1
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Pérez-Aguilar MC, Entgelmeier LM, Herrera-Luna JC, Daniliuc CG, Consuelo Jiménez M, Pérez-Ruiz R, García Mancheño O. Unlocking Photocatalytic Activity of Acridinium Salts by Anion-Binding Co-Catalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400541. [PMID: 38739757 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The in situ generation of active photoredox organic catalysts upon anion-binding co-catalysis by making use of the ionic nature of common photosensitizers is reported. Hence, the merge of anion-binding and photocatalysis permitted the modulation of the photocatalytic activity of simple acridinium halide salts, building an effective anion-binding - photoredox ion pair complex able to promote a variety of visible light driven transformations, such as anti-Markovnikov addition to olefins, Diels-Alder and the desilylative C-C bond forming reactions. Anion-binding studies, together with steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy analysis, supported the postulated ion pair formation between the thiourea hydrogen-bond donor organocatalyst and the acridinium salt, which proved essential for unlocking the photocatalytic activity of the photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Pérez-Aguilar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lukas-M Entgelmeier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jorge C Herrera-Luna
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- Current address: Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 Place Jussieu, CC 229, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - M Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Olga García Mancheño
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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2
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Hota SK, Singh G, Murarka S. Direct C-H alkylation of 3,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2-ones with N-(acyloxy)phthalimides via radical-radical cross coupling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6268-6271. [PMID: 38808396 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01837k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
We present an organophotoredox-catalyzed direct Csp3-H alkylation of 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-ones employing N-(acyloxy)pthalimides to provide corresponding products in good yields. A broad spectrum of NHPI esters (1°, 2°, 3°, and sterically encumbered) participates in the photoinduced alkylation of a variety of 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-ones. In general, mild conditions, broad scope with good functional group tolerance, and scalability are the salient features of this direct alkylation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Hota
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Gulshan Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
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3
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Mountanea OG, Skolia E, Kokotos CG. Photochemical Aerobic Upcycling of Polystyrene Plastics via Synergistic Indirect HAT Catalysis. Chemistry 2024:e202401588. [PMID: 38837489 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution constitutes an evergrowing urgent environmental problem, since overaccumulation of plastic waste, arising from the immense increase of the production of disposable plastic products, overcame planet's capacity to properly handle them. Chemical upcycling of polystyrene constitutes a convenient method for the conversion of plastic waste into high-added value chemicals, suggesting an attractive perspective in dealing with the environmental crisis. We demonstrate herein a novel, easy-to-perform organocatalytic photoinduced aerobic protocol, which proceeds via synergistic indirect hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalysis under LED 390 nm Kessil lamps as the irradiation source. The developed method employs a BrCH2CN-thioxanthone photocatalytic system and was successfully applied to a variety of everyday-life plastic products, leading to the isolation of benzoic acid after simple base-acid work up in yields varying from 23-49 %, while a large-scale experiment was successfully performed, suggesting that the photocatalytic step is susceptible to industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga G Mountanea
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
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4
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Xu J, Liu B. Metal Free Functionalization of Saturated Heterocycles with Vinylarenes and Pyridine Enabled by Photocatalytic Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400612. [PMID: 38566284 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Saturated heterocycles are important class of structural scaffolds in small-molecule drugs, natural products, and synthetic intermediates. Here, we disclosed a metal free, mild, and scalable functionalization of saturated heterocycles using vinylarenes as a linchpin approach. Key to success of this transformation is the employing of simple and cheap benzophenone as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalyst. This operationally robust process was used for the making of diverse functionalized saturated heterocycles. Furthermore, aldehydes, alkane, and alcohol have been functionalized under the optimized conditions. The potential pharmaceutical utility of the procedure has also been demonstrated by late-stage functionalization of bioactive natural compounds and pharmaceutical molecules. Initial mechanism studies and control experiments were performed to elucidate the mechanism of the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People's Republic of China
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5
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Panda SP, Dash R, Hota SK, Murarka S. Photodecarboxylative Radical Cascade Involving N-(Acyloxy)phthalimides for the Synthesis of Pyrazolones. Org Lett 2024; 26:3667-3672. [PMID: 38656123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
We disclose N'-arylidene-N-acryloyltosylhydrazides as novel skeletons for the synthesis of biologically relevant alkylated pyrazolones through a photoinduced radical cascade with N-(acyloxy)pthalimides as readily available alkyl surrogates. The reaction proceeds through the formation of a photoactivated electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between alkyl N-(acyloxy)phthalimide (NHPI) esters and LiI/PPh3 as a commercially available donor system. The reaction exhibits a broad scope and scalability, thereby enabling synthesis of a broad spectrum of functionally orchestrated alkylated pyrazolones under mild and transition-metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, 342037 Rajasthan, India
| | - Rupashri Dash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, 342037 Rajasthan, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Hota
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, 342037 Rajasthan, India
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, 342037 Rajasthan, India
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6
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Ren X, Zhang T, Wang B, Jin W, Xia Y, Wu S, Liu C, Zhang Y. Visible-Light-Driven Bifunctional Photocatalytic Radical-Cascade Selenocyanation/Cyclization of Acrylamides with KSeCN. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5783-5796. [PMID: 38591967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced radical-cascade selenocyanation/cyclization of N-alkyl-N-methacryloyl benzamides, 2-aryl-N-acryloyl indoles, and N-methacryloyl-2-phenylbenzimidazoles with potassium isoselenocyanate (KSeCN) was developed. The reactions were carried out with inexpensive KSeCN as a selenocyanation reagent, potassium persulfate as an oxidant, 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate as a bifunctional catalyst for phase-transfer catalysis, and photocatalysis. A library of selenocyanate-containing isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones, indolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline-6(5H)-ones, and benzimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones were achieved in moderate to excellent yields at room temperature under visible-light and ambient conditions. Importantly, the present protocol features mild reaction conditions, large-scale synthesis, simple manipulation, product derivatization, good functional group, and heterocycle tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ren
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Jin
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xia
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Shaofeng Wu
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Chenjiang Liu
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
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7
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Rrapi M, Batsika CS, Nikitas NF, Tappin NDC, Triandafillidi I, Renaud P, Kokotos CG. Photochemical Synthesis of Lactones, Cyclopropanes and ATRA Products: Revealing the Role of Sodium Ascorbate. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400253. [PMID: 38324672 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Light-mediated processes have received significant attention, since they have re-surfaced unconventional reactivity platforms, complementary to conventional polar chemistry. γ-Lactones and cyclopropanes are prevalent moieties, found in numerous natural products and pharmaceuticals. Among various methods for their synthesis, light-mediated protocols are coming to the spotlight, although these are contingent upon the use of photoorgano- or metal-based catalysts. Herein, we introduce a novel photochemical activation of iodo-reagents via the use of cheap sodium ascorbate or ascorbic acid to enable their homolytic scission and addition onto double bonds. The developed protocol was applied successfully to the formal [3+2] cycloaddition for the synthesis of γ-lactones, traditional atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) reactions and the one-pot two-step conversion of alkenes to cyclopropanes. In all cases, the desired products were obtained in good to high yields, while the reaction mechanism was thoroughly investigated. Depending on the nature of the iodo-reagent, a halogen or a hydrogen-bonded complex is formed, which initiates the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Rrapi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Charikleia S Batsika
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas D C Tappin
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
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8
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Pan Y, Zhu Y, Li S, Li G, Ma Z, Qian Y, Huang W. Photoinduced arylation or alkylation of 1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2 H,4 H)-diones with hydrazines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38451150 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
A light-induced method is developed for synthesizing azauracils. This method is independent from traditional methodology. Remarkably, this reaction can also be powered by sunlight. The applicability of this method is further demonstrated through its successful implementation in large-scale reactions and its use in synthesizing derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlu Pan
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yingchen Zhu
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Gangjian Li
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhen Ma
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yong Qian
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenhai Huang
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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9
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Kolagkis PX, Galathri EM, Kokotos CG. Green and sustainable approaches for the Friedel-Crafts reaction between aldehydes and indoles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:379-426. [PMID: 38410780 PMCID: PMC10896228 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of indoles and their derivatives, more specifically bis(indolyl)methanes (BIMs), has been an area of great interest in organic chemistry, since these compounds exhibit a range of interesting biological and pharmacological properties. BIMs are naturally found in cruciferous vegetables and have been shown to be effective antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and even anticancer agents. Traditionally, the synthesis of BIMs has been achieved upon the acidic condensation of an aldehyde with indole, utilizing a variety of protic or Lewis acids. However, due to the increased environmental awareness of our society, the focus has shifted towards the development of greener synthetic technologies, like photocatalysis, organocatalysis, the use of nanocatalysts, microwave irradiation, ball milling, continuous flow, and many more. Thus, in this review, we summarize the medicinal properties of BIMs and the developed BIM synthetic protocols, utilizing the reaction between aldehydes with indoles, while focusing on the more environmentally friendly methods developed over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periklis X Kolagkis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Eirini M Galathri
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
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10
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Huo SC, Indurmuddam RR, Hong BC, Lu CF, Chien SY. The hamburger-shape photocatalyst: thioxanthone-based chiral [2.2]paracyclophane for enantioselective visible-light photocatalysis of 3-methylquinoxalin-2(1 H)-one and styrenes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9330-9336. [PMID: 37987508 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01580g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
A new thioxanthone-based photocatalyst with a [2.2]paracyclophane skeleton and planar chirality has been developed. The catalyst has been successfully applied in the visible light-mediated enantioselective aza Paternò-Büchi reactions of quinoxalinone and styrenes to produce azetidines. The structures of the catalyst derivatives were unequivocally determined by their single crystal X-ray crystallography analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Chih Huo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan.
| | | | - Bor-Cherng Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan-Fu Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan.
| | - Su-Ying Chien
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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11
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Hota SK, Murarka S. Visible Light-Induced Imide Alkylation of Azauracils with Aryl Diazoesters. Chem Asian J 2023:e202301027. [PMID: 38052726 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A visible light-induced green and sustainable N-H functionalization of (aza)uracils with α-diazo esters leading to imide alkylation is described. The reaction does not require any catalyst or additive and proceeds under mild conditions. Moreover, an intriguing three component coupling was observed when (aza)uracils were allowed to react with α-diazo esters in cyclic ethers (e. g. 1,4-dioxane, THF) as a solvent. Both the insertion and three-component coupling features broad scope with good to excellent yields and appreciable functional group tolerance. Notably, the divergent method enables modification of natural products and pharmaceuticals, thereby facilitates access to potentially biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Hota
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, 342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, 342037, Rajasthan, India
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12
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Meher P, Panda SP, Mahapatra SK, Thombare KR, Roy L, Murarka S. A General Electron Donor-Acceptor Photoactivation Platform of Diaryliodonium Reagents: Arylation of Heterocycles. Org Lett 2023; 25:8290-8295. [PMID: 37962249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
We report a photoredox system comprising sodium iodide, triphenyl phosphine, and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) that can form a self-assembled tetrameric electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex with diaryliodonium reagents (DAIRs) and furnish aryl radicals upon visible light irradiation. This practical mode of activation of DAIRs enables arylation of an array of heterocycles under mild conditions to provide the respective heteroaryl-(hetero)aryl assembly in moderate to excellent yields. Detailed mechanistic investigations comprising photophysical and DFT studies provided insight into the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prahallad Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Satya Prakash Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Sanat Kumar Mahapatra
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
| | - Karan Ramdas Thombare
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
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13
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Senapati S, Parida SK, Karandikar SS, Murarka S. Organophotoredox-Catalyzed Arylation and Aryl Sulfonylation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman Acetates with Diaryliodonium Reagents. Org Lett 2023; 25:7900-7905. [PMID: 37882475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
We report an organophotoredox-catalyzed stereoselective allylic arylation of MBH acetates with a palette of diaryliodonium triflates (DAIRs) to provide the corresponding trisubstituted alkenes in moderate to good yields. The method could be extended to three-component coupling involving 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(sulfur dioxide) adduct (DABSO) as a sulfur dioxide surrogate for the synthesis of biologically relevant allylic sulfones. Both of these reactions were carried out under mild conditions featuring broad scope, robustness, and appreciable functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Senapati
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sushanta Kumar Parida
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sayali Sunil Karandikar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India
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14
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Constantinou CT, Gkizis PL, Lagopanagiotopoulou OTG, Skolia E, Nikitas NF, Triandafillidi I, Kokotos CG. Photochemical Aminochlorination of Alkenes without the Use of an External Catalyst. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301268. [PMID: 37254681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The niche field of photochemistry offers opportunities that are not found in "traditional" ground state chemical pathways. Aminochlorinated derivatives are an interesting family of 1,2-difunctionalised compounds that provide access to a variety of natural products and pharmaceutical active substances. A practical, catalyst-free chloroamination protocol is described herein, providing access to intermediates of great importance, utilising mild and photochemical reaction conditions (370 nm), where N-chlorosulfonamides are used as both nitrogen and chlorine sources. A wide variety of olefins, decorated with a plethora of functional groups, was tested providing excellent results (28 examples, 18-88 % yield). Mechanistic studies (UV-Vis, control experiments and quantum yield measurement) were also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos T Constantinou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Thomais G Lagopanagiotopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
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15
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Zhu W, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Sukhanov AA, Chu Y, Zhang X, Zhao J, Voronkova VK. Preparation of Xanthene-TEMPO Dyads: Synthesis and Study of the Radical Enhanced Intersystem Crossing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11220. [PMID: 37446398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We prepared a rhodamine-TEMPO chromophore-radical dyad (RB-TEMPO) to study the radical enhanced intersystem crossing (REISC). The visible light-harvesting chromophore rhodamine is connected with the TEMPO (a nitroxide radical) via a C-N bond. The UV-vis absorption spectrum indicates negligible electron interaction between the two units at the ground state. Interestingly, the fluorescence of the rhodamine moiety is strongly quenched in RB-TEMPO, and the fluorescence lifetime of the rhodamine moiety is shortened to 0.29 ns, from the lifetime of 3.17 ns. We attribute this quenching effect to the intramolecular electron spin-spin interaction between the nitroxide radical and the photoexcited rhodamine chromophore. Nanosecond transient absorption spectra confirm the REISC in RB-TEMPO, indicated by the detection of the rhodamine chromophore triplet excited state; the lifetime was determined as 128 ns, which is shorter than the native rhodamine triplet state lifetime (0.58 μs). The zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameters of the triplet state of the chromophore were determined with the pulsed laser excited time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra. RB-TEMPO was used as a photoinitiator for the photopolymerization of pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA). These studies are useful for the design of heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers, the study of the ISC, and the electron spin dynamics of the radical-chromophore systems upon photoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yanran Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Yuqi Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia
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16
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Zhang X, Liu L, Li W, Wang C, Wang J, Fang WH, Chen X. Extended Single-Electron Transfer Model and Dynamically Associated Energy Transfer Event in a Dual-Functional Catalyst System. JACS AU 2023; 3:1452-1463. [PMID: 37234115 PMCID: PMC10206599 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Organic photocatalysis has been developed flourishingly to rely on bimolecular energy transfer (EnT) or oxidative/reductive electron transfer (ET), promoting a variety of synthetic transformations. However, there are rare examples to merge EnT and ET processes rationally within one chemical system, of which the mechanistic investigation still remains in its infancy. Herein, the first mechanistic illustration and kinetic assessments of the dynamically associated EnT and ET paths were conducted for realizing the C-H functionalization in a cascade photochemical transformation of isomerization and cyclization by using the dual-functional organic photocatalyst of riboflavin. An extended single-electron transfer model of transition-state-coupled dual-nonadiabatic crossings was explored to analyze the dynamic behaviors in the proton transfer-coupled cyclization. This can also be used to clarify the dynamic correlation with the EnT-driven E → Z photoisomerization that has been kinetically evaluated by using Fermi's golden rule with the Dexter model. The present computational results of electron structures and kinetic data contribute to a fundamental basis for understanding the photocatalytic mechanism of the combined operation of EnT and ET strategies, which will guide the design and manipulation for the implementation of multiple activation modes based on a single photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weijia Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chu Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- College
of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing
Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie
No. 19, Beijing 100875, China
- Laboratory
of Beam Technology and Energy Materials, Advanced Institute of Natural
Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing 100875, China
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17
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Panda SP, Hota SK, Dash R, Roy L, Murarka S. Photodecarboxylative C-H Alkylation of Azauracils with N-(Acyloxy)phthalimides. Org Lett 2023; 25:3739-3744. [PMID: 37184284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We disclose a transition-metal-free NaI/PPh3-mediated direct C-H alkylation of azauracils using N-(acyloxy)pthalimides (NHPIs) as readily available alkyl surrogates under visible light irradiation. Detailed mechanistic studies reveal formation of a photoactivated electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between NaI/PPh3, TMEDA, and alkyl NHPI ester and establish the crucial role of TMEDA in increasing the activity of the photoredox system. The reaction demonstrates a broad scope, scalability, and appreciable functional group tolerance. A variety of azauracils are shown to undergo alkylation by primary, secondary, and tertiary NHPI esters under mild conditions, furnishing the desired products in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Hota
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Rupashri Dash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
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18
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Meher P, Samanta RK, Manna S, Murarka S. Visible light photoredox-catalyzed arylative cyclization to access benzimidazo[2,1- a]isoquinolin-6(5 H)-ones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6092-6095. [PMID: 37128950 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00605k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A photoredox-catalyzed arylative radical cascade involving N-acryloyl-2-arylbenzoimidazoles and diaryliodonium triflates leading to the formation of a broad array of pharmaceutically important arylated-benzimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones is described. Importantly, the synthesized benzimidazoisoquinolinones are amenable for further synthetic manipulation and allowed efficient access to benzimidazo-fused polycyclic heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prahallad Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Raj Kumar Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Sourav Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
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19
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Stini NA, Poursaitidis ET, Nikitas NF, Kartsinis M, Spiliopoulou N, Ananida-Dasenaki P, Kokotos CG. Light-accelerated "on-water" hydroacylation of dialkyl azodicarboxylates. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1284-1293. [PMID: 36645430 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02204d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The hydroacylation of dialkyl azodicarboxylates has received a lot of attention lately due to the great importance of acyl hydrazides in organic chemistry. Herein, we report an inexpensive and green photochemical approach, where light irradiation (390 nm) significantly accelerates the reaction between dialkyl azodicarboxylates and aldehydes, while water is employed as the solvent. A variety of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes were converted into their corresponding acyl hydrazides in good to excellent yields in really short reaction times (15-210 min) and the reaction mechanism was also studied. Applications of this reaction in the syntheses of Vorinostat and Moclobemide were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naya A Stini
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Efthymios T Poursaitidis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Michail Kartsinis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikoleta Spiliopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Phoebe Ananida-Dasenaki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
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20
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Meier A, Badalov SV, Biktagirov T, Schmidt WG, Wilhelm R. Diquat Based Dyes: A New Class of Photoredox Catalysts and Their Use in Aerobic Thiocyanation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203541. [PMID: 36700523 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of new organic donor-π-acceptor dyes incorporating a diquat moiety as a novel electron-acceptor unit have been synthesized and characterized. The analytical data were supported by DFT calculations. These dyes were explored in the aerobic thiocyanation of indoles and pyrroles. Here they showed a high photocatalytic activity under visible light, giving isolated yields of up to 97 %. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of standalone diquat and methyl viologen through formation of an electron donor acceptor complex is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 6, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Sabuhi V Badalov
- Lehrtuhl für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33095, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Timur Biktagirov
- Lehrtuhl für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33095, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Wolf Gero Schmidt
- Lehrtuhl für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33095, Paderborn, Germany
| | - René Wilhelm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 6, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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21
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Kim M, Hong S, Jeong J, Hong S. Visible-Light-Active Coumarin- and Quinolinone-Based Photocatalysts and Their Applications in Chemical Transformations. CHEM REC 2023:e202200267. [PMID: 36627191 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic dyes have been actively studied as useful photocatalysts because they allow access to versatile structural flexibility and green synthetic applications. The identification of a new class of robust organic chromophores is, therefore, in high demand to increase structural diversity and variability. Although coumarins and quinolinones have long been acknowledged as organic chromophores, their ability to participate in photoinduced transformations is somewhat less familiar. Fascinated by their chromophoric features and adaptable platform, our group is interested in the identification of fluorescent bioactive molecules and in the development of new photoinduced synthetic methods using coumarins and quinolinones as photocatalysts. This account provides an overview of our recent progress in the discovery and application of light-absorbing coumarin and quinolinone derivatives in photochemistry and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myojeong Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghyeok Hong
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwook Jeong
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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22
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Čubiňák M, Varma N, Oeser P, Pokluda A, Pavlovska T, Cibulka R, Sikorski M, Tobrman T. Tuning the Photophysical Properties of Flavins by Attaching an Aryl Moiety via Direct C-C Bond Coupling. J Org Chem 2023; 88:218-229. [PMID: 36525315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki reactions of brominated flavin derivatives (5-deazaflavins, alloxazines, and isoalloxazines) with boronic acids or boronic acid esters that occur readily under mild conditions were shown to be an effective tool for the synthesis of a broad range of 7/8-arylflavins. In general, the introduction of an aryl/heteroaryl group by means of a direct C-C bond has been shown to be a promising approach to tuning the photophysical properties of flavin derivatives. The aryl substituents caused a bathochromic shift in the absorption spectra of up to 52 nm and prolonged the fluorescence lifetime by up to 1 order of magnitude. Moreover, arylation of flavin derivatives decreased their ability to generate singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Čubiňák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Naisargi Varma
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614Poznań, Poland
| | - Petr Oeser
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Pokluda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tetiana Pavlovska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Cibulka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Sikorski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomáš Tobrman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28Prague 6, Czech Republic
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23
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Galathri EM, Di Terlizzi L, Fagnoni M, Protti S, Kokotos CG. Friedel-Crafts arylation of aldehydes with indoles utilizing arylazo sulfones as the photoacid generator. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:365-369. [PMID: 36512428 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A versatile, inexpensive and sustainable protocol for the preparation of valuable bis-indolyl methanes via visible light-mediated, metal-free Friedel-Crafts arylation has been developed. The procedure, that exploits the peculiar behavior of arylazo sulfones as non-ionic photoacid generators (PAGs), was applied to the conversion of a variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes into diarylmethanes in good to highly satisfactory yields, employing a low-catalyst loading (0.5 mol%) and irradiation at 456 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini M Galathri
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
| | - Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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24
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García Mancheño O, Waser M. Recent Developments and Trends in Asymmetric Organocatalysis. European J Org Chem 2023; 26:e202200950. [PMID: 37065706 PMCID: PMC10091998 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric organocatalysis has experienced a long and spectacular way since the early reports over a century ago by von Liebig, Knoevenagel and Bredig, showing that small (chiral) organic molecules can catalyze (asymmetric) reactions. This was followed by impressive first highly enantioselective reports in the second half of the last century, until the hype initiated in 2000 by the milestone publications of MacMillan and List, which finally culminated in the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This short Perspective aims at providing a brief introduction to the field by first looking on the historical development and the more classical methods and concepts, followed by discussing selected advanced recent examples that opened new directions and diversity within this still growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga García Mancheño
- Organic Chemistry InstituteUniversity of MünsterCorrensstrasse 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstrasse 694040LinzAustria
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25
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Lopat’eva ER, Krylov IB, Lapshin DA, Terent’ev AO. Redox-active molecules as organocatalysts for selective oxidative transformations - an unperceived organocatalysis field. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1672-1695. [PMID: 36570566 PMCID: PMC9749543 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organocatalysis is widely recognized as a key synthetic methodology in organic chemistry. It allows chemists to avoid the use of precious and (or) toxic metals by taking advantage of the catalytic activity of small and synthetically available molecules. Today, the term organocatalysis is mainly associated with redox-neutral asymmetric catalysis of C-C bond-forming processes, such as aldol reactions, Michael reactions, cycloaddition reactions, etc. Organophotoredox catalysis has emerged recently as another important catalysis type which has gained much attention and has been quite well-reviewed. At the same time, there are a significant number of other processes, especially oxidative, catalyzed by redox-active organic molecules in the ground state (without light excitation). Unfortunately, many of such processes are not associated in the literature with the organocatalysis field and thus many achievements are not fully consolidated and systematized. The present article is aimed at overviewing the current state-of-art and perspectives of oxidative organocatalysis by redox-active molecules with the emphasis on challenging chemo-, regio- and stereoselective CH-functionalization processes. The catalytic systems based on N-oxyl radicals, amines, thiols, oxaziridines, ketone/peroxide, quinones, and iodine(I/III) compounds are the most developed catalyst types which are covered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R Lopat’eva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Igor B Krylov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Lapshin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander O Terent’ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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26
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Skolia E, Kokotos CG. Photochemical [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Alkenes with Maleimides: Highlighting the Differences between N-Alkyl vs N-Aryl Maleimides. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 3:96-103. [PMID: 37035280 PMCID: PMC10080724 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the last 15 years, there has been increased research interest in the use of light promoting organic transformations. [2 + 2] Cycloadditions are usually performed photochemically; however, literature precedent on the reaction between olefins and maleimides is limited to a handful of literature examples, focusing mainly on N-aliphatic maleimides or using metal catalysts for visible-light driven reactions of N-aromatic maleimides. Herein, we identify the differences in reactivity between N-alkyl and N-aryl maleimides. For our optimized protocols, in the case of N-alkyl maleimides, the reaction with alkenes proceeds under 370 nm irradiation in the absence of an external photocatalyst, leading to products in high yields. In the case of N-aryl maleimides, the reaction with olefins requires thioxanthone as the photosensitizer under 440 nm irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G. Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
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27
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Pálvölgyi ÁM, Ehrschwendtner F, Schnürch M, Bica-Schröder K. Photocatalyst-free hydroacylations of electron-poor alkenes and enones under visible-light irradiation. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7245-7249. [PMID: 36073152 PMCID: PMC9491158 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01364a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Herein we present a photocatalyst- and additive-free radical hydroacylation of electron-poor double bonds under mild reaction conditions. Using 4-acyl-Hantzsch ester radical reservoirs, various Michael acceptors, enones and para-quinone methide substrates could be used. The protocol enabled further derivatizations and it could also be extended to a few unactivated alkenes. Moreover, the nature of the radical process was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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28
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Gorbachev D, Smith E, Argent SP, Newton GN, Lam HW. Synthesis of New Morphinan Opioids by TBADT‐Catalyzed Photochemical Functionalization at the Carbon Skeleton**. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201478. [PMID: 35661287 PMCID: PMC9544987 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Gorbachev
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry University of Nottingham Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road Nottingham NG7 2TU UK
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Elliot Smith
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry University of Nottingham Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road Nottingham NG7 2TU UK
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Stephen P. Argent
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Graham N. Newton
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry University of Nottingham Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road Nottingham NG7 2TU UK
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Hon Wai Lam
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry University of Nottingham Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road Nottingham NG7 2TU UK
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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29
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Nongbe MC, Abollé A, Coeffard V, Felpin FX. Rose Bengal Immobilized on Cellulose Paper for Sustainable Visible‐Light Photocatalysis. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200242. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Medy C Nongbe
- Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé: Universite Jean Lorougnon Guede Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de l’Environnement (LSTE) COTE D'IVOIRE
| | - Abollé Abollé
- Universite Nangui Abrogoua Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu COTE D'IVOIRE
| | - Vincent Coeffard
- Nantes University: Universite de Nantes Department of Chemistry FRANCE
| | - Francois-Xavier Felpin
- Nantes University: Universite de Nantes UFR Sciences et Techniques, UMR CNRS 6230, CEISAM 2 Rue de la Houssiniere 44322 Nantes FRANCE
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30
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Pavlovska T, Král Lesný D, Svobodová E, Hoskovcová I, Archipowa N, Kutta RJ, Cibulka R. Tuning Deazaflavins Towards Highly Potent Reducing Photocatalysts Guided by Mechanistic Understanding – Enhancement of the Key Step by the Internal Heavy Atom Effect. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200768. [PMID: 35538649 PMCID: PMC9541856 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Deazaflavins are well suited for reductive chemistry acting via a consecutive photo‐induced electron transfer, in which their triplet state and semiquinone – the latter is formed from the former after electron transfer from a sacrificial electron donor – are key intermediates. Guided by mechanistic investigations aiming to increase intersystem crossing by the internal heavy atom effect and optimising the concentration conditions to avoid unproductive excited singlet reactions, we synthesised 5‐aryldeazaflavins with Br or Cl substituents on different structural positions via a three‐component reaction. Bromination of the deazaisoalloxazine core leads to almost 100 % triplet yield but causes photo‐instability and enhances unproductive side reactions. Bromine on the 5‐phenyl group in ortho position does not affect the photostability, increases the triplet yield, and allows its efficient usage in the photocatalytic dehalogenation of bromo‐ and chloroarenes with electron‐donating methoxy and alkyl groups even under aerobic conditions. Reductive powers comparable to lithium are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Pavlovska
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - David Král Lesný
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Eva Svobodová
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Irena Hoskovcová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Nataliya Archipowa
- Institute for Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry University of Regensburg D-93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Roger Jan Kutta
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry University of Regensburg D-93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Radek Cibulka
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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31
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Prathibha E, Rangasamy R, Sridhar A, Lakshmi K. Rose Bengal Anchored Silica-Magnetite Nanocomposite as Photosensitizer for Visible- Light-Mediated Oxidation of Thioethers. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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32
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Samanta RK, Meher P, Murarka S. Visible Light Photoredox-Catalyzed Direct C-H Arylation of Quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones with Diaryliodonium Salts. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10947-10957. [PMID: 35925769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A photoredox-catalyzed direct arylation of quinoxalin-2-(1H)-ones using diaryliodonium triflates as the convenient, stable, and cheap aryl source is described. A broad variety of quinoxalin-2-(1H)-ones are shown to react with structurally and electronically diverse diaryliodonium triflates, allowing efficient access to a wide variety of pharmaceutically important 3-arylquinoxalin-2-(1H)-ones. The presented method is attractive with regard to operational simplicity, mild conditions, broad scope, scalability, and high functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj K Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Prahallad Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
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33
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Skolia E, Gkizis PL, Kokotos CG. A sustainable photochemical aerobic sulfide oxidation: access to sulforaphane and modafinil. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5836-5844. [PMID: 35838682 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01066f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulfoxide-containing molecules are an important class of compounds in the pharmaceutical industry and many efforts have been made to develop new and green protocols, targeting the chemoselective transformation of sulfides into sulfoxides. Photochemistry is a rapidly expanding research field employing light as the energy source. Photochemical aerobic processes possess additional advantages to photochemistry and may find applications in the chemical industries. Herein, a 370 nm catalyst-free aerobic protocol was developed, using 2-Me-THF as the green solvent. At the same time, two low-catalyst-loading anthraquinone-based processes (under a CFL lamp or 427 nm irradiation) in 2-Me-THF were developed. Furthermore, a broad range of substrates was tested. We also implemented our protocols towards the synthesis of the pharmaceutical active ingredients (APIs) sulforaphane and modafinil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece. .,Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece. .,Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece. .,Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
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34
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Saway J, Pierre AF, Badillo JJ. Photoacid-catalyzed acetalization of carbonyls with alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6188-6192. [PMID: 35876112 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00435f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we demonstrate that visible light photoactivation of 6-bromo-2-naphthol facilitates the photoacid-catalyzed acetalization of carbonyls with alcohols. We also demonstrate that 2-naphthol when coupled to a photosensitizer provides acetals from electron-deficient aldehydes. In addition, the S1 excited state pKa for 6-bromo-2-naphthol in water was determined and shown to have increased excited-state acidity relative to 2-naphthol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Saway
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA.
| | - Abigail F Pierre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA.
| | - Joseph J Badillo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA.
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35
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Wang H, Ni J, Wang H, Zhang Y. An efficient free radical ester synthesis through a visible light-induced hydrogen atom transfer process. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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36
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Guerrero-Corella A, Fraile A, Alemán J. Intramolecular Hydrogen-Bond Activation: Strategies, Benefits, and Influence in Catalysis. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:197-204. [PMID: 35673681 PMCID: PMC9164241 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
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The activation of
molecules through intramolecular hydrogen-bond
formation to promote chemical reactions appears as a suitable strategy
in organic synthesis, especially for the preparation of chiral compounds
under metal and organocatalytic conditions. The use of this interaction
has enabled reactivity enhancement of reagents, as well as stabilization
of the chemical species and enantiocontrol of the processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Fraile
- Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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37
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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Huo J. A highly photosensitive covalent organic framework with pyrene skeleton as metal-free catalyst for arylboronic acid hydroxylation. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Hong JE, Jung Y, Min D, Jang M, Kim S, Park J, Park Y. Visible-Light-Induced Organophotocatalytic Difunctionallization: Open-Air Hydroxysulfurization of Aryl Alkenes with Aryl Thiols. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7378-7391. [PMID: 35561230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a regioselective visible-light-induced organophotoredox catalytic difunctionalization method to prepare β-hydroxysulfides using aryl alkenes and aryl thiols as substrates. The reaction provides a wide substrate scope of aryl alkenes (from simple styrene to complex bioactive compounds) and aryl thiols (from diverse heteroaromatic thiols to nonheteroaromatic thiols) (total 45 examples, up to 88% yield). Based on the combined experimental and computational studies, we demonstrate that in situ generated hydroperoxyl radicals from O2 in air react with benzylic radicals, which restrains the reaction between benzylic radicals and the acidic form of thiols in a classical thiol-ene radical reaction. We show that difunctionalization is possible due to the choice of bases, diluted substrate concentrations, increment in catalyst loading, and selection of suitable aryl thiols under aerobic conditions. Considering the biological importance of heteroaromatic thiols and the lack of methods to install them, our approach offers a platform to derive various β-hydroxysulfides that contain aromatic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Eun Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonghun Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Min
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyong Park
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) and Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Park
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
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39
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Bonciolini S, Noël T, Capaldo L. Synthetic Applications of Photocatalyzed Halogen‐radical mediated Hydrogen Atom Transfer for C−H Bond Functionalization. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bonciolini
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Timothy Noël
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Luca Capaldo
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam NETHERLANDS
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40
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Photoinitiated multicomponent cascade reaction of Nheteroarenes with unactivated alkenes and trimethylsilyl azide. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Riente P, Fianchini M, Pericàs MA, Noel T. Accelerating the Photocatalytic Atom Transfer Radical Addition Reaction Induced by Bi2O3 with Amines: Experiment and Computation. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Riente
- University of Amsterdam Faculty of Science: Universiteit van Amsterdam Faculteit der Natuurwetenschappen Wiskunde en Informatica Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Mauro Fianchini
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia: Institut Catala d'Investigacio Quimica Chemistry SPAIN
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia: Institut Catala d'Investigacio Quimica Chemistry SPAIN
| | - Timothy Noel
- University of Amsterdam Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science PO Box 94157Science Park 904 1090 GD Amsterdam NETHERLANDS
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42
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Spiliopoulou N, Gkizis PL, Triandafillidi I, Nikitas NF, Batsika CS, Bisticha A, Kokotos CG. A Unified Mechanism for the PhCOCOOH-mediated Photochemical Reactions: Revisiting its Action and Comparison to Known Photoinitiators. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200023. [PMID: 35137984 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since 2014, we have introduced in literature the use of phenylglyoxylic acid (PhCOCOOH), a small and commercially available organic molecule, as a potent promoter in a variety of photochemical processes. Although PhCOCOOH has a broad scope of photochemical reactions that can promote, the understanding of its mode of action in our early contributions was moderate. Herein, we are restudying and revisiting the mechanism of action of PhCOCOOH in most of these early contributions, providing a unified mechanism of action. Furthermore, the understanding of its action as a photoinitiator opened a new comparison study with known and commercially available photoinitiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Spiliopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Charikleia S Batsika
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Bisticha
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
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43
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44
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Triandafillidi I, Nikitas NF, Gkizis PL, Spiliopoulou N, Kokotos CG. Hexafluoroisopropanol-Promoted or Brønsted Acid-Mediated Photochemical [2+2] Cycloadditions of Alkynes with Maleimides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102441. [PMID: 34978379 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although the use of light stimulating organic transformations has been known for more than a century, there is an increasing research interest on expanding the established knowledge. While [2+2] cycloadditions are promoted photochemically, literature precedent on the reaction between alkynes and maleimides is limited and only a handful of examples exist, focusing mainly on N-aliphatic maleimides. Herein, the differences in reactivity between N-alkyl and N-aryl maleimides were identified, and the use of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) or trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as viable solutions was proposed in order to achieve high yields. In the case of N-alkyl maleimides, both HFIP-mediated or TFA-promoted reactions were established using LED 370 nm irradiation, without the use of an external photocatalyst. In the case of N-aryl maleimides, thioxanthone (THX) was employed as the energy transfer photocatalyst along with LED 427 nm irradiation and HFIP. Mechanistic studies were performed, supporting the pivotal role of HFIP or TFA, in acquiring good to high yields in both classes of maleimides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Spiliopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
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45
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Wang Z, Zeng L, He C, Duan C. Metal-Organic Framework-Encapsulated Anthraquinone for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Atom Transfer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7980-7989. [PMID: 35119261 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthraquinone (AQ) as an effective hydrogen atom transfer catalyst was limited in photocatalysis application due to the dimerization of reduced AQ. Sr-NDI@AQ, encapsulating AQ into the channel of Sr-NDI, paved a new way for solving the problem of dimerization of reduced AQ and improving the catalytic efficiency owing to the fast electron transfer from reduced AQ to the ligand through host-guest interaction. The structure of Sr-NDI@AQ was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and the value for distance and torsion angle between the ligand and AQ was calculated. The photochemical and electrochemical properties for Sr-NDI@AQ were characterized through a series of experiments. The coupling reaction between aldehyde and phenyl vinyl sulfone and photoacetalization reaction were carried out, displaying the improving catalytic efficiency of Sr-NDI@AQ compared to Sr-NDI and AQ. The reaction mechanisms were proposed through radical capture and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Le Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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46
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Skolia E, Gkizis PL, Kokotos CG. Aerobic Photocatalysis: Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200008. [PMID: 35199489 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sulfoxides constitute one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry found in numerous pharmaceuticals and natural products. Sulfoxides are usually obtained from the oxidation of the corresponding sulfides. Among various oxidants, oxygen or air are considered the greenest and most sustainable reagent. Photochemistry and photocatalysis is increasingly applied in new, as well as traditional, yet demanding, reaction, like the aerobic oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides, since photocatalysis has provided the means to access them in mild and effective ways. In this review, we will summarize the photochemical protocols that have been developed for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides, employing air or oxygen as the oxidant. The aim of this review is to present: i) a historical overview, ii) the key mechanistic studies and proposed mechanisms and iii) categorize the different catalytic systems in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Chistoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis 15771, Athens, Greece
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47
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Sierra S, Gomez MV, Jiménez AI, Pop A, Silvestru C, Marín ML, Boscá F, Sastre G, Gómez-Bengoa E, Urriolabeitia EP. Stereoselective, Ruthenium-Photocatalyzed Synthesis of 1,2-Diaminotruxinic Bis-amino Acids from 4-Arylidene-5(4 H)-oxazolones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3529-3545. [PMID: 35143202 PMCID: PMC8902759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The irradiation of
(Z)-2-phenyl-4-aryliden-5(4H)-oxazolones 1 in deoxygenated CH2Cl2 at 25 °C
with blue light (465 nm) in
the presence of [Ru(bpy)3](BF4)2 (5%
mole ratio) as a triplet photocatalyst promotes
the [2+2] photocycloaddition of the C=C bonds of the 4-arylidene
moiety, thus allowing the completely regio- and stereoselective formation
of cyclobutane-bis(oxazolone)s 2 as single stereoisomers.
Cyclobutanes 2 have been unambiguously characterized
as the μ-isomers and contain two E-oxazolones
coupled in an anti-head-to-head form. The use of
continuous-flow techniques in microreactors allows the synthesis of
cyclobutanes 2 in only 60 min, compared with the 24–48
h required in batch mode. Ring opening of the oxazolone heterocycle
in 2 with a base affords the corresponding 1,2-diaminotruxinic
bis-amino esters 3, which are also obtained selectively
as μ-isomers. The ruthenium complex behaves as a triplet photocatalyst,
generating the reactive excited state of the oxazolone via an energy-transfer
process. This reactive excited state has been characterized as a triplet
diradical 3(E/Z)-1* by laser flash photolysis (transient absorption spectroscopy).
This technique also shows that this excited state is the same when
starting from either (Z)- or (E)-oxazolones.
Density functional theory calculations show that the first step of
the [2+2] cycloaddition between 3(E/Z)-1* and (Z)-1 is formation of
the C(H)–C(H) bond and that (Z) to (E) isomerization takes place at the 1,4-diradical thus formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sierra
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Victoria Gomez
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ana I Jiménez
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alexandra Pop
- Department of Chemistry, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre (SOOMCC), Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Silvestru
- Department of Chemistry, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre (SOOMCC), Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria Luisa Marín
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (ITQ-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Boscá
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (ITQ-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Germán Sastre
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (ITQ-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Bengoa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV-EHU, Apdo. 1072, CP-20080 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Esteban P Urriolabeitia
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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48
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Wan T, Wen Z, Laudadio G, Capaldo L, Lammers R, Rincón JA, García-Losada P, Mateos C, Frederick MO, Broersma R, Noël T. Accelerated and Scalable C(sp 3)-H Amination via Decatungstate Photocatalysis Using a Flow Photoreactor Equipped with High-Intensity LEDs. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:51-56. [PMID: 35106372 PMCID: PMC8796300 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-nitrogen bonds are ubiquitous in biologically active compounds, prompting synthetic chemists to design various methodologies for their preparation. Arguably, the ideal synthetic approach is to be able to directly convert omnipresent C-H bonds in organic molecules, enabling even late-stage functionalization of complex organic scaffolds. While this approach has been thoroughly investigated for C(sp2)-H bonds, only few examples have been reported for the direct amination of aliphatic C(sp3)-H bonds. Herein, we report the use of a newly developed flow photoreactor equipped with high intensity chip-on-board LED technology (144 W optical power) to trigger the regioselective and scalable C(sp3)-H amination via decatungstate photocatalysis. This high-intensity reactor platform enables simultaneously fast results gathering and scalability in a single device, thus bridging the gap between academic discovery (mmol scale) and industrial production (>2 kg/day productivity). The photocatalytic transformation is amenable to the conversion of both activated and nonactivated hydrocarbons, leading to protected hydrazine products by reaction with azodicarboxylates. We further validated the robustness of our manifold by designing telescoped flow approaches for the synthesis of pyrazoles, phthalazinones and free amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wan
- Flow
Chemistry Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenghui Wen
- Flow
Chemistry Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Laudadio
- Flow
Chemistry Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Capaldo
- Flow
Chemistry Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Lammers
- Flow
Chemistry Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro
de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Losada
- Centro
de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro
de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Michael O. Frederick
- Small Molecule
Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Rémy Broersma
- Signify
Research, High Tech Campus
7, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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49
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Torregrosa-Chinillach A, Chinchilla R. Visible Light-Induced Aerobic Oxidative Dehydrogenation of C-N/C-O to C=N/C=O Bonds Using Metal-Free Photocatalysts: Recent Developments. Molecules 2022; 27:497. [PMID: 35056812 PMCID: PMC8780101 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing synthetic transformation using visible light as energy source, in the presence of a photocatalyst as a promoter, is currently of high interest, and oxidation reactions carried out under these conditions using oxygen as the final oxidant are particularly convenient from an environmental point of view. This review summarizes the recent developments achieved in the oxidative dehydrogenation of C-N and C-O bonds, leading to C=N and C=O bonds, respectively, using air or pure oxygen as oxidant and metal-free homogeneous or recyclable heterogeneous photocatalysts under visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Chinchilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain;
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50
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Xie D, Li S, Yang W, Fan S, Feng Y. Selective Photocatalytic Conversion of Benzyl Alcohol to Benzaldehyde by Antimony(V) Porphyrin Metal‐Organic Frameworks under Visible‐Light Irradiation. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dale Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Shihao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Wenqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Shilu Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Si Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering Hefei 230009, P. R. China
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