1
|
Tajer L, Paillart JC, Dib H, Sabatier JM, Fajloun Z, Abi Khattar Z. Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides in the Modern Era: An Updated Review. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1259. [PMID: 39065030 PMCID: PMC11279074 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious global health concern, resulting in a significant number of deaths annually due to infections that are resistant to treatment. Amidst this crisis, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics (ATBs). These cationic peptides, naturally produced by all kingdoms of life, play a crucial role in the innate immune system of multicellular organisms and in bacterial interspecies competition by exhibiting broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. AMPs target bacterial pathogens through multiple mechanisms, most importantly by disrupting their membranes, leading to cell lysis. However, bacterial resistance to host AMPs has emerged due to a slow co-evolutionary process between microorganisms and their hosts. Alarmingly, the development of resistance to last-resort AMPs in the treatment of MDR infections, such as colistin, is attributed to the misuse of this peptide and the high rate of horizontal genetic transfer of the corresponding resistance genes. AMP-resistant bacteria employ diverse mechanisms, including but not limited to proteolytic degradation, extracellular trapping and inactivation, active efflux, as well as complex modifications in bacterial cell wall and membrane structures. This review comprehensively examines all constitutive and inducible molecular resistance mechanisms to AMPs supported by experimental evidence described to date in bacterial pathogens. We also explore the specificity of these mechanisms toward structurally diverse AMPs to broaden and enhance their potential in developing and applying them as therapeutics for MDR bacteria. Additionally, we provide insights into the significance of AMP resistance within the context of host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Layla Tajer
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Department of Cell Culture, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (L.T.); (Z.F.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Paillart
- CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, UPR 9002, Université de Strasbourg, 2 Allée Konrad Roentgen, F-67000 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Hanna Dib
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait;
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Aix-Marseille Université, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Department of Cell Culture, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (L.T.); (Z.F.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences 3, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, Tripoli 1352, Lebanon
| | - Ziad Abi Khattar
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Kalhat, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen H, Schumacher M, Ianiro A, Stank TJ, Janoszka N, Chen C, Azhdari S, Hellweg T, Gröschel AH. Photocleavable Polymer Cubosomes: Synthesis, Self-Assembly, and Photorelease. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14776-14784. [PMID: 38668645 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Polymer cubosomes (PCs) are a recent class of self-assembled block copolymer (BCP) microparticles with an accessible periodic channel system. Most reported PCs consist of a polystyrene scaffold, which provides mechanical stability for templating but has a limited intrinsic functionality. Here, we report the synthesis of photocleavable BCPs with compositions suitable for PC formation. We analyze the self-assembly mechanism and study the model release of dyes during irradiation, where the transition of the BCPs from amphiphilic to bishydrophilic causes the rapid disassembly of the PCs. A combination of modeling and experiment shows that the evolution of PCs proceeds first via liquid-liquid phase separation into polymer-rich droplets, followed by microphase separation within this droplet confinement, and finally, membrane reorganization into high internal order. This insight may encourage exploration of alternative preparation strategies to better control the size and homogeneity of PCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28-30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Marcel Schumacher
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28-30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Alessandro Ianiro
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven 3001, Belgium
- Biophysics Group, Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Tim Julian Stank
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Nicole Janoszka
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28-30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28-30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Suna Azhdari
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28-30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - André H Gröschel
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28-30, Münster 48149, Germany
- Polymer Materials for Energy Storage (PES), Bavarian Center for Battery Technology (BayBatt) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth 95448, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Zhou Q, Yu H, Yang Q, Wang M, Huang C, Xiang L, Li C, Heine T, Hu G, Wang S, Feng X, Mai Y. Increasing the Accessibility of Internal Catalytic Sites in Covalent Organic Frameworks by Introducing a Bicontinuous Mesostructure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400985. [PMID: 38353140 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Introducing continuous mesochannels into covalent organic frameworks (COFs) to increase the accessibility of their inner active sites has remained a major challenge. Here, we report the synthesis of COFs with an ordered bicontinuous mesostructure, via a block copolymer self-assembly-guided nanocasting strategy. Three different mesostructured COFs are synthesized, including two covalent triazine frameworks and one vinylene-linked COF. The new materials are endowed with a hierarchical meso/microporous architecture, in which the mesochannels exhibit an ordered shifted double diamond (SDD) topology. The hierarchically porous structure can enable efficient hole-electron separation and smooth mass transport to the deep internal of the COFs and consequently high accessibility of their active catalytic sites. Benefiting from this hierarchical structure, these COFs exhibit excellent performance in visible-light-driven catalytic NO removal with a high conversion percentage of up to 51.4 %, placing them one of the top reported NO-elimination photocatalysts. This study represents the first case of introducing a bicontinuous structure into COFs, which opens a new avenue for the synthesis of hierarchically porous COFs and for increasing the utilization degree of their internal active sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hongde Yu
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66c, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Qiqi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chuanhui Huang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luoxing Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Thomas Heine
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66c, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Abteilung Ressourcenökologie, Forschungsstelle Leipzig, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University and ibs center for nanomedicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shengyao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Yiyong Mai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morgun E, Zhu J, Almunif S, Bobbala S, Aguilar MS, Wang J, Conner K, Cui Y, Cao L, Seshadri C, Scott EA, Wang CR. Vaccination with mycobacterial lipid loaded nanoparticle leads to lipid antigen persistence and memory differentiation of antigen-specific T cells. eLife 2023; 12:RP87431. [PMID: 37877801 PMCID: PMC10599656 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection elicits both protein and lipid antigen-specific T cell responses. However, the incorporation of lipid antigens into subunit vaccine strategies and formulations has been underexplored, and the characteristics of vaccine-induced Mtb lipid-specific memory T cells have remained elusive. Mycolic acid (MA), a major lipid component of the Mtb cell wall, is presented by human CD1b molecules to unconventional T cell subsets. These MA-specific CD1b-restricted T cells have been detected in the blood and disease sites of Mtb-infected individuals, suggesting that MA is a promising lipid antigen for incorporation into multicomponent subunit vaccines. In this study, we utilized the enhanced stability of bicontinuous nanospheres (BCN) to efficiently encapsulate MA for in vivo delivery to MA-specific T cells, both alone and in combination with an immunodominant Mtb protein antigen (Ag85B). Pulmonary administration of MA-loaded BCN (MA-BCN) elicited MA-specific T cell responses in humanized CD1 transgenic mice. Simultaneous delivery of MA and Ag85B within BCN activated both MA- and Ag85B-specific T cells. Notably, pulmonary vaccination with MA-Ag85B-BCN resulted in the persistence of MA, but not Ag85B, within alveolar macrophages in the lung. Vaccination of MA-BCN through intravenous or subcutaneous route, or with attenuated Mtb likewise reproduced MA persistence. Moreover, MA-specific T cells in MA-BCN-vaccinated mice differentiated into a T follicular helper-like phenotype. Overall, the BCN platform allows for the dual encapsulation and in vivo activation of lipid and protein antigen-specific T cells and leads to persistent lipid depots that could offer long-lasting immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Morgun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Jennifer Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Sultan Almunif
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Sharan Bobbala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Melissa S Aguilar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattleUnited States
| | - Junzhong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Kathleen Conner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Yongyong Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattleUnited States
| | - Evan A Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pagendarm HM, Stone PT, Kimmel BR, Baljon JJ, Aziz MH, Pastora LE, Hubert L, Roth EW, Almunif S, Scott EA, Wilson JT. Engineering endosomolytic nanocarriers of diverse morphologies using confined impingement jet mixing. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16016-16029. [PMID: 37753868 PMCID: PMC10568979 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02874g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The clinical translation of many biomolecular therapeutics has been hindered by undesirable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, inadequate membrane permeability, poor endosomal escape and cytosolic delivery, and/or susceptibility to degradation. Overcoming these challenges merits the development of nanoscale drug carriers (nanocarriers) to improve the delivery of therapeutic cargo. Herein, we implement a flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) approach to produce nanocarriers of diverse vesicular morphologies by using various molecular weight PEG-bl-DEAEMA-co-BMA (PEG-DB) polymers. We demonstrated that FNP can produce uniform (PDI < 0.1) particles after 5 impingements, and that by varying the copolymer hydrophilic mass fraction, FNP enables access to a diverse variety of nanoarchitectures including micelles, unilamellar vesicles (polymersomes), and multi-compartment vesicles (MCVs). We synthesized a library of 2 kDa PEG block copolymers, with DEAEMA-co-BMA second block molecular weights of 3, 6, 12, 15, 20, and 30 kDa. All formulations were both pH responsive, endosomolytic, and capable of loading and cytosolically delivering small negatively charged molecules - albeit to different degrees. Using a B16.F10 melanoma model, we showcased the therapeutic potential of a lead FNP formulated PEG-DB nanocarrier, encapsulating the cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) cGAMP to activate the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway in a therapeutically relevant context. Collectively, these data demonstrate that an FNP process can be used to formulate pH-responsive nanocarriers of diverse morphologies using a PEG-DB polymer system. As FNP is an industrially scalable process, these data address the critical translational challenge of producing PEG-DB nanoparticles at scale. Furthermore, the diverse morphologies produced may specialize in the delivery of distinct biomolecular cargos for other therapeutic applications, implicating the therapeutic potential of this platform in an array of disease applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayden M Pagendarm
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| | - Payton T Stone
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Blaise R Kimmel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jessalyn J Baljon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| | - Mina H Aziz
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Lucinda E Pastora
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Lauren Hubert
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Eric W Roth
- NUANCE BioCryo, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sultan Almunif
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Evan A Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Morgun E, Zhu J, Almunif S, Bobbala S, Aguilar MS, Wang J, Conner K, Cui Y, Cao L, Seshadri C, Scott EA, Wang CR. Vaccination with mycobacterial lipid loaded nanoparticle leads to lipid antigen persistence and memory differentiation of antigen-specific T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.07.531489. [PMID: 36945395 PMCID: PMC10028924 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.07.531489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection elicits both protein and lipid antigen-specific T cell responses. However, the incorporation of lipid antigens into subunit vaccine strategies and formulations has been underexplored, and the characteristics of vaccine-induced Mtb lipid-specific memory T cells have remained elusive. Mycolic acid (MA), a major lipid component of the Mtb cell wall, is presented by human CD1b molecules to unconventional T cell subsets. These MA-specific CD1b-restricted T cells have been detected in the blood and disease sites of Mtb-infected individuals, suggesting that MA is a promising lipid antigen for incorporation into multicomponent subunit vaccines. In this study, we utilized the enhanced stability of bicontinuous nanospheres (BCN) to efficiently encapsulate MA for in vivo delivery to MA-specific T cells, both alone and in combination with an immunodominant Mtb protein antigen (Ag85B). Pulmonary administration of MA-loaded BCN (MA-BCN) elicited MA-specific T cell responses in humanized CD1 transgenic mice. Simultaneous delivery of MA and Ag85B within BCN activated both MA- and Ag85B-specific T cells. Notably, pulmonary vaccination with MA-Ag85B-BCN resulted in the persistence of MA, but not Ag85B, within alveolar macrophages in the lung. Vaccination of MA-BCN through intravenous or subcutaneous route, or with attenuated Mtb likewise reproduced MA persistence. Moreover, MA-specific T cells in MA-BCN-vaccinated mice differentiated into a T follicular helper-like phenotype. Overall, the BCN platform allows for the dual encapsulation and in vivo activation of lipid and protein antigen-specific T cells and leads to persistent lipid depots that could offer long-lasting immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Morgun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sultan Almunif
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sharan Bobbala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Melissa S. Aguilar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Junzhong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathleen Conner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yongyong Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Evan A. Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zheng L, Bandara SR, Tan Z, Leal C. Lipid nanoparticle topology regulates endosomal escape and delivery of RNA to the cytoplasm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301067120. [PMID: 37364130 PMCID: PMC10318962 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301067120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA therapeutics have the potential to resolve a myriad of genetic diseases. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are among the most successful RNA delivery systems. Expanding their use for the treatment of more genetic diseases hinges on our ability to continuously evolve the design of LNPs with high potency, cellular-specific targeting, and low side effects. Overcoming the difficulty of releasing cargo from endocytosed LNPs remains a significant hurdle. Here, we investigate the fundamental properties of nonviral RNA nanoparticles pertaining to the activation of topological transformations of endosomal membranes and RNA translocation into the cytosol. We show that, beyond composition, LNP fusogenicity can be prescribed by designing LNP nanostructures that lower the energetic cost of fusion and fusion-pore formation with a target membrane. The inclusion of structurally active lipids leads to enhanced LNP endosomal fusion, fast evasion of endosomal entrapment, and efficacious RNA delivery. For example, conserving the lipid make-up, RNA-LNPs having cuboplex nanostructures are significantly more efficacious at endosomal escape than traditional lipoplex constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lining Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Sarith R. Bandara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Zhengzhong Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Cecilia Leal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Grandes Reyes CF, Ha S, Kim KT. Synthesis and applications of polymer cubosomes and hexosomes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20230053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sungmin Ha
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Taek Kim
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xiang L, Li Q, Li C, Yang Q, Xu F, Mai Y. Block Copolymer Self-Assembly Directed Synthesis of Porous Materials with Ordered Bicontinuous Structures and Their Potential Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207684. [PMID: 36255138 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials with their ordered bicontinuous structures have attracted great interest owing to ordered periodic structures as well as 3D interconnected network and pore channels. Bicontinuous structures may favor efficient mass diffusion to the interior of materials, thus increasing the utilization ratio of active sites. In addition, ordered bicontinuous structures confer materials with exceptional optical and magnetic properties, including tunable photonic bandgap, negative refraction, and multiple equivalent magnetization configurations. The attractive structural advantages and physical properties have inspired people to develop strategies for preparing bicontinuous-structured porous materials. Among a few synthetic approaches, the self-assembly of block copolymers represents a versatile strategy to prepare various bicontinuous-structured functional materials with pore sizes and lattice parameters ranging from 1 to 500 nm. This article overviews progress in this appealing area, with an emphasis on the synthetic strategies, the structural control (including topologies, pore sizes, and unit cell parameters), and their potential applications in energy storage and conversion, metamaterials, photonic crystals, cargo delivery and release, nanoreactors, and biomolecule selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luoxing Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qiqi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fugui Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yiyong Mai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu R, Wang K, Gai Y, Li M, Wang J, Wang C, Zhang Y, Xiao Z, Jiang D, Gao Z, Xia X. Nanomedicine for renal cell carcinoma: imaging, treatment and beyond. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:3. [PMID: 36597108 PMCID: PMC9809106 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is a vital organ responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the human body. However, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignancy of the urinary system and represents a serious threat to human health. Although the overall survival of RCC has improved substantially with the development of cancer diagnosis and management, there are various reasons for treatment failure. Firstly, without any readily available biomarkers, timely diagnosis has been greatly hampered. Secondly, the imaging appearance also varies greatly, and its early detection often remains difficult. Thirdly, chemotherapy has been validated as unavailable for treating renal cancer in the clinic due to its intrinsic drug resistance. Concomitant with the progress of nanotechnological methods in pharmaceuticals, the management of kidney cancer has undergone a transformation in the recent decade. Nanotechnology has shown many advantages over widely used traditional methods, leading to broad biomedical applications ranging from drug delivery, prevention, diagnosis to treatment. This review focuses on nanotechnologies in RCC management and further discusses their biomedical translation with the aim of identifying the most promising nanomedicines for clinical needs. As our understanding of nanotechnologies continues to grow, more opportunities to improve the management of renal cancer are expected to emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruolin Wu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Keshan Wang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongkang Gai
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengting Li
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Zairong Gao
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaotian Xia
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei People’s Republic of China ,grid.412839.50000 0004 1771 3250Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hou C, Gao L, Wang Y, Yan LT. Entropic control of nanoparticle self-assembly through confinement. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:1016-1028. [PMID: 35762392 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00156j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Entropy can be the sole driving force for the construction and regulation of ordered structures of soft matter systems. Specifically, under confinement, the entropic penalty could induce enhanced entropic effects which potentially generate visually ordered structures. Therefore, spatial confinement or a crowding environment offers an important approach to control entropy effects in these systems. Here, we review how spatial confinement-mediated entropic effects accurately and even dynamically control the self-assembly of nanoscale objects into ordered structures, focusing on our efforts towards computer simulations and theoretical analysis. First, we introduce the basic principle of entropic ordering through confinement. We then introduce the applications of this concept to various systems containing nanoparticles, including polymer nanocomposites, biological macromolecular systems and macromolecular colloids. Finally, the future directions and challenges for tailoring nanoparticle organization through spatial confinement-mediated entropic effects are detailed. We expect that this review could stimulate further efforts in the fundamental research on the relationship between confinement and entropy and in the applications of this concept for designer nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Lijuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Yuming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Li-Tang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xiang L, Yuan S, Wang F, Xu Z, Li X, Tian F, Wu L, Yu W, Mai Y. Porous Polymer Cubosomes with Ordered Single Primitive Bicontinuous Architecture and Their Sodium-Iodine Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15497-15508. [PMID: 35979963 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bicontinuous porous materials, which possess 3D interconnected pore channels facilitating a smooth mass transport, have attracted much interest in the fields of energy and catalysis. However, their synthesis remains very challenging. We report a general approach, using polymer cubosomes as the template, for the controllable synthesis of bicontinuous porous polymers with an ordered single primitive (SP) cubic structure, including polypyrrole (SP-PPy), poly-m-phenylenediamine (SP-PmPD), and polydopamine (SP-PDA). Specifically, the resultant SP-PPy had a unit cell parameter of 99 nm, pore diameter of 45 nm, and specific surface area of approximately 60 m2·g-1. As a proof of concept, the I2-adsorbed SP-PPy was employed as the cathode materials of newly emerged Na-I2 batteries, which delivered a record-high specific capacity (235 mA·h·g-1 at 0.5 C), excellent rate capability, and cycling stability (with a low capacity decay of 0.12% per cycle within 400 cycles at 1 C). The advantageous contributions of the bicontinuous structure and I3- adsorption mechanism of SP-PPy were revealed by a combination of ion diffusion experiments and theoretical calculations. This study opens a new avenue for the synthesis of porous polymers with new topologies, broadens the spectrum of bicontinuous-structured materials, and also develops a novel potential application for porous polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luoxing Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Siqi Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Faxing Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Zhihan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiuhong Li
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 239 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 239 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Liang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiyong Mai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yu SS, Hubbell JA, Swartz MA. Overcoming transport barriers to immunotherapy. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:2273-2275. [PMID: 34718959 PMCID: PMC10994393 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies are designed to treat disease by modulating the activity of immune cells. Here, we consider how anatomy and microphysiology create transport barriers to immunotherapeutic delivery and retention at diseased sites, and summarize recent developments to overcome these barriers by exploiting immunobiology to engineer molecular and cellular engineering approaches. Creating impactful and practical solutions across these diseases requires the integration of the collective expertise of pathologists, clinicians, immunologists, biophysicists, immunoengineers, and more.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shann S Yu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mena-Giraldo P, Orozco J. Polymeric Micro/Nanocarriers and Motors for Cargo Transport and Phototriggered Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3920. [PMID: 34833219 PMCID: PMC8621231 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart polymer-based micro/nanoassemblies have emerged as a promising alternative for transporting and delivering a myriad of cargo. Cargo encapsulation into (or linked to) polymeric micro/nanocarrier (PC) strategies may help to conserve cargo activity and functionality when interacting with its surroundings in its journey to the target. PCs for cargo phototriggering allow for excellent spatiotemporal control via irradiation as an external stimulus, thus regulating the delivery kinetics of cargo and potentially increasing its therapeutic effect. Micromotors based on PCs offer an accelerated cargo-medium interaction for biomedical, environmental, and many other applications. This review collects the recent achievements in PC development based on nanomicelles, nanospheres, and nanopolymersomes, among others, with enhanced properties to increase cargo protection and cargo release efficiency triggered by ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, including light-stimulated polymeric micromotors for propulsion, cargo transport, biosensing, and photo-thermal therapy. We emphasize the challenges of positioning PCs as drug delivery systems, as well as the outstanding opportunities of light-stimulated polymeric micromotors for practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jahir Orozco
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 # 52-20, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Paterson DA, Fong WK, Hook S, Gamble AB. Hydrogen Sulfide-Responsive Bicontinuous Nanospheres. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4770-4782. [PMID: 34652153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) that can self-assemble into particles and be triggered by disease-specific molecules such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) have the potential to impact on drug delivery, decreasing off-target toxicities while increasing drug efficacy. However, the incorporation of H2S-responsive aryl azides into BCPs for self-assembly has been limited by heat, light, and radical sensitivities. In this study, a robust activator regenerated by the electron-transfer atom-transfer radical polymerization reaction was used to synthesize aryl-azide-containing BCPs under ambient conditions. Conditions controlling self-assembly of the BCPs into 150-200 nm particles and the physicochemical properties of the particles were investigated. The use of nanoprecipitation with tetrahydrofuran to promote self-assembly of the BCPs resulted in vesicle structures, while dimethylformamide or dimethylsulfoxide resulted in polymeric bicontinuous nanospheres (BCNs). Triggering of the BCPs and particles (vesicles or BCNs) via exposure to H2S revealed that unsubstituted aryl azides were readily reduced (by HS-), resulting in particle disruption or cross-linking. The relative polar nature of the particle bilayers containing unsubstituted aryl azides and the open structure of the BCNs did however limit encapsulation of small hydrophilic and hydrophobic payloads. Incorporation of a benzylamide substituent onto the aryl azide group increased the hydrophobicity of the particles and encapsulation of hydrophilic cargo but reduced sensitivity to H2S, likely due to the reduced penetration of HS- into the bilayer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wye-Khay Fong
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Hook
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Allan B Gamble
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
He C, Dong C, Yu L, Chen Y, Hao Y. Ultrathin 2D Inorganic Ancient Pigment Decorated 3D-Printing Scaffold Enables Photonic Hyperthermia of Osteosarcoma in NIR-II Biowindow and Concurrently Augments Bone Regeneration. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101739. [PMID: 34338444 PMCID: PMC8498872 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the primary malignant bone tumor. Despite therapeutic strategies including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have been introduced into the war of fighting OS, the 5-year survival rate for patients still remains unchangeable for decades. Besides, the critical bone defects after surgery, drug-resistance and side effects also attenuate the therapeutic effects and predict poor prognosis. Recently, photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted extensive attention featuring minimal invasiveness and high spatial-temporal precision characteristics. Herein, an ultrathin 2D inorganic ancient pigment Egyptian blue decorated 3D-printing scaffold (CaPCu) with profound PTT efficacy at the second near-infrared (NIR-II) biowindow against OS and enhanced osteogenesis performance is successfully constructed. Importantly, this work uncovers the underlying biological mechanisms that genes associated with cell death, proliferation, and bone development are regulated by CaPCu-scaffold-based therapy. This work not only elucidates the fascinating clinical translation prospects of CaPCu-scaffold-based PTT against OS in NIR-II biowindow, but also demonstrates the potential mechanisms and offers a novel strategy to develop the next-generation, multifunctional tissue-engineering biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic ImplantsDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryClinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing TechnologyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200011China
| | - Caihong Dong
- Department of UltrasoundZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Luodan Yu
- Materdicine LabSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine LabSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Yongqiang Hao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic ImplantsDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryClinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing TechnologyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200011China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Han X, Wu Y, Shan Y, Zhang X, Liao J. Effect of Micro-/Nanoparticle Hybrid Hydrogel Platform on the Treatment of Articular Cartilage-Related Diseases. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040155. [PMID: 34698122 PMCID: PMC8544595 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Joint diseases that mainly lead to articular cartilage injury with prolonged severe pain as well as dysfunction have remained unexplained for many years. One of the main reasons is that damaged articular cartilage is unable to repair and regenerate by itself. Furthermore, current therapy, including drug therapy and operative treatment, cannot solve the problem. Fortunately, the micro-/nanoparticle hybrid hydrogel platform provides a new strategy for the treatment of articular cartilage-related diseases, owing to its outstanding biocompatibility, high loading capability, and controlled release effect. The hybrid platform is effective for controlling symptoms of pain, inflammation and dysfunction, and cartilage repair and regeneration. In this review, we attempt to summarize recent studies on the latest development of micro-/nanoparticle hybrid hydrogel for the treatment of articular cartilage-related diseases. Furthermore, some prospects are proposed, aiming to improve the properties of the micro-/nanoparticle hybrid hydrogel platform so as to offer useful new ideas for the effective and accurate treatment of articular cartilage-related diseases.
Collapse
|
18
|
Basinska T, Gadzinowski M, Mickiewicz D, Slomkowski S. Functionalized Particles Designed for Targeted Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2022. [PMID: 34205672 PMCID: PMC8234925 DOI: 10.3390/polym13122022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pure bioactive compounds alone can only be exceptionally administered in medical treatment. Usually, drugs are produced as various forms of active compounds and auxiliary substances, combinations assuring the desired healing functions. One of the important drug forms is represented by a combination of active substances and particle-shaped polymer in the nano- or micrometer size range. The review describes recent progress in this field balanced with basic information. After a brief introduction, the paper presents a concise overview of polymers used as components of nano- and microparticle drug carriers. Thereafter, progress in direct synthesis of polymer particles with functional groups is discussed. A section is devoted to formation of particles by self-assembly of homo- and copolymer-bearing functional groups. Special attention is focused on modification of the primary functional groups introduced during particle preparation, including introduction of ligands promoting anchorage of particles onto the chosen living cell types by interactions with specific receptors present in cell membranes. Particular attention is focused on progress in methods suitable for preparation of particles loaded with bioactive substances. The review ends with a brief discussion of the still not answered questions and unsolved problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Basinska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland; (M.G.); (D.M.)
| | | | | | - Stanislaw Slomkowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland; (M.G.); (D.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen H, Li MH. Recent Progress in Polymer Cubosomes and Hexosomes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100194. [PMID: 34145688 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Polymer cubosomes and hexosomes are polymer colloids with inverted lyotropic liquid crystal phases as internal structures. They are composed of regular networks of water-filled channels surrounded by a bilayer membrane made from amphiphilic block copolymers. Due to the uniform, tunable, and highly ordered porous structure, polymer cubosomes and hexosomes present numerous advantages over polymer micelles and vesicles, such as the high loading volumes for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, large specific surface areas, and good mechanical and chemical stabilities. The polymer chemistry also enables unlimited molecular design to endow these polymer colloids with a lot of adjustable physical and chemical properties. Therefore, polymer cubosomes and hexosomes have attracted increasing attention for their potential applications in materials science and nanotechnology. This review outlines the recent progress in this field with an emphasis on the polymer architectures, the self-assembly conditions and mechanisms, and some application examples which are special for these inverted polymer colloids. It is hoped to provide some practical guidance for researchers interested in polymer cubosomes and hexosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, UMR8247, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Min-Hui Li
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, UMR8247, Paris, 75005, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Moretta A, Scieuzo C, Petrone AM, Salvia R, Manniello MD, Franco A, Lucchetti D, Vassallo A, Vogel H, Sgambato A, Falabella P. Antimicrobial Peptides: A New Hope in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Fields. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:668632. [PMID: 34195099 PMCID: PMC8238046 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.668632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are essential drugs used to treat pathogenic bacteria, but their prolonged use contributes to the development and spread of drug-resistant microorganisms. Antibiotic resistance is a serious challenge and has led to the need for new alternative molecules less prone to bacterial resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have aroused great interest as potential next-generation antibiotics, since they are bioactive small proteins, naturally produced by all living organisms, and representing the first line of defense against fungi, viruses and bacteria. AMPs are commonly classified according to their sources, which are represented by microorganisms, plants and animals, as well as to their secondary structure, their biosynthesis and their mechanism of action. They find application in different fields such as agriculture, food industry and medicine, on which we focused our attention in this review. Particularly, we examined AMP potential applicability in wound healing, skin infections and metabolic syndrome, considering their ability to act as potential Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme I and pancreatic lipase inhibitory peptides as well as antioxidant peptides. Moreover, we argued about the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches to develop new antibiotics, the drug development strategies and the formulation approaches which need to be taken into account in developing clinically suitable AMP applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Moretta
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Franco
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Donatella Lucchetti
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Vassallo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Alessandro Sgambato
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gadzinowski M, Mickiewicz D, Basinska T. Spherical versus prolate spheroidal particles in biosciences: Does the shape make a difference? POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Gadzinowski
- Polymer Division, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Lodz Poland
| | - Damian Mickiewicz
- Polymer Division, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Lodz Poland
| | - Teresa Basinska
- Polymer Division, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Lodz Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wen W, Guan S, Yang Z, Chen A. Inverse Bicontinuous Structure by Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly Against Single-Chain Nanoparticles. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:603-608. [PMID: 35570775 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymer particles with inverse bicontinuous structures have attracted considerable attention due to their diverse applications. The conventional generation requires controlling numerous key parameters under strict conditions, such as solvent property, polymer composition, and architecture. In order to improve the preparation efficiency within a broad window, we employed a method by polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) against intramolecularly folded single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs). The SCNPs bear an active site for further polymerization. The SCNPs with smaller sizes facilitate easier controlling of the packing parameter above unity to meet the requirement of the unique structures. The concept is demonstrated by forming the inverse bicontinuous structure through PISA in ethanol against two SCNPs of P4VP(SCNPx%)35-CTA and P(PEGMA20-co-TMSPMA4)(SCNP16.7%)-CTA. The unique structure is easily achieved when growing a relatively shorter polymer chain within a broad window. The work paves the avenue to prepare polymer particles with the unique structure in large scale, and other functional materials are expected by using the functional SCNPs or favorable growth of desired materials within the particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Song Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhenzhong Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Aihua Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen H, Fan Y, Zhang N, Trépout S, Ptissam B, Brûlet A, Tang BZ, Li MH. Fluorescent polymer cubosomes and hexosomes with aggregation-induced emission. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5495-5504. [PMID: 34163770 PMCID: PMC8179552 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00270h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent polymer cubosomes and hexosomes with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) were prepared from amphiphilic block copolymers PEG-b-PTPEMA where the hydrophobic block PTPEMA was a polymethacrylate with tetraphenylethene (TPE) as the AIE side group. Four highly asymmetric block copolymers with hydrophilic block weight ratio f PEG ≤ 20% were synthesized. Cubosomes and hexosomes with strong fluorescence emission were obtained by nanoprecipitation of polymers with f PEG < 9% in dioxane/water and THF/water systems. Their ordered internal structures were studied by electron microscopy (cryo-EM, SEM and TEM) and the X-ray scattering technique (SAXS). To elucidate the formation mechanisms of these inverted colloids, other parameters influencing the morphologies, like the water content during self-assembly and the organic solvent composition, were also investigated. This study not only inspires people to design novel building blocks for the preparation of functional cubosomes and hexosomes, but also presents the first AIE fluorescent polymer cubosome and hexosome with potential applications in bio-related fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Université Paris, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, UMR8247 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
| | - Yujiao Fan
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Université Paris, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, UMR8247 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
| | - Nian Zhang
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Université Paris, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, UMR8247 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology 15 North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District 100029 Beijing China
| | - Sylvain Trépout
- Institut Curie, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm US43, CNRS UMS2016, Centre Universitaire, Bât. 101B-110-111-112 Rue Henri Becquerel, CS 90030 91401 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Bergam Ptissam
- Institut Curie, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm US43, CNRS UMS2016, Centre Universitaire, Bât. 101B-110-111-112 Rue Henri Becquerel, CS 90030 91401 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Annie Brûlet
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR12 CEA-CNRS, CEA Saclay 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex France
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Min-Hui Li
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Université Paris, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, UMR8247 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Magnetic nanoparticle-decorated graphene oxide-chitosan composite as an efficient nanocarrier for protein delivery. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
25
|
Wen W, Chen A. The self-assembly of single chain Janus nanoparticles from azobenzene-containing block copolymers and reversible photoinduced morphology transitions. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Azobenzene-containing liquid crystalline single chain Janus nanoparticles (LC-SCJNPs) were employed as building blocks to construct assemblies showing a reversible photoinduced morphology transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100191
- P. R. China
| | - Aihua Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100191
- P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kwon JH, Kim J, Kim KT. Photo-crosslinked polymer cubosomes as a recyclable nanoreactor in organic solvents. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00115a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Photo-crosslinked polymer cubosomes can work as robust nanoreactor under organic solvent condition without structural degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Kwon
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Kyoung Taek Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang Cong, Zhou Q, Rao Z, Zhai W, Yu J. Multicompartment Self-assemblies of Triblock Copolymer for Drug Delivery. COLLOID JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x2101004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
28
|
Modak M, Bobbala S, Lescott C, Liu YG, Nandwana V, Dravid VP, Scott EA. Magnetic Nanostructure-Loaded Bicontinuous Nanospheres Support Multicargo Intracellular Delivery and Oxidation-Responsive Morphological Transitions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:55584-55595. [PMID: 33259182 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanostructures (MNS) have a wide range of biological applications due to their biocompatibility, superparamagnetic properties, and customizable composition that includes iron oxide (Fe3O4), Zn2+, and Mn2+. However, several challenges to the biomedical usage of MNS must still be addressed, such as formulation stability, inability to encapsulate therapeutic payloads, and variable clearance rates in vivo. Here, we enhance the utility of MNS during controlled delivery applications via encapsulation within polymeric bicontinuous nanospheres (BCNs) composed of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene sulfide) (PEG-b-PPS) copolymers. PEG-b-PPS BCNs have demonstrated versatile encapsulation and delivery capabilities for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic payloads due to their unique and highly organized cubic phase nanoarchitecture. MNS-embedded BCNs (MBCNs) were thus coloaded with physicochemically diverse molecular payloads using the technique of flash nanoprecipitation and characterized in terms of their structure and in vivo biodistribution following intravenous administration. Retention of the internal aqueous channels and cubic architecture of MBCNs were verified using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering, respectively. MBCNs demonstrated improvement in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement (r2 relaxivity) as compared to free MNS, which in combination with scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy evidenced the clustering and continued access to water of MNS following encapsulation. Furthermore, MBCNs were found to be noncytotoxic and able to deliver their hydrophilic and hydrophobic small-molecule payloads both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, the oxidation sensitivity of the hydrophobic PPS block allowed MBCNs to undergo a unique, triggerable transition in morphology into MNS-bearing micellar nanocarriers. In summary, MBCNs are an attractive platform for the delivery of molecular and nanoscale payloads for diverse on-demand and sustained drug delivery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mallika Modak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sharan Bobbala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chamille Lescott
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yu-Gang Liu
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vikas Nandwana
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Evan A Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
A structurally diverse library of glycerol monooleate/oleic acid non-lamellar liquid crystalline nanodispersions stabilized with nonionic methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG)-lipids showing variable complement activation properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 582:906-917. [PMID: 32919118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pluronic F127-stabilized non-lamellar liquid crystalline aqueous nanodispersions are promising injectable platforms for drug and contrast agent delivery. These nanodispersions, however, trigger complement activation in the human blood, where the extent of complement activation and opsonization processes may compromise their biological performance and safety. Here, we introduce a broad family of nanodispersions from glycerol monooleate (GMO) and oleic acid (OA) in different weight ratios, and stabilized with a plethora of nonionic methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG)-lipids of different PEG chain length and variable lipid moiety (monounsaturated or saturated diglycerides or D-α-tocopheryl succinate). Through an integrated biophysical approach involving dynamic light scattering, synchrotron small-angle scattering, and cryo-transmission electron microscopy, we examine the impact of nonionic mPEG-lipid stabilization on size, internal self-assembled architecture, and gross morphological characteristics of nanodispersions. The results show how the nonionic mPEG-lipid type and concentration, and dependent on GMO/OA weight ratio, can variably modulate the internal architectures of nanoparticles. Assessment of complement profiling from selected nanodispersions with diverse structural heterogeneity further suggests a variable modulatory role for the lipid type of the nonionic mPEG-lipid in the extent of complement activation, which span from no activation to moderate to high levels. We comment on plausible mechanisms driving the observed complement activation variability and discuss the potential utility of these nanodispersions for future development of injectable nanopharmaceuticals.
Collapse
|
31
|
Frey M, Vincent M, Bobbala S, Burt R, Scott E. Mapping the supramolecular assembly space of poly(sarcosine)-b-poly(propylene sulfide) using a combinatorial copolymer library. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6644-6647. [PMID: 32406439 PMCID: PMC7733307 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00925c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combinatorial copolymer library was created to rapidly screen the landscape of self-assembled nanostructure morphologies formed by block copolymers composed of hydrophilic peptoid polysarcosine (PSarc) and hydrophobic poly(propylene sulfide) (PPS) blocks. By probing rationally selected hydrophilic/hydrophobic copolymer weight fractions, the rapid and reproducible fabrication of micellar and vesicular nanostructures was optimized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Frey
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Michael Vincent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Sharan Bobbala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Rajan Burt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Evan Scott
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) have been indispensable building blocks to create a range of soft nanostructures including discrete particulates (micelles and vesicles) and periodic structures via spontaneous assembly in bulk and in solution. The size, shape, and phase of these structures can be controlled by the rational design of the molecular structure of building blocks based on the structural analogy of BCPs to lipids and small molecule surfactants. Inverse bicontinuous cubic mesophases of polymers, or polymer cubosomes when in colloidal forms, are emerging nanostructures composed of triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs) of block copolymer bilayers. Created by spontaneous assembly of BCPs in solution, polymer cubosomes internalize two nonintersecting nanochannel networks arranged in a cubic crystalline order. As well-defined porous particles with highly ordered internal structures and high surface-area-to-volume ratios, polymer cubosomes can be used for chemical reactors or bioreactors, carriers capable of cargo loading and release, and scaffolds for nanotemplating. However, despite their structural similarity to lipid cubosomes and applicability, polymer cubosomes have been only sporadically observed as an outcome of serendipity until recent studies demonstrated that BCPs could form well-defined polymer cubosomes in solution.In this Account, we describe our recent progress in creating polymer cubic mesophases and their colloidal particles (polymer cubosomes) in dilute solution. BCPs with nonlinear architectures (dendritic-linear, branched-linear, and branched-branched BCPs) preferentially self-assembled to inverse mesophases in solution when the block ratio (f), defined as a molecular weight ratio of the hydrophilic block to that of the hydrophobic block, was small (<10%). The resulting lyotropic structures transformed from flat bilayers to cubic phases of primitive cubic and double diamond lattices and finally to inverted hexagonal phases as f decreased. We proposed that the architecture of a BCP plays an important role in the preferential formation of polymer cubosomes in solution. The presence of the bulky hydrophilic block limited chain stretching of the hydrophobic polymer block, which would increase the packing parameter of the BCP to greater than unity, a prerequisite for inverse mesophase formation. The structural characteristics of polymer cubosomes, such as lattice symmetries, pore sizes, and lattice parameters, could also be controlled by fine-tuning the structural parameters of BCPs. We also suggested nonsynthetic methods to precisely control the phase and internal lattice of inverse mesophases of BCPs by the coassembly of two BCPs with different block ratios (mix-and-match approach) and the modulation of the affinity of the common solvent toward the hydrophobic block of the BCP. To investigate the potential applications of polymer cubosomes, we prepared inorganic photonic crystals using a cubosome-templated synthesis. We also discussed the utilization of cubosomes as chemical reactors by functionalization of the surface and the covalent stabilization of transient self-assembled structures via cross-linking of the hydrophobic domain. This Account reflects the efforts of synthetic chemists to understand the self-assembly behavior of BCPs to form complex morphologies in solution. We hope that our Account inspires efforts from chemists and other scientists to further understand these structures with infinite mazes of complexity and possibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yunju La
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyoung Taek Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Davis JL, Zhang Y, Yi S, Du F, Song KH, Scott EA, Sun C, Zhang HF. Super-Resolution Imaging of Self-Assembled Nanocarriers Using Quantitative Spectroscopic Analysis for Cluster Extraction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2291-2299. [PMID: 32069413 PMCID: PMC7445082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled nanocarriers have inspired a range of applications for bioimaging, diagnostics, and drug delivery. The noninvasive visualization and characterization of these nanocarriers are important to understand their structure to function relationship. However, the quantitative visualization of nanocarriers in the sample's native environment remains challenging with the use of existing technologies. Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) has the potential to provide both high-resolution visualization and quantitative analysis of nanocarriers in their native environment. However, nonspecific binding of fluorescent probes used in SMLM can introduce artifacts, which imposes challenges in the quantitative analysis of SMLM images. We showed the feasibility of using spectroscopic point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (sPAINT) to visualize self-assembled polymersomes (PS) with molecular specificity. Furthermore, we analyzed the unique spectral signatures of Nile Red (NR) molecules bound to the PS to reject artifacts from nonspecific NR bindings. We further developed quantitative spectroscopic analysis for cluster extraction (qSPACE) to increase the localization density by 4-fold compared to sPAINT; thus, reducing variations in PS size measurements to less than 5%. Finally, using qSPACE, we quantitatively imaged PS at various concentrations in aqueous solutions with ∼20 nm localization precision and 97% reduction in sample misidentification relative to conventional SMLM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janel L. Davis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Sijia Yi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Fanfan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Ki-Hee Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Evan A. Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bobbala S, Allen SD, Yi S, Vincent M, Frey M, Karabin NB, Scott EA. Employing bicontinuous-to-micellar transitions in nanostructure morphology for on-demand photo-oxidation responsive cytosolic delivery and off-on cytotoxicity. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:5332-5340. [PMID: 32090217 PMCID: PMC7197099 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10921h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bicontinuous nanospheres (BCNs) are underutilized self-assembled nanostructures capable of simultaneous delivery of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic payloads. Here, we demonstrate that BCNs assembled from poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene sulfide) (PEG-b-PPS), an oxidation-sensitive copolymer, are stably retained within cell lysosomes following endocytosis, resisting degradation and payload release for days until externally triggered. The oxygen scavenging properties and enhanced stability of the bicontinuous PEG-b-PPS nanoarchitecture significantly protected cells from typically cytotoxic application of pro-apoptotic photo-oxidizer pheophorbide A and chemotherapeutic camptothecin. The photo-oxidation triggered transition from a bicontinuous to micellar morphology overcame this stability, allowing on-demand cytosolic delivery of camptothecin for enhanced control over off-on cytotoxicity. These results indicate that inducible transitions in the nanostructure morphology can influence intracellular stability and toxicity of self-assembled nanotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharan Bobbala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
| | - Sean D Allen
- Interdepartmental Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Sijia Yi
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Michael Vincent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
| | - Molly Frey
- Interdepartmental Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Nicholas B Karabin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
| | - Evan A Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA. and Interdepartmental Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA and Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Ma H, Kim KT. Self-Assembly of Bottlebrush Block Copolymers into Triply Periodic Nanostructures in a Dilute Solution. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyoung Taek Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chroni A, Pispas S, Forys A, Trzebicka B. pH-Driven Morphological Diversity in Poly[n-Butyl Acrylate-block-(2-(Dimethylamino)Ethyl Acrylate)] Amphiphilic Copolymer Solutions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900477. [PMID: 31709675 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic poly[n-butyl acrylate-block-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate)] (PnBA-b-PDMAEA) block copolymers are synthesized by the reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization process. The pH-responsive self-assembly behavior in aqueous media is studied by dynamic, static, and electrophoretic light scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) at different pHs. In particular, the PnBA40 -b-PDMAEA60 copolymer (where subscripts denote %wt composition of the components) shows remarkable morphological transitions in aqueous solutions of varying pH values forming, among others, an unusual and novel hierarchical vesicular morphology, as indicated by Cryo-TEM results. The observed transitions are attributed to synergistic effects involving alterations of the protonation degree of the PDMAEA block, in conjunction with the specific composition of the copolymer and the softness of PnBA blocks, with cumulative drive changes in the packing parameter of the copolymer system and result in the formation of various unexpected morphologies by simple pH changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Chroni
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Aleksander Forys
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Barbara Trzebicka
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yang P, Ning Y, Neal TJ, Jones ER, Parker BR, Armes SP. Block copolymer microparticles comprising inverse bicontinuous phases prepared via polymerization-induced self-assembly. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4200-4208. [PMID: 31015951 PMCID: PMC6460954 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00303g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, post-polymerization processing routes have been used to obtain a wide range of block copolymer morphologies. However, this self-assembly approach is normally performed at rather low copolymer concentration, which precludes many potential applications. Herein, we report a facile method for the preparation of block copolymer particles exhibiting complex internal morphology via polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). More specifically, a series of diblock copolymers were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) alternating copolymerization of styrene (St) with N-phenylmaleimide (NMI) using a poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAC) stabilizer as a soluble precursor. Conducting such PISA syntheses in a 50 : 50 w/w ethanol/methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) mixture leads directly to the formation of micrometer-sized PDMAC-P(St-alt-NMI) diblock copolymer particles at 20% w/w solids. Adjusting the degree of polymerization (DP) of the core-forming P(St-alt-NMI) block to target highly asymmetric copolymer compositions provides convenient access to an inverse bicontinuous phase. TEM studies of intermediate structures provide useful insights regarding the mechanism of formation of this phase. SEM studies indicate that the final copolymer particles comprise perforated surface layers and possess nanostructured interiors. In addition, control experiments using 1,4-dioxane suggest that the high chain mobility conferred by the MEK co-solvent is essential for the formation of such inverse bicontinuous structures. One-pot PISA formulations are reproducible and involve only cheap, commercially available starting materials, so they should be readily amenable to scale-up. This augurs well for the potential use of such nanostructured micrometer-sized particles as new organic opacifiers for paints and coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Yin Ning
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Thomas J Neal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Elizabeth R Jones
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Bryony R Parker
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sun Y, Kim J, Kim KT. The effect of steric repulsion between highly branched hydrophilic blocks on inverse cubic mesophase formation in block copolymers. RSC Adv 2019; 9:25423-25428. [PMID: 35530105 PMCID: PMC9070093 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04966e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The solution-based self-assembly of block copolymers (BCPs) into nanoparticulate or microparticulate inverse cubic mesophases, or polymer cubosomes, is of growing interest. This phenomenon could yield new polymeric mesoporous materials with three-dimensionally organized mazes of large water channels. In addition to the ratio of its hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks, the architecture of a BCP critically influences self-assembly. BCP bilayers having triply periodic minimal surfaces with cubic lattice structures are formed. Here we report the synthesis and self-assembly of BCPs with T8 polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), an inorganic cage molecule. POSS can be asymmetrically functionalized to host structural modules as branching units of the hydrophilic block that contain various spatial and chemical environments. BCPs, each containing seven poly(ethylene glycol) chains and the hydrophobic polystyrene block PEG3507-POSS-b-PS, were prepared to investigate the effect of the highly branched hydrophilic block architecture on self-assembly. We found that the BCPs self-assembled into polymer cubosomes. Regardless of the block ratio, only the primitive cubic phase (Schwarz P surface, Im3̄m space group) was observed in the cubosomes. This is in contrast to the self-assembly of conventional BCPs into inverse mesophases, in which the internal lattice preferentially transforms into double-diamond lattices to yield a Schwarz D surface as a consequence of block ratio changes. Our results suggest that BCP architecture may be related to the symmetry of the lattice formed via self-assembly in solution. The solution-based self-assembly of block copolymers (BCPs) into nanoparticulate or microparticulate inverse cubic mesophases, or polymer cubosomes, is of growing interest.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Sun
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Kyoung Taek Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kim J, Yoon M, Jin SM, Lee J, La Y, Lee E, Kim KT. Polymer cubosomes of block copolymers having cross-linkable soft hydrophobic blocks. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00622b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inverse bicontinuous cubic mesophases of block copolymers are an emerging class of mesoporous structures consisting of block copolymer bilayers, in which well-defined reticulated pore networks are intertwined in a long-range crystalline order.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Misun Yoon
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Seon-Mi Jin
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 34134
- Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 34134
- Korea
| | - Yunju La
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Eunji Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 61005
- Korea
| | - Kyoung Taek Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| |
Collapse
|