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Kundrát V, Novák L, Bukvišová K, Zálešák J, Kolíbalová E, Rosentsveig R, Sreedhara M, Shalom H, Yadgarov L, Zak A, Kolíbal M, Tenne R. Mechanism of WS 2 Nanotube Formation Revealed by in Situ/ ex Situ Imaging. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12284-12294. [PMID: 38698720 PMCID: PMC11100282 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Multiwall WS2 nanotubes have been synthesized from W18O49 nanowhiskers in substantial amounts for more than a decade. The established growth model is based on the "surface-inward" mechanism, whereby the high-temperature reaction with H2S starts on the nanowhisker surface, and the oxide-to-sulfide conversion progresses inward until hollow-core multiwall WS2 nanotubes are obtained. In the present work, an upgraded in situ SEM μReactor with H2 and H2S sources has been conceived to study the growth mechanism in detail. A hitherto undescribed growth mechanism, named "receding oxide core", which complements the "surface-inward" model, is observed and kinetically evaluated. Initially, the nanowhisker is passivated by several WS2 layers via the surface-inward reaction. At this point, the diffusion of H2S through the already existing outer layers becomes exceedingly sluggish, and the surface-inward reaction is slowed down appreciably. Subsequently, the tungsten suboxide core is anisotropically volatilized within the core close to its tips. The oxide vapors within the core lead to its partial out-diffusion, partially forming a cavity that expands with reaction time. Additionally, the oxide vapors react with the internalized H2S gas, forming fresh WS2 layers in the cavity of the nascent nanotube. The rate of the receding oxide core mode increases with temperatures above 900 °C. The growth of nanotubes in the atmospheric pressure flow reactor is carried out as well, showing that the proposed growth model (receding oxide core) is also relevant under regular reaction parameters. The current study comprehensively explains the WS2 nanotube growth mechanism, combining the known model with contemporary insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Kundrát
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Thermo Fisher
Scientific, Vlastimila
Pecha 12, 62700 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Novák
- Thermo Fisher
Scientific, Vlastimila
Pecha 12, 62700 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Bukvišová
- Thermo Fisher
Scientific, Vlastimila
Pecha 12, 62700 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European
Institute of Technology, Brno University
of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Zálešák
- Thermo Fisher
Scientific, Vlastimila
Pecha 12, 62700 Brno, Czech Republic
- Chemistry
and Physics of Materials, University of
Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2A, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Kolíbalová
- Central European
Institute of Technology, Brno University
of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rita Rosentsveig
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - M.B. Sreedhara
- Solid State
and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute
of Science, CV Raman Road, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Hila Shalom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4070814, Israel
| | - Lena Yadgarov
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4070814, Israel
| | - Alla Zak
- Faculty of
Science, Holon Institute of Technology, Golomb Street 52, Holon 5810201, Israel
| | - Miroslav Kolíbal
- Central European
Institute of Technology, Brno University
of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Reshef Tenne
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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2
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Kundrát V, Rosentsveig R, Bukvišová K, Citterberg D, Kolíbal M, Keren S, Pinkas I, Yaffe O, Zak A, Tenne R. Submillimeter-Long WS 2 Nanotubes: The Pathway to Inorganic Buckypaper. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10259-10266. [PMID: 37805929 PMCID: PMC10683059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
WS2 nanotubes present many new technologies under development, including reinforced biocompatible polymers, membranes, photovoltaic-based memories, ferroelectric devices, etc. These technologies depend on the aspect ratio (length/diameter) of the nanotubes, which was limited to 100 or so. A new synthetic technique is presented, resulting in WS2 nanotubes a few hundred micrometers long and diameters below 50 nm (aspect ratios of 2000-5000) in high yields. Preliminary investigation into the mechanistic aspects of the two-step synthesis reveals that W5O14 nanowhisker intermediates are formed in the first step of the reaction instead of the ubiquitous W18O49 nanowhiskers used in the previous syntheses. The electrical and photoluminescence properties of the long nanotubes were studied. WS2 nanotube-based paper-like material was prepared via a wet-laying process, which could not be realized with the 10 μm long WS2 nanotubes. Ultrafiltration of gold nanoparticles using the nanotube-paper membrane was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Kundrát
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, Vlastimila
Pecha 12, CZ-62700 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rita Rosentsveig
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Kristýna Bukvišová
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, Vlastimila
Pecha 12, CZ-62700 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central
European Institute of Technology, Brno University
of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Citterberg
- Central
European Institute of Technology, Brno University
of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kolíbal
- Central
European Institute of Technology, Brno University
of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Physical Engineering, Brno University
of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Shachar Keren
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 7600001, Israel
| | - Iddo Pinkas
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 7600001, Israel
| | - Omer Yaffe
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 7600001, Israel
| | - Alla Zak
- Faculty
of Science, Holon Institute of Technology, Golomb Street 52, Holon 5810201, Israel
| | - Reshef Tenne
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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3
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Wang X, Yao CB, Wang LY, Wang ZM, Jiang CH, Liu XJ. Hydrothermal synthesis and controlled growth of group-VIB W metal compound nanostructures from tungsten oxide to tungsten disulphide. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14670-14682. [PMID: 36165101 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03786f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional lateral group-VIB transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted much attention in the fast evolving field of advanced photoelectric functional materials, but their controllable fabrication is challenging. Herein, an emerging synthetic route for sulfurization of tungsten oxide was developed. During the hydrothermal reaction, the optimization of the precursor selection and synthesis parameters led to the tunable properties of WO3-WSxOy-WS2 nanostructures. The vulcanization was thermodynamically favorably at low temperatures and in an environment with a sufficient S source, wherein WO3 was reduced by H atoms to WO3-x, and S atoms were preferentially adsorbed on O vacancies. The WSxOy nanostructures have a narrow band-gap attributed to the effect of S on the valence band top and electronic density of states by density functional theory. The photocurrent response and charge transfer properties of WSxOy were improved due to the charge transport between WS2 and WO3. Understanding the formation and transformation of WS2 nanostructures in solution contributes to the discovery of the important structure-efficiency relationship, which may be extended to other TMDs systems. Hence, extensive research efforts are still needed to develop safer and more efficient synthesis and modification methods to fully utilize the distinctive advantageous properties of TMDs in the photoelectric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photonic and electric Bandgap materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Cheng-Bao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Photonic and electric Bandgap materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Li-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photonic and electric Bandgap materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Ze-Miao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photonic and electric Bandgap materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Cai-Hong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Photonic and electric Bandgap materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Xiao-Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photonic and electric Bandgap materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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4
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Sinha SS, Višić B, Byregowda A, Yadgarov L. Dynamical Nature of Exciton‐Polariton Coupling in WS
2
Nanoparticles. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudarson Sekhar Sinha
- Department of Materials and Interfaces Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Bojana Višić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade University of Belgrade Pregrevica 118 11080 Belgrade Serbia
- Solid State Physics Department Jozef Stefan Institute Jamova cesta 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Archana Byregowda
- The Department Chemical Engineering Ariel University Ramat HaGolan St 65 4077625 Ariél
| | - Lena Yadgarov
- The Department Chemical Engineering Ariel University Ramat HaGolan St 65 4077625 Ariél
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5
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Gopakumar G, Nair SV, Shanmugam M. Plasma driven nano-morphological changes and photovoltaic performance in dye sensitized 2D-layered dual oxy-sulfide phase WS 2 films. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:239-247. [PMID: 31816000 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07566f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present work examined dye sensitized 2D layered tungsten disulfide (WS2) as a photo-anode in solar cells with no use of nanocrystalline metal oxides as electron acceptors such as titanium dioxide. It is observed that coating WS2 directly onto a fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) transparent conductor, annealed at 530 °C, resulted in a mixed oxy-sulfide dual phase as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies. Further studies on the surface morphology of the dual phase WS2-WO3 film showed a random distribution of platelets which further shaped into precisely regulated hexagonal platelets upon plasma treatment. High resolution transmission electron microscopic studies elucidated two different phases, WS2 and WO3, with d-spacing values of 0.26 nm and 0.37 nm, respectively. A well-defined grain boundary was also observed which separated the oxy-sulfide phase in the sample. The dual WS2-WO3 phase films showed optical absorption in the wavelength range of 350 nm-800 nm with a systematic increase in plasma exposure duration. Photovoltaic devices fabricated using the WS2-WO3 mixed phase photo-anodes resulted in 0.61% efficiency (η) which further was observed to be sensitive to the plasma exposure as it was observed that the 20 minute plasma treated sample increased the η value to 0.67%. Plasma treatment on the dual-phase samples orients and modifies the shapes of the platelets with a significant change in the surface which eventually influences the charge transport in resulting photovoltaic devices and thus the variation with respect to exposure duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika Gopakumar
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kerala-682041, India.
| | - Shantikumar V Nair
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kerala-682041, India.
| | - Mariyappan Shanmugam
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kerala-682041, India.
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6
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Sinha SS, Zak A, Rosentsveig R, Pinkas I, Tenne R, Yadgarov L. Size-Dependent Control of Exciton-Polariton Interactions in WS 2 Nanotubes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1904390. [PMID: 31833214 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiwall WS2 nanotubes (and fullerene-like nanoparticles thereof) are currently synthesized in large amounts, reproducibly. Other than showing interesting mechanical and tribological properties, which offer them a myriad of applications, they are recently shown to exhibit remarkable optical and electrical properties, including quasi-1D superconductivity, electroluminescence, and a strong bulk photovoltaic effect. Here, it is shown that, using a simple dispersion-fractionation technique, one can control the diameter of the nanotubes and move from pure excitonic to polaritonic features. While nanotubes of an average diameter >80 nm can support cavity modes and scatter light effectively via a strong coupling mechanism, the extinction of nanotubes with smaller diameter consists of pure absorption. The experimental work is complemented by finite-difference time-domain simulations, which shed new light on the cavity mode-exciton interaction in 2D materials. Furthermore, transient absorption experiments of the size-fractionated nanotubes fully confirm the steady-state observations. Moreover, it is shown that the tools developed here are useful for size control of the nanotubes, e.g., in manufacturing environment. The tunability of the light-matter interaction of such nanotubes offers them intriguing applications such as polaritonic devices, in photocatalysis, and for multispectral sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarson S Sinha
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Alla Zak
- Faculty of Sciences, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon, 5810201, Israel
| | - Rita Rosentsveig
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Iddo Pinkas
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Reshef Tenne
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Lena Yadgarov
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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7
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Serra M, Arenal R, Tenne R. An overview of the recent advances in inorganic nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:8073-8090. [PMID: 30994692 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01880h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Advanced nanomaterials play a prominent role in nanoscience and nanotechnology developments, opening new frontiers in these areas. Among these nanomaterials, due to their unique characteristics and enhanced chemical and physical properties, inorganic nanotubes have been considered one of the most interesting nanostructures. In recent years, important progress has been achieved in the production and study of these nanomaterials, including boron nitride, transition metal dichalcogenide nanotubular structures, misfit-based nanotubes and other hybrid/doped nanotubular objects. This review is devoted to the in-depth analysis of recent studies on the synthesis, atomic structures, properties and applications of inorganic nanotubes and related nanostructures. Particular attention is paid to the growth mechanism of these nanomaterials. This is a crucial point for the challenges ahead related to the mass production of high-quality defect-free nanotubes for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Serra
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute, Herzl Street 234, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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