guleria A, Padwad YS, Srivatsan V, Yadav SK. Smart proteins as a new paradigm for meeting dietary protein sufficiency of India: a critical review on the safety and sustainability of different protein sources. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-50. [PMID: 39011754 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2367564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
India, a global leader in agriculture, faces sustainability challenges in feeding its population. Although primarily a vegetarian population, the consumption of animal derived proteins has tremendously increased in recent years. Excessive dependency on animal proteins is not environmentally sustainable, necessitating the identification of alternative smart proteins. Smart proteins are environmentally benign and mimic the properties of animal proteins (dairy, egg and meat) and are derived from plant proteins, microbial fermentation, insects and cell culture meat (CCM) processes. This review critically evaluates the technological, safety, and sustainability challenges involved in production of smart proteins and their consumer acceptance from Indian context. Under current circumstances, plant-based proteins are most favorable; however, limited land availability and impending climate change makes them unsustainable in the long run. CCM is unaffordable with high input costs limiting its commercialization in near future. Microbial-derived proteins could be the most sustainable option for future owing to higher productivity and ability to grow on low-cost substrates. A circular economy approach integrating agri-horti waste valorization and C1 substrate synthesis with microbial biomass production offer economic viability. Considering the use of novel additives and processing techniques, evaluation of safety, allergenicity, and bioavailability of smart protein products is necessary before large-scale adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Kumar
- Applied Phycology and Food Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditi Guleria
- Applied Phycology and Food Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Yogendra S Padwad
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Protein Processing Centre, Dietetics, and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vidyashankar Srivatsan
- Applied Phycology and Food Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Sun B, Tan B, Zhang P, Zhu L, Wei H, Huang T, Li C, Yang W. Iron deficiency anemia: a critical review on iron absorption, supplementation and its influence on gut microbiota. Food Funct 2024; 15:1144-1157. [PMID: 38235788 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04644c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) caused by micronutrient iron deficiency has attracted global attention due to its adverse health effects. The regulation of iron uptake and metabolism is finely controlled by various transporters and hormones in the body. Dietary iron intake and regulation are essential in maintaining human health and iron requirements. The review aims to investigate literature concerning dietary iron intake and systemic regulation. Besides, recent IDA treatment and dietary iron supplementation are discussed. Considering the importance of the gut microbiome, the interaction between bacteria and micronutrient iron in the gut is also a focus of this review. The iron absorption efficiency varies considerably according to iron type and dietary factors. Iron fortification remains the cost-effective strategy, although challenges exist in developing suitable iron fortificants and food vehicles regarding bioavailability and acceptability. Iron deficiency may alter the microbiome structure and promote the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the gut, affecting immune balance and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolun Sun
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
- School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Beibei Tan
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Panxue Zhang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Lianlian Zhu
- School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Huamao Wei
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Tao Huang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Chao Li
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Wenge Yang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Moradi S, Foshati S, Poorbaferani F, Talebi S, Bagheri R, Amirian P, Parvizi F, Nordvall M, Wong A, Zobeiri M. The effects of spirulina supplementation on serum iron and ferritin, anemia parameters, and fecal occult blood in adults with ulcerative colitis: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 57:755-763. [PMID: 37739734 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The present clinical trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy of spirulina administration on serum iron, ferritin, anemia parameters, and fecal occult blood test (FOBT) in adults with ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS Eighty participants with UC were randomly assigned to take, either 1 g/day (two 500 mg capsules) spirulina (n = 40) or placebo (n = 40) in a double-blinded clinical trial for eight weeks. Dietary intake, physical activity status, serum iron and ferritin levels, anemia parameters, and FOBT were assessed in each participant at baseline and following the intervention. Seventy-three participants completed the trial. RESULTS Our results indicated significantly increased (p = 0.04) serum iron after eight weeks of spirulina supplementation compared to the placebo group. The spirulina group also demonstrated significantly increased mean corpuscular volume (p = 0.004) whereas red blood cell count (p = 0.01) and hematocrit (p = 0.03) were significantly lowered in the placebo group. No significant changes in FOBT outcomes were seen between groups at baseline (p = 0.12) and the end of the trial (p = 0.34). Eight weeks of 1 g/day spirulina supplementation improved anemia parameters in adults with UC compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS These outcomes suggest that spirulina administration may be beneficial in the management of anemia in UC. Further clinical trials of longer duration are necessary to corroborate and expand our findings. Registered at: http://www.IRCT.ir (code: IRCT20170802035460N3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Moradi
- Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sahar Foshati
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fariborz Poorbaferani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sepide Talebi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran
| | - Parsa Amirian
- General Practitioner, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Parvizi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Michael Nordvall
- Marymount University, School of Health Sciences, Department of Health and Human Performance, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Alexei Wong
- Marymount University, School of Health Sciences, Department of Health and Human Performance, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Mehdi Zobeiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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Li S, Guo W, Zeng M, Wu H. Safety assessment of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 biomass: genotoxicity, acute and subchronic toxicity studies. Food Funct 2023; 14:8008-8017. [PMID: 37593798 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01692g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 has the potential to be used as a new resource of food owing to its nutritional and functional benefits. However, little information has been published regarding the safety of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 biomass (SynB). The present study assessed genotoxicity, acute and subchronic toxicity of SynB for the first time. SynB did not show any genotoxicity based on the Ames test, mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, and mouse primary spermatocyte chromosome aberration test. SynB administered by gavage in mice at a dose of 10 g per kg body weight did not induce death or toxicity based on the acute toxicity study, indicating the median lethal dose value of SynB was over 10 g per kg body weight. In the 90-day subchronic toxicity study, no treatment-related mortality or clinical sign was noted with SynB at doses of 5 and 10 g per kg body weight in mice, and there was no adverse effect of SynB on food consumption, organ coefficients, blood biochemistry, urinalysis and histopathology. The Non Observed Adverse Effect Level for SynB in female and male mice was not less than 10 g per kg body weight per day based on subchronic toxicity. These results support the safe use of SynB as a new food raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
| | - Mingyong Zeng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China.
| | - Haohao Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China.
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Sandgruber F, Höger AL, Kunze J, Schenz B, Griehl C, Kiehntopf M, Kipp K, Kühn J, Stangl GI, Lorkowski S, Dawczynski C. Impact of Regular Intake of Microalgae on Nutrient Supply and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Results from the NovAL Intervention Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071645. [PMID: 37049486 PMCID: PMC10097350 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A 14-day randomized controlled study with a parallel design was conducted with 80 healthy participants. Intervention groups I (IG1) and II (IG2) received a defined background diet and consumed a smoothie enriched with either 15 g of Chlorella dry weight (d.w.) or 15 g of Microchloropsis d.w. daily. Control group II (CG2) received a defined background diet without the smoothie. Control group I (CG1) received neither. Blood samples and 24-h urine were collected at the beginning and the end of the study. Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, vitamin D3, selenium, iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and the LDL-cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio decreased in IG1 (p < 0.05), while 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 increased (p < 0.05). In IG2, vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamins D2 and D3 decreased (p < 0.05), while concentrations of fatty acids C20:5n3 and C22:5n3 increased. Serum and urine uric acid increased in IG1 and IG2 (p < 0.05). Microchloropsis is a valuable source of n3 fatty acids, as is Chlorella of vitamin D2. Regular consumption of Chlorella may affect the iron and selenium status negatively but may impact blood lipids positively. An elevated uric acid concentration in blood and urine following the regular consumption of microalgae poses potential risks for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Sandgruber
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 29, 07743 Jena, Germany; (F.S.); (J.K.); (B.S.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Dornburger Str. 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.K.); (G.I.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Anna-Lena Höger
- Competence Center Algal Biotechnology, Anhalt University of Applied Science, Bernburger Str. 55, 06366 Köthen, Germany; (A.-L.H.); (C.G.)
| | - Julia Kunze
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 29, 07743 Jena, Germany; (F.S.); (J.K.); (B.S.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Dornburger Str. 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.K.); (G.I.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Benjamin Schenz
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 29, 07743 Jena, Germany; (F.S.); (J.K.); (B.S.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Dornburger Str. 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.K.); (G.I.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Carola Griehl
- Competence Center Algal Biotechnology, Anhalt University of Applied Science, Bernburger Str. 55, 06366 Köthen, Germany; (A.-L.H.); (C.G.)
| | - Michael Kiehntopf
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Kristin Kipp
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Sophien- and Hufeland Hospital, Henry-Van-De-Velde-Str. 1, 99425 Weimar, Germany;
| | - Julia Kühn
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Dornburger Str. 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.K.); (G.I.S.); (S.L.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Gabriele I. Stangl
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Dornburger Str. 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.K.); (G.I.S.); (S.L.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Dornburger Str. 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.K.); (G.I.S.); (S.L.)
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Dawczynski
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 29, 07743 Jena, Germany; (F.S.); (J.K.); (B.S.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Dornburger Str. 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.K.); (G.I.S.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Gurney T, Brouner J, Spendiff O. The Efficacy of Chlorella Supplementation on Multiple Indices of Cycling Performance. J Diet Suppl 2023; 21:99-115. [PMID: 36905653 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2023.2186557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of chlorella supplementation on submaximal endurance, time trial performance, lactate threshold, and power indices during a repeated sprint performance test by fourteen male trained cyclists. Participants ingested 6 g/day of chlorella or placebo for 21-days in a double-blinded randomized counter-balanced cross-over design, with a fourteen-day washout period between trials. Each completed a 2-day testing period comprising a 1-hour submaximal endurance test at 55% external power output max and a 16.1 km time trial (Day-1), followed by a lactate threshold (Dmax) and repeated sprint performance tests (3 X 20 s sprints interspersed by 4-mins) (Day-2). Heart rate (b.min-1), RER, V̇O2 (ml·kg-1·min-1), lactate and glucose (mmol/L), time (secs), power output (W/kg), and hemoglobin (g/L) were compared across conditions. Following chlorella supplementation (chlorella vs. placebo for each measurement) average lactate and heart rate were significantly lower (p < 0.05) during submaximal endurance tests (1.68 ± 0.50 mmol/L vs. 1.91 ± 0.65 mmol/L & 138 ± 11b.min-1 vs. 144 ± 10b.min-1), average power and peak power (W/kg) were significantly higher during repeated sprint bouts (9.5 ± 0.7 W/kg vs. 9.0 ± 0.7 W/kg & 12.0 ± 1.2 W/kg vs. 11.4 ± 1.4 W/kg), hemoglobin significantly increased (149.1 ± 10.3 g/L) in comparison to placebo (143.4 ± 8.7 g/L) (p = 0.05). No differences existed between conditions for all oxygen consumption values, 16.1 km time trial measures and lactate threshold tests (p > 0.05). In conclusion, chlorella may pose as an additional supplement for cyclists to consider, particularly for those cyclists who want to improve their sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Gurney
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, England
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, England
| | - James Brouner
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, England
| | - Owen Spendiff
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, England
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Kougia E, Ioannou E, Roussis V, Tzovenis I, Chentir I, Markou G. Iron (Fe) biofortification of Arthrospira platensis: Effects on growth, biochemical composition and in vitro iron bioaccessibility. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.103016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Kumar R, Sharma V, Das S, Patial V, Srivatsan V. Arthrospira platensis ( Spirulina) fortified functional foods ameliorate iron and protein malnutrition by improving growth and modulating oxidative stress and gut microbiota in rats. Food Funct 2023; 14:1160-1178. [PMID: 36601898 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02226e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at developing Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) fortified traditional foods of the Indian subcontinent, namely sattu (multigrain beverage mix) and chikki (peanut bar) and evaluating their ability to promote recovery from protein and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) using albino Wistar rats. Addition of Spirulina (at 4% w/w Spirulina inclusion levels) enriched the protein content by 20.33% in sattu and 15.65% in chikki while the iron content was enhanced by 45% in sattu and 29.6% in chikki. In addition, the total carotenoid and polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of the food products improved after Spirulina incorporation. Supplementation of 100 g of Spirulina fortified food products meets more than 50% of recommended dietary allowances (RDA) of protein, dietary fiber, iron and zinc for the age group 3 to 10 years of children. Spirulina contributed between 11% and 22% of RDA for protein and iron, respectively; however it contributed very negligibly to RDA of dietary fibre with respect to the nutrient requirements for the target age group. Supplementation of Spirulina fortified foods individually promoted bodyweight gain in malnourished rats and restored haemoglobin, serum protein, albumin, serum iron, and hepcidin levels and reduced the iron binding capacity indicating recovery from IDA. Spirulina supplementation ameliorated malnutrition induced oxidative stress in the liver, spleen and kidneys by reducing the lipid peroxidation and enhancing superoxide dismutase and glutathione activities. Histopathological analysis revealed that supplementation of Spirulina fortified foods reversed pathological changes such as fatty changes in the liver cells, thinning of cardiac muscle fibers and degeneration of intestinal villi. Fe-protein deficiency significantly altered the gut microflora by reducing the abundance of beneficial microbes. However, supplementation of Spirulina fortified foods improved the levels of beneficial gut microbes such as Lactobacillus reuteri and Akkermansia muciniphila while reducing the abundance of Helicobacteraceae, Enterobacteria and Clostridia. In summary, supplementation of Spirulina fortified foods promoted recovery from protein and iron deficiency indicating the bioavailability of nutrients (iron and protein) from Spirulina at par with casein and ferrous ascorbate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Kumar
- Applied Phycology and Food Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201002, India
| | - Vinesh Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201002, India
| | - Sampa Das
- Applied Phycology and Food Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Vikram Patial
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201002, India
| | - Vidyashankar Srivatsan
- Applied Phycology and Food Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201002, India
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Durdakova M, Kolackova M, Janova A, Krystofova O, Adam V, Huska D. Microalgae/cyanobacteria: the potential green future of vitamin B 12 production. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3091-3102. [PMID: 36222060 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2130156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the available information about potential sources of vitamin B12, especially for people who follow a vegan or vegetarian diet and inhabitants of poor countries in the developing world. Cyanobacteria and microalgae approved for food purposes can play a critical role as promising and innovative sources of this vitamin. This work involves a discussion of whether the form of vitamin B12 extracted from microalgae/cyanobacteria is biologically available to humans, specifically focusing on the genera Arthrospira and Chlorella. It describes analyses of their biomass composition, cultivation requirements, and genetic properties in B12 production. Furthermore, this review discusses the function of cobalamin in microalgae and cyanobacteria themselves and the possibility of modification and cocultivation to increase the content of B12 in their biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Durdakova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Kolackova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Janova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Krystofova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Huska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
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A review on plant polysaccharide based on drug delivery system for construction and application, with emphasis on traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 211:711-728. [PMID: 35588976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate polymers with unique chemical composition, molecular weight and functional chemical groups show multiple potentials in drug delivery. Most carbohydrate polymers such as plant polysaccharides exhibit advantages of biodegradability, ease of modification, low immunogenicity and low toxicity. They can be conjugated, cross-linked or functionally modified, and then used as nanocarrier materials. Polysaccharide drug delivery system can avoid the phagocytosis of the reticuloendothelial system, prevent the degradation of biomolecules, and increase the bioavailability of small molecules, thus exerting effective therapeutic effects. Therefore, they have been fully explored. In this paper, we reviewed the construction methods of drug delivery systems based on carbohydrate polymers (astragalus polysaccharide, angelica polysaccharide, lycium barbarum polysaccharide, ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide, bletilla polysaccharide, glycyrrhiza polysaccharide, and epimedium polysaccharides, etc). The application of polysaccharide drug delivery systems to deliver small molecule chemotherapeutic drugs, gene drugs, and metal ion drugs was also briefly introduced. At the same time, the role of the polysaccharide drug delivery system in tumor treatment, targeted therapy, and wound healing was discussed. In addition, the research of polysaccharide delivery systems based on the therapeutic efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine was also summarized and prospected.
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Krüger-Genge A, Steinbrecht S, Jung CGH, Westphal S, Klöpzig S, Waldeck P, Küpper JH, Storsberg J, Jung F. Arthrospira platensis accelerates the formation of an endothelial cell monolayer and protects against endothelial cell detachment after bacterial contamination. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 78:151-161. [PMID: 33554896 DOI: 10.3233/ch-201096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Within the last years a comprehensive number of scientific studies demonstrated beneficial effect of Arthropira platensis (AP) as dietary supplement due to a high content of proteins, minerals and vitamins. Positive effects like promoting the immune system, reducing inflammation and an anti-oxidant capacity are reported. In this study, the effect of an aqueous AP extract on primary human venous endothelial cells (HUVEC) was investigated. In addition, the effect of AP on HUVEC treated with a bacterial toxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPA), inducing an activation of HUVEC and cellular detachment, was analyzed. Depending on the concentration of AP extract a significantly accelerated formation of an endothelial cell monolayer was observed. Furthermore, the detachment of HUVEC after LPA addition was dramatically reduced by AP. In conclusion, the data are promising and indicatory for an application of Arthrospira platensis in the clinical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krüger-Genge
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - S Steinbrecht
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - C G H Jung
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Sophia Westphal
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stefanie Klöpzig
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - P Waldeck
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - J-H Küpper
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany.,Carbon Biotech, Social Enterprise Stiftungs AG, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - J Storsberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - F Jung
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
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12
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Gao F, Miao Y, Guo W, Zeng M. Microalgal nanosized polyphosphate bodies as novel iron supplements for iron-deficiency anemia treatment in rats. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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He H, Teng H, Huang Q, He D, An F, Chen L, Song H. Beneficial effects of AOS-iron supplementation on intestinal structure and microbiota in IDA rats. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Effects of Tetraselmis chuii Microalgae Supplementation on Ergospirometric, Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in Amateur Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186885. [PMID: 32967151 PMCID: PMC7560093 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the effects of Tetraselmis chuii (TC) microalgae supplementation during thirty days on ergospirometric, haematological and biochemical parameters in amateur soccer players. Thirty-two amateur soccer players divided into a control group (CG; n = 16; 22.36 ± 1.36 years; 68.36 ± 3.53 kg) and a supplemented group (SG; n = 16; 22.23 ± 2.19 years; 69.30 ± 5.56 kg) participated in the double-blind study. SG ingested 200 mg of the TC per day, while CG ingested 200 mg per day of lactose powder. Supplementation was carried out for thirty days. The participants performed a maximal treadmill test until exhaustion. The ergospirometric values at different ventilatory thresholds and haematological values were obtained after the test. Heart rate decreased after supplementation with TC (p < 0.05). Oxygen pulse, relative and absolute maximum oxygen consumption increased in SG (pre vs. post; 19.04 ± 2.53 vs. 22.08 ± 2.25; 53.56 ± 3.26 vs. 56.74 ± 3.43; 3.72 ± 0.35 vs. 3.99 ± 0.25; p < 0.05). Haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin increased in SG (pre vs. post; 15.12 ± 0.87 vs. 16.58 ± 0.74 p < 0.01; 28.03 ± 1.57 vs. 30.82 ± 1.21; p < 0.05). On the other hand, haematocrit and mean platelet volume decreased in SG (p < 0.05). TC supplementation elicited improvements in ergospirometric and haematological values in amateur soccer players. TC supplementation could be valuable for improving performance in amateur athletes.
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15
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Bito T, Okumura E, Fujishima M, Watanabe F. Potential of Chlorella as a Dietary Supplement to Promote Human Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2524. [PMID: 32825362 PMCID: PMC7551956 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorella is a green unicellular alga that is commercially produced and distributed worldwide as a dietary supplement. Chlorella products contain numerous nutrients and vitamins, including D and B12, that are absent in plant-derived food sources. Chlorella contains larger amounts of folate and iron than other plant-derived foods. Chlorella supplementation to mammals, including humans, has been reported to exhibit various pharmacological activities, including immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antihyperlipidemic activities. Meta-analysis on the effects of Chlorella supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors have suggested that it improves total cholesterol levels, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose levels but not triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These beneficial effects of Chlorella might be due to synergism between multiple nutrient and antioxidant compounds. However, information regarding the bioactive compounds in Chlorella is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Bito
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
| | - Eri Okumura
- Sun Chlorella Corporation, Kyoto 600-8177, Japan; (E.O.); (M.F.)
| | - Masaki Fujishima
- Sun Chlorella Corporation, Kyoto 600-8177, Japan; (E.O.); (M.F.)
| | - Fumio Watanabe
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
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16
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Kurniawan AL, Lee YC, Shih CK, Hsieh RH, Chen SH, Chang JS. Alteration in iron efflux affects male sex hormone testosterone biosynthesis in a diet-induced obese rat model. Food Funct 2020; 10:4113-4123. [PMID: 31233037 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01870g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was motivated by clinical observations that dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome (DIOS) and an androgen deficiency are common features observed in obese adult men; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of DIOS on androgen deficiency remains to be elucidated. We established a DIOS animal model by feeding Sprague-Dawley rats an iron/fat-enriched diet (50% fat plus 0.25, 1, or 2 g ferric iron per kg diet) for 12 weeks to induce iron dysfunction (indicated by decreased tissue iron efflux) in obese rats. Obese rats fed an iron/fat-enriched diet showed decreased levels of testicular total Testosterone (T) and iron exporter ferroportin but increased levels of testicular iron and hepcidin, and these effects were more evident with a >1 g ferric iron per kg diet. A western blot analysis showed that an iron/fat-enriched diet triggered testicular endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress but decreased mitochondrion biogenesis proteins (PGC1α and TFAM) and T-converting proteins (StAR, CYP11A, and 17β-HSD). TUNEL staining showed that >1 g ferric iron induced apoptosis mainly in germ cells and Leydig's cells. Uncontrolled testicular iron efflux may cause mitochondrial-ER dysfunction and affect T biosynthesis. Future study targeting the testicular hepcidin-ferroportin axis may offer a therapeutic tool to alleviate testicular iron retention and mitochondrial-ER stress in Leydig's cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Lukas Kurniawan
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chieh Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kuang Shih
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. and School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Hong Hsieh
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Seu-Hwa Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Su Chang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. and Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan and Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan and Chinese Taipei Society for the Study of Obesity, CTSSO, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Qi X, Zhao H, Shang Y, Xu Y, Yao M, Wang C, Hu P, Li C. Deer blood effectively improved clinical signs of anaemia in a rodent model. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an19510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) is one of the most common health problems in the world. As a type of traditional Chinese medicine, deer blood (DB) is often used to treat IDA in China. However, no scientifically designed studies with strict controls were available for the evaluation of therapeutic effects of DB on IDA. In the present study, IDA rat model was first established through feeding iron-deficient diet and then three doses of DB treatment (low, mid and high) were used to feed these rats. During the 30-day treatment period, body condition of the negative-control rats continued to decline. There was no significant difference among the groups of DB-high, positive control and overall intact control in haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit concentration and the number of red blood cells. Results showed that both groups DB-mid and DB-high showed significantly increased iron concentrations in the three organs including liver, spleen and kidney of the rats, compared with all other groups, including the positive-control group. We believe our study has opened a new avenue for the development of DB as a drug to treat IDA in clinics.
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