1
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Clothier GKK, Guimarães TR, Thompson SW, Howard SC, Muir BW, Moad G, Zetterlund PB. Streamlining the Generation of Advanced Polymer Materials Through the Marriage of Automation and Multiblock Copolymer Synthesis in Emulsion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202320154. [PMID: 38400586 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202320154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are of paramount importance in modern life - an incredibly wide range of polymeric materials possessing an impressive variety of properties have been developed to date. The recent emergence of artificial intelligence and automation presents a great opportunity to significantly speed up discovery and development of the next generation of advanced polymeric materials. We have focused on the high-throughput automated synthesis of multiblock copolymers that comprise three or more distinct polymer segments of different monomer composition bonded in linear sequence. The present work has exploited automation to prepare high molar mass multiblock copolymers (typically>100,000 g mol-1) using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in aqueous emulsion. A variety of original multiblock copolymers have been synthesised via a Chemspeed robot, exemplified by a multiblock copolymer comprising thirteen constituent blocks. Moreover, libraries of copolymers of randomized monomer compositions (acrylates, acrylamides, methacrylates, and styrenes), block orders, and block lengths were also generated, thereby demonstrating the robustness of our synthetic approach. One multiblock copolymer contained all four monomer families listed in the pool, which is unprecedented in the literature. The present work demonstrates that automation has the power to render complex and laborious syntheses of such unprecedented materials not just possible, but facile and straightforward, thus representing the way forward to the next generation of complex macromolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn K K Clothier
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thiago R Guimarães
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), CNRS (UMR 5629), ENSCPB, Université de Bordeaux, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Steven W Thompson
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shaun C Howard
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Benjamin W Muir
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Per B Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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2
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Jazani AM, Murata H, Cvek M, Lewandowska-Andralojc A, Bernat R, Kapil K, Hu X, De Luca Bossa F, Szczepaniak G, Matyjaszewski K. Aqueous photo-RAFT polymerization under ambient conditions: synthesis of protein-polymer hybrids in open air. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9742-9755. [PMID: 38939137 PMCID: PMC11206215 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01409j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A photoinduced reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (photo-RAFT) polymerization technique in the presence of sodium pyruvate (SP) and pyruvic acid derivatives was developed. Depending on the wavelength of light used, SP acted as a biocompatible photoinitiator or promoter for polymerization, allowing rapid open-to-air polymerization in aqueous media. Under UV irradiation (370 nm), SP decomposes to generate CO2 and radicals, initiating polymerization. Under blue (450 nm) or green (525 nm) irradiation, SP enhances the polymerization rate via interaction with the excited state RAFT agent. This method enabled the polymerization of a range of hydrophilic monomers in reaction volumes up to 250 mL, eliminating the need to remove radical inhibitors from the monomers. In addition, photo-RAFT polymerization using SP allowed for the facile synthesis of protein-polymer hybrids in short reaction times (<1 h), low organic content (≤16%), and without rigorous deoxygenation and the use of transition metal photocatalysts. Enzymatic studies of a model protein (chymotrypsin) showed that despite a significant loss of protein activity after conjugation with RAFT chain transfer agents, the grafting polymers from proteins resulted in a 3-4-fold recovery of protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Moini Jazani
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Martin Cvek
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin Trida T. Bati 5678 76001 Zlin Czech Republic
| | - Anna Lewandowska-Andralojc
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8 61-614 Poznan Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10 61-614 Poznan Poland
| | - Roksana Bernat
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A 41-500 Chorzow Poland
| | - Kriti Kapil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Xiaolei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | | | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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3
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Jeon W, Kwon Y, Kwon MS. Highly efficient dual photoredox/copper catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization achieved through mechanism-driven photocatalyst design. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5160. [PMID: 38886349 PMCID: PMC11183263 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with dual photoredox/copper catalysis combines the advantages of photo-ATRP and photoredox-mediated ATRP, utilizing visible light and ensuring broad monomer scope and solvent compatibility while minimizing side reactions. Despite its popularity, challenges include high photocatalyst (PC) loadings (10 to 1000 ppm), requiring additional purification and increasing costs. In this study, we discover a PC that functions at the sub-ppm level for ATRP through mechanism-driven PC design. Through studying polymerization mechanisms, we find that the efficient polymerizations are driven by PCs whose ground state oxidation potential-responsible for PC regeneration-play a more important role than their excited state reducing power, responsible for initiation. This is verified by screening PCs with varying redox potentials and triplet excited state generation capabilities. Based on these findings, we identify a highly efficient PC, 4DCDP-IPN, featuring moderate excited state reducing power and a maximized ground state oxidation potential. Employing this PC at 50 ppb, we synthesize poly(methyl methacrylate) with high conversion, narrow molecular weight distribution, and high chain-end fidelity. This system exhibits oxygen tolerance and supports large-scale reactions under ambient conditions. Our findings, driven by the systematic PC design, offer meaningful insights for controlled radical polymerizations and metallaphotoredox-mediated syntheses beyond ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Ivanchenko O, Odnoroh M, Rolle F, Kroeger AA, Mallet-Ladeira S, Mazières S, Guerre M, Coote ML, Destarac M. 2-Cyanopropan-2-yl versus 1-Cyanocyclohex-1-yl Leaving Group: Comparing Reactivities of Symmetrical Trithiocarbonates in RAFT Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400317. [PMID: 38837466 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces bis(1-cyanocyclohex-1-yl)trithiocarbonate (TTC-bCCH) as a novel trithiocarbonate chain transfer agent and compares its reactivity with the previously described bis(2-cyanopropan-2-yl)trithiocarbonate (TTC-bCP) for the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene (St), n-butyl acrylate (nBA), and methyl methacrylate (MMA). Significant findings include the effective control of Mn and low dispersities from the onset of polymerization of St and nBA showing swift addition-fragmentation kinetics, leading to similar behaviors between the two RAFT agents. In contrast, a fourfold decrease of the chain transfer constant to MMA is established for TTC-bCCH over TTC-bCP. This trend is confirmed through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Finally, the study compares thermoplastic elastomer properties of all-(meth)acrylic ABA block copolymers produced with both RAFT agents. The impact of dispersity of PMMA blocks on thermomechanical properties evaluated via rheological analysis reveals a more pronounced temperature dependence of the storage modulus (G') for the triblock copolymer synthesized with TTC-bCCH, indicating potential alteration of the phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Ivanchenko
- Laboratoire SOFTMAT, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse, 31062, France
| | - Maksym Odnoroh
- Laboratoire SOFTMAT, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse, 31062, France
| | - Faustine Rolle
- Laboratoire SOFTMAT, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse, 31062, France
| | - Asja A Kroeger
- Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Sonia Mallet-Ladeira
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (UAR 2599) / Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse, 31062, France
| | - Stéphane Mazières
- Laboratoire SOFTMAT, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse, 31062, France
| | - Marc Guerre
- Laboratoire SOFTMAT, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse, 31062, France
| | - Michelle L Coote
- Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Mathias Destarac
- Laboratoire SOFTMAT, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse, 31062, France
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5
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Wu Z, Boyer C. Near-Infrared Light-Induced Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization: Expanding Frontiers in Photopolymerization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304942. [PMID: 37750445 PMCID: PMC10667859 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced reversible deactivation radical polymerization (photo-RDRP) or photoinduced controlled/living radical polymerization has emerged as a versatile and powerful technique for preparing functional and advanced polymer materials under mild conditions by harnessing light energy. While UV and visible light (λ = 400-700 nm) are extensively employed in photo-RDRP, the utilization of near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths (λ = 700-2500 nm) beyond the visible region remains relatively unexplored. NIR light possesses unique properties, including enhanced light penetration, reduced light scattering, and low biomolecule absorption, thereby providing opportunities for applying photo-RDRP in the fields of manufacturing and medicine. This comprehensive review categorizes all known NIR light-induced RDRP (NIR-RDRP) systems into four mechanism-based types: mediation by upconversion nanoparticles, mediation by photocatalysts, photothermal conversion, and two-photon absorption. The distinct photoinitiation pathways associated with each mechanism are discussed. Furthermore, this review highlights the diverse applications of NIR-RDRP reported to date, including 3D printing, polymer brush fabrication, drug delivery, nanoparticle synthesis, and hydrogel formation. By presenting these applications, the review underscores the exceptional capabilities of NIR-RDRP and offers guidance for developing high-performance and versatile photopolymerization systems. Exploiting the unique properties of NIR light unlocks new opportunities for synthesizing functional and advanced polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Wu
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
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6
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Kerr A, Häkkinen S, Hall SCL, Kirkman P, O’Hora P, Smith T, Kinane CJ, Caruana A, Perrier S. Anchor Group Bottlebrush Polymers as Oil Additive Friction Modifiers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:48574-48583. [PMID: 37811661 PMCID: PMC10591277 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface-tethered polymers have been shown to be an efficient lubrication strategy for boundary and mixed lubrication by providing a solvated film between solid surfaces. We have assessed the performance of various graft copolymers as friction modifier additives in oil and revealed important structure-property relationships for this application. The polymers consisted of an oil-soluble, grafted poly(lauryl acrylate) segment and a polar, linear poly(4-acryloylmorpholine) anchor group. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization was used to access various architectures with control of the grafting density and position of the anchor group. Macrotribological studies displayed promising results with ≈50% reduction in friction coefficient at low polymer treatment rates. QCM-D experiments, neutron reflectometry, small-angle neutron scattering, and atomic force microscopy were used to gather detailed information on these polymers' surface adsorption characteristics, film structure, and solution behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kerr
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Satu Häkkinen
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Stephen C. L. Hall
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Paul Kirkman
- Lubrizol
Limited, The Knowle, Nether Lane, Hazelwood DE56 4AN, Derbyshire, U.K.
| | - Paul O’Hora
- Lubrizol
Limited, The Knowle, Nether Lane, Hazelwood DE56 4AN, Derbyshire, U.K.
| | - Timothy Smith
- Lubrizol
Limited, The Knowle, Nether Lane, Hazelwood DE56 4AN, Derbyshire, U.K.
| | - Christian J. Kinane
- Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, ISIS Neutron and Muon
Sourcey, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Andrew Caruana
- Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, ISIS Neutron and Muon
Sourcey, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Warwick
Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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7
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Shalmani AA, Ahmed Z, Sheybanifard M, Wang A, Weiler M, Buhl EM, Klinkenberg G, Schmid R, Hennink W, Kiessling F, Metselaar JM, Lammers T, Peña Q, Shi Y. Effect of Radical Polymerization Method on Pharmaceutical Properties of Π Electron-Stabilized HPMA-Based Polymeric Micelles. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4444-4453. [PMID: 36753733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles are among the most extensively used drug delivery systems. Key properties of micelles, such as size, size distribution, drug loading, and drug release kinetics, are crucial for proper therapeutic performance. Whether polymers from more controlled polymerization methods produce micelles with more favorable properties remains elusive. To address this question, we synthesized methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-(N-(2-benzoyloxypropyl)methacrylamide) (mPEG-b-p(HPMAm-Bz)) block copolymers of three different comparable molecular weights (∼9, 13, and 20 kDa), via both conventional free radical (FR) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The polymers were subsequently employed to prepare empty and paclitaxel-loaded micelles. While FR polymers had relatively high dispersities (Đ ∼ 1.5-1.7) compared to their RAFT counterparts (Đ ∼ 1.1-1.3), they formed micelles with similar pharmaceutical properties (e.g., size, size distribution, critical micelle concentration, cytotoxicity, and drug loading and retention). Our findings suggest that pharmaceutical properties of mPEG-b-p(HPMAm-Bz) micelles do not depend on the synthesis route of their constituent polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Azadkhah Shalmani
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Maryam Sheybanifard
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alec Wang
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marek Weiler
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva Miriam Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Geir Klinkenberg
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ruth Schmid
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wim Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Josbert M Metselaar
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Quim Peña
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yang Shi
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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8
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Tanaka J, Li J, Clouthier SM, You W. Step-growth polymerization by the RAFT process. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37287313 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01087b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) step-growth polymerization is an emerging method that synergistically combines the benefits of RAFT polymerization (functional group and user-friendly nature) and step-growth polymerization (versatility of the polymer backbone). This new polymerization method is generally achieved by using bifunctional reagents of monomer and Chain Transfer Agent (CTA), that efficiently yield Single Monomer Unit Insertion (SUMI) adducts under stoichiometrically balanced conditions. This review covers a brief history of the RAFT-SUMI process and its transformation into RAFT step-growth polymerization, followed by a comprehensive discussion of various RAFT step-growth systems. Furthermore, characterizing the molecular weight evolution of step-growth polymerization is elaborated based on the Flory model. Finally, a formula is introduced to describe the efficiency of the RAFT-SUMI process, assuming rapid chain transfer equilibrium. Examples of reported RAFT step-growth and SUMI systems are then categorized based on the driving force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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9
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Jones GR, Wang HS, Parkatzidis K, Whitfield R, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Reversed Controlled Polymerization (RCP): Depolymerization from Well-Defined Polymers to Monomers. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9898-9915. [PMID: 37127289 PMCID: PMC10176471 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Controlled polymerization methods are well-established synthetic protocols for the design and preparation of polymeric materials with a high degree of precision over molar mass and architecture. Exciting recent work has shown that the high end-group fidelity and/or functionality inherent in these techniques can enable new routes to depolymerization under relatively mild conditions. Converting polymers back to pure monomers by depolymerization is a potential solution to the environmental and ecological concerns associated with the ultimate fate of polymers. This perspective focuses on the emerging field of depolymerization from polymers synthesized by controlled polymerizations including radical, ionic, and metathesis polymerizations. We provide a critical review of current literature categorized according to polymerization technique and explore numerous concepts and ideas which could be implemented to further enhance depolymerization including lower temperature systems, catalytic depolymerization, increasing polymer scope, and controlled depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen R Jones
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hyun Suk Wang
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Janata M, Čadová E, Johnson JW, Raus V. Diminishing the catalyst concentration in the Cu(0)‐
RDRP
and
ATRP
synthesis of well‐defined low‐molecular weight poly(glycidyl methacrylate). JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20230087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Janata
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovského nám. 2 Prague 6 162 06 Czech Republic
| | - Eva Čadová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovského nám. 2 Prague 6 162 06 Czech Republic
| | - Jeffery W. Johnson
- Axalta Coating Systems Global Innovation Center Philadelphia PA 19112 USA
| | - Vladimír Raus
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovského nám. 2 Prague 6 162 06 Czech Republic
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11
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Zaborniak I, Pieńkowska N, Chmielarz P, Bartosz G, Dziedzic A, Sadowska-Bartosz I. Nitroxide-containing amphiphilic polymers prepared by simplified electrochemically mediated ATRP as candidates for therapeutic antioxidants. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
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12
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O'Halloran S, Pandit A, Heise A, Kellett A. Two-Photon Polymerization: Fundamentals, Materials, and Chemical Modification Strategies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204072. [PMID: 36585380 PMCID: PMC9982557 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) has become a premier state-of-the-art method for microscale fabrication of bespoke polymeric devices and surfaces. With applications ranging from the production of optical, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and microfluidic devices, TPP has grown immensely in the past two decades. Significantly, the field has expanded from standard acrylate- and epoxy-based photoresists to custom formulated monomers designed to change the hydrophilicity, surface chemistry, mechanical properties, and more of the resulting structures. This review explains the essentials of TPP, from its initial conception through to standard operating principles and advanced chemical modification strategies for TPP materials. At the outset, the fundamental chemistries of radical and cationic polymerization are described, along with strategies used to tailor mechanical and functional properties. This review then describes TPP systems and introduces an array of commonly used photoresists including hard polyacrylic resins, soft hydrogel acrylic esters, epoxides, and organic/inorganic hybrid materials. Specific examples of each class-including chemically modified photoresists-are described to inform the understanding of their applications to the fields of tissue-engineering scaffolds, micromedical, optical, and drug delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seán O'Halloran
- CÚRAMthe SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesSchool of Chemical SciencesDublin City UniversityGlasnevinDublin 9Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAMthe SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesUniversity of GalwayGalwayH91 W2TYIreland
| | - Andreas Heise
- RCSIUniversity of Medicine and Health SciencesDepartment of Chemistry123 St. Stephens GreenDublinDublin 2Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER)RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences and Trinity College DublinDublinDublin 2Ireland
- CÚRAMthe SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesRCSI University of Medicine and Health SciencesDublin and National University of Ireland GalwayGalwayH91 W2TYIreland
| | - Andrew Kellett
- CÚRAMthe SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesSchool of Chemical SciencesDublin City UniversityGlasnevinDublin 9Ireland
- SSPCthe SFI Research Centre for PharmaceuticalsDublin City UniversityGlasnevinDublinDublin 9Ireland
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13
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Yang H, Zhao R, Lu Z, Xiao L, Hou L. Recognition of “Oxygen-/Water-Fueled” PET-RAFT Protocol Matched to Covalent Organic Frameworks. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Yang
- Department of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Longqiang Xiao
- Department of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, P. R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Specialty Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Linxi Hou
- Department of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, P. R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Specialty Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
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14
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Michelas M, Redjel YK, Daran JC, Benslimane M, Poli R, Fliedel C. Cobalt(II) and cobalt(III) complexes of tripodal tetradentate diamino-bis(phenolate) ligands: Synthesis, characterization, crystal structures and evaluation in radical polymerization processes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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15
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Ntetsikas K, Ladelta V, Bhaumik S, Hadjichristidis N. Quo Vadis Carbanionic Polymerization? ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 3:158-181. [PMID: 37065716 PMCID: PMC10103213 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Living anionic polymerization will soon celebrate 70 years of existence. This living polymerization is considered the mother of all living and controlled/living polymerizations since it paved the way for their discovery. It provides methodologies for synthesizing polymers with absolute control of the essential parameters that affect polymer properties, including molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, composition and microstructure, chain-end/in-chain functionality, and architecture. This precise control of living anionic polymerization generated tremendous fundamental and industrial research activities, developing numerous important commodity and specialty polymers. In this Perspective, we present the high importance of living anionic polymerization of vinyl monomers by providing some examples of its significant achievements, presenting its current status, giving several insights into where it is going (Quo Vadis) and what the future holds for this powerful synthetic method. Furthermore, we attempt to explore its advantages and disadvantages compared to controlled/living radical polymerizations, the main competitors of living carbanionic polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ntetsikas
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Viko Ladelta
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saibal Bhaumik
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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16
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Schild DJ, Bem J, Szczepaniak G, Jazani AM, Matyjaszewski K. Blue‐light‐induced atom transfer radical polymerization enabled by iron/copper dual catalysis. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J. Schild
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Juliana Bem
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | | | - Arman Moini Jazani
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
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17
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McBride RJ, Miller JF, Blanazs A, Hähnle HJ, Armes SP. Synthesis of High Molecular Weight Water-Soluble Polymers as Low-Viscosity Latex Particles by RAFT Aqueous Dispersion Polymerization in Highly Salty Media. Macromolecules 2022; 55:7380-7391. [PMID: 36118598 PMCID: PMC9476848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We report the synthesis of sterically-stabilized diblock
copolymer
particles at 20% w/w solids via reversible addition–fragmentation
chain transfer (RAFT) aqueous dispersion polymerization of N,N′-dimethylacrylamide (DMAC) in
highly salty media (2.0 M (NH4)2SO4). This is achieved by selecting a well-known zwitterionic water-soluble
polymer, poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC),
to act as the salt-tolerant soluble precursor block. A relatively
high degree of polymerization (DP) can be targeted for the salt-insoluble
PDMAC block, which leads to the formation of a turbid free-flowing
dispersion of PDMAC-core particles by a steric stabilization mechanism. 1H NMR spectroscopy studies indicate that relatively high DMAC
conversions (>99%) can be achieved within a few hours at 30 °C.
Aqueous GPC analysis indicates high blocking efficiencies and unimodal
molecular weight distributions, although dispersities increase monotonically
as higher degrees of polymerization (DPs) are targeted for the PDMAC
block. Particle characterization techniques include dynamic light
scattering (DLS) and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) using
a state-of-the-art instrument that enables accurate ζ potential
measurements in a concentrated salt solution. 1H NMR spectroscopy
studies confirm that dilution of the as-synthesized dispersions using
deionized water lowers the background salt concentration and hence
causes in situ molecular dissolution of the salt-intolerant PDMAC
chains, which leads to a substantial thickening effect and the formation
of transparent gels. Thus, this new polymerization-induced self-assembly
(PISA) formulation enables high molecular weight water-soluble polymers
to be prepared in a highly convenient, low-viscosity form. In principle,
such aqueous PISA formulations are highly attractive: there are various
commercial applications for high molecular weight water-soluble polymers,
while the well-known negative aspects of using a RAFT agent (i.e.,
its cost, color, and malodor) are minimized when targeting such high
DPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory J. McBride
- Chemistry Department, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - John F. Miller
- Enlighten Scientific LLC, Hillsborough, North Carolina 27278, United States
| | - Adam Blanazs
- BASF SE, RAM/OB - B001, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Hähnle
- BASF SE, RAM/OB - B001, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Chemistry Department, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
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18
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Ameduri B. Copolymers of Vinylidene fluoride with Functional comonomers and Applications therefrom: Recent Developments, Challenges and Future Trends. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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19
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Dworakowska S, Lorandi F, Gorczyński A, Matyjaszewski K. Toward Green Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Current Status and Future Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2106076. [PMID: 35175001 PMCID: PMC9259732 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRPs) have revolutionized synthetic polymer chemistry. Nowadays, RDRPs facilitate design and preparation of materials with controlled architecture, composition, and functionality. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has evolved beyond traditional polymer field, enabling synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrids, bioconjugates, advanced polymers for electronics, energy, and environmentally relevant polymeric materials for broad applications in various fields. This review focuses on the relation between ATRP technology and the 12 principles of green chemistry, which are paramount guidelines in sustainable research and implementation. The green features of ATRP are presented, discussing the environmental and/or health issues and the challenges that remain to be overcome. Key discoveries and recent developments in green ATRP are highlighted, while providing a perspective for future opportunities in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Dworakowska
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyCracow University of TechnologyWarszawska 24Cracow31‐155Poland
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Department of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Padovavia Marzolo 9Padova35131Italy
| | - Adam Gorczyński
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of ChemistryAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8Poznań61‐614Poland
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20
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Precision Polymer Synthesis by Controlled Radical Polymerization: Fusing the progress from Polymer Chemistry and Reaction Engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Krusenbaum A, Grätz S, Tigineh GT, Borchardt L, Kim JG. The mechanochemical synthesis of polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2873-2905. [PMID: 35302564 PMCID: PMC8978534 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01093j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry - the utilization of mechanical forces to induce chemical reactions - is a rarely considered tool for polymer synthesis. It offers numerous advantages such as reduced solvent consumption, accessibility of novel structures, and the avoidance of problems posed by low monomer solubility and fast precipitation. Consequently, the development of new high-performance materials based on mechanochemically synthesised polymers has drawn much interest, particularly from the perspective of green chemistry. This review covers the constructive mechanochemical synthesis of polymers, starting from early examples and progressing to the current state of the art while emphasising linear and porous polymers as well as post-polymerisation modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Krusenbaum
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Sven Grätz
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Getinet Tamiru Tigineh
- Department of Chemistry, Bahir Dar University, Peda Street 07, PO Box 79, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jeung Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Xu L, Zhong S, Zuo T, Wang T, Cai Y, Yi L. Facile Synthesis of Soap-Free Latexes of Methacrylic Copolymers via Sulfur-Free Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer Emulsion Polymerization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lang Xu
- Institute of Advanced Functional Coatings, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Shenjie Zhong
- Institute of Advanced Functional Coatings, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Tian Zuo
- Institute of Advanced Functional Coatings, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Teng Wang
- Institute of Advanced Functional Coatings, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Ying Cai
- Institute of Advanced Functional Coatings, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Lingmin Yi
- Institute of Advanced Functional Coatings, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
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23
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Clothier GKK, Guimarães TR, Moad G, Zetterlund PB. Expanding the Scope of RAFT Multiblock Copolymer Synthesis Using the Nanoreactor Concept: The Critical Importance of Initiator Hydrophobicity. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn K. K. Clothier
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thiago R. Guimarães
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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24
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Kurowska I, Amouroux B, Langlais M, Coutelier O, Coudret C, Destarac M, Marty JD. Versatile thiolactone-based conjugation strategies to polymer stabilizers for multifunctional upconverting nanoparticles aqueous dispersions. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2238-2247. [PMID: 35080566 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05548h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We describe here a new methodology for the synthesis of well-defined phosphonic acid-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and RAFT-derived poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) by amine-thiol-ene and amine-thiol-thiosulfonate conjugation strategies using a phosphonated thiolactone and their use to prepare stable, water-dispersible multifunctional upconverting luminescent nanohybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kurowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1k, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
- IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex, 9 31062, France.
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1k, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Baptiste Amouroux
- IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex, 9 31062, France.
| | - Marvin Langlais
- IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex, 9 31062, France.
| | - Olivier Coutelier
- IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex, 9 31062, France.
| | - Christophe Coudret
- IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex, 9 31062, France.
| | - Mathias Destarac
- IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex, 9 31062, France.
| | - Jean-Daniel Marty
- IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex, 9 31062, France.
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25
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Ribeiro JP, Mendonça PV, Santo D, De Bon F, Faneca H, Guliashvili T, Coelho JF, Serra AC. Expanding the use of affordable CuSO4·5H2O in ATRP techniques in homogeneous media. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Hakobyan K, Xu J, Müllner M. The challenges of controlling polymer synthesis at the molecular and macromolecular level. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01581h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we outline advances and challenges in controlling the structure of polymers at various size regimes in the context of structural features such as molecular weight distribution, end groups, architecture, composition and sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hakobyan
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Markus Müllner
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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27
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Dupre--Demorsy A, Kurowska I, Balayssac S, Hennetier M, Ric A, Bourdon V, Ando T, Ajiro H, Coutelier O, Destarac M. RAFT polymerisation of N-vinylformamide and the corresponding double hydrophilic block copolymers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00925k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Polyvinylamine-based double hydrophilic block copolymers are synthesised from RAFT polymerisation of N-vinylformamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Dupre--Demorsy
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Izabela Kurowska
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1k, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1k, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Stéphane Balayssac
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Hennetier
- Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse – Ecole d'Ingénieur de Purpan, Département Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaires, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France
| | - Audrey Ric
- Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse – Ecole d'Ingénieur de Purpan, Département Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaires, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France
| | - Valérie Bourdon
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, UAR 2599, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Tsuyoshi Ando
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroharu Ajiro
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Olivier Coutelier
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Mathias Destarac
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
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28
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Cooze MJ, Deacon HM, Phe K, Hutchinson RA. Methacrylate and Styrene Block Copolymer Synthesis by Cu‐Mediated Chain Extension of Acrylate Macroinitiator in a Semibatch Reactor. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.202100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J. Cooze
- Department of Chemical Engineering Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Hayden M. Deacon
- Department of Chemical Engineering Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Katrina Phe
- Department of Chemical Engineering Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Robin A. Hutchinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
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29
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Braun O, Coquery C, Kieffer J, Blondel F, Favero C, Besset C, Mesnager J, Voelker F, Delorme C, Matioszek D. Spotlight on the Life Cycle of Acrylamide-Based Polymers Supporting Reductions in Environmental Footprint: Review and Recent Advances. Molecules 2021; 27:42. [PMID: 35011281 PMCID: PMC8746853 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Humankind is facing a climate and energy crisis which demands global and prompt actions to minimize the negative impacts on the environment and on the lives of millions of people. Among all the disciplines which have an important role to play, chemistry has a chance to rethink the way molecules are made and find innovations to decrease the overall anthropic footprint on the environment. In this paper, we will provide a review of the existing knowledge but also recent advances on the manufacturing and end uses of acrylamide-based polymers following the "green chemistry" concept and 100 years after the revolutionary publication of Staudinger on macromolecules. After a review of raw material sourcing options (fossil derivatives vs. biobased), we will discuss the improvements in monomer manufacturing followed by a second part dealing with polymer manufacturing processes and the paths followed to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions. In the following section, we will see how the polyacrylamides help reduce the environmental footprint of end users in various fields such as agriculture or wastewater treatment and discuss in more detail the fate of these molecules in the environment by looking at the existing literature, the regulations in place and the procedures used to assess the overall biodegradability. In the last section, we will review macromolecular engineering principles which could help enhance the degradability of said polymers when they reach the end of their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dimitri Matioszek
- SNF SA, ZAC de Milieux, 42160 Andrézieux-Bouthéon, France; (O.B.); (C.C.); (J.K.); (F.B.); (C.F.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (F.V.); (C.D.)
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30
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Ivanchenko O, Odnoroh M, Mallet-Ladeira S, Guerre M, Mazières S, Destarac M. Azo-Derived Symmetrical Trithiocarbonate for Unprecedented RAFT Control. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20585-20590. [PMID: 34861112 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bis(2-cyanopropan-2-yl)trithiocarbonate (TTC-bCP) is a new symmetrical trithiocarbonate with the best leaving group ever reported for reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. We propose an elegant route to obtain TTC-bCP starting from 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) as a donor of the 2-cyanopropan-2-yl group. TTC-bCP allowed the preparation of a high-molar-mass (Mn ≈ 135 kg mol-1) methyl methacrylate-n-butyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate triblock copolymer with unprecedented control (D̵ = 1.04) in reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. Rheology measurements of this triblock copolymer showed a typical thermoplastic elastomer behavior with a steady rubbery plateau up to 120 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Ivanchenko
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université Toulouse 3-Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Maksym Odnoroh
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université Toulouse 3-Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Sonia Mallet-Ladeira
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (UAR 2599), Université Toulouse 3-Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Guerre
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université Toulouse 3-Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Mazières
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université Toulouse 3-Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Mathias Destarac
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université Toulouse 3-Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
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31
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Jiang Y, Fan W, Tosaka M, Cunningham MF, Yamago S. Fabrication of Structurally Controlled Poly( n-butyl acrylate) Particles by Ab Initio Emulsion Organotellurium-Mediated Radical Polymerization. Synthesis of High Molecular Weight Homo and Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Jiang
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Weijia Fan
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tosaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Michael F. Cunningham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, 19 Division Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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32
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Yang Q, Yang Y, Liu W, Tian W, Xing F, Xiao P. In Situ Generated Crude Trithiocarbonate for Visible Light‐Mediated RAFT Polymerization of Acrylates**. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Yang
- Department of Immunobiology College of Life Science and Technology Jinan University #601 Huangpu West Avenue Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yili Yang
- Department of Immunobiology College of Life Science and Technology Jinan University #601 Huangpu West Avenue Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Wenli Liu
- Department of Immunobiology College of Life Science and Technology Jinan University #601 Huangpu West Avenue Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Immunobiology College of Life Science and Technology Jinan University #601 Huangpu West Avenue Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Feiyue Xing
- Department of Immunobiology College of Life Science and Technology Jinan University #601 Huangpu West Avenue Guangzhou 510632 China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Pu Xiao
- Research School of Chemistry The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601
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33
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Baffie F, Patias G, Shegiwal A, Brunel F, Monteil V, Verrieux L, Perrin L, Haddleton DM, D'Agosto F. Block Copolymers Based on Ethylene and Methacrylates Using a Combination of Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerisation (CCTP) and Radical Polymerisation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25356-25364. [PMID: 34546635 PMCID: PMC9298203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two scalable polymerisation methods are used in combination for the synthesis of ethylene and methacrylate block copolymers. ω-Unsaturated methacrylic oligomers (MMAn ) produced by catalytic chain transfer (co)polymerisation (CCTP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) are used as reagents in the radical polymerisation of ethylene (E) in dimethyl carbonate solvent under relatively mild conditions (80 bar, 70 °C). Kinetic measurements and analyses of the produced copolymers by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques indicate that MMAn is involved in a degradative chain transfer process resulting in the formation of (MMA)n -b-PE block copolymers. Molecular modelling performed by DFT supports the overall reactivity scheme and observed selectivities. The effect of MMAn molar mass and composition is also studied. The block copolymers were characterised by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and their bulk behaviour studied by SAXS/WAXS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Baffie
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Équipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, CEDEX, France
| | - Georgios Patias
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Ataulla Shegiwal
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Fabrice Brunel
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Équipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, CEDEX, France
| | - Vincent Monteil
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Équipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, CEDEX, France
| | - Ludmilla Verrieux
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5246, ICBMS, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lionel Perrin
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5246, ICBMS, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - David M Haddleton
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Équipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, CEDEX, France
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34
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Baffie F, Patias G, Shegiwal A, Brunel F, Monteil V, Verrieux L, Perrin L, Haddleton DM, D'Agosto F. Block Copolymers Based on Ethylene and Methacrylates Using a Combination of Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerisation (CCTP) and Radical Polymerisation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Baffie
- Université de Lyon Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5128 Laboratoire CP2M Équipe PCM 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| | - Georgios Patias
- University of Warwick Department of Chemistry Gibbet Hill CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Ataulla Shegiwal
- University of Warwick Department of Chemistry Gibbet Hill CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Fabrice Brunel
- Université de Lyon Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5128 Laboratoire CP2M Équipe PCM 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| | - Vincent Monteil
- Université de Lyon Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5128 Laboratoire CP2M Équipe PCM 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| | - Ludmilla Verrieux
- Université de Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CPE Lyon INSA-Lyon CNRS UMR 5246 ICBMS 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Lionel Perrin
- Université de Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CPE Lyon INSA-Lyon CNRS UMR 5246 ICBMS 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - David M. Haddleton
- University of Warwick Department of Chemistry Gibbet Hill CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Université de Lyon Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5128 Laboratoire CP2M Équipe PCM 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
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35
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Hartlieb M. Photo-Iniferter RAFT Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100514. [PMID: 34750911 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Light-mediated polymerization techniques offer distinct advantages over polymerization reactions fueled by thermal energy, such as high spatial and temporal control as well as the possibility to work under mild reaction conditions. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization is a highly versatile radical polymerization method that can be utilized to control a variety of monomers and produce a vast number of complex macromolecular structures. The use of light to drive a RAFT-polymerization is possible via multiple routes. Besides the use of photo-initiators, or photo-catalysts, the direct activation of the chain transfer agent controlling the RAFT process in a photo-iniferter (PI) process is an elegant way to initiate and control polymerization reactions. Within this review, PI-RAFT polymerization and its advantages over the conventional RAFT process are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hartlieb
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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36
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Lai H, Ouchi M. Backbone-Degradable Polymers via Radical Copolymerizations of Pentafluorophenyl Methacrylate with Cyclic Ketene Acetal: Pendant Modification and Efficient Degradation by Alternating-Rich Sequence. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1223-1228. [PMID: 35549050 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work deals with syntheses of backbone-degradable polymers via the radical copolymerization of pentafluorophenyl methacrylate (PFMA) with 5,6-benzo-2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (BMDO), which undergoes ring-opening propagation to afford an ester-bonded backbone. The combination of the electron-deficient methacrylate with the electron-rich cyclic monomer allowed high crossover copolymerization, and the electronic effect was clarified by the comparison with the copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and BMDO. The PFMA units of the resultant copolymer underwent quantitative alcoholysis or aminolysis transformation into methacrylate or methacrylamide units along with the pendant functionalization. The alternating-rich sequence was achieved by feeding an excess ratio of BMDO, which was supported by MALDI-TOF-MS of the copolymer obtained by the RAFT copolymerization. The methanolysis-transformed copolymer carrying MMA units was decomposed under basic condition, and the degradation efficiency was superior to that of the copolymer obtained via radical copolymerization of MMA with BMDO because of the alternating-rich sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwang Lai
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Ouchi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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37
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A comparison of RAFT and ATRP methods for controlled radical polymerization. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:859-869. [PMID: 37117386 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) are the two most common controlled radical polymerization methods. Both methods afford functional polymers with a predefined length, composition, dispersity and end group. Further, RAFT and ATRP tame radicals by reversibly converting active polymeric radicals into dormant chains. However, the mechanisms by which the ATRP and RAFT methods control chain growth are distinct, so each method presents unique opportunities and challenges, depending on the desired application. This Perspective compares RAFT and ATRP by identifying their mechanistic strengths and weaknesses, and their latest synthetic applications.
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38
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Beyou E, Bourgeat-Lami E. Organic–inorganic hybrid functional materials by nitroxide-mediated polymerization. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Raphael E, Derry MJ, Hippler M, Armes SP. Tuning the properties of hydrogen-bonded block copolymer worm gels prepared via polymerization-induced self-assembly. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12082-12091. [PMID: 34667573 PMCID: PMC8457373 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03156b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) is exploited to design hydrogen-bonded poly(stearyl methacrylate)-poly(benzyl methacrylate) [PSMA-PBzMA] worm gels in n-dodecane. Using a carboxylic acid-based RAFT agent facilitates hydrogen bonding between neighboring worms to produce much stronger physical gels than those prepared using the analogous methyl ester-based RAFT agent. Moreover, tuning the proportion of these two types of end-groups on the PSMA chains enables the storage modulus (G') of a 20% w/w worm gel to be tuned from ∼4.5 kPa up to ∼114 kPa. This is achieved via two complementary routes: (i) an in situ approach using binary mixtures of acid- and ester-capped PSMA stabilizer chains during PISA or (ii) a post-polymerization processing strategy using a thermally-induced worm-to-sphere transition to mix acid- and ester-functionalized spheres at 110 °C that fuse to form worms on cooling to 20 °C. SAXS and rheology studies of these hydrogen-bonded worm gels provide detailed insights into their inter-worm interactions and physical behavior, respectively. In the case of the carboxylic acid-functionalized worms, SAXS provides direct evidence for additional inter-worm interactions, while rheological studies confirm both a significant reduction in critical gelation concentration (from approximately 10% w/w to 2-3% w/w) and a substantial increase in critical gelation temperature (from 41 °C to 92 °C). It is remarkable that a rather subtle change in the chemical structure results in such improvements in gel strength, gelation efficiency and gel cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Raphael
- Chemistry Department, University of Sheffield Dainton Building, Brook Hill Sheffield South Yorkshire S3 7HF UK
| | - Matthew J Derry
- Chemistry Department, University of Sheffield Dainton Building, Brook Hill Sheffield South Yorkshire S3 7HF UK
| | - Michael Hippler
- Chemistry Department, University of Sheffield Dainton Building, Brook Hill Sheffield South Yorkshire S3 7HF UK
| | - Steven P Armes
- Chemistry Department, University of Sheffield Dainton Building, Brook Hill Sheffield South Yorkshire S3 7HF UK
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40
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Zimina AM, Anufriev SA, Derendyaeva MA, Knyazeva NA, Somov NV, Malysheva YB, Sivaev IB, Grishin ID. Ruthenium Complexes of 5-MeC2B9-Carborane Ligand: Synthesis and Application in Polymerization Catalysis. DOKLADY CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012500821060057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Experimental Design in Polymer Chemistry-A Guide towards True Optimization of a RAFT Polymerization Using Design of Experiments (DoE). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183147. [PMID: 34578048 PMCID: PMC8468855 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the great potential of design of experiments (DoE) for efficiency and plannability in academic research, it remains a method predominantly used in industrial processes. From our perspective though, DoE additionally provides greater information gain than conventional experimentation approaches, even for more complex systems such as chemical reactions. Hence, this work presents a comprehensive DoE investigation on thermally initiated reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of methacrylamide (MAAm). To facilitate the adaptation of DoE for virtually every other polymerization, this work provides a step-by-step application guide emphasizing the biggest challenges along the way. Optimization of the RAFT system was achieved via response surface methodology utilizing a face-centered central composite design (FC-CCD). Highly accurate prediction models for the responses of monomer conversion, theoretical and apparent number averaged molecular weights, and dispersity are presented. The obtained equations not only facilitate thorough understanding of the observed system but also allow selection of synthetic targets for each individual response by prediction of the respective optimal factor settings. This work successfully demonstrates the great capability of DoE in academic research and aims to encourage fellow scientists to incorporate the technique into their repertoire of experimental strategies.
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42
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Fouilloux H, Qiang W, Robert C, Placet V, Thomas CM. Multicatalytic Transformation of (Meth)acrylic Acids: a One‐Pot Approach to Biobased Poly(meth)acrylates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Fouilloux
- PSL University Chimie ParisTech CNRS Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris 75005 Paris France
| | - Wei Qiang
- PSL University Chimie ParisTech CNRS Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris 75005 Paris France
| | - Carine Robert
- PSL University Chimie ParisTech CNRS Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris 75005 Paris France
| | - Vincent Placet
- FEMTO-ST Institute CNRS/UFC/ENSMM/UTBM Department of Applied Mechanics Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté Besançon France
| | - Christophe M. Thomas
- PSL University Chimie ParisTech CNRS Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris 75005 Paris France
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43
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Cooze MJ, Barr NR, Hutchinson RA. Toward an Efficient Process for the Cu(0)‐Mediated Synthesis and Chain Extension of Poly(methyl acrylate) Macroinitiator Using PMDETA as Ligand. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J. Cooze
- Department of Chemical Engineering Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Nathaniel R. Barr
- Department of Chemical Engineering Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Robin A. Hutchinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
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44
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Molar Mass Dispersity Control by Iodine-mediated Reversible-deactivation Radical Polymerization. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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45
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Fouilloux H, Qiang W, Robert C, Placet V, Thomas CM. Multicatalytic Transformation of (Meth)acrylic Acids: a One-Pot Approach to Biobased Poly(meth)acrylates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19374-19382. [PMID: 34152679 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Shifting from petrochemical feedstocks to renewable resources can address some of the environmental issues associated with petrochemical extraction and make plastics production sustainable. Therefore, there is a growing interest in selective methods for transforming abundant renewable feedstocks into monomers suitable for polymer production. Reported herein are one-pot catalytic systems, that are active, productive, and selective under mild conditions for the synthesis of copolymers from renewable materials. Each system allows for anhydride formation, alcohol acylation and/or acid esterification, as well as polymerization of the formed (meth)acrylates, providing direct access to a new library of unique poly(meth)acrylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Fouilloux
- PSL University, Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Wei Qiang
- PSL University, Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Carine Robert
- PSL University, Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Placet
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS/UFC/ENSMM/UTBM, Department of Applied Mechanics, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Christophe M Thomas
- PSL University, Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005, Paris, France
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46
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Kerr A, Moriceau G, Przybyla MA, Smith T, Perrier S. Bis(trithiocarbonate) Disulfides: From Chain Transfer Agent Precursors to Iniferter Control Agents in RAFT Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Guillaume Moriceau
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Timothy Smith
- Lubrizol Limited, The Knowle, Nether Lane, Hazelwood, Derbyshire DE56 4AN, U.K
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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47
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Wolpers A, Baffie F, Monteil V, D'Agosto F. Statistical and Block Copolymers of Ethylene and Vinyl Acetate via Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100270. [PMID: 34145658 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A dithiocarbamate chain transfer agent (CTA) based on Z-group substituted with a diphenyl amine (-NPh2 ) moiety is selected for the synthesis of statistical and diblock copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. Benefiting from the good chain growth control of polyethylene (PE), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) achieved with this CTA, linear diblock copolymers of the type EVA-b-PE, EVA-b-EVA, and PVAc-b-EVA are successfully synthesized. A three-arm EVA star is additionally obtained starting from a trifunctional dithiocarbamate CTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Wolpers
- Univ Lyon, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, 69616, France
| | - Florian Baffie
- Univ Lyon, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, 69616, France
| | - Vincent Monteil
- Univ Lyon, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, 69616, France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Univ Lyon, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, 69616, France
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48
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Promising grafting strategies on cellulosic backbone through radical polymerization processes – A review. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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49
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Sim XM, Chen C, Goto A. Polymer Coupling via Hetero-Disulfide Exchange and Its Applications to Rewritable Polymer Brushes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:24183-24193. [PMID: 33982564 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An iodide-terminated polymer (Polymer-I) is converted to a thiol-terminated polymer (Polymer-SH) using HSCH2CH2SH in a remarkably short time (10 min). Polymer-SH is further converted to a pyridyl disulfide-terminated polymer (Polymer-SS-Py). The hetero-coupling of Polymer-SH and Polymer-SS-Py is successfully achieved to quantitatively generate a polymer disulfide (Polymer-SS-Polymer). Exploiting this efficient hetero-coupling technique, Polymer-SH is attached (grafted) on a Py-SS-immobilized surface to generate a polymer brush via a disulfide (-SS-) linkage (writing process). The -SS- linkage is cleaved by the treatment with dithiothreitol (DTT) to detach the polymer from the surface (erasing process). Subsequently, another Polymer-SH is attached on the surface to generate another polymer brush (rewriting process). Thus, a writable, erasable, and rewritable polymer brush surface is achieved. Hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and super-hydrophobic polymers (Polymer-SH) are attached on the surface, tailoring the surface wettability in the writing-erasing-rewriting cycles. Polymer-SH is also attached on a chain-end Py-SS-functionalized polymer brush surface, generating a rewritable block copolymer brush surface. A patterned block copolymer brush surface is also obtained using photo-irradiation and a photo-mask in the erasing process. The metal-free synthetic procedure, accessibility to patterned brushes, and switchable surface properties via the writing-erasing-rewriting process are attractive features of the present approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ming Sim
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
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Liu W, Yang Q, Yang Y, Xing F, Xiao P. PhotoATRP Approach to Poly(methyl methacrylate) with Aggregation-Induced Emission. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University 601 Huangpu West Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qizhi Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University 601 Huangpu West Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yili Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University 601 Huangpu West Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Feiyue Xing
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University 601 Huangpu West Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pu Xiao
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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